The document provides an analysis of two individuals' Big-5 personality test results. It begins with an introduction to personality and the Big-5 model, which measures five traits: agreeableness, openness, extraversion, conscientiousness, and emotional stability. It then presents the test results for two individuals, labeled Person-A and Person-B, comparing their scores. The document concludes by discussing the values that the Big-Five model provides to managers for understanding employees' personalities.

1. COVER PAGE
Title : Personality and Big Five Model
Subject : ODHRM
Level / Semester : I / Feb 2010
Programme : MBA-FULL TIME
Subject Tutor : Mr. H. N. Yogarajan
Name of Student : Vivekanandan M
Student’s Registration Number : GPBL-B/F10/15
Date of Submission : Mar 29, 2010
Word Count : 1813 words
Word Limit : 2000 words
i

2. Checklist
Students Name Vivekanandan M
Registration Number GPBL-B/F10/15
Date of submission of the Assignment
29/03/2010
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Are the references cited correctly in the text?
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All references material has been cited from the books & the
University of Wales online library. Any other internet
source quoted is with the permission of the module tutor.
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indicated in the “Guidelines to Writing Assignments”
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Declaration:
All material written in this assignment is my own and I have not used any material,
content or information of others claiming them to be mine. Wherever materials have
been used, proper citation has been done in the text. I am fully aware of the rules
and regulations governing plagiarism. Should at any point of time my work be
suspected/investigated and established to have been plagiarized, I am aware of the
consequences. I have read the Student’s Handbook in detail.
___________________
Signature of the student Date: 29/03/2010
ii

3. TABLE OF CONTENTS PAGE No.
List of Tables 1
Introduction 2
Introduction to Personality 2
Introduction to Big-5 Personality model 2
Determinants of Personality 3
Big-5 Personality Test Analysis 5
Values that Big Five model provide to Manager 7
Conclusion 8
Annexure I – Big-5 personality test results for 2 personalities 9
Bibliography 10
iii

4. LIST OF TABLES PAGE No.
Table 1 - Big-5 personality test for Person-A 5
Table 2 - Big-5 personality test for Person-B 5
Table 3 - Comparison between Personality-A and Personality-B 5
1
Global warming is defined as the increase in the average temperature of earth surface. The major
reason for global warming is Pollution, (i.e) emission of carbon di oxide. Power plants which uses fossil fuel
to generate electricity, emits maximum carbon di oxide to the atmosphere. Automobiles using fossil fuel
pollute the atmosphere by emitting harmful gases like carbon di oxide, nitrous oxide. Other reasons for
pollution include, burning of oil during winter, deforestation and transportation industry (airways, railways
and roadways).
Effects of Global Warming:
Increase in earth surface temperature has impact on the following systems and the consequences have
chain reaction impact on its subsequent systems.
 Glaciers
 Weather
 Weather
 Business
Glaciers – Rise in temperature causes the glaciers to melt, resulting in increase in sea level. Increase in sea
level leads to flooding of land.
Mixing of pure water from melting glaciers with salty sea water alters the gulf-stream pattern which regulates
temperature.
Melting of glaciers alters the balance of eco system in the polar region which includes – animals, plants.
Weather – Rise in temperature causes delay in monsoon, short/prolonged season like – winter, summer, rainy.
Delay in monsoon affects agricultural sector.
Because of increase in sea level, some areas in the earth will be flooded and other part of the earth might
experience heat wave.
Mankind – Shortage of food, because of Weather change, leads to malnutrition and death in humans. Shortage

