This document discusses the history and development of USMNet, the network at Universiti Sains Malaysia. It describes how USMNet started in 1994 using FDDI technology with fiber optic cables connecting the main buildings. Over time, USMNet was upgraded with higher bandwidth connections to JARING and wireless access was added. By 2008, USMNet provided data, video and voice services across the main campus and to branch campuses using various networking technologies and components like antennas, routers and switches.

1. Perkongsian Maklumat Rangkaian USMNet
Bahagian Infostruktur
06-07/05/2008
Ahmad Fadhlul Irham Yusoff
E-mail: irham@usm.my
Abdul Ghani Abdul Rahman
E-mail: ghani@usm.my

2. Internet & Network Introduction
Objectives Of The Class
Objectives Of The Class:
At the end of this lesson you should be able to understand:
Network Introduction
Type Of Network
Network Topology
Network Component
How Network Operate
Network Application & Facilities
Network Threats & Securities
Network Troubleshooting
Q & A Open Session

3. Internet & Network Introduction
Introduction & Type
Network Introduction
Definition – Global network connecting million of computers exchanging data.
History – Started in 1957 known ARPA within DoD, then being awarded
ARPANET
Roadmap / New Technologies
IPv6 - Internet Protocol Version 6 is an evolutionary step from IPv4
featuring Large address space, Efficient and hierarchical addressing and
routing infrastructure, Built-in security, Better support for quality of service
(QoS)
Ultra Wideband (UWB) - MultiBand OFDM wireless using very high data
rates and low power consumption radio signal
Very High Bit Rate DSL (VDSL) - Aggregation up to 32 Synchronous High
Bit Rate DSL (SHDSL) providing 10Mbits/sec bidirectionally over copper

4. Internet & Network Introduction
Introduction & Type
Roadmap / New Technologies (cont.)
Ethernet Virtual Connections (EVCs) - A standard for creating ATM-like PVCs
across Ethernet, will replace point-to-point circuits. Ethernet WANs will replace
frame relay clouds with Virtual Private LAN Service (VPLS), a layer-2 VPN that
will add security to EVCs to create LAN interconnect services
HighSpeed TCP – Reworking TCP to support higher / more efficient load

5. Internet & Network Introduction
History of USMNet
1994 – USMNet started
• FDDI technology (Fiber Distributed Data Exchange)
• Retix Routers
• 35 km fiber optic cable lay for 3 Campuses (Main, Kubang Kerian
& Tronoh)
• All main buildings are connected with 1500 nodes.
– especially academician, administrative and general office
• 64Kbps access to JARING for Main Campus
• 9.6Kbps access to JARING for Kampus Cawangan Kelantan &
Kampus Cawangan Perak)

6. Internet & Network Introduction
History of USMNet
USMNet (Penang) - 1994
PTPM Falak
PPTek.Ind Perpustakaan Pbahasa HEP
PPSFizik CPR
Pentadbiran
Cent100
C15
PPSKemasyarakatan
PPIKemanusiaan Rx7000
G02 C22
PTMaklumat
PPSKomputer PPJJ
PPSMatematik
Rx7000 D18 BCombits
JX
JARING
PPSFarmasi FDDI
Jpembangunan ONLine
Pinovasi 64Kbps
PPDadah FOIRL Cisco
F03 D37
ONLine
PPSKimia
ONLine PPSKajihayat
PIslam PPPBang&
PPIPendidikan Perancang
Pkomputer
PPPengurusan

7. Internet & Network Introduction
History of USMNet
1998 – USMNet upgrade
• 1.5Mbps access to JARING (started on 14 July 1998)
• Numbers of nodes increase more than 3000:
– 99% academician, administrative & general office
– Lab at school
• Locally connected from main campus to branch campus
(Kelantan & Tronoh) through Celcom Microwave 256kbps.
• 9.6kbps access to jaring for branch campus was terminated.
• No of users:
– Academic: 1,200
– Administative: 500
– Student: 20,000

8. Internet & Network Introduction
History of USMNet
USMNet - before 2000
Perpustakaan PTPM Falak
PPTekInd Pbahasa HEP
PPSFizik CPR
Pentadbiran
PPSKemasy.
PPIKem. C15 CB3500
Rx7000
G02 C22
PTMaklumat
PPSKomp PPJJ
PPSMath
JX Rx7000 D18 BCombits JARING
1536Kbps
FDDI
PPSFarmasi ONLine
Jpembangunan 256Kbps
PInovasi FOIRL W/Fleet
KCK
PPDadah NetBuilder
256Kbps
F03 D37
ONLine
KCP
PPSKimia PPPBang&
ONLine
Pislam PPSKajihayat Pembangunan
PPIPend
Pkomputer PPKomunikasi
PPPengurusan

