The document discusses personality from multiple perspectives, including: - Trait theories which view personality as consistent behavioral patterns influenced by heredity. - Psychoanalytic theory which emphasizes unconscious motives and how early experiences shape personality. - Humanistic theories which focus on self-actualization and a person's potential for positive growth. - Behaviorist and social learning theories which see personality as learned habits that develop through reinforcement and observation.

1. Chapter 12
Personality
Coon, Introduction to Psychology, 15th Edition. © 2019 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or
posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

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posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Gateway Theme
Personality refers to the consistency we
see in personal behavior patterns.
Measures of personality reveal individual
differences and help predict future
behavior.

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posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Gateway Questions
• How do psychologists use the term personality?
• Can personality be measured?
• Are some personality traits more basic than others?
• How do psychodynamic theories explain personality?
• What are humanistic theories of personality?
• What do behaviorists and social learning theorists emphasize in their
approach to personality?
• How do heredity and environment affect personality?
• How can leadership skills help me in my personal and professional life?

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posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Traits and Types

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Self-Concept and Self-Esteem

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The Whole Human: Personality Theories
Table 12.1 Comparison of Personality Theories
Trait Theories
Psychoanalytic
Theory
Humanistic Theories
Behaviorist and Social
Learning Theories
Role of inheritance (genetics) Maximized Stressed Minimized Minimized
Role of environment Recognized Recognized Maximized Maximized
View of human nature Neutral Negative Positive Neutral
Is behavior free or determined? Determined Determined Free will Determined
Principal motives Depends on one’s traits Sex and aggression Self-actualization Drives of all kinds
Personality structure Traits Id, ego, superego Self Habits, expectancies
Role of unconscious Minimized Maximized Minimized Practically nonexistent
Conception of conscience Traits of honesty, etc. Superego Ideal self, valuing process Self-reinforcement, punishment
history
Developmental emphasis Combined effects of
heredity and environment
Psychosexual stages Development of self-image Critical learning situations,
identification, and imitation
Barriers to personal growth Unhealthy traits Unconscious conflicts,
Fixations
Conditions of worth, incongruence Maladaptive habits, unhealthy
environment

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Interviews

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Direct Observation and Rating Scales
Sample rating scale items

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Personality Questionnaires
MMPI-2 profiles

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Projective Tests of Personality
The Thematic Apperception Test

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Predicting Behavior and Classifying Traits
Eysenck’s two-factor theory of personality

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The Big Five

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The Structure of Personality
Freud’s levels of consciousness

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The Dynamics of Personality

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Personality Development

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The Neo-Freudians

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Maslow and Self-Actualization

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Carl Rogers’s Self Theory
Incongruence vs. congruence

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Humanistic View of Development

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How Situations Affect Behavior and the
Importance of Habits

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Social Learning Theory

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Behaviorist View of Development

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Do We Inherit Personality?

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Personality and Environment