Thermodynamic characteristics in the system Fe2O3 – MnO – V2O5 –SiO2 have been investigated. Two mixtures
have been prepared. The first mixture was synthetic, prepared from pure oxides in proportion according to the
chemical composition of the waste catalyst and manganese concentrate. The second one contained the waste
vanadium catalyst and manganese concentrate. The synthetic mixture has been used as a standard in order to
establish the influence of impurities in the concentrate, and the waste catalyst on the thermodynamics of the
studied system.
Experiments carried out in the temperature up to 1473 K for the system containing waste vanadium catalyst and
manganese concentrate occur to formation of new phases formation as FeV2O4 and Iron Vanadium Oxide type
and Jacobsite types MnFe2O4 and (Mn6Fe4)(Mn4Fe1.6)O4. EMF method with difference reference electrode
(Ni/NiO, Mo/MoO2 and air) relationship of delta GoT = f(T) in the temperature range 1073 – 1173 К of mixtures
was obtained. The experimental data for the system show that the reference electrodes air and Ni/NiO are more
suitable than Mo/MoO2.
The obtained results will be used as an investigations base to the production of complex iron vanadium
manganese alloy using the waste materials.
Spectroscopic, Thermal, Magnetic and conductimetric studies on some 7-hydroxy...IOSR Journals
7-hydroxy-4-methyl-8-(p-methylphenylazo)coumarin (L1) and 7-hydroxy-4-methyl-8-(p-methoxyphenylazo)coumarin (L2) have been prepared and characterized by elemental analysis, infrared (IR), proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR) and mass spectra. The important infrared (IR) spectral bands corresponding to the active groups in the two ligands and the solid complexes under investigation were studied. Also the important fragments in the ligands and complexes were done using mass spectra and the main peaks were corresponding to the molecular weights of the ligands and complexes. The solid complexes have been synthesized and characterized by elemental and thermal analyses (TG and DTA) as well as by IR, 1H NMR, magnetic measurements, electronic transition, molar conductance, mass and electron spin resonance (ESR) spectra. The proposed steriochemical structures for the investigated metal complexes suggest octahedral geometry with respect to Mn, Co, Ni, Cu and Zn divalent metal ions with the investigated ligands 1:1 and 1:2 complexes and all of the formed complexes contain coordinated and hydrated water molecules. All of the prepared solid complexes behave as non-electrolytes in chloroform.
Synthesis and Characterization of New Complexes of 2-(6-Methoxybenzo[d]thiazo...IOSR Journals
Abstract: The synthesis and characterization of manganese (ІІ), cobalt (ІІ), nickel (ІІ), copper (ІІ), zinc (ІІ), cadmium (ІІ) and mercury (ІІ) bidentate 2-(6-methoxybenzo[d]thiazol-2-ylamino)-2-phenyl acetonitrile ligand which was prepared from Benz aldehyde and 6-methoxybenzo[d]thiazol-2-amine in the presence of KCN and acidic medium. The complexes were synthesized by treating an ethanolic solution of the ligand with appropriate amount of metal salts [1:2] [M: L] ratio. The complexes were characterized by using metal and elemental chemical analysis, molar conductance, magnetic susceptibility measurements, FTIR , electronic spectral and mole ratio method. According to the obtained data the probable coordination geometries of manganese (ІІ), cobalt (ІІ), nickel (ІІ), copper (ІІ) zinc (ІІ), cadmium (ІІ) and mercury (ІІ) in these complexes are octahedral. All complexes were found to be non-electrolyte in absolute ethanol, and the complexes were formulated as [ML2Cl2] XH2O. Keywords: 2-(6-methoxybenzo[d]thiazol-2-ylamino)-2-phenyl acetonitrile, N2-donor, transition metals.
Controlled Method for Preparation and Characterization of Nanostructured Carb...CSCJournals
The iron, cobalt- carbon materials were synthesized as catalytic complex CTC and CTC modified chlorides of Fe (III), and Co (II) with controlled method. These catalytic complexes based on the reaction of aluminum and ethylene dichloride in liquid paraffin, and due to its composition and structure in comparison with the Friedel-Crafts catalysts, has a higher stable catalytic activity. The obtained xerogel (designated as CTC-110) was submitted to thermal treatment at 200, 400, 600, and 850 ◦C. and the resulting materials were characterized by means of different techniques, such as X-ray fluorescence microscopy (XRFM), thermal analyses (TG/DSC), X-ray diffractometer (XRD), and Dynamic light scattering analyses for particle size determination of the targeted samples. As a result, studies have shown that under given conditions the reaction of Al with dichloroethane leads to the improvement the carbon matrix, then after modifying this catalytic complex with different metal chloride (iron and cobalt) at different calcined temperatures leads also to modification in physical and chemical properties of the formed catalytic complexes and the different techniques which we used confirmed these results. Key word: Nanostructured materials, CTC, Fe/CTC, Co/CTC
Spectroscopic, Thermal, Magnetic and conductimetric studies on some 7-hydroxy...IOSR Journals
7-hydroxy-4-methyl-8-(p-methylphenylazo)coumarin (L1) and 7-hydroxy-4-methyl-8-(p-methoxyphenylazo)coumarin (L2) have been prepared and characterized by elemental analysis, infrared (IR), proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR) and mass spectra. The important infrared (IR) spectral bands corresponding to the active groups in the two ligands and the solid complexes under investigation were studied. Also the important fragments in the ligands and complexes were done using mass spectra and the main peaks were corresponding to the molecular weights of the ligands and complexes. The solid complexes have been synthesized and characterized by elemental and thermal analyses (TG and DTA) as well as by IR, 1H NMR, magnetic measurements, electronic transition, molar conductance, mass and electron spin resonance (ESR) spectra. The proposed steriochemical structures for the investigated metal complexes suggest octahedral geometry with respect to Mn, Co, Ni, Cu and Zn divalent metal ions with the investigated ligands 1:1 and 1:2 complexes and all of the formed complexes contain coordinated and hydrated water molecules. All of the prepared solid complexes behave as non-electrolytes in chloroform.
Synthesis and Characterization of New Complexes of 2-(6-Methoxybenzo[d]thiazo...IOSR Journals
Abstract: The synthesis and characterization of manganese (ІІ), cobalt (ІІ), nickel (ІІ), copper (ІІ), zinc (ІІ), cadmium (ІІ) and mercury (ІІ) bidentate 2-(6-methoxybenzo[d]thiazol-2-ylamino)-2-phenyl acetonitrile ligand which was prepared from Benz aldehyde and 6-methoxybenzo[d]thiazol-2-amine in the presence of KCN and acidic medium. The complexes were synthesized by treating an ethanolic solution of the ligand with appropriate amount of metal salts [1:2] [M: L] ratio. The complexes were characterized by using metal and elemental chemical analysis, molar conductance, magnetic susceptibility measurements, FTIR , electronic spectral and mole ratio method. According to the obtained data the probable coordination geometries of manganese (ІІ), cobalt (ІІ), nickel (ІІ), copper (ІІ) zinc (ІІ), cadmium (ІІ) and mercury (ІІ) in these complexes are octahedral. All complexes were found to be non-electrolyte in absolute ethanol, and the complexes were formulated as [ML2Cl2] XH2O. Keywords: 2-(6-methoxybenzo[d]thiazol-2-ylamino)-2-phenyl acetonitrile, N2-donor, transition metals.
Controlled Method for Preparation and Characterization of Nanostructured Carb...CSCJournals
The iron, cobalt- carbon materials were synthesized as catalytic complex CTC and CTC modified chlorides of Fe (III), and Co (II) with controlled method. These catalytic complexes based on the reaction of aluminum and ethylene dichloride in liquid paraffin, and due to its composition and structure in comparison with the Friedel-Crafts catalysts, has a higher stable catalytic activity. The obtained xerogel (designated as CTC-110) was submitted to thermal treatment at 200, 400, 600, and 850 ◦C. and the resulting materials were characterized by means of different techniques, such as X-ray fluorescence microscopy (XRFM), thermal analyses (TG/DSC), X-ray diffractometer (XRD), and Dynamic light scattering analyses for particle size determination of the targeted samples. As a result, studies have shown that under given conditions the reaction of Al with dichloroethane leads to the improvement the carbon matrix, then after modifying this catalytic complex with different metal chloride (iron and cobalt) at different calcined temperatures leads also to modification in physical and chemical properties of the formed catalytic complexes and the different techniques which we used confirmed these results. Key word: Nanostructured materials, CTC, Fe/CTC, Co/CTC
Deposition of ni ti n coatings by a plasma assisted mocvd using an organometa...tshankar20134
Titanium nitride (TiN)/nickel (Ni) composite coatings were synthesized by plasma assisted metal-organic
chemical vapour deposition (PAMOCVD) using organo-metallic and metal-organic complexes namely dichlorobis(5-
cyclopentadienyl)titanium (IV) for titanium and N,N'-ethylene-bis(2,4-pentanedion-iminoato)nickel(II) for nickel. The
growth of such films was investigated in nitrogen (N2) plasma environment in the substrate temperature range of 450-
550ºC at a deposition pressure of 0.5-1 mbar. Prior to the deposition of films, the Ti precursor was subjected to the
equilibrium vapour pressure measurements by employing TG/DTA in transpiration mode, which led to the value of 109.2
± 5.6 kJ mol-1 for the standard enthalpy of sublimation (Ho
sub). The phase identification using glancing incidence x-ray
diffraction showed Ni/TiN is a nanocomposite coating containing nanocrystals of Ni and TiN with face centered cubic
structure. Scanning electron microscopy revealed a uniform surface morphology of the films, while chemical analysis by
energy dispersive analysis confirmed the presence of titanium, nickel and nitrogen in the composite films.