5. Introduction:
The purpose of this report is to explain how “Individuals have their own way of thinking &
acting, their own unique style or personality The personality traits/characteristics- including
how one looks, thinks, acts, & feels-are the product of interacting genetic & environmental
influences.”, analyze how Big-5 personality test for 2 individuals align to the above statement
and the values that Big Five model provide to managers.
Introduction to Personality:
Personality is defined as the set of characteristics that make a person distinct from others.
Gordon Allport defined personality as “the dynamic organization within the individual of
those psychophysical systems that determine his unique adjustments to his environment”.
Psychologists define personality as “a collection of emotional thought, and behaviour patterns
unique to a person that is consistent over time”.
Personality of a person can be measured in 3 different ways,
1. Self rating – Individuals take the survey
2. Observer rating – Peer/co-worker take the survey
3. Projective measure
Introduction to Big-5 Personality model:
Big-5 personality model focuses on behaviour that an individual expresses while dealing with
people. Big-5 personality test measures the intensity of the individual behaviour in the
following 5 areas,
1. Agreeableness – personality dimension of a person who is good natures, cooperative
and trusting.
2. Openness to experience – personality dimension of a person who is imaginative,
sensitive and curious.
3. Extraversion – personality dimension of a person who is sociable, gregarious and
assertive.
4. Conscientiousness – personality dimension of a person who is responsible, ,
dependable, persistent and organized.
5. Emotional stability – personality dimension of a person who is calm, self confident,
secure (positive) versus nervous, depressed and in secure (negative).
2
Global warming is defined as the increase in the average temperature of earth surface. The major
reason for global warming is Pollution, (i.e) emission of carbon di oxide. Power plants which uses fossil fuel
to generate electricity, emits maximum carbon di oxide to the atmosphere. Automobiles using fossil fuel
pollute the atmosphere by emitting harmful gases like carbon di oxide, nitrous oxide. Other reasons for
pollution include, burning of oil during winter, deforestation and transportation industry (airways, railways
and roadways).
Effects of Global Warming:
Increase in earth surface temperature has impact on the following systems and the consequences have
chain reaction impact on its subsequent systems.
 Glaciers
 Weather
 Weather
 Business
Glaciers – Rise in temperature causes the glaciers to melt, resulting in increase in sea level. Increase in sea
level leads to flooding of land.
Mixing of pure water from melting glaciers with salty sea water alters the gulf-stream pattern which regulates
temperature.
Melting of glaciers alters the balance of eco system in the polar region which includes – animals, plants.
Weather – Rise in temperature causes delay in monsoon, short/prolonged season like – winter, summer, rainy.
Delay in monsoon affects agricultural sector.
Because of increase in sea level, some areas in the earth will be flooded and other part of the earth might
experience heat wave.
Mankind – Shortage of food, because of Weather change, leads to malnutrition and death in humans. Shortage

6. Determinants of Personality:
There are several factors that influence shaping of an individual personality, which includes:
a. Heredity
b. Culture
c. Family background
d. Experience in life
e. People we interact with
a. Heredity
There are certain physical aspects like gender, physical height, facial attractiveness,
muscle composition and reflexes, temperament, good health or ill health, quickly
irritable or patient, energy level vision, stamina and biological rhythms which can be
traced to heredity. Individual learn how to handle other’s reaction to us. Thus heredity
approach argues that the individual look is based on the molecular structure of genes
present in chromosomes.
b. Culture
Religion and religion based culture plays an important role in shaping an individual
thinking which includes morals, ethics and code of conduct. Highly religious people
have high moral standards and usually do not lie or talk bad about others. They strive
for achieving goals and self fulfillment.
Employees in India are defensive to their boss when compared to the employees in
USA.
People in the west tend to be more assertive when compared to people in oriental
culture.
So religion and culture determine individual attitudes towards work and financial
incentives.
3
Global warming is defined as the increase in the average temperature of earth surface. The major
reason for global warming is Pollution, (i.e) emission of carbon di oxide. Power plants which uses fossil fuel
to generate electricity, emits maximum carbon di oxide to the atmosphere. Automobiles using fossil fuel
pollute the atmosphere by emitting harmful gases like carbon di oxide, nitrous oxide. Other reasons for
pollution include, burning of oil during winter, deforestation and transportation industry (airways, railways
and roadways).
Effects of Global Warming:
Increase in earth surface temperature has impact on the following systems and the consequences have
chain reaction impact on its subsequent systems.
 Glaciers
 Weather
 Weather
 Business
Glaciers – Rise in temperature causes the glaciers to melt, resulting in increase in sea level. Increase in sea
level leads to flooding of land.
Mixing of pure water from melting glaciers with salty sea water alters the gulf-stream pattern which regulates
temperature.
Melting of glaciers alters the balance of eco system in the polar region which includes – animals, plants.
Weather – Rise in temperature causes delay in monsoon, short/prolonged season like – winter, summer, rainy.
Delay in monsoon affects agricultural sector.
Because of increase in sea level, some areas in the earth will be flooded and other part of the earth might
experience heat wave.
Mankind – Shortage of food, because of Weather change, leads to malnutrition and death in humans. Shortage