9. Internet & Network Introduction
History of USMNet
2000 – USMNet Upgrading
• FDDI was replaced with gigabit technology
• 2x2Mbps access to JARING
• 2Mbps access to JARING for Engineering Campus and Medical
Campus
• Connection within campus (Main to Engineering/Medical) are
connected locally through 2x2Mbps (2002)
• Data, Video and Voice in one network (2002)
• Wireless technology implemented in Desasiswa

10. Internet & Network Introduction
USMNet - 2003 History of USMNet

11. Internet & Network Introduction
USMNet - 2007 History of USMNet

12. Internet & Network Introduction
Case Study – USMNet 2008 History of USMNet

13. Internet & Network Introduction
Components-Case Study
Case Study – USMnet Penang WIFI
JARING
USMNet Antenna /
Access point
DESASISWA
Pejabat Desasiswa

14. Internet & Network Introduction
Introduction & Type
Type Of Network
LAN (Local Area Network)
• Ethernet, Token Ring
• Hub & Switches
• UTP Cat. 5E & 6, Fiber Optic
• Novell, Win NT,Win 2K, Win
XP,Win Vista, Unix, Linux
MAN (Metropolitan Area Network)
• Fiber Optic Cable
• Routers & Switches
• Network Admin
WAN (Wide Area Network)
• PSTN, ISDN,Frame
Relay,ATM,Satellite
• Routers & Switches
• Internet

15. Internet & Network Introduction
Topology
Network Topology
Client Printer
Bus Topology
- A bus consists of a wire and shield Client
(coaxial), which electrically constitute a
single circuit. At either end of a bus is a
terminator, which is essentially a resistor
Client
and connected through a T Connector. Client
Client
Printer

16. Internet & Network Introduction
Topology
Network Topology (cont.)
Star Topology
- This is a star configuration and it is
found in Ethernet networks that use
twisted pair cable such as Cat 5, Cat
UTP Cat 5
5E, Cat 6 and Fiber Optic. Cabling 8 Port
Workgroup Hub
- The twisted pair cable uses RJ-45
connectors that connect directly to
the NIC on the device end, and to
the hub on the other end while the
Fiber use LX, FX, SC, ST Connectors
to connect between network devices.

17. Internet & Network Introduction
Topology
Network Topology (cont.)
Ring Topology
- A pure ring is a collection of separate point-to-point links, arranged to
make a ring which propagate a signals received on the input
connection and passed immediately to the output connection by
“repeater” circuitry in each node.
- The most common type of cabling used in ring topologies is fiber optic
cable.
Client
Data
Flow
Client Client
Client

18. Internet & Network Introduction
Topology
Network Topology (cont.)
Hybrid (Star Ring) Topology
- The hybrid topology is a type of network topology that is composed of
one or more interconnections of two or more networks that are based
upon different physical topologies

19. Internet & Network Introduction
Components - Devices
Networks Components
Devices
Terminal(Computers/Servers)
Network Card / Modem
Network Cabling
Including all UTP (Cat 5, Cat 5e, Cat 6,
Cat 6a, Cat 7), Fiber Optics
Bridge (Broadcast & Collision Domain)
A device that connects two local-area
networks (LANs), or two segments of the
same LAN that use the same protocol,
such as Ethernet or Token-Ring.

20. Internet & Network Introduction
Components - Devices
Devices (cont.)
Hub/Switches (Broadcast & Collision Domain)
A common connection point for devices in a network. Hubs are commonly
used to connect segments of a LAN. A hub contains multiple ports. When a
packet arrives at one port, it is copied to the other ports so that all
segments of the LAN can see all packets. A switching hub or Switches,
actually reads the destination address of each packet and then forwards the
packet to the correct port.