Simple and Effective Method of the Synthesis of Nanosized Fe2O 3particlesIOSR Journals
Abstract: Nanosized Iron oxide is prepared by using precipitation method from iron nitrate and liquid ammonia. Thermal analysis shows that synthesized iron oxide shows some weight loss and oxide undergoing decomposition, dehydration or any physical change from TGA curve we observe that Iron oxide shows stable weight loss above 4000C. In DTA curve also, there is exothermic and endothermic peak. Which shows phase transition, solid state reaction or any chemical reaction occurred during heating treatment. Morphology is observed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) shows particles are nanosized. Further morphology observation by Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) revels that Iron Oxide has the corundum (Al2O3) structure. Magnetic measurements shows that iron oxide has five unpaired electron and strongly paramagnetic character.
Deactivation Modeling through Separable Kinetics of Coking On Ni/CZ Catalyst ...IOSR Journals
Abstract : Steam methane reforming (SMR) is a very significant technique to produce hydrogen from fossil fuels. In this particular work, nickel is used as the active metal and ceria-zirconia (CZ) bi-metallic oxide is used as the support. The foremost challenge to this process is sooting or coking over the catalyst surface and blocking the active sites. For the economic viability of the catalyst, it is very significant to make it coke deposition resistant. This is the reason that the kinetic modeling of the deactivation is very important. Therefore, this paper is aimed to model the deactivation and activity of the catalyst. A rate model of the deactivation process is also developed using separable kinetics. A comparison with commercial catalyst is also reported to show that the Ni/CZ catalyst is much more stable towards the coking. Keywords –Coking, Deactivation, Methane, Separable kinetics, Steam reforming.
Structural and magnetic properties on F-doped LiVO2 with two-dimensional tria...Yang Li
The layered oxide LiVO2 recently has received more attention due to its interesting structural and magnetic behaviors involving the two-dimensional magnetic frustration in these systems. We synthesized a series of F-doped LiVO2 samples, and reported the F-doping effect on the structure and transition temperature Tt. The samples LiVO2-xFx (x=0, 0.1, 0.2 and 0.3) were characterized by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscope (SEM), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), magnetic susceptibility and specific heat measurement. The structural analysis shows that with increasing x, the ratio of lattice parameter c/a increasing, i.e. in the a-b plane the lattice is compressed while in the c-axis direction the lattice expands. The DSC measurements show that a first-order phase transition happens at around 500 K, and the thermal hysteresis around phase transition temperature Tt increases with increasing x. Substitution of O with F ions results in a change of two dimensional characteristics and the distortion of the VO6 block in structure, which significantly influence the magnetic ordering transition temperature Tt.
Toxicity immobilization of refinery sludge containing heavy metals via vitrif...eSAT Journals
Abstract Heavy metals are known to be toxic to human and the environment. Despite the growing of petrochemical and refinery industries, the world is facing problems with the heavy metals contamination from the sludge by the industries. Many methods have been applied to address these issues from the refinery sludge. In this study, stabilization and solidification of refinery sludge containing heavy metals using vitrification method was utilized to solve this problem. The ashing temperature of 550oC was selected in preparing the ash of the dried sludge prior to the vitrification process at 1110oC to 1400oC. After vitrification, all samples were morphologically, thermally and toxically analyzed using Scanning Electron Microscopy, Thermogravimetric Analysis and Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure. The sludge contained high amount of iron and aluminum, followed by some amount of magnesium, gold, arsenic and zinc with some traces of nickel and lead. Results showed that at maximum vitrified temperature of 1400oC, no magnesium, nickel and lead were detected in the sludge and only some traces of other heavy metals with less than 1 ppm. The vitrification method exhibits excellent output in immobilizing the transition metals leading to a reduction in environmental pollution caused by petrochemical and refinery sludge containing heavy metals. Index Terms: Vitrification, Heavy metals contamination, Refinery sludge, Toxicity, Leaching analysis
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Kinetics of Ruthenium(III) Catalyzed and Uncatalyzed Oxidation of Monoethanol...Ratnakaram Venkata Nadh
Kinetics of uncatalyzed and ruthenium(III) catalyzed oxidation of monoethanolamine by N-bromosuccinimide
(NBS) has been studied in an aqueous acetic acid medium in the presence of sodium acetate
and perchloric acid, respectively. In the uncatalyzed oxidation the kinetic orders are: the first order in NBS,
a fractional order in the substrate. The rate of the reaction increased with an increase in the sodium acetate
concentration and decreased with an increase in the perchloric acid concentration. This indicates that free
amine molecules are the reactive species. Addition of halide ions results in a decrease in the kinetic rate,
which is noteworthy. Both in absence and presence of a catalyst, a decrease in the dielectric constant of the
medium decreases the kinetic rate pointing out that these are dipole—dipole reactions. A relatively higher
oxidation state of ruthenium i.e., Ru(V) was found to be the active species in Ru(III) catalyzed reactions. A
suitable mechanism consistent with the observations has been proposed and a rate law has been derived to
explain the kinetic orders.
Evaluation of Energy Contribution for Additional Installed Turbine Flow in Hy...IJERA Editor
The paper presents the methodology for analysis of energy value of existing hydro power plant (HPP) comparing
with the same HPP upgraded with additional power. The additional power can be added with installed turbine
flows of existing unit(s) or with installing the new additional unit(s). The paper treated the energy evaluation of
the storage HPP Spilje which is under installed HPP comparing the technical parameters, water reservoir, turbine
discharge and water inflow. The analyses have been made based on the statistical analysis of the input
parameters of hydrology through a series of hydrological inflow data for a long period of years with monthly
distribution. The hydrological data (from 1970 until 2014) which covers extremely wet and extremely dry
hydrological periods, which is important in order to get statistics of expected values with appropriate
probabilities of occurrence – data from monthly inflow values [1]. The results from analysis can be applied in
determining the expected hydro production, or appropriate expected revenue of the electricity generated from the
HPP. The additional turbine flow in existing units or installing the new unit(s) can benefit with increased income
coming as the result of avoiding spilling water and generating additional peak energy instead of base one.
Shortest Tree Routing With Security In Wireless Sensor NetworksIJERA Editor
We propose STR to resolve the main reasons of overall network performance degradation of ZTR, which are the detour path problem and the traffic concentration problem. Second, we prove that the 1-hop neighbor nodes used by STR improve the routing path efficiency and alleviate the traffic load concentrated on tree links in ZTR. Third, we analyze the performance of ZTR, STR, and AODV by differentiating the network conditions such as network density, ZigBee network constraints, traffic types, and the network traffic. For modification security purpose we are also encrypting the data packets during transmission. So that the intermediate nodes are not able to view the data during transmission. For Encryption process, we are using RC4 Algorithm. Short cut tree routing is used for minimizing the routing path from source to destination.
A Wind driven PV- FC Hybrid System and its Power Management Strategies in a GridIJERA Editor
This paper shows the work done on the method to operate a Wind driven grid connected hybrid system which is composed of a Photovoltaic (PV) array and a Proton exchange membrane fuel cell . A wind system provides with an opportunity to harness the abundantly available renewable resource. With the proton exchange membrane the hybrid system output power becomes controllable. Here the system uses two operation modes, the unit-power control (UPC) mode and the feeder-flow control (FFC) mode. This papers discusses the coordination of two control modes, the coordination of the PV array and the proton exchange membrane fuel cell in hybrid system and the way in which the reference parameters are determined.
An Approach for Object and Scene Detection for Blind Peoples Using Vocal Vision.IJERA Editor
This system help the blind peoples for the navigation without the help of third person so blind person can perform its work independently. This system implemented on android device in which object detection and scene detection implemented, so after detection there will be text to speech conversion so user or blind person can get message from that android device with the help of headphone connected to that device. Our project will help blind people to understand the images which will be converted to sound with the help of webcam. We shall capture images in front of blind peoples .The captured image will be processed through our algorithms which will enhances the image data. The hardware component will have its own database. The processed image is compare with the database in the hardware component .The result after processing and comparing will be converted into speech signals. The headphones guide the blind peoples.
Identifying Structures in Social Conversations in NSCLC Patients through the ...IJERA Editor
The exploration of social conversations for addressing patient’s needs is an important analytical task in which
many scholarly publications are contributing to fill the knowledge gap in this area. The main difficulty remains
the inability to turn such contributions into pragmatic processes the pharmaceutical industry can leverage in
order to generate insight from social media data, which can be considered as one of the most challenging source
of information available today due to its sheer volume and noise. This study is based on the work by Scott
Spangler and Jeffrey Kreulen and applies it to identify structure in social media through the extraction of a
topical taxonomy able to capture the latent knowledge in social conversations in health-related sites. The
mechanism for automatically identifying and generating a taxonomy from social conversations is developed and
pressured tested using public data from media sites focused on the needs of cancer patients and their families.
Moreover, a novel method for generating the category’s label and the determination of an optimal number of
categories is presented which extends Scott and Jeffrey’s research in a meaningful way. We assume the reader is
familiar with taxonomies, what they are and how they are used.