7. c. Family background
Socio economic status of the family also influences the personality to a considerable
extent. This includes number of children in the family, birth order, education of the
parents and extended family members. Usually first born have different experience
during childhood than the siblings. Family members mould children character right
from their birth in several ways – role modeling, rewards and punishment, and
expecting their children to conform to their own values. Thus some feeling and action
of an individual is based on his/her experience in life.
d. Experience in life
Whether a person is generous or miserly, has high or low esteem, trusts or mistrusts,
is partially related to the experience by the individual. Certain characteristics are
moulded by frequently occurring positive or negative incidents in life. Thus some
feeling and action of an individual is based on his/her experience in life.
e. People we interact with
A person is known by the company he/she keeps. An individual is influenced by the
people whom he interact with from childhood - the parents, siblings, teachers and
classmates, friends and colleagues. Thus an individual personality is shaped through
his/her life at least by some of the people.
Thus from the above discussion, it is evident that personality is a function of genetic and
environmental factors (physical and social).
4
Global warming is defined as the increase in the average temperature of earth surface. The major
reason for global warming is Pollution, (i.e) emission of carbon di oxide. Power plants which uses fossil fuel
to generate electricity, emits maximum carbon di oxide to the atmosphere. Automobiles using fossil fuel
pollute the atmosphere by emitting harmful gases like carbon di oxide, nitrous oxide. Other reasons for
pollution include, burning of oil during winter, deforestation and transportation industry (airways, railways
and roadways).
Effects of Global Warming:
Increase in earth surface temperature has impact on the following systems and the consequences have
chain reaction impact on its subsequent systems.
 Glaciers
 Weather
 Weather
 Business
Glaciers – Rise in temperature causes the glaciers to melt, resulting in increase in sea level. Increase in sea
level leads to flooding of land.
Mixing of pure water from melting glaciers with salty sea water alters the gulf-stream pattern which regulates
temperature.
Melting of glaciers alters the balance of eco system in the polar region which includes – animals, plants.
Weather – Rise in temperature causes delay in monsoon, short/prolonged season like – winter, summer, rainy.
Delay in monsoon affects agricultural sector.
Because of increase in sea level, some areas in the earth will be flooded and other part of the earth might
experience heat wave.
Mankind – Shortage of food, because of Weather change, leads to malnutrition and death in humans. Shortage

8. Big 5 Personality Test Result Analysis:
Following are the big-5 personality test results for 2 persons, Person-A and Person-B.
Closed-Minded Open to New Experiences
Disorganized Conscientious
Introverted Extroverted
Disagreeable Agreeable
Calm / Relaxed Nervous / High-Strung
Table 1: Big-5 personality test for Person-A
Closed-Minded Open to New Experiences
Disorganized Conscientious
Introverted Extroverted
Disagreeable Agreeable
Calm / Relaxed Nervous / High-Strung
Table 2: Big-5 personality test for Person-B
Comparison of Person-A with Person-B based on the 5 traits of Big-5 model.
Big-5 Personality Traits Person-A Person-B
Agreeableness Consider the feeling of
others
Express irritation with others
Openness to experience Open to new experience Prefer to be traditional and
familiar experience
Extraversion Social and enjoy the
company of others
Enjoy spending quiet time
alone
Conscientiousness Well organized and be relied
upon
Have a messy desk
Neuroticism/Emotional
stability
Remain calm, even in tense
situation
Generally relaxed
Table 3: Comparison between Personality-A and Personality-B
1. Agreeableness
Person-A is liked by many people than Person-B. Person-A has the advantage of
attaining and maintaining popularity.
Agreeableness is not useful in situations that require tough objective decision. So
Person-B has the advantage of being an excellent scientist, soldier, critics.
Agreeableness differs from individual to individual, based on their genetics.
5
Global warming is defined as the increase in the average temperature of earth surface. The major
reason for global warming is Pollution, (i.e) emission of carbon di oxide. Power plants which uses fossil fuel
to generate electricity, emits maximum carbon di oxide to the atmosphere. Automobiles using fossil fuel
pollute the atmosphere by emitting harmful gases like carbon di oxide, nitrous oxide. Other reasons for
pollution include, burning of oil during winter, deforestation and transportation industry (airways, railways
and roadways).
Effects of Global Warming:
Increase in earth surface temperature has impact on the following systems and the consequences have
chain reaction impact on its subsequent systems.
 Glaciers
 Weather
 Weather
 Business
Glaciers – Rise in temperature causes the glaciers to melt, resulting in increase in sea level. Increase in sea
level leads to flooding of land.
Mixing of pure water from melting glaciers with salty sea water alters the gulf-stream pattern which regulates
temperature.
Melting of glaciers alters the balance of eco system in the polar region which includes – animals, plants.
Weather – Rise in temperature causes delay in monsoon, short/prolonged season like – winter, summer, rainy.
Delay in monsoon affects agricultural sector.
Because of increase in sea level, some areas in the earth will be flooded and other part of the earth might
experience heat wave.
Mankind – Shortage of food, because of Weather change, leads to malnutrition and death in humans. Shortage

