This document summarizes key concepts from Chapter 10 of the textbook "Psychology: A Journey" regarding personality theories. It defines personality as stable behavior patterns that make up a person's identity. It describes several approaches to understanding personality, including trait theories, psychodynamic theories, behaviorist theories, social learning theories, and humanistic theories. It provides overviews of several major theorists' concepts, such as Freud's psychodynamic theory including the id, ego, and superego, and humanistic psychologists like Maslow who focused on self-actualization. It also summarizes the "Big Five" model of personality traits.

1. Psychology: A Journey, Second Edition, Dennis Coon
Chapter 10
Personality

2. Psychology: A Journey, Second Edition, Dennis Coon
Chapter 10
Defining Some Terms
• Personality: A person’s unique and relatively stable
behavior patterns; the consistency of who you are, have
been, and will become.
• Character: Personal characteristics that have been
judged or evaluate
• Temperament: Hereditary aspects of personality,
including sensitivity, moods, irritability, and adaptability
• Personality Trait: Stable qualities that a person shows
in most situations
• Personality Type: People who have several traits in
common

3. Psychology: A Journey, Second Edition, Dennis Coon
Chapter 10
Personality and character
Personality
• A person’s unique and
relatively stable behavior
patterns; the consistency
of who you are, have
been, and will become.
• Personal and physical.
• It is a identity.
• May change over time.
character
• Personal characteristics
that have been judged or
evaluate.
• Mental and moral.
• It is a learned behavior.
• Remain same.

4. Psychology: A Journey, Second Edition, Dennis Coon
Chapter 10
Personality Theories: An Overview
• Personality Theory: System of concepts, assumptions,
ideas, and principles proposed to explain personality;
includes five perspectives:
– Trait Theories: Attempt to learn what traits make up personality
and how they relate to actual behavior
– Psychodynamic Theories: Focus on the inner workings of
personality, especially internal conflicts and struggles
– Behavioristic Theories: Focus on external environment and on
effects of conditioning and learning
– Social Learning Theories: Attribute differences in perspectives
to socialization, expectations, and mental processes
– Humanistic Theories: Focus on private, subjective experience
and personal growth

5. Psychology: A Journey, Second Edition, Dennis Coon
Chapter 10
Trait theory:
• Trait theorists aim to describe personality
with a small number of traits or factors
• Personality trait—stable quality a person
shows across most situations

6. Psychology: A Journey, Second Edition, Dennis Coon
Chapter 10
Introvert and Extrovert
Introvert
• Shy, self-centered person
whose attention is
focused inward
• Spend more time with
themselves.
• Do not accept change
easily.
• Deeply concentrate for
long period.
Extrovert
• Bold, outgoing person
whose attention is
directed outward
• Spend more time with
family and friend.
• Accept change easily.
• Get distracted easily.

7. Psychology: A Journey, Second Edition, Dennis Coon
Chapter 10
Raymond Cattell and Traits
• Surface Traits: Features that make up the visible areas
of personality.
• Surface trait should group together under large source
trait.
• Source Traits: Underlying traits of a personality; each
reflected in a number of surface traits.
• Less visible than surface trait but are more important in
accounting for behavior.
• Cattell created 16PF, personality test
– Gives a “picture” of an individual’s personality

8. Psychology: A Journey, Second Edition, Dennis Coon
Chapter 10
• Reserved
• Concrete thinking
• Group-dependent
• Shy
• Undisciplined
• Effected by feeling
• Serious
• Practice
• Tense
• Outgoing
• Abstract thinking
• Self Sufficient
• Bold
• Self controlled
• Emotionally stable
• Happy
• Imaginative
• Relaxed

9. Psychology: A Journey, Second Edition, Dennis Coon
Chapter 10
the “Big Five” Personality Factors
(McCrae & Costa, 2001)
• Openness to Experience
• Conscientious
• Extroversion
• Agreeableness
• Neuroticism

10. Psychology: A Journey, Second Edition, Dennis Coon
Chapter 10Figure 10.4
FIGURE 10.4 The Big Five. According to the five-factor model, basic differences in personality
can be “boiled down” to the dimensions shown here. The five-factor model answers these
essential questions about a person: Is she or he extroverted or introverted? Agreeable or difficult?
Conscientious or irresponsible? Emotionally stable or unstable? Smart or unintelligent? These
questions cover a large measure of what we might want to know about someone’s personality.