Identification and Investigation of Solid Waste Dump in Salem DistrictIJERA Editor
Solid waste management is one of the most significant functions out by ULBs. However, the scarcity of suitable landfill sites is one of the constraints increasingly being faced by ULBs in the discharge of their functions. As a result, even several years after the issuance of the MSW Rules 2000, the state of MSW management systems in the country continues to raise serious public health concerns. Regional or inter-municipal solutions provide a viable option to redress this situation. Working together can be a practical and cost-effective way to discharge common tasks, share resources, and take advantage of the economies of scale that such arrangements would provide. This is applicable in the case of both large municipal bodies which experience scarcity of land resources, as well as smaller ones which may find technical and financial resources a challenge. Therefore, in public interest and with the aim of improving standards of public health and sanitation in the states, the Government of India has developed this Guidance Note on regional solid waste management to facilitate the creation of appropriate strategies by the states and ULBs. This note is the result of work done over a period of about 18 months, and aims to support decision making towards the implementation of regional arrangements for safe treatment and disposal of MSW. Regional approaches to MSW management are common in several countries, and have recently gained momentum in a few states in India. Studies undertaken attest to the importance of two factors in the successful implementation of regional initiatives: (a) an explicit policy, supporting the adoption of regional approaches; and (b) a robust institutional framework, underpinning development and implementation. In this respect, it is intended that this Guidance Note may form the basis for states to formulate and notify state- level policy directives to recognize regional initiatives, strategies to encourage their adoption, and tools to facilitate implementation. The Note also includes a few case studies illustrating frameworks and implementation strategies adopted in other jurisdictions and sectors. Frameworks observed include legislation supporting municipalities to priorities regional initiatives to effectively use available resources as well as options for Creation of regional solid waste management authorities or entities empowered by law to undertake waste management activities over a region or state; Creation of solid waste management „regions‟; and Municipalities jointly constituting a company, or common authority, to implement a regional waste management project. The present work aims at identifying, locating and quantifying the industrial and domestic waste dump sites located in and around Salem urban and rural districts of Salem, Tamilnadu state, India. In our project we identify the suitable location and investigation for dumping yard which is not affecting the environment.
A survey on RBF Neural Network for Intrusion Detection SystemIJERA Editor
Network security is a hot burning issue nowadays. With the help of technology advancement intruders or hackers are adopting new methods to create different attacks in order to harm network security. Intrusion detection system (IDS) is a kind of security software which inspects all incoming and outgoing network traffic and it will generate alerts if any attack or unusual behavior is found in a network. Various approaches are used for IDS such as data mining, neural network, genetic and statistical approach. Among this Neural Network is more suitable approach for IDS. This paper describes RBF neural network approach for Intrusion detection system. RBF is a feed forward and supervise technique of neural network.RBF approach has good classification ability but its performance depends on its parameters. Based on survey we find that RBF approach has some short comings. In order to overcome this we need to do proper optimization of RBF parameters.
Deposition of ni ti n coatings by a plasma assisted mocvd using an organometa...tshankar20134
Titanium nitride (TiN)/nickel (Ni) composite coatings were synthesized by plasma assisted metal-organic
chemical vapour deposition (PAMOCVD) using organo-metallic and metal-organic complexes namely dichlorobis(5-
cyclopentadienyl)titanium (IV) for titanium and N,N'-ethylene-bis(2,4-pentanedion-iminoato)nickel(II) for nickel. The
growth of such films was investigated in nitrogen (N2) plasma environment in the substrate temperature range of 450-
550ºC at a deposition pressure of 0.5-1 mbar. Prior to the deposition of films, the Ti precursor was subjected to the
equilibrium vapour pressure measurements by employing TG/DTA in transpiration mode, which led to the value of 109.2
± 5.6 kJ mol-1 for the standard enthalpy of sublimation (Ho
sub). The phase identification using glancing incidence x-ray
diffraction showed Ni/TiN is a nanocomposite coating containing nanocrystals of Ni and TiN with face centered cubic
structure. Scanning electron microscopy revealed a uniform surface morphology of the films, while chemical analysis by
energy dispersive analysis confirmed the presence of titanium, nickel and nitrogen in the composite films.
Simple and Effective Method of the Synthesis of Nanosized Fe2O 3particlesIOSR Journals
Abstract: Nanosized Iron oxide is prepared by using precipitation method from iron nitrate and liquid ammonia. Thermal analysis shows that synthesized iron oxide shows some weight loss and oxide undergoing decomposition, dehydration or any physical change from TGA curve we observe that Iron oxide shows stable weight loss above 4000C. In DTA curve also, there is exothermic and endothermic peak. Which shows phase transition, solid state reaction or any chemical reaction occurred during heating treatment. Morphology is observed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) shows particles are nanosized. Further morphology observation by Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) revels that Iron Oxide has the corundum (Al2O3) structure. Magnetic measurements shows that iron oxide has five unpaired electron and strongly paramagnetic character.
Deactivation Modeling through Separable Kinetics of Coking On Ni/CZ Catalyst ...IOSR Journals
Abstract : Steam methane reforming (SMR) is a very significant technique to produce hydrogen from fossil fuels. In this particular work, nickel is used as the active metal and ceria-zirconia (CZ) bi-metallic oxide is used as the support. The foremost challenge to this process is sooting or coking over the catalyst surface and blocking the active sites. For the economic viability of the catalyst, it is very significant to make it coke deposition resistant. This is the reason that the kinetic modeling of the deactivation is very important. Therefore, this paper is aimed to model the deactivation and activity of the catalyst. A rate model of the deactivation process is also developed using separable kinetics. A comparison with commercial catalyst is also reported to show that the Ni/CZ catalyst is much more stable towards the coking. Keywords –Coking, Deactivation, Methane, Separable kinetics, Steam reforming.
Structural and magnetic properties on F-doped LiVO2 with two-dimensional tria...Yang Li
The layered oxide LiVO2 recently has received more attention due to its interesting structural and magnetic behaviors involving the two-dimensional magnetic frustration in these systems. We synthesized a series of F-doped LiVO2 samples, and reported the F-doping effect on the structure and transition temperature Tt. The samples LiVO2-xFx (x=0, 0.1, 0.2 and 0.3) were characterized by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscope (SEM), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), magnetic susceptibility and specific heat measurement. The structural analysis shows that with increasing x, the ratio of lattice parameter c/a increasing, i.e. in the a-b plane the lattice is compressed while in the c-axis direction the lattice expands. The DSC measurements show that a first-order phase transition happens at around 500 K, and the thermal hysteresis around phase transition temperature Tt increases with increasing x. Substitution of O with F ions results in a change of two dimensional characteristics and the distortion of the VO6 block in structure, which significantly influence the magnetic ordering transition temperature Tt.
Toxicity immobilization of refinery sludge containing heavy metals via vitrif...eSAT Journals
Abstract Heavy metals are known to be toxic to human and the environment. Despite the growing of petrochemical and refinery industries, the world is facing problems with the heavy metals contamination from the sludge by the industries. Many methods have been applied to address these issues from the refinery sludge. In this study, stabilization and solidification of refinery sludge containing heavy metals using vitrification method was utilized to solve this problem. The ashing temperature of 550oC was selected in preparing the ash of the dried sludge prior to the vitrification process at 1110oC to 1400oC. After vitrification, all samples were morphologically, thermally and toxically analyzed using Scanning Electron Microscopy, Thermogravimetric Analysis and Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure. The sludge contained high amount of iron and aluminum, followed by some amount of magnesium, gold, arsenic and zinc with some traces of nickel and lead. Results showed that at maximum vitrified temperature of 1400oC, no magnesium, nickel and lead were detected in the sludge and only some traces of other heavy metals with less than 1 ppm. The vitrification method exhibits excellent output in immobilizing the transition metals leading to a reduction in environmental pollution caused by petrochemical and refinery sludge containing heavy metals. Index Terms: Vitrification, Heavy metals contamination, Refinery sludge, Toxicity, Leaching analysis
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Kinetics of Ruthenium(III) Catalyzed and Uncatalyzed Oxidation of Monoethanol...Ratnakaram Venkata Nadh
Kinetics of uncatalyzed and ruthenium(III) catalyzed oxidation of monoethanolamine by N-bromosuccinimide
(NBS) has been studied in an aqueous acetic acid medium in the presence of sodium acetate
and perchloric acid, respectively. In the uncatalyzed oxidation the kinetic orders are: the first order in NBS,
a fractional order in the substrate. The rate of the reaction increased with an increase in the sodium acetate
concentration and decreased with an increase in the perchloric acid concentration. This indicates that free
amine molecules are the reactive species. Addition of halide ions results in a decrease in the kinetic rate,
which is noteworthy. Both in absence and presence of a catalyst, a decrease in the dielectric constant of the
medium decreases the kinetic rate pointing out that these are dipole—dipole reactions. A relatively higher
oxidation state of ruthenium i.e., Ru(V) was found to be the active species in Ru(III) catalyzed reactions. A
suitable mechanism consistent with the observations has been proposed and a rate law has been derived to
explain the kinetic orders.
Evaluation of Energy Contribution for Additional Installed Turbine Flow in Hy...IJERA Editor
The paper presents the methodology for analysis of energy value of existing hydro power plant (HPP) comparing
with the same HPP upgraded with additional power. The additional power can be added with installed turbine
flows of existing unit(s) or with installing the new additional unit(s). The paper treated the energy evaluation of
the storage HPP Spilje which is under installed HPP comparing the technical parameters, water reservoir, turbine
discharge and water inflow. The analyses have been made based on the statistical analysis of the input
parameters of hydrology through a series of hydrological inflow data for a long period of years with monthly
distribution. The hydrological data (from 1970 until 2014) which covers extremely wet and extremely dry
hydrological periods, which is important in order to get statistics of expected values with appropriate
probabilities of occurrence – data from monthly inflow values [1]. The results from analysis can be applied in
determining the expected hydro production, or appropriate expected revenue of the electricity generated from the
HPP. The additional turbine flow in existing units or installing the new unit(s) can benefit with increased income
coming as the result of avoiding spilling water and generating additional peak energy instead of base one.