9. 2. Openness to experience
Person-A is intellectually curious, sensitive to beauty and appreciative of art. Person-
A has the advantage of being a professor.
Person-B regards art and science with suspicion and he prefers to be plain,
straightforward and obvious instead of complex, ambiguous and subtle. He prefers
familiarity over novelty. He is conservative and resistant to change. Person-B has
superior job performance in sales, police and service related occupation.
Openness to experience in an individual comes from environment (family background
and experience in life).
3. Extraversion
Person-A is social, has full of energy and experience positive emotions. He is action
oriented and tends to be an enthusiastic. In a group, he tends to attract the attention of
all people.
Person-B tends to be less dependent on social world.
Extraversion in an individual is linked to the sensitivity of mesolimbic dopamine
system in human body. Thus genetics play an important role in extraversion.
4. Conscientiousness
Person-A avoids trouble and achieve success through proper planning and execution.
He is intelligent and reliable.
Person-B tends to experience short lived pleasures and so they never get bored or dull.
Culture plays an important role is molding conscientiousness in an individual.
5. Neuroticism/Emotional stability
Person-A may experience negative feelings like anger, anxiety and depression. He is
highly reactive and responds emotionally to events which will not affect most people.
He interpret ordinary situation as threatening, small frustration as hopeless difficulty.
Negative emotions tend to persist for longer time, which implies that Person-A will
often be in bad mood. Problems in emotional regulation can diminish Person-A ability
to think clearly, take proper decision.
6
Global warming is defined as the increase in the average temperature of earth surface. The major
reason for global warming is Pollution, (i.e) emission of carbon di oxide. Power plants which uses fossil fuel
to generate electricity, emits maximum carbon di oxide to the atmosphere. Automobiles using fossil fuel
pollute the atmosphere by emitting harmful gases like carbon di oxide, nitrous oxide. Other reasons for
pollution include, burning of oil during winter, deforestation and transportation industry (airways, railways
and roadways).
Effects of Global Warming:
Increase in earth surface temperature has impact on the following systems and the consequences have
chain reaction impact on its subsequent systems.
 Glaciers
 Weather
 Weather
 Business
Glaciers – Rise in temperature causes the glaciers to melt, resulting in increase in sea level. Increase in sea
level leads to flooding of land.
Mixing of pure water from melting glaciers with salty sea water alters the gulf-stream pattern which regulates
temperature.
Melting of glaciers alters the balance of eco system in the polar region which includes – animals, plants.
Weather – Rise in temperature causes delay in monsoon, short/prolonged season like – winter, summer, rainy.
Delay in monsoon affects agricultural sector.
Because of increase in sea level, some areas in the earth will be flooded and other part of the earth might
experience heat wave.
Mankind – Shortage of food, because of Weather change, leads to malnutrition and death in humans. Shortage

