Analytical Chemistry

1. ADVANCEMENT IN ANALYTICAL
CHEMISTRY
CSIR-IITR
Tejasvi Bhatia (UGC-JRF)
CSIR-IITR

2. Analytical Chemistry
Instrumental Methods Chemical Methods
Titration
Gravimetric Analysis
Solution Chemistry
Spectroscopy
Mass Spectrometry
Optical Absorption
NMR
Microwave
Optical Emission
FT-ICR
TOF
Quadrupole
Ion Trap
Linear Trap
Magnetic Sector
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3. What is Analytical Chemistry
Analytical chemistry is the science of obtaining, processing,
and communicating information about the composition and
structure of matter.
In other words, it is the art and science of determining what
matter is and how much of it exists.
Qualitative: provides information about the identity of an
atomic, molecular or biomolecular species
Quantitative: provides numerical information as to the
relative amounts of species
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4. The Role of Analytical Chemistry
• They adapt proven methodologies to new materials/systems or to
answer new questions about their composition.
• Analytical chemists work to improve existing techniques to meet the
demands of for faster, cheaper, more sensitive chemical measurements
• Analytical chemists research to completely new types of measurements
and are at the forefront of the utilization of major discoveries in fields
as diverse as photonics and implantable microchip sensors.
• Analytical chemistry is applied to many branches of science
• Medicine
• Industry
• Environmental
• Food and Agriculture
• Forensics
• Archaeology
• Space science
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5. History of Analytical Methods
 Classical methods:
Separation via precipitation, extraction or distillation
 Qualitative: recognized by color, boiling point,
solubility, taste
 Quantitative: gravimetric or titrimetric measurements
 Instrumental Methods:
 Separation via chromatography and electrophoresis

 Qualitative and Quantitative: recognized by their
interaction with radiation (spectroscopy), their mass
(mass spectrometry), their electrical properties, or their
interaction with environment (temperature, humidity)
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6. Types of ChromatographyCSIR-IITR

7. Chromatography is a technique for separating mixtures into their
components in order to analyze, identify, purify, and/or quantify
the mixture or components
Separate Analyze
 Identify
 Purify
 Quantify
ChromatographyCSIR-IITR

8. Modern Instrumental Techniques
• Separation Techniques
• Gas chromatography
• High performance liquid chromatography
• Ion chromatography
• Super critical fluid chromatography
• Capillary electrophoresis
• Planar chromatography
• Mass Spectrometry
• Electron ionization MS
• Chemical ionization MS
• High resolution MS
• Gas chromatography MS
• Fast atom bombardment MS
• Liquid chromatography MS
• Laser MS
• Ambient ionization MS
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9. Modern Instrumental Techniques
• Spectroscopic techniques
• Infrared spectrometry
• Raman spectrometry
• Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR)
• X-ray spectrometry
• Atomic absorption spectrometry
• Inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry
• Inductively coupled plasma MS
• Electrochemical techniques
• Amperometry
• Voltammetry
• Potentiometry
• Conductiometry
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10. Major Steps in Solving an Analytical Problem
1. Understanding and defining the problem, by looking at the
history of the material to be analyzed and background of
the problem
2. Choosing your analytical technique(s) and running the
experiments (or developing a new analytical technique)
3. Data analysis and interpretation, validation of results (if
needed), and reporting of results
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11. Understanding and Defining
the Problem
 What is it that you want to know?
 What accuracy is required?

 Is there a time (or money) limit?
 How much sample is available?
 What is the concentration range of the analyte ?
 What components of the sample may cause an
interference?
 What are the physical and chemical properties of the
sample matrix?
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12. Technique Selection
• Analysis type
• Quantitative, Qualitative
• Location of sample
• bulk or surface
• Physical state of sample
• gas, liquid, solid, dissolved solid, dissolved gas
• Amount of Sample
• macro, micro, nano, …
• Fate of sample
• destructive, non destructive
• Estimated purity of sample
• pure, simple mixture, complex mixture
• Analyte concentration
• major or minor component, trace or ultra trace
• Elemental information
• total analysis, speciation, isotopic and mass analysis
• Qualitative Molecular information
– compounds present, polyatomic ionic species, functional group,
structure, molecular weight, physical property
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13. Analyzing Data and Reporting Results
• Analytical data analysis takes many forms: statistics, chemometrics,
simulations, empirical interpretation, etc…
• Analytical results can be reported in
– Peer-reviewed papers
– Technical reports
– Laboratory notebook records
• Analytical results can be subject to extreme scrutiny and can be
challenged by other experts
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14. Components of an Analytical Method
Perform measurement(s)/
experiment and process raw
data (if needed)
Compare results
with standards
Pretreat and prepare sample
Obtain and store sample
Apply
Statistics (Quantitative)
Interpret Data (Qualitative)
Present/Report information
in a understandable form
Extract data
from sample
Covert data
into information
Transform
information into
knowledge
After reviewing results
might be necessary
to modify and repeat
procedure
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15. Facilities available in IITR
Analytical Facility- GLC, HPLC, HPTLC, Ion liquid chromatography, GCMSMS
,LCMS , AAS, ICP, Accelerated solvent extractor, Liquid scintillation counter,
Fluoro / Spectrophotometer, Cyclic voltammeter, Ultra centrifuge.
Environmental monitoring- CO, NOx, SO2, O3 analyzer, Automatic weather
analyzer, High volume sampler for RSPM, Sound level meter, Hydrocarbon
analyzer.
Molecular biology- Flow cell cytometer, Gel documentation system, Image
analysis system, Comet image analysis system, Micro array , DNA engine,
PCR, Real time PCR.
Water analysis Lab
Bacteriological lab
Animal House- Rat , Mice, Guinea pig, Rabbit.
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16. CSIR-IITR