Shortest Tree Routing With Security In Wireless Sensor NetworksIJERA Editor
We propose STR to resolve the main reasons of overall network performance degradation of ZTR, which are the detour path problem and the traffic concentration problem. Second, we prove that the 1-hop neighbor nodes used by STR improve the routing path efficiency and alleviate the traffic load concentrated on tree links in ZTR. Third, we analyze the performance of ZTR, STR, and AODV by differentiating the network conditions such as network density, ZigBee network constraints, traffic types, and the network traffic. For modification security purpose we are also encrypting the data packets during transmission. So that the intermediate nodes are not able to view the data during transmission. For Encryption process, we are using RC4 Algorithm. Short cut tree routing is used for minimizing the routing path from source to destination.
A Wind driven PV- FC Hybrid System and its Power Management Strategies in a GridIJERA Editor
This paper shows the work done on the method to operate a Wind driven grid connected hybrid system which is composed of a Photovoltaic (PV) array and a Proton exchange membrane fuel cell . A wind system provides with an opportunity to harness the abundantly available renewable resource. With the proton exchange membrane the hybrid system output power becomes controllable. Here the system uses two operation modes, the unit-power control (UPC) mode and the feeder-flow control (FFC) mode. This papers discusses the coordination of two control modes, the coordination of the PV array and the proton exchange membrane fuel cell in hybrid system and the way in which the reference parameters are determined.
An Approach for Object and Scene Detection for Blind Peoples Using Vocal Vision.IJERA Editor
This system help the blind peoples for the navigation without the help of third person so blind person can perform its work independently. This system implemented on android device in which object detection and scene detection implemented, so after detection there will be text to speech conversion so user or blind person can get message from that android device with the help of headphone connected to that device. Our project will help blind people to understand the images which will be converted to sound with the help of webcam. We shall capture images in front of blind peoples .The captured image will be processed through our algorithms which will enhances the image data. The hardware component will have its own database. The processed image is compare with the database in the hardware component .The result after processing and comparing will be converted into speech signals. The headphones guide the blind peoples.
Identifying Structures in Social Conversations in NSCLC Patients through the ...IJERA Editor
The exploration of social conversations for addressing patient’s needs is an important analytical task in which
many scholarly publications are contributing to fill the knowledge gap in this area. The main difficulty remains
the inability to turn such contributions into pragmatic processes the pharmaceutical industry can leverage in
order to generate insight from social media data, which can be considered as one of the most challenging source
of information available today due to its sheer volume and noise. This study is based on the work by Scott
Spangler and Jeffrey Kreulen and applies it to identify structure in social media through the extraction of a
topical taxonomy able to capture the latent knowledge in social conversations in health-related sites. The
mechanism for automatically identifying and generating a taxonomy from social conversations is developed and
pressured tested using public data from media sites focused on the needs of cancer patients and their families.
Moreover, a novel method for generating the category’s label and the determination of an optimal number of
categories is presented which extends Scott and Jeffrey’s research in a meaningful way. We assume the reader is
familiar with taxonomies, what they are and how they are used.
Identification and Investigation of Solid Waste Dump in Salem DistrictIJERA Editor
Solid waste management is one of the most significant functions out by ULBs. However, the scarcity of suitable landfill sites is one of the constraints increasingly being faced by ULBs in the discharge of their functions. As a result, even several years after the issuance of the MSW Rules 2000, the state of MSW management systems in the country continues to raise serious public health concerns. Regional or inter-municipal solutions provide a viable option to redress this situation. Working together can be a practical and cost-effective way to discharge common tasks, share resources, and take advantage of the economies of scale that such arrangements would provide. This is applicable in the case of both large municipal bodies which experience scarcity of land resources, as well as smaller ones which may find technical and financial resources a challenge. Therefore, in public interest and with the aim of improving standards of public health and sanitation in the states, the Government of India has developed this Guidance Note on regional solid waste management to facilitate the creation of appropriate strategies by the states and ULBs. This note is the result of work done over a period of about 18 months, and aims to support decision making towards the implementation of regional arrangements for safe treatment and disposal of MSW. Regional approaches to MSW management are common in several countries, and have recently gained momentum in a few states in India. Studies undertaken attest to the importance of two factors in the successful implementation of regional initiatives: (a) an explicit policy, supporting the adoption of regional approaches; and (b) a robust institutional framework, underpinning development and implementation. In this respect, it is intended that this Guidance Note may form the basis for states to formulate and notify state- level policy directives to recognize regional initiatives, strategies to encourage their adoption, and tools to facilitate implementation. The Note also includes a few case studies illustrating frameworks and implementation strategies adopted in other jurisdictions and sectors. Frameworks observed include legislation supporting municipalities to priorities regional initiatives to effectively use available resources as well as options for Creation of regional solid waste management authorities or entities empowered by law to undertake waste management activities over a region or state; Creation of solid waste management „regions‟; and Municipalities jointly constituting a company, or common authority, to implement a regional waste management project. The present work aims at identifying, locating and quantifying the industrial and domestic waste dump sites located in and around Salem urban and rural districts of Salem, Tamilnadu state, India. In our project we identify the suitable location and investigation for dumping yard which is not affecting the environment.
A survey on RBF Neural Network for Intrusion Detection SystemIJERA Editor
Network security is a hot burning issue nowadays. With the help of technology advancement intruders or hackers are adopting new methods to create different attacks in order to harm network security. Intrusion detection system (IDS) is a kind of security software which inspects all incoming and outgoing network traffic and it will generate alerts if any attack or unusual behavior is found in a network. Various approaches are used for IDS such as data mining, neural network, genetic and statistical approach. Among this Neural Network is more suitable approach for IDS. This paper describes RBF neural network approach for Intrusion detection system. RBF is a feed forward and supervise technique of neural network.RBF approach has good classification ability but its performance depends on its parameters. Based on survey we find that RBF approach has some short comings. In order to overcome this we need to do proper optimization of RBF parameters.
Improved Reliability Memory’s Module Structure for Critical Application SystemsIJERA Editor
For critical application systems, which control nuclear power plants and other energy facilities, air, sea and
ground vehicles, the needs to ensure their operability are increased. To fulfill this requirement, it is necessary to
increase the technical readiness coefficient, the value of which increases with decreasing recovery time control
system in case of fault of its constituent units. The main control system components critical applications are
memory devices, which store programs and used for performing algorithms control. Semiconductor memory
modules with automatic recovery functionality at multiple faults can be used in systems of critical applications
protection and management where the use of fault-tolerant digital devices is a necessity due to the inability of
traditional methods of repair by replacing the failed elements.
Laboratory Performance Of Evaporative Cooler Using Jute Fiber Ropes As Coolin...IJERA Editor
Evaporative coolers use a variety of cooling media like wood wool, cellulose, aspen. This paper analyses the performance of jute fiber ropes as alternative cooling media. They are capable of retaining high moisture and have a large wetted surface area. Hot and dry air is allowed to flow over the wet jute rope bank tightly held between two plates which are integral part of two tanks. The inlet conditions of air varied from 30.5 0C dry bulb temperature and 52 % relative humidity to 34.5 0C dry bulb temperature and 32 % relative humidity. Outlet temperature of air is measured and saturation efficiency and cooling capacity are calculated. The outlet dry bulb temperature is obtained between 25.8 0C and 26.2 0C.The saturation efficiencies range from 69 % to 59 % and the cooling capacity is obtained between 6173 kJ/h and 11979 kJ/h. Thus jute fiber ropes prove to be a good alternative cooling media in evaporative cooler.
Analysis of soil arching effect with different cross-section anti-slide pileIJERA Editor
Although the knowledge of soil-arching effect of anti-slide pile become common, the analysis of soil-arching effect with different cross-section anti-slide pile is little. Therefore,this paper choose three typical cross-section piles (rectangular, square, circular), Then do some study about the Mechanism of mechanism, frictional arch and end bearing arch of three cross-section piles and the form of soil arch with different cross-section and the soil arch zone under same condition in order to define the best cross-section, The result show that rectangular section pile and square section pile are composed by frictional arch and end bearing arch, while circular section pile is made up by united arch, finally rectangular section pile has a more effective retaining effect than square section pile and circular section pile through compared soil arch zone with three type section piles.
Study of Effecting Factors on Housing Price by Hedonic Model A Case Study of ...IJERA Editor
In this paper, an investigation of the housing price in ninth district of Mashhad was presented. We applied a descriptive and analytical method for calculations. That is called Hedonic Model. We used 10 variables that covered the physical factors and access position. The results of 516 cases by software Eviews in version 3.1 indicated that 7 of 10 variable coefficients had a significant error about 5%. Also, the 3 variables of ground area and the distance of shopping centers and number of bedroom are no statistically significant, so these are not used in the final estimate. The structural that used for estimate of housing prices by Hedonic model with a logarithmic function. The researches indicate that the area of infrastructure in housing units and the number of floors are important factors for increasing housing price in Mashhad, so that for increasing in each 1% for the area infrastructure and number of bedrooms changed the housing prices about 0.9 and 0.0083 respectively. The factors of decreasing in housing price included age of construction, number of floors, distance of training center, parks and etc.
Hypothesis on Different Data Mining AlgorithmsIJERA Editor
In this paper, different classification algorithms for data mining are discussed. Data Mining is about
explaining the past & predicting the future by means of data analysis. Classification is a task of data mining,
which categories data based on numerical or categorical variables. To classify the data many algorithms are
proposed, out of them five algorithms are comparatively studied for data mining through classification. There are
four different classification approaches namely Frequency Table, Covariance Matrix, Similarity Functions &
Others. As work for research on classification methods, algorithms like Naive Bayesian, K Nearest Neighbors,
Decision Tree, Artificial Neural Network & Support Vector Machine are studied & examined using benchmark
datasets like Iris & Lung Cancer.
