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PERLEMAKAN
HEPAR
dr. Azzaki Abubakar, SpPD-KGEH FINASIM
Divisi Gastro Entero Hepatologi, Bagian/KSM Ilmu Penyakit Dalam
Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas Syiah Kuala
RSUD dr. Zainoel Abidin Banda Aceh
PENDAHULUAN
Fatty liver (perlemakan hati) : non alkoholik dan alkoholik Fatty
liver desease.
Ludwig dkk (1980) memperkenalkan istilah non alcoholic
steato-hepatitis/NASH untuk gambaran histopatologi hati yang
menyerupai hepatitis alkoholik tetapi bukan peminum alkohol.
Saat ini istilah yang disetujui untuk semua spektrum kelainan
perlemakan hati metabolik adalah Non- Alcoholic Fatty Liver
Disease (NAFLD).
NAFLD adalah jumlah
etanol yang dikonsumsi <
70 gram/minggu bagi wanita
dan
< 140 gram/minggu bagi
pria.
Spektrum NAFLD mulai dari
penemuan histopatologi
steatosis steatohepatitis
sirosis hati dan stadium
akhir penyakit hati.
NASH merupakan bentuk
yang paling serius dari
NAFLD.
Global Prevalence
of NAFLD
Secara umum prevalensi NAFLD di dunia sekitar
25.24%.
Prevalensi tertinggi berada di Timur Tengah (31.79%)
dan Amerika Selatan (30.45%), dan yang terendah
daribenua Afrika (13.48%)
NAFLD saat ini menjadi penyebab ketiga terbesar
terjadinya hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) di Amerika
Serikat.
Middle East
South America
Africa
NON ALCOHOLIC STEATO HEPATITIS
Gejala
Peningkatan SGPT dan GGT bahkan bisa menimbulkan hepatitis atau sirosis
Faktor risiko
Obesitas, DM , Hiperlipidemi,Hipertensi
Penimbunan jaringan lemak dalam hati yang jumlahnya melebihi 5%,kira2 pada biopsi hati di
temukan minimal 5-10 % sel lemak dari hepatosit
PATOGENESIS
Selain resistensi insulin, untuk perkembangan menjadi NASH ( ‘Two Hit’
Hypothesis), ditemukan adanya stres oksidatif yang menyebabkan peroksidasi
lipid (Second Hit). Kadar petanda stres oksidatif yaitu serum thioredoxin pada
pasien NASH lebih tingi bermakna daripada dengan perlemakan hati saja.
PATOGENESIS
Peranan Sitokin
• Pada subjek dengan obesitas, beratnya penyakit hati dan
resistensi insulin berhubungan dengan kadar TNF-α di
jaringan lemak dan hati.
Toksisitas Lipid
• Peningkatan asupan FFA dapat menimbulkan efek sitotoksik
langsung terhadap sel hati. Mekanisme tidak langsung yang
penting adalah peroksidase lipid asam lemak tidak jenuh.
FAKTOR RESIKO
• Lemak viseral dan bukan lemak total: prediktor penting untuk perlemakan hati dan
juga untuk hiperinsulinemia, penurunan ekstraksi insulin hati dan resistensi insulin
perifer.
Obesitas
• Resistensi insulin berperan penting dalam patofisiologi NAFLD dan bahkan RI juga
terjadi pada pasien NAFLD dengan berat badan normal dan toleransi gula darah
normal.
• Pasien NAFLD yang disertai sindrom metabolik lebih cenderung mempunyai NASH.
Resistensi Insulin/Sindrom Metabolik
MANIFESTASI KLINIS
MAYORITAS TANPA
GEJALA
SEBAGIAN MENGELUH
LEMAH, MALAISE,RASA
TDK ENAK DAN
MENGGANJAL DIPERUT
KANAN ATAS
SEBAGIAN DITEMUKAN
SECARA KEBETULAN
PADA USG.
GAMBARAN KLINIS
Usia 40-50 tahun dengan kenaikan transaminase yang ditemukan secara
kebetulan.
Obesitas, DM, hiperlipidemia, hipertensi dan resistensi insulin.
Umumnya asimtomatik, dirujuk karena peningkatan transaminase.
Lelah, rasa tidak nyaman di abdomen kanan atas
PEMERIKSAAN FISIK
Tidak ditemukan
stigmata penyakit
hati menahun.