11. Psychology: A Journey, Second Edition, Dennis Coon
Chapter 10
Psychoanalytic Theory and Sigmund Freud, M.D.
• Freud was a Viennese physician who thought his
patients’ problems were more emotional than physical.
• Freud began his work by using hypnosis and eventually
switched to psychoanalysis.

12. Psychology: A Journey, Second Edition, Dennis Coon
Chapter 10
Psychodynamic theories
Sigmund Freud – psychoanalysis
Explains behavior and personality in terms of
unconscious dynamics within the individual
• Emphasizes internal conflicts, attachments, and
motivations
• Adult personalities are formed by experiences in
early childhood
chapter 2

13. Psychology: A Journey, Second Edition, Dennis Coon
Chapter 10Figure 10.6
FIGURE 10.6 The approximate relationship between the id, ego, and superego, and the levels
of awareness.

14. Psychology: A Journey, Second Edition, Dennis Coon
Chapter 10
Freud’s Psychoanalysis:
The structure of personality
1. Id
- Unconscious
2. Ego
- unconscious, preconscious,
conscious
3. Superego
- unconscious, preconscious,
conscious
chapter 2

15. Psychology: A Journey, Second Edition, Dennis Coon
Chapter 10
Freud’s Psychoanalysis:
The ID
Operates according to the
pleasure principle
–Present from birth
–Primitive
• basic needs and wants
–2 competing instincts:
• Life (sexual) - libido
• Death (aggressive)
–Unconscious
chapter 2

16. Psychology: A Journey, Second Edition, Dennis Coon
Chapter 10
Freud’s Psychoanalysis:
The Ego
Operates according to the reality
principle
– Arises in first 3 years of life
–Mediates between ID and Superego
–Rational part of mind
• you can’t always get what you
want
– Floats between all 3 levels of
consciousness
chapter 2

17. Psychology: A Journey, Second Edition, Dennis Coon
Chapter 10
Freud’s Psychoanalysis:
The Superego
Moral Conscience
– Develops around age 5
• At end of Phallic Stage
–Stores and enforces rules
• Inner voice that tells you not to
do something or that what you
did was wrong
–2 subsystems:
• Ego Ideal = parents
approve/value
• Conscience = parents disapproval
chapter 2

18. Psychology: A Journey, Second Edition, Dennis Coon
Chapter 10
Table 13.1
Freud’s Stages of Psychosexual Development

19. Psychology: A Journey, Second Edition, Dennis Coon
Chapter 10Figure 10.1
FIGURE 10.1 Personality types are defined by the presence of several specific traits. For
example, several possible personality traits are shown in the left column. A person who has a
Type A personality typically possesses all or most of the highlighted traits. Type A persons are
especially prone to heart disease (see Chapter 11).

20. Psychology: A Journey, Second Edition, Dennis Coon
Chapter 10
Figure 13.5
Freud believed that psychoanalysis could bring parts of the unconscious
into the conscious mind, where the client could deal with them.

21. Psychology: A Journey, Second Edition, Dennis Coon
Chapter 10
Humanistic Approaches
to Personality
Humanistic psychology
An approach that emphasizes personal growth, resilience,
and the achievement of human potential
Humanist psychologists:
1. Abraham Maslow
2. Carl Rogers
3. Rollo May
chapter 2

22. Psychology: A Journey, Second Edition, Dennis Coon
Chapter 10
Humanistic Psychology:
Abraham Maslow
Personality development is a gradual
progression to self-actualization
chapter 2