10. Person-B is less easily upset and is less emotionally reactive. He tends to be calm,
emotionally stable and free from negative emotions.
Thus emotional stability in an individual comes from his/her family background.
Values that Big Five Model provide to Manager:
Manager need to understand the personality of team members to unlock exclusive human
qualities like leadership, empathy.
Big five model acts as a tool for manager for better decision making, planning and motivating
employees. In the following situation, manager will apply big five model:
a. Selection of candidate / Person-Job fit
Different job require people with different personality. Eg. Introvert is preferred for
finance jobs, as they will be focused on their job. So, during the selection process,
manager should ensure that he selects a person with introvert personality for the
finance job opening.
For a sales and marketing job, manager should select a person with extraversion
personality.
For a scientist/research and development job, person with disagreeable personality are
preferred, as the job requires tough objective decision making.
b. Promotions for employees
In performance appraisal, managers should identify the promotions for deserving
employees. Based on the employee performance during a period and their personality,
manager recommends the promotion for employees. Eg. In a team of 5, with mixed
personalities, manager wants to promote an employee as team lead. Manager
identifies the employee who is agreeable, open to experience and conscientious
characteristics and recommend that person for promotion.
7
Global warming is defined as the increase in the average temperature of earth surface. The major
reason for global warming is Pollution, (i.e) emission of carbon di oxide. Power plants which uses fossil fuel
to generate electricity, emits maximum carbon di oxide to the atmosphere. Automobiles using fossil fuel
pollute the atmosphere by emitting harmful gases like carbon di oxide, nitrous oxide. Other reasons for
pollution include, burning of oil during winter, deforestation and transportation industry (airways, railways
and roadways).
Effects of Global Warming:
Increase in earth surface temperature has impact on the following systems and the consequences have
chain reaction impact on its subsequent systems.
 Glaciers
 Weather
 Weather
 Business
Glaciers – Rise in temperature causes the glaciers to melt, resulting in increase in sea level. Increase in sea
level leads to flooding of land.
Mixing of pure water from melting glaciers with salty sea water alters the gulf-stream pattern which regulates
temperature.
Melting of glaciers alters the balance of eco system in the polar region which includes – animals, plants.
Weather – Rise in temperature causes delay in monsoon, short/prolonged season like – winter, summer, rainy.
Delay in monsoon affects agricultural sector.
Because of increase in sea level, some areas in the earth will be flooded and other part of the earth might
experience heat wave.
Mankind – Shortage of food, because of Weather change, leads to malnutrition and death in humans. Shortage

11. c. Succession planning
Managers use big-5 model for identifying personnel with the potential to fill key
organizational position. Managers also develop talents for long term growth of the
organization.
There are other areas like team building, performance coaching, training, conflict
management where managers use the big five model for their decision making process.
Conclusion:
In this report, based on the theoretical discussion on determinants of personality and analysis
of 2 personalities using big 5 model, it is evident that individuals have their own way of
thinking and acting, their own unique style or personality. These personality
traits/characteristics - including how one looks, thinks, acts and feels are the product of
genetic and environmental influences.
8
Global warming is defined as the increase in the average temperature of earth surface. The major
reason for global warming is Pollution, (i.e) emission of carbon di oxide. Power plants which uses fossil fuel
to generate electricity, emits maximum carbon di oxide to the atmosphere. Automobiles using fossil fuel
pollute the atmosphere by emitting harmful gases like carbon di oxide, nitrous oxide. Other reasons for
pollution include, burning of oil during winter, deforestation and transportation industry (airways, railways
and roadways).
Effects of Global Warming:
Increase in earth surface temperature has impact on the following systems and the consequences have
chain reaction impact on its subsequent systems.
 Glaciers
 Weather
 Weather
 Business
Glaciers – Rise in temperature causes the glaciers to melt, resulting in increase in sea level. Increase in sea
level leads to flooding of land.
Mixing of pure water from melting glaciers with salty sea water alters the gulf-stream pattern which regulates
temperature.
Melting of glaciers alters the balance of eco system in the polar region which includes – animals, plants.
Weather – Rise in temperature causes delay in monsoon, short/prolonged season like – winter, summer, rainy.
Delay in monsoon affects agricultural sector.
Because of increase in sea level, some areas in the earth will be flooded and other part of the earth might
experience heat wave.
Mankind – Shortage of food, because of Weather change, leads to malnutrition and death in humans. Shortage