Hepatomegali
pada 50% pasien.
DIAGNOSIS
GOLD STANDART
BIOPSI
NON INVASIF
DENGAN USG DAN
KIMIA DARAH
LABORATORIUM
NON SFESIFIK
PENINGKATAN RINGAN AST DAN ALT ATAU KEDUANYA.
AST DAN ALT KADANG NORMAL
KADANG ADA DISLIPIDEMIA,YAITU TGLISERIDA 21- 83 %
LAB- LAIN TIDAK SFESIFIK.
PEMERIKSAAN LABORATORIUM
Peningkatan SGOT/SGPT
walaupun < 4X nilai normal
Kadar albumin serum, bilirubin,
studi koagulasi dalam batas
normal kecuali penyakit sudah
progresif.
Hiperlipidemia, DM
Peningkatan kadar besi serum
termasuk ferritin
NAFLD dapat ditemukan pada
kelainan hati lain seperti
hepatitis virus B dan C, hepatitis
autoimun, sirosis bilier primer,
dan defisiensi α-1 antitripsin.
PENCITRAAN
ULTRASOUND (US), gambaran ekogenik
difus ‘bright liver’.
Computerized tomography (CT) MRI
Ketiga pencitraan di atas mempunyai
sensitivitas yang baik untuk mendiagnosis
NAFLD salama deposit lemak di hati >30%,
tetapi tidak ada yang mampu membedakan
steatosis dari NASH.
BIOPSI HATI
Saat ini biopsi hati merupakan standar baku
untuk diagnosis dan merupakan satu-
satunya cara untuk membedakan NASH
dari steatosis dengan atau tanpa inflamasi.
TERAPI MEDIKAMENTOSA
Obat meningkatkan sensitivitas insulin metformin
Antioksidan
Vit E, C, betaine dan N-acetylcystein
Obat menurunkan lipid
clofibrate, gembrozil, dan atorvastatin.
REFERENCES
1. Lesmana, C.R.A., Paramitha, M.S., Hasan, I., Sulaiman, A.S., Gani, R.A., 2021. Portal Hypertension in Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease in
the Era of Non-invasive Assessment. EMJ 80–93. https://doi.org/10.33590/emj/21-00039
2. Levick, C., Phillips-Hughes, J., Collier, J., Banerjee, R., Cobbold, J.F., Wang, L.M., Piechnik, S.K., Robson, M.D., Neubauer, S., Barnes, E.,
Pavlides, M., 2019. Non-invasive assessment of portal hypertension by multi-parametric magnetic resonance imaging of the spleen: A
proof of concept study. PLoS ONE 14, e0221066. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0221066
3. Lombardi, R., Cespiati, A., Francione, P., Cinque, F., Fargion, S., Fracanzani, A.L., 2021. MAFLD AND NAFLD: is there the need for
redefining the risk of cardiovascular disease and mortality? MTOD. https://doi.org/10.20517/mtod.2021.13
4. McNaughton, D.A., Abu-Yousef, M.M., 2011. Doppler US of the Liver Made Simple. RadioGraphics 31, 161–188.
https://doi.org/10.1148/rg.311105093
5. Moga, L., Laroyenne, A., Larrue, H., Bureau, C., Rautou, P.-E., 2021. Patients with NAFLD do not have severe portal hypertension in the
absence of cirrhosis. Journal of Hepatology 74, 1269–1270. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhep.2020.10.011
6. Newsome, P.N., Sasso, M., Deeks, J.J., Paredes, A., Boursier, J., Chan, W.-K., Yilmaz, Y., Czernichow, S., Zheng, M.-H., Wong, V.W.-S.,
Allison, M., Tsochatzis, E., Anstee, Q.M., Sheridan, D.A., Eddowes, P.J., Guha, I.N., Cobbold, J.F., Paradis, V., Bedossa, P., Miette, V.,
Fournier-Poizat, C., Sandrin, L., Harrison, S.A., 2020. FibroScan-AST (FAST) score for the non-invasive identification of patients with non-
alcoholic steatohepatitis with significant activity and fibrosis: a prospective derivation and global validation study. The Lancet
Gastroenterology & Hepatology 5, 362–373. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2468-1253(19)30383-8
7. Ryou, M., Stylopoulos, N., Baffy, G., 2020. Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and portal hypertension. Exploration of Medicine 1, 149–169.