Simulation based approach for Fixing Optimum number of Stages for a MMCIJERA Editor
Modular multi level converters (MMC) are gaining importance day by day due to their inherent advantages of
bidirectional capability, reduced switching loss. MMCs have become one of the best choices for electric vehicles
(EV) and storage based electric vehicles as these converters have the ability of conduction in both the directions
with bidirectional switches. One of the major issues of concern of an EV is that the storage of energy, as these
vehicles battery storage with large capacity and these batteries required to be charged continuously. This feature
of EV makes usage of MMCs as an attractive solution. The output available across a MMC is stepped sine wave.
As the number of steps increases nearness of output voltage with a sine wave is increased, but this is not true.
The authors feel that it is not true in case of a Sinusoidal Pulse Width Modulated Inverter. As the number of
levels are increased the Total Harmonic Distortion (THD) in a voltage waveform decreases to a minimum value
and then increases. MMC configuration proposed in [1] taken into consideration and simulation studies are
conducted using Sinusoidal Pulse Width Modulation control scheme with the help of MATLAB / SIMULINK.
The THD levels in the phase voltages and load currents are presented. With the help of simulation studies the
optimum number of an inverter are identified.
Sessió Informativa per a Joves d´Olesa de Montserrat sobre el mercat de treball i les sortides professionals.
A càrrec de Raül Rodríguez. Auditori Olesa de Montserrat.
Spectral studies of 5-({4-amino-2-[(Z)-(2-hydroxybenzylidene) amino] pyrimidi...IOSR Journals
Some transition metal ions Complexes with 5-({4-amino-2-[(Z)-(2-hydroxybenzylidene) amino]
pyrimidin-5-yl} methyl)-2,3,4-trimethoxybenzene were prepared and characterized by elemental analyses,
Infrared , magnetic moment, electronic spectra , mass spectra, X-ray powder diffraction, molar conductance
and thermal analysis (TGA). The complexes have general formulae [ML2.2H2O] {where M = Mn (II), Co (II), Ni
(II), Cu (II), Zn (II), Pd (II) and Pt (II). The coordination behavior of the metal ions towards to the investigated
Schiff base takes place through –C=N,-NH2 and –OH groups. The obtained C, H and N elemental analysis data
showed the Metal: Ligand ratio is 1:2 [M: L] ratio. The molar conductance data reveal that all the metal
complexes are non-electrolytic in nature. From the magnetic moments the complexes are paramagnetic except
Zn metal ion complexes have octahedral geometry with coordination number eight. The thermal behavior of
these complexes shows that, the hydrated complexes have loses two water molecules and immediately followed
by decomposition of the anions and ligand molecules in the second and third stage. The Schiff bases and metal
complexes show good activity against some bacteria. The antimicrobial results indicate that, the metal
complexes have better antimicrobial activity as compared to the prepared Schiff base.
Structural, Electrical and Magnetotransport properties of La0.7Ca0.2Sr0.1MnO3...IOSR Journals
The sample of manganite perovskite oxide La0.7Ca0.2Sr0.1MnO3 has been prepared by solution combustion synthesis. The synthesized sample has been pelletized and further sintered at 8000C for 8 hours. The XRD pattern reveals that the samples are of single phase nature with orthorhombic structure and the diffraction patterns can be indexed with the pbnm space groups. The crystallite sizes calculated from broadening of XRD peaks using Scherrer’s formula were about 18 nm. Resistivity measurements were performed in the temperature range 2K under 3, 5, 10 and 14 T field using PPMS. Magnetoresistance shows a shift in metal-insulator transition temperature from ~213 K at zero field to ~250 K at 14T. MR value decreases as the temperature increases and at 300 K maximum value of MR is found to be ~ 22% for an applied field of 14 T. MR of ~ 28% is observed at 230 K. MR of ~ 35% is observed at 150 K in an applied field of 14 T and MR has negative sign
Facile Synthesis and Characterization of Pyrolusite, β-MnO2, Nano Crystal wit...Editor IJCATR
MnO2 nanoparticles have been synthesized by a simple combustion method using MnSO4.4H2O. The crystalline phase, morphology, optical property and magnetic property of the as prepared nanoparticle were characterized using XRD, FT-IR, FT-Raman, SEM, UV-Vis, PL and VSM respectively. Structural studies by XRD indicate that the synthesized material as tetragonal rutile crystal structure. FT-IR and FT-Raman analysis revealed the stretching vibrations of metal ions in tetrahedral co-ordination confirming the crystal structure. The PL and UV analysis having an emission band at 390 nm, showed a prominent blue peak at 453 nm as well as a green emission lines at 553 nm with band gap energy of 3.2eV. Magnetic measurements indicate that the Néel temperature of the β-MnO2 structures is 92.5K for Hc = 100 Oe which showed antiferromagnetic behaviour.
Facile Synthesis and Characterization of Pyrolusite, β- MnO2, Nano Crystal wi...Editor IJCATR
MnO2 nanoparticles have been synthesized by a simple combustion method using MnSO4.4H2O. The crystalline phase,
morphology, optical property and magnetic property of the as prepared nanoparticle were characterized using XRD, FT-IR, FTRaman,
SEM, UV-Vis, PL and VSM respectively. Structural studies by XRD indicate that the synthesized material as tetragonal rutile
crystal structure. FT-IR and FT-Raman analysis revealed the stretching vibrations of metal ions in tetrahedral co-ordination confirming
the crystal structure. The PL and UV analysis having an emission band at 390 nm, showed a prominent blue peak at 453 nm as well as
a green emission lines at 553 nm with band gap energy of 3.2eV. Magnetic measurements indicate that the Néel temperature of the β-
MnO2 structures is 92.5K for Hc = 100 Oe which showed antiferromagnetic behaviour
Low grade iron ores are often contaminated with relatively high percentage of different
impurity gangue minerals. The iron ores contaminated with manganese oxide and silica are hardly reducible
and consume more energy in the integrated steel plant. Therefore it is important to estimate and predict the
influence of manganese oxide, silica and temperature on the reduction yield of iron oxide using mathematical
model approach. In the current study, a 23
(three-parameters, two-levels)factorial design is applied on the
gaseous reduction experimental data of mixed oxides (Fe2O3-MnO2-SiO2) to build a linear regression model.
The calculations have been performed using Matlab program. The developed mathematical model indicated that
SiO2 and temperature have positive effect on the reduction yield of iron oxide. On the other hand, MnO2
exhibited the highest negative impact on the reduction yield of iron oxide followed by the interaction coefficient
of MnO2, SiO2 and temperature. The results of the developed mathematical model are fitted to the experimental
reduction data of mixed oxides.
Physical and Magnetic Properties of Manganese Ferrite NanoparticlesIJERA Editor
In this paper, manganese ferrite (MnFe2O4) nanoparticles were synthesized using chemical bath deposition (CBD) method and characterized by XRD and TEM to determine different properties of nanoparticles. The results obtained showed the formation of manganese ferrite nanoparticles with an average particle size are in good agreement with previous reported experimental results and displayed good magnetic properties. Magnetic properties was determined using Vibrating Sample Magnetometer(VSM). Due to simplicity and low cost of this process, it could be used for synthesis of ferrites nanoparticles. These materials may be used in drug delivery systems, electronic devices and water remediation.
Maiyalagan,Electrochemical oxidation of methanol on pt v2 o5–c composite cata...kutty79
Platinum nanoparticles have been supported on V2O5–C composite through the reduction of chloroplatinic
acid with formaldehyde. The catalyst was characterized by X-ray diffraction and transmission electron
microscopy. Catalytic activity and stability for the oxidation of methanol were studied by using
cyclic voltammetry and chronoamperometry. Pt/V2O5–C composite anode catalyst on glassy carbon electrode
show higher electro-catalytic activity for the oxidation of methanol. High electro-catalytic activities
and good stabilities could be attributed to the synergistic effect between Pt and V2O5, avoiding the electrodes
being poisoned.
International Refereed Journal of Engineering and Science (IRJES)irjes
International Refereed Journal of Engineering and Science (IRJES) is a leading international journal for publication of new ideas, the state of the art research results and fundamental advances in all aspects of Engineering and Science. IRJES is a open access, peer reviewed international journal with a primary objective to provide the academic community and industry for the submission of half of original research and applications.
A Simple Thermal Treatment Synthesis and Characterization of Ni-Zn Ferrite (N...IOSR Journals
Cubic structured nickel-zinc ferrite nanoparticles (Ni0.5Zn0.5Fe2O4) have been synthesized by thermal treatment method. This simple procedure employed an aqueous solution containing only metal nitrates as precursors, polyvinyl pyrrolidone as a capping agent, and deionized water as a solvent. The solution was thoroughly stirred for 2 hour, dried at 353 K for 3 hour, the dried material crushed into powder and calcined the powder at 873 K to remove organic substances and crystallize the particles. The microstructure properties of the prepared ferrite nanoparticles were measured using FTIR, XRD, TEM, and EDX and the magnetic properties were determined using VSM and EPR. The average particle size increased from 7 to 22 nm with the increase of calcination temperature from 723 to 873 K. The saturation magnetization, coercivity field, and g-factor increased respectively from 24 emu/g, 11 G, and 2.0673at 723 K to 38 emu/g, 60 G, and 2.1227 at 873 K. This method offers simplicity, a low cost, and an environmentally friendly operation since it produces no by-product effluents.
International Journal of Engineering Research and DevelopmentIJERD Editor
Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering,
Information Engineering and Technology,
Mechanical, Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering,
Automation and Mechatronics Engineering,
Material and Chemical Engineering,
Civil and Architecture Engineering,
Biotechnology and Bio Engineering,
Environmental Engineering,
Petroleum and Mining Engineering,
Marine and Agriculture engineering,
Aerospace Engineering.