12. Annexure I: Big-5 test results for 2 personalities
"Big Five" Personality Survey Result for Person-A
Closed-Minded Open to New Experiences
Disorganized Conscientious
Introverted Extroverted
Disagreeable Agreeable
Calm / Relaxed Nervous / High-Strung
There has been much research on how people describe others, and five major dimensions of
human personality have been found. They are often referred to as the OCEAN model of
personality, because of the acronym from the names of the five dimensions. Your specific
personality indicates that the following attributes will most likely describe you well:
 You are relatively open to new experiences.
 You are very well-organized, and can be relied upon.
 You are relatively social and enjoy the company of others.
 You tend to consider the feelings of others.
 You probably remain calm, even in tense situations.
"Big Five" Personality Survey Results for Person-B
Closed-Minded Open to New Experiences
Disorganized Conscientious
Introverted Extroverted
Disagreeable Agreeable
Calm / Relaxed Nervous / High-Strung
There has been much research on how people describe others, and five major dimensions of
human personality have been found. They are often referred to as the OCEAN model of
personality, because of the acronym from the names of the five dimensions. Your specific
personality indicates that the following attributes will most likely describe you well:
 You prefer traditional and familiar experiences.
 You probably have a messy desk!
 You probably enjoy spending quiet time alone.
 You find it easy to express irritation with others.
 You are generally relaxed.
9
Global warming is defined as the increase in the average temperature of earth surface. The major
reason for global warming is Pollution, (i.e) emission of carbon di oxide. Power plants which uses fossil fuel
to generate electricity, emits maximum carbon di oxide to the atmosphere. Automobiles using fossil fuel
pollute the atmosphere by emitting harmful gases like carbon di oxide, nitrous oxide. Other reasons for
pollution include, burning of oil during winter, deforestation and transportation industry (airways, railways
and roadways).
Effects of Global Warming:
Increase in earth surface temperature has impact on the following systems and the consequences have
chain reaction impact on its subsequent systems.
 Glaciers
 Weather
 Weather
 Business
Glaciers – Rise in temperature causes the glaciers to melt, resulting in increase in sea level. Increase in sea
level leads to flooding of land.
Mixing of pure water from melting glaciers with salty sea water alters the gulf-stream pattern which regulates
temperature.
Melting of glaciers alters the balance of eco system in the polar region which includes – animals, plants.
Weather – Rise in temperature causes delay in monsoon, short/prolonged season like – winter, summer, rainy.
Delay in monsoon affects agricultural sector.
Because of increase in sea level, some areas in the earth will be flooded and other part of the earth might
experience heat wave.
Mankind – Shortage of food, because of Weather change, leads to malnutrition and death in humans. Shortage

13. Bibliography:
1. Nirmal Singh, Human relations and Organizational Behavior
2. Uma Sekaran, Organizational Behavior – Text and Cases
3. Stephen P. Robbins, Timothy A. Judge, Seema Sanghi, Organizational Behavior, 13th
edition
4. http://www.outofservice.com/twins/ (Mar 29, 2010)
5. www.npatheory.com/files/NPA.personality.theory.pdf (Mar 29, 2010)
6. http://www.urbanministry.org/wiki/big-five-personality-traits (Mar 29, 2010)
7. http://www.scribd.com/doc/28366479/The-Big-Five-Personality-Factors-and-
Personal-Values (Mar 29, 2010)
8. http://bigfivepersonalitytest.com/ (Mar 29, 2010)
9. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Five_personality_traits (Mar 29, 2010)
10
Global warming is defined as the increase in the average temperature of earth surface. The major
reason for global warming is Pollution, (i.e) emission of carbon di oxide. Power plants which uses fossil fuel
to generate electricity, emits maximum carbon di oxide to the atmosphere. Automobiles using fossil fuel
pollute the atmosphere by emitting harmful gases like carbon di oxide, nitrous oxide. Other reasons for
pollution include, burning of oil during winter, deforestation and transportation industry (airways, railways
and roadways).
Effects of Global Warming:
Increase in earth surface temperature has impact on the following systems and the consequences have
chain reaction impact on its subsequent systems.
 Glaciers
 Weather
 Weather
 Business
Glaciers – Rise in temperature causes the glaciers to melt, resulting in increase in sea level. Increase in sea
level leads to flooding of land.
Mixing of pure water from melting glaciers with salty sea water alters the gulf-stream pattern which regulates
temperature.
Melting of glaciers alters the balance of eco system in the polar region which includes – animals, plants.
Weather – Rise in temperature causes delay in monsoon, short/prolonged season like – winter, summer, rainy.
Delay in monsoon affects agricultural sector.
Because of increase in sea level, some areas in the earth will be flooded and other part of the earth might
experience heat wave.
Mankind – Shortage of food, because of Weather change, leads to malnutrition and death in humans. Shortage