https://doi.org/10.37349/emed.2020.00011

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Perlemakan Hati ringkas.pptx

  • 1. PERLEMAKAN HEPAR dr. Azzaki Abubakar, SpPD-KGEH FINASIM Divisi Gastro Entero Hepatologi, Bagian/KSM Ilmu Penyakit Dalam Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas Syiah Kuala RSUD dr. Zainoel Abidin Banda Aceh
  • 2. PENDAHULUAN Fatty liver (perlemakan hati) : non alkoholik dan alkoholik Fatty liver desease. Ludwig dkk (1980) memperkenalkan istilah non alcoholic steato-hepatitis/NASH untuk gambaran histopatologi hati yang menyerupai hepatitis alkoholik tetapi bukan peminum alkohol. Saat ini istilah yang disetujui untuk semua spektrum kelainan perlemakan hati metabolik adalah Non- Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD).
  • 3. NAFLD adalah jumlah etanol yang dikonsumsi < 70 gram/minggu bagi wanita dan < 140 gram/minggu bagi pria. Spektrum NAFLD mulai dari penemuan histopatologi steatosis steatohepatitis sirosis hati dan stadium akhir penyakit hati. NASH merupakan bentuk yang paling serius dari NAFLD.
  • 4. Global Prevalence of NAFLD Secara umum prevalensi NAFLD di dunia sekitar 25.24%. Prevalensi tertinggi berada di Timur Tengah (31.79%) dan Amerika Selatan (30.45%), dan yang terendah daribenua Afrika (13.48%) NAFLD saat ini menjadi penyebab ketiga terbesar terjadinya hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) di Amerika Serikat. Middle East South America Africa
  • 5. NON ALCOHOLIC STEATO HEPATITIS Gejala Peningkatan SGPT dan GGT bahkan bisa menimbulkan hepatitis atau sirosis Faktor risiko Obesitas, DM , Hiperlipidemi,Hipertensi Penimbunan jaringan lemak dalam hati yang jumlahnya melebihi 5%,kira2 pada biopsi hati di temukan minimal 5-10 % sel lemak dari hepatosit
  • 6. PATOGENESIS Selain resistensi insulin, untuk perkembangan menjadi NASH ( ‘Two Hit’ Hypothesis), ditemukan adanya stres oksidatif yang menyebabkan peroksidasi lipid (Second Hit). Kadar petanda stres oksidatif yaitu serum thioredoxin pada pasien NASH lebih tingi bermakna daripada dengan perlemakan hati saja.
  • 7. PATOGENESIS Peranan Sitokin • Pada subjek dengan obesitas, beratnya penyakit hati dan resistensi insulin berhubungan dengan kadar TNF-α di jaringan lemak dan hati. Toksisitas Lipid • Peningkatan asupan FFA dapat menimbulkan efek sitotoksik langsung terhadap sel hati. Mekanisme tidak langsung yang penting adalah peroksidase lipid asam lemak tidak jenuh.
  • 8. FAKTOR RESIKO • Lemak viseral dan bukan lemak total: prediktor penting untuk perlemakan hati dan juga untuk hiperinsulinemia, penurunan ekstraksi insulin hati dan resistensi insulin perifer. Obesitas • Resistensi insulin berperan penting dalam patofisiologi NAFLD dan bahkan RI juga terjadi pada pasien NAFLD dengan berat badan normal dan toleransi gula darah normal. • Pasien NAFLD yang disertai sindrom metabolik lebih cenderung mempunyai NASH. Resistensi Insulin/Sindrom Metabolik
  • 9. MANIFESTASI KLINIS MAYORITAS TANPA GEJALA SEBAGIAN MENGELUH LEMAH, MALAISE,RASA TDK ENAK DAN MENGGANJAL DIPERUT KANAN ATAS SEBAGIAN DITEMUKAN SECARA KEBETULAN PADA USG.
  • 10. GAMBARAN KLINIS Usia 40-50 tahun dengan kenaikan transaminase yang ditemukan secara kebetulan. Obesitas, DM, hiperlipidemia, hipertensi dan resistensi insulin. Umumnya asimtomatik, dirujuk karena peningkatan transaminase. Lelah, rasa tidak nyaman di abdomen kanan atas
  • 11. PEMERIKSAAN FISIK Tidak ditemukan stigmata penyakit hati menahun. Hepatomegali pada 50% pasien.