Courier management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
It is now-a-days very important for the people to send or receive articles like imported furniture, electronic items, gifts, business goods and the like. People depend vastly on different transport systems which mostly use the manual way of receiving and delivering the articles. There is no way to track the articles till they are received and there is no way to let the customer know what happened in transit, once he booked some articles. In such a situation, we need a system which completely computerizes the cargo activities including time to time tracking of the articles sent. This need is fulfilled by Courier Management System software which is online software for the cargo management people that enables them to receive the goods from a source and send them to a required destination and track their status from time to time.
Sachpazis:Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Estimation in simple terms with Calculati...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
Terzaghi's soil bearing capacity theory, developed by Karl Terzaghi, is a fundamental principle in geotechnical engineering used to determine the bearing capacity of shallow foundations. This theory provides a method to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity of soil, which is the maximum load per unit area that the soil can support without undergoing shear failure. The Calculation HTML Code included.
Democratizing Fuzzing at Scale by Abhishek Aryaabh.arya
Presented at NUS: Fuzzing and Software Security Summer School 2024
This keynote talks about the democratization of fuzzing at scale, highlighting the collaboration between open source communities, academia, and industry to advance the field of fuzzing. It delves into the history of fuzzing, the development of scalable fuzzing platforms, and the empowerment of community-driven research. The talk will further discuss recent advancements leveraging AI/ML and offer insights into the future evolution of the fuzzing landscape.
Water scarcity is the lack of fresh water resources to meet the standard water demand. There are two type of water scarcity. One is physical. The other is economic water scarcity.
Overview of the fundamental roles in Hydropower generation and the components involved in wider Electrical Engineering.
This paper presents the design and construction of hydroelectric dams from the hydrologist’s survey of the valley before construction, all aspects and involved disciplines, fluid dynamics, structural engineering, generation and mains frequency regulation to the very transmission of power through the network in the United Kingdom.
Author: Robbie Edward Sayers
Collaborators and co editors: Charlie Sims and Connor Healey.
(C) 2024 Robbie E. Sayers
Forklift Classes Overview by Intella PartsIntella Parts
Discover the different forklift classes and their specific applications. Learn how to choose the right forklift for your needs to ensure safety, efficiency, and compliance in your operations.
For more technical information, visit our website https://intellaparts.com
Student information management system project report ii.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project explains about the student management. This project mainly explains the various actions related to student details. This project shows some ease in adding, editing and deleting the student details. It also provides a less time consuming process for viewing, adding, editing and deleting the marks of the students.
Phase Transformations and Thermodynamics in the System Fe2О3– V2О5 – MnО – SiО2 of Non-Isothermal Heating
1. R. Paunova et al. Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications www.ijera.com
ISSN: 2248-9622, Vol. 5, Issue 12, (Part - 3) December 2015, pp.92-100
www.ijera.com 92 | P a g e
Phase Transformations and Thermodynamics in the System
Fe2О3– V2О5 – MnО – SiО2 of Non-Isothermal Heating
R. Paunova, D. Grigorova, R. Alexandrova
Department of Ferrous Metallurgy and Metal Foundry, University of Chemical Technology and Metallurgy
Bulgaria
ABSTRACT
Thermodynamic characteristics in the system Fe2O3 – MnO – V2O5 –SiO2 have been investigated. Two mixtures
have been prepared. The first mixture was synthetic, prepared from pure oxides in proportion according to the
chemical composition of the waste catalyst and manganese concentrate. The second one contained the waste
vanadium catalyst and manganese concentrate. The synthetic mixture has been used as a standard in order to
establish the influence of impurities in the concentrate, and the waste catalyst on the thermodynamics of the
studied system.
Experiments carried out in the temperature up to 1473 K for the system containing waste vanadium catalyst and
manganese concentrate occur to formation of new phases formation as FeV2O4 and Iron Vanadium Oxide type
and Jacobsite types MnFe2O4 and (Mn6Fe4)(Mn4Fe1.6)O4. EMF method with difference reference electrode
(Ni/NiO, Mo/MoO2 and air) relationship of delta GoT = f(T) in the temperature range 1073 – 1173 К of mixtures
was obtained. The experimental data for the system show that the reference electrodes air and Ni/NiO are more
suitable than Mo/MoO2.
The obtained results will be used as an investigations base to the production of complex iron vanadium
manganese alloy using the waste materials.
Keywords – thermodynamics, DTA, EMF method, vanadium catalyst, manganese concentrate.
I. INTRODUCTION
From a metallurgical point of view, the study of
binary and ternary systems has great practical
significance even for ferroalloy production to obtain
alloys. Complex alloys are becoming more and more
widely used in metallurgy for deoxidation, alloying,
modifying and desulfurization; they also improve the
mechanical, physical and chemical properties of
steel and iron. It is more effective to obtain elements
as a complex ferroalloy than as separate elements.
In the present studies, the waste vanadium
catalyst was used. Annually, between 500 and 1000
tons vanadium catalyst are released from sulphur
acid production which contains a significant quantity
of deficit vanadium. The toxicity of the vanadium
causes certain environmental problems which is an
additional consideration to look for ways to utilize
this valuable waste product.
The complex systems are used in various fields
of Chemistry and Metallurgy. Ternary systems of the
type MeO-V2O5-Fe2O3 are used as catalysts because
vanadates, which are formed, as a result, catalyze the
oxidation processes of many compounds [1]. The
similar systems is also used in the electrode
materials preparation, and glasses with relatively
high electrical conductivity and high thermal
stability or for correction of the phase diagram. [1, 2,
3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8].
Other studies have focused on the structure of
complex compounds produced by the solid-phase
method - Co4Fe3.33 (VO4) 6 [9], Mn3Fe4 (VO4) 6 [9,
11] and Zn3Fe4V6O24 [10]. The equilibrium in the
system V2O5-Fe2O3-Mn2O3 (MnO) was examined by
some authors [12]. They found out the formation of
the solid solution of the type Fe2Mn2V4O15 based on
manganese pyrovanadat. DTA and XRD analyses
were used in the investigation of all these systems.
In the binary system MnxFe3-xO4, containing
manganese oxides, the heat capacity for different
values of “x”was determined as well as the entropy
changes [13]. The phase equilibrium of the Mn-Fe-O
system (Fe / Mn = 2) and the partial pressure of
oxygen of 10-1
Pa to 105
Pa were examined in the
temperature range from 1223 to 1393 K, by
measuring the electrical conductivity and the mass
of the sample [14]. The enthalpy and Gibbs free
energy of (MnxFe1-x)3O4 at 298 K were defined
calorimetrically[15].
Some other authors analyzed the
thermodynamics of the processes in the ternary
RESEARCH ARTICLE OPEN ACCESS
2. R. Paunova et al. Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications www.ijera.com
ISSN: 2248-9622, Vol. 5, Issue 12, (Part - 3) December 2015, pp.92-100
www.ijera.com 93 | P a g e
system Fe2O3-V2O5-MnO using data for the binary
systems respectively or some known thermodynamic
parameters.
To determine the oxidation potential of the
system Fe + FeV2O4-V2O3, K.T. Jacob and C.B.
Alcock [16] used the EMF method. The same
method was used to determine the thermodynamic
data for Mn3O4, Mn2O3 and MnO2 [17, 18]. A.N.
Grundy et al. [19] studied the thermodynamics and
the phase diagram of system Mn-O, using
CALPHAD method. A. Petric and K.T. Jacob
determined the activity of Fe3O4 in the solid solution
Fe3O4-FeV2O4 [20]. In this paper [21] the authors
analyzed in detail the reactions occurring in the
system FeO-V2O5 and their Gibbs energy
respectively.
The standard Gibbs energy of spinel phase
MnV2O4 formation in the temperature range 1200-
1600o
C was calculated using the equation of
mixtures in the liquid iron or liquid copper and the
known thermodynamic parameters [22, 23].
The purpose of these investigations is to
describe the phase changes that occur in the non-
isothermal heating synthetic ternary system (Fe2O3-
MnO-V2O5), and ternary system containing waste
vanadium catalyst, manganese concentrate, and
Fe2O3. The thermodynamic characteristics of this
system will be used as a basis for the production of
complex alloy with the participation of waste
material.
II. EXPERIMENTAL AND DISCUSSION
2.1. Materials and Apparatus
The chemical composition (mass %) of
manganese concentrate is shown in Table 1.
Table 1 Chemical composition of manganese
concentrate, %.
MnO FeS2 Fe2O3 P2O5 SiO2 MgO CaO Al2O3
44,56 2,25 1,79 0,31 12,4 2,00 3,90 2,10
The chemical composition (mass %) of waste
vanadium catalyst is shown in Table 2.
Table 2 Chemical composition of waste vanadium
catalyst, %.
V2O5 Fe2O3 SiO2 K2O Na2O Al2O3 SO3
4,12 3,4 57,12 6,71 3,93 0,82 23,88
Experiments were carried out using manganese
concentrate, waste vanadium catalyst and chemically
pure oxides Fe2O3, MnO (MnO2), V2O5, SiO2.
The synthetic Mix 1 is composed of pure
oxides. The quantitative ratio between oxides is
calculated so as to be correlated with Mix 2
containing manganese concentrate and the waste
vanadium catalyst. In this mixture are given only
oxides, which could influence the process of the
complex alloy obtaining.
Mix 1 – pure oxides - V2O5 - MnO - Fe2O3 – SiO2.
Mix 2 – waste vanadium catalyst, manganese
concentrate, and Fe2O3.
The composition of the mixtures is as follows:
2,5% V2O5; 22,5 % MnO; 35 % SiO2 and 40 %
Fe2O3.
The mixtures were investigated by DTA method
within the temperature range 293 K – 1473 K using
thermogravimetric apparatus STA PT1600.