  • 13. LABORATORIUM NON SFESIFIK PENINGKATAN RINGAN AST DAN ALT ATAU KEDUANYA. AST DAN ALT KADANG NORMAL KADANG ADA DISLIPIDEMIA,YAITU TGLISERIDA 21- 83 % LAB- LAIN TIDAK SFESIFIK.
  • 14. PEMERIKSAAN LABORATORIUM Peningkatan SGOT/SGPT walaupun < 4X nilai normal Kadar albumin serum, bilirubin, studi koagulasi dalam batas normal kecuali penyakit sudah progresif. Hiperlipidemia, DM Peningkatan kadar besi serum termasuk ferritin NAFLD dapat ditemukan pada kelainan hati lain seperti hepatitis virus B dan C, hepatitis autoimun, sirosis bilier primer, dan defisiensi α-1 antitripsin.
  • 15. PENCITRAAN ULTRASOUND (US), gambaran ekogenik difus ‘bright liver’. Computerized tomography (CT) MRI Ketiga pencitraan di atas mempunyai sensitivitas yang baik untuk mendiagnosis NAFLD salama deposit lemak di hati >30%, tetapi tidak ada yang mampu membedakan steatosis dari NASH.
  • 16. BIOPSI HATI Saat ini biopsi hati merupakan standar baku untuk diagnosis dan merupakan satu- satunya cara untuk membedakan NASH dari steatosis dengan atau tanpa inflamasi.
  • 17. TERAPI MEDIKAMENTOSA Obat meningkatkan sensitivitas insulin metformin Antioksidan Vit E, C, betaine dan N-acetylcystein Obat menurunkan lipid clofibrate, gembrozil, dan atorvastatin.
  • 18. REFERENCES 1. Lesmana, C.R.A., Paramitha, M.S., Hasan, I., Sulaiman, A.S., Gani, R.A., 2021. Portal Hypertension in Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease in the Era of Non-invasive Assessment. EMJ 80–93. https://doi.org/10.33590/emj/21-00039 2. Levick, C., Phillips-Hughes, J., Collier, J., Banerjee, R., Cobbold, J.F., Wang, L.M., Piechnik, S.K., Robson, M.D., Neubauer, S., Barnes, E., Pavlides, M., 2019. Non-invasive assessment of portal hypertension by multi-parametric magnetic resonance imaging of the spleen: A proof of concept study. PLoS ONE 14, e0221066. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0221066 3. Lombardi, R., Cespiati, A., Francione, P., Cinque, F., Fargion, S., Fracanzani, A.L., 2021. MAFLD AND NAFLD: is there the need for redefining the risk of cardiovascular disease and mortality? MTOD. https://doi.org/10.20517/mtod.2021.13 4. McNaughton, D.A., Abu-Yousef, M.M., 2011. Doppler US of the Liver Made Simple. RadioGraphics 31, 161–188. https://doi.org/10.1148/rg.311105093 5. Moga, L., Laroyenne, A., Larrue, H., Bureau, C., Rautou, P.-E., 2021. Patients with NAFLD do not have severe portal hypertension in the absence of cirrhosis. Journal of Hepatology 74, 1269–1270. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhep.2020.10.011 6. Newsome, P.N., Sasso, M., Deeks, J.J., Paredes, A., Boursier, J., Chan, W.-K., Yilmaz, Y., Czernichow, S., Zheng, M.-H., Wong, V.W.-S., Allison, M., Tsochatzis, E., Anstee, Q.M., Sheridan, D.A., Eddowes, P.J., Guha, I.N., Cobbold, J.F., Paradis, V., Bedossa, P., Miette, V., Fournier-Poizat, C., Sandrin, L., Harrison, S.A., 2020. FibroScan-AST (FAST) score for the non-invasive identification of patients with non- alcoholic steatohepatitis with significant activity and fibrosis: a prospective derivation and global validation study. The Lancet Gastroenterology & Hepatology 5, 362–373. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2468-1253(19)30383-8 7. Ryou, M., Stylopoulos, N., Baffy, G., 2020. Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and portal hypertension. Exploration of Medicine 1, 149–169. https://doi.org/10.37349/emed.2020.00011