The thermodynamics of mixtures were also
studied by EMF method using galvanic cells with a
solid electrolyte ZrO2 (Y2O3) and reference
electrodes Ni/NiO, air, and Mo/MoO2
The equilibrium of oxides in the system Fe2O3 -
MnO - V2O5- SiO2 was studied with the following
galvanic cells:
Pt system ZrO2(Y2O3)air Pt
2OP 2
"OP
Pt system ZrO2(Y2O3)Ni/NiO Pt
2OP 2
"OP
Pt system ZrO2(Y2O3)Мо/МоО3Pt
2OP 2
"OP
PO2= 0,2095 atm; lg PO2= - 0,6788 for the air
electrode.
The GT (NiO) values reported by some other
authors [24 - 26] were used in this paper.
2Ni + O2 = 2NiO (1)
Gо
(NiO) = -233651 + 84.893 T, J / mol
44,4
12225
lg 2
T
PO (2)
The GT (MoO2) values reported by some
other authors [27, 28] were also used in this paper.
2Mo + 2O2 = 2MoO2 (3)
3. R. Paunova et al. Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications www.ijera.com
ISSN: 2248-9622, Vol. 5, Issue 12, (Part - 3) December 2015, pp.92-100
www.ijera.com 94 | P a g e
Gо
( МоО2 ) = -570563 + 173.Т
051,9
29852
lg 2
T
PO (4)
2.2. DTA Results
The derivatogram of Mix 1 (pure oxides Fe2O3-
MnO2-V2O5- SiO2) is presented in Fig.1. The DTA
curve shows two low-temperature endothermic
effects. The first one (Т ~ 107о
С) corresponds to the
evaporation of physical moisture and the second one
(Т ~348о
С) – to partial dissociation of MnO2 to
Mn2O3. In the temperature range from Т 582o
C to
Т 667o
C solid solution between Fe2O3 and Mn2O3
from a peritectic type was formed. The peritectic
solution decomposes at about 930o
C. A solid
solution between Mn2O3 and Mn3O4 is formed which
can be confirmed by the phase diagram (Fe2O3 -
Mn2O3) [30]. The X-ray analysis (Fig.2) shows that
in the end product the following phases were found:
cubic Mn2O3, rhombic Hematite Fe2O3, tetragonal
Hausmannite (Mn3O4) as well, tetragonal α-
Cristoballite (SiO2).
Derivatogram of Mix 2 (waste vanadium
catalyst, Mn-concentrate, and Fe2O3) is presented in
Fig.3. The DTA curve shows one intensive
endothermic effect and three less intensive
endothermic effects. One of them at about Т 715o
C
corresponds to FeV2O4 or FeV2O6 formation. In this
sample, the formation of these ferrovanadates is
possible at low temperature and even at low
vanadium oxide concentration in the system Fе-V-O
these compositions could be formed [29]. In waste
vanadium catalyst (as opposed to pure V2O5 in mix
1), vanadium oxides are in the form of VxOy (V2O3,
VO, V2O4, V6O13) and formation of these vanadates
is possible by reason of its repeated thermal
transformations. X-ray analysis confirms the fact
(Fig.4), that except for rhombic Hematite (Fe2O3),
tetragonal Cristaloballite (SiO2), cubic Bixbyite
(Mn2O3), tetragonal Hausmannite (Mn3O4),
Coulsonite Fe2VO4 (Fe2O3.VO) is also present. In
the temperature range from Т 575o
C to Т 680o
C
solid solution is formed between Fe2O3 and Mn2O3
from a peritectic type that decomposes at about
930o
C to solid solution between Mn2O3 and Mn3O4,
which can be confirmed by the phase diagram
(Fe2O3 - Mn2O3)[30].
The melting phase in Mix 2 was registered upon
heating up to 1200o
C. The X-ray analysis (Fig.5.) of
the obtained product from Mix 2 treated at this
temperature, showed mainly presence of Jacobsite
(Mn6Fe4)(Mn4Fe1.6)O4, as well as vanadium oxide
(V3O4), Coulsonite Fe2VO4 (Fe2O3.VO), Hematite
and α -Quartz.
Fig.1. Derivatogram of Mix 1 (pure oxides Fe2O3 - MnO2-V2O5 – SiO2)
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Hematite, syn
01-080-0382 (C) - Hausmannite - Mn3O4 - Y: 8.65 % - d x by: 1. - WL: 1.5406 - Tetragonal - a 5.76500 - b 5.76500 - c 9.44200 - alpha 90.000 - beta 90.000 - gamma 90.000 - Body-centered - I41/amd (141) - 4 - 31
01-082-1403 (C) - Cristobalite beta, syn - SiO2 - Y: 50.50 % - d x by: 1. - WL: 1.5406 - Tetragonal - a 4.97800 - b 4.97800 - c 6.93210 - alpha 90.000 - beta 90.000 - gamma 90.000 - Primitive - P41212 (92) - 4 - 171
01-071-0636 (C) - Manganese Oxide - Mn2O3 - Y: 74.58 % - d x by: 1. - WL: 1.5406 - Cubic - a 9.41460 - b 9.41460 - c 9.41460 - alpha 90.000 - beta 90.000 - gamma 90.000 - Body-centered - Ia-3 (206) - 16 - 834.
01-086-2368 (C) - Hematite, syn - Fe2O3 - Y: 61.65 % - d x by: 1. - WL: 1.5406 - Rhombo.H.axes - a 5.03550 - b 5.03550 - c 13.74710 - alpha 90.000 - beta 90.000 - gamma 120.000 - Primitive - R-3c (167) - 6 - 30
Operations: Background 1.000,1.000 | Import
File: 5.raw - Type: 2Th/Th locked - Start: 10.000 ° - End: 80.000 ° - Step: 0.040 ° - Step time: 1. s - Temp.: 25 °C (Room) - Time Started: 8 s - 2-Theta: 10.000 ° - Theta: 5.000 ° - Chi: 0.00 ° - Phi: 0.00 ° - X: 0.0 mm -
Lin(Counts)
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
2-Theta - Scale
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
Fig.2. X- ray analysis of obtained product of Mix 1 (heated up to Т= 1198K).
Fig.3. Derivatogram of Mix 2 (Fe2O3, waste vanadium catalyst and manganese concentrate).
5. R. Paunova et al. Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications www.ijera.com
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Hematite, syn
01-080-0382 (C) - Hausmannite - Mn3O4 - Y: 6.09 % - d x by: 1. - WL: 1.5406 - Tetragonal - a 5.76500 - b 5.76500 - c 9.44200 - alpha 90.000 - beta 90.000 - gamma 90.000 - Body-centered - I41/amd (141) - 4 - 31
01-075-1519 (C) - Coulsonite, syn - Fe2VO4 - Y: 24.88 % - d x by: 1. - WL: 1.5406 - Cubic - a 8.42100 - b 8.42100 - c 8.42100 - alpha 90.000 - beta 90.000 - gamma 90.000 - Face-centered - Fd-3m (227) - 8 - 597.1
00-041-1442 (*) - Bixbyite-C, syn - Mn2O3 - Y: 16.05 % - d x by: 1. - WL: 1.5406 - Cubic - a 9.40910 - b 9.40910 - c 9.40910 - alpha 90.000 - beta 90.000 - gamma 90.000 - Body-centered - Ia-3 (206) - 16 - 832.998
01-077-1316 (A) - Cristobalite low, syn - SiO2 - Y: 43.48 % - d x by: 1. - WL: 1.5406 - Tetragonal - a 4.97090 - b 4.97090 - c 6.92780 - alpha 90.000 - beta 90.000 - gamma 90.000 - Primitive - P41212 (92) - 4 - 171.
01-086-2368 (C) - Hematite, syn - Fe2O3 - Y: 80.94 % - d x by: 1. - WL: 1.5406 - Rhombo.H.axes - a 5.03550 - b 5.03550 - c 13.74710 - alpha 90.000 - beta 90.000 - gamma 120.000 - Primitive - R-3c (167) - 6 - 30
Operations: Background 1.000,1.000 | Import
File: 6.raw - Type: 2Th/Th locked - Start: 10.000 ° - End: 80.000 ° - Step: 0.040 ° - Step time: 1. s - Temp.: 25 °C (Room) - Time Started: 9 s - 2-Theta: 10.000 ° - Theta: 5.000 ° - Chi: 0.00 ° - Phi: 0.00 ° - X: 0.0 mm -
Lin(Counts)
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
2-Theta - Scale
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
Fig.4. X- ray analysis of the obtained product of Mix 2 (heated up to Т= 1183К).Jacobsite syn, precipitated
01-085-1054 (C) - Quartz alpha - SiO2 - Y: 17.01 % - d x by: 1. - WL: 1.5406 - Hexagonal - a 4.90390 - b 4.90390 - c 5.39430 - alpha 90.000 - beta 90.000 - gamma 120.000 - Primitive - P3221 (154) - 3 - 112.344 - I
01-075-1519 (C) - Coulsonite, syn - Fe2VO4 - Y: 22.77 % - d x by: 1. - WL: 1.5406 - Cubic - a 8.42100 - b 8.42100 - c 8.42100 - alpha 90.000 - beta 90.000 - gamma 90.000 - Face-centered - Fd-3m (227) - 8 - 597.1
00-034-0615 (I) - Vanadium Oxide - V3O4 - Y: 29.18 % - d x by: 1. - WL: 1.5406 - Cubic - a 8.45700 - b 8.45700 - c 8.45700 - alpha 90.000 - beta 90.000 - gamma 90.000 - Face-centered - F (0) - 8 - 604.852 - F16=
01-085-0599 (C) - Hematite - Fe2O3 - Y: 18.21 % - d x by: 1. - WL: 1.5406 - Rhombo.R.axes - a 5.42000 - b 5.42000 - c 5.42000 - alpha 55.120 - beta 55.120 - gamma 55.120 - Primitive - R-3c (167) - 2 - 99.8086 -
01-088-1965 (C) - Jacobsite syn, precipitated - (Mn.6Fe.4)(Mn.4Fe1.6)O4 - Y: 49.72 % - d x by: 1. - WL: 1.5406 - Cubic - a 8.49700 - b 8.49700 - c 8.49700 - alpha 90.000 - beta 90.000 - gamma 90.000 - Face-cent
Operations: Background 1.000,1.000 | Import
File: 6-17112009.raw - Type: 2Th/Th locked - Start: 10.000 ° - End: 80.020 ° - Step: 0.060 ° - Step time: 1. s - Temp.: 25 °C (Room) - Time Started: 9 s - 2-Theta: 10.000 ° - Theta: 5.000 ° - Chi: 0.00 ° - Phi: 0.00 ° -
Lin(Counts)
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
110
120
130
140
150
160
170
180
190
2-Theta - Scale
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
Fig.5. X- ray analysis of obtained product of Mix 2 (heated up to Т= 1498К).
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2.3. EMF results
Partial pressure of the oxygen in the mixtures
was calculated by the following equations:
For air reference electrode
6788.0
20193.
lg 2
T
E
PO (5)
For reference electrode Ni/NiO
44.4
1222520193.
lg 2
TT
E
PO (6)
For reference electrode Мо/МоО2
051.9
2985220193.
lg 2
TT
E
PO (7)
The obtained results of the EMF experimental
data is shown in Table 3. The values are an average
result of six measurements.
In the studied system Fe2O3-MnO-V2O5-SiO2, a
number of reactions could take place. Equations G
= f (T) were deduced for the main reactions, using
thermodynamic data for Ho
, So
and Cp obtained by
some authors [23, 24]. The calculated results for
these reactions and the reported ones by some other
authors were compared with our results obtained
experimentally. The dependences of G = f (T) for
the investigated mixtures in air, Ni/NiO and
Mo/MoO2 as reference electrode are shown in Fig. 6,
7 and 8.
The proposed reactions (shown in Table 4), were
accorded with the results of X-ray analysis (Figure
2.4, 5) of the obtained products of both tested
mixtures.
Table 3. EMF experimental data of both mixtures
Mix 1
air Ni/NiO Mo/MoO3
T, K E, V 2
lg OP T, K E, V 2
lg OP T, K E, V 2
lg OP
1093 0.588 - 25.64 1113 0.376 - 22.22 1093 0.463 - 37.92
1123 0.546 - 23.24 1123 0.373 - 21.86 1123 0.444 - 35.88
1133 0,497 - 21.03 1133 0.370 - 21.50 1133 0.437 - 35.19
1143 0,488 - 20.49 1143 0.363 - 20.99 1143 0.436 - 34.77
1153 0,482 - 20.08 1153 0.362 - 20.73 1153 0.435 - 34.35
1163 0,478 - 19.75 1163 0.360 - 20.43 1163 0.436 - 34.01
1173 0,472 - 19.35
Mix 2
air Ni/NiO Mo/MoO3
T, K E, V 2
lg OP T, K E, V 2
lg OP T, K E, V 2
lg OP
1083 0.564 - 24.84 1123 0.406 - 23.22 1093 0.494 - 39.23
1093 0.548 - 23.94 1133 0.390 - 22.32 1103 0.424 - 35.85
1103 0,526 - 22.81 1143 0.359 - 20.83 1123 0.390 - 33.65
1113 0,520 - 22.36 1153 0.328 - 19.36 1133 0.359 - 32.00
1123 0,518 - 22.08 1163 0.320 - 18.84 1143 0.356 - 31.52
1133 0,498 - 21.07 1173 0.314 - 18.40 1163 0.354 - 30.74
1143 0,470 - 19.76
1153 0.462 - 19.27
The deduced dependences G = f (T) based on experimental data are as follows:
Mix 1
- for air reference electrode ΔG exp.= -864 166+580,74.T , J.mol-1
(R2
= 0,8922),
- for Ni/NiO reference electrode ΔG exp.= -393 685+169,11.T , J.mol-1
(R2
= 0,9722)
- for Mo/MoO2 reference electrode ΔG exp.= -594 159+230,08.T , J.mol-1
(R2
= 0,9215).
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Mix 2
- for air reference electrode ΔG exp.= -808 621+540,62.T , J.mol-1 (R2 = 0,9633)
- for Ni/NiO reference electrode ΔG exp.= -1.106
+809,18.T , J.mol-1
(R2
= 0,9473)
- for Mo/MoO2 reference electrode ΔG exp.= -2.107
+35776.T -15,513. Т2
, J.mol-1
(R2
= 0,9706)
where R is a correlation coefficient
Table 4 Gibbs Energy Equations of the expected reactions.
Mix 1
2Fe3O4 + ½ O2 = 3Fe2O3 G1 = -586770 + 340.2.T, J.mol-1
[34]
6MnO + O2 = 2 Mn3O4
ΔG 2 = -563241 + 1761.758.T-
220.490.T.lnT + 0.101819.T2 [18]
G3 = -222470 + 111,1.T ,J.mol-1
[19]
ΔG 4=-445606+221,70.T J.mol-1
[17]
6MnO+O2=2Mn3O4
ΔG 5= -443067+0,7.106
.T-2
+144,4.T-
(22,1.10-3
).T2
+15.67.lnT , J.mol-1 [33]
6MnO+O2=2Mn3O4 ΔG 6= -541,31+0,3593.T , J.mol-1
in this work
Mix 2
2 Fe+O2+2V2O3=2FeV2O4 ΔG 7 = -577500+124,7 . T ,J.mol-1
in this work
Fe2O3+MnO=Fe2MnO4 ΔG 8= -17669 -6,8286.T ,J.mol-1
in this work
4Fe3O4+O2=6Fe2O3 ΔG 9= -417348+147,73.T , J.mol-1
in this work
V2O3+FeO+O2=FeV2O6 ΔG 10= -449912+35,441.T , J.mol-1
in this work
2FeO+V2O4=Fe2O3+V2O3 ΔG 11= -77323+48,84.T , J.mol-1
[21]
FeO+V2O3=FeV3O4 ΔG 12= -24700-2,25.T , J.mol-1
[21]
Fig.6. Dependence of G = f (T) for Mix 1 (air as a
reference electrode)
Fig.7. Dependence of G = f (T) for Mix 1 (Ni/NiO
as a reference electrode)
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Fig.8. Dependence of G = f (T) for Mix 1
(Mo/MoO2 as a reference electrode)
1080 1090 1100 1110 1120 1130 1140 1150 1160
-450000
-400000
-350000
-300000
-250000
-200000
-150000
-100000
-30000
-25000
-20000
-15000
-10000
-5000
0
delta G10
delta G7
delta G12
delta G11
delta G3
delta G9
delta G8
delta G exp.
deltaG,J/mol
T, K
Fig.9. Dependence of G = f (T) for Mix 2 (air
as a reference electrode)
1120 1130 1140 1150 1160 1170 1180
-450000
-400000
-350000
-300000
-250000
-200000
-150000
-100000
-30000
-25000
-20000
-15000
-10000
-5000
0
delta G 11
delta G 3
delta G 9
delta G 8
delta G 12
delta G 10
delta G 7
delta G exp.
deltaG,J/mol
T, K
Fig.10. Dependence of G = f (T) for Mix 2 (Ni/NiO
as a reference electrode)
1090 1100 1110 1120 1130 1140 1150 1160 1170
-450000
-400000
-350000
-300000
-250000
-200000
-150000
-100000
-30000
-25000
-20000
-15000
-10000
-5000
0
delta G 11
delta G 8
delta G 12
delta G 3
delta G 9
delta G 10
delta G 7
delta G exp.
deltaG,J/mol
T, K
Fig.11. Dependence of G = f (T) for Mixture 2
(Mo/MoO2 as a reference electrode)
The comparison of the experimental data of the
three types of reference electrodes with the
theoretically calculated values for Hematite showed
that the obtained results with reference electrodes air
and Ni/NiO were very close to the theoretical values
(particularly for Mixture 1), while those of
Mo/MoO3 essentially differed. That is why when
thermodynamics of the processes including iron
oxides is studied; these two reference electrodes are
more suitable than molybdenum.
III. CONCLUSION
1. It was found out that the phase
transformations up to 1473 K and forming of new
phases in the mixtures, for example FeV2O4
(coulsonite) (at 1173K) and Iron Vanadium Oxide
type (Fe6.5V11..5O35) (at 1473K) and Jacobsite types
MnFe2O4 (at 1173K) and (Mn6Fe4)(Mn4Fe1.6)O4 (at
1473K ) could happen only if in the initial
materials contained waste vanadium catalyst and
manganese concentrate. The X-ray analysis
confirmed the presence mainly of hematite phase,
cubic and tetragonal Mn2O3, hausmanit (Mn3O4).
2. Based on the experimental results obtained
after the heating of mixtures containing oxides of
iron, manganese and vanadium the relationship of
Go
T = f(T) in the temperature range 1073 – 1173 К
was obtained, using EMF method with the three
different reference electrodes (Ni/NiO, Mo/MoO3
and air). Gibbs energy for Mix 1 and Mix 2 were
very close to the theoretically calculated values for
Fe2O3 using reference electrodes Ni/NiO and air
while that of Mo/MoO2 essentially differed. The X-
ray analysis confirmed the presence of hematite
phase.
3. It was proved that waste vanadium catalyst
and manganese concentrate were more appropriate
precursors for the production of complex iron
vanadium manganese alloy than the pure oxides -
V2O5 and MnO2.
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