21. Internet & Network Introduction
Components-Devices
Devices (cont.)
Router
A device that forwards data packets along networks. A router is
connected to at least two networks, commonly two LANs or WANs
or a LAN and its ISP’s network

22. Internet & Network Introduction
Components-Devices
Devices (cont.)
Firewall
According to the National Computer Security Association, a firewall is “a
system or combination of systems that enforces a boundary between two
or more networks.” It is a controlled gateway between one network and
another, typically between a private network and the Internet.
-21
FTP
P -8 0
HTT
337
fic e-31
k O ri
Bac
5
SMTP-2

23. Internet & Network Introduction
Components-Devices
Devices (cont.)
IDS (Intrusion Detection System)
provide the inspection all inbound and outbound network activity and
identifies suspicious patterns that may indicate a network or system attack
from someone attempting to break into or compromise a system. An IDS
evaluates a suspected intrusion once it has taken place and signals an
alarm. An IDS also watches for attacks that originate from within a system.
Attack
Detected !!
et
R es
Internet

24. Internet & Network Introduction
Components-Devices
Devices (cont.)
IPS (Intrusion Prevention System)
device that monitors network and/or system activities for malicious or
unwanted behavior and can react, in real-time, to block or prevent those
activities. Will operate in-line to monitor all network traffic for malicious
code or attacks. When an attack is detected, it can drop the offending
packets while still allowing all other traffic to pass.
Network • Block Attacks
• Throttle P2P Downloads
Policies • Block P2P Uploads
Dirty Clean
Traffic Traffic
Worms
Trojans
Viruses
P2P
Intelligence Updates:
Spyware Digital Vaccine®

25. Internet & Network Introduction
Components-Devices
Devices (cont.)
UTM (Unified threat management)
network firewalls that have many features in one box, including e-mail
spam filtering, anti-virus capability, an (IDS or IPS), and World Wide Web
content filtering , along with the traditional activities of a firewall.

26. Internet & Network Introduction
Components-Devices
Devices (cont.)
Traffic shaper
WAN optimization/acceleration allows network pros to speed performance
across the WAN with compression, caching, protocol shaping, and other
techniques. It also lets network managers allot dedicated amounts of
bandwidth to certain types of traffic to ensure that they are not competing
with other traffic for space in the pipe.

27. Internet & Network Introduction
Components-Devices
Devices (cont.)
AP (Access Point)
A hardware device or a computer's software (NetBuddy) that acts as a
communication hub for users of a wireless device to connect to a wired
LAN.
- Fat AP
In the autonomous architecture, the APs completely implement and
terminate the 802.11 function so that frames on the wired LAN are
802.3 frames. Each AP can be independently managed as a separate
network entity on the network.
- Thin AP
The centralized architecture is a hierarchical architecture that involves
a WLAN controller that is responsible for configuration, control, and
management of several APs. The WLAN controller is also known as the
Access Controller (AC). The 802.11 function is split between the AP and
the AC.
- Fit AP

28. Internet & Network Introduction
Components-Devices
Devices (cont.)
WiSM (Wireless Services Module)
unparalleled security, mobility, redundancy, and ease of use for business-
critical wireless LANs (WLANs). It allows network managers and operators
to control and manage their wireless networks easily.

29. Internet & Network Introduction
Components-Servers
Servers
DNS (Domain Name System or Service)
A Server that translates domain names into IP
addresses.
- Internal DNS
- External DNS
For example,
the domain name www.usm.my
might translate to 10.202.1.4 - internal DNS
202.170.56.73 - external DNS
- DNS server USM 10.202.1.6/10.202.1.27
202.170.56.75/202.170.56.155

30. Internet & Network Introduction
Components-Servers
Servers (cont.)
DHCP (Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol )
A server that provide an assigning dynamic IP addresses to devices on a
network. With dynamic addressing a device can have a different IP address
every time it connects to the network.
Proxy vs NAT (Network Address Translation) / Masquerade
A server that sits between a client application, such as a Web browser, and a
real server. It intercepts all requests to the real server to see if it can fulfill
the requests itself. If not, it forwards the request to the real server.
(Http, Https, Ftp)
nat static nat dynamic nat overload

31. Internet & Network Introduction
Components-Servers
Servers (cont.)
WINS (Windows Internet Naming Service )
A server that provide a distributed database that is automatically
updated with the names of computers currently available and the IP
address assigned to each one.
DDNS (Dynamic DNS)
dynamic Domain Name System, a method of keeping a domain name
linked to a changing IP address as not all computers use static IP
addresses. A dynamic DNS service provider uses a special program that
runs on the user's computer, contacting the DNS service each time the IP
address provided by the ISP changes and subsequently updating the DNS
database to reflect the change in IP address.

32. Internet & Network Introduction
Components-Servers
Servers (cont.)
Web Cache / Content Engine
On the Internet, content delivery
(sometimes called content distribution,
content distribution delivery, or content
caching) is the a server or appliance that
provide a service of copying the pages of a Web site to geographically
dispersed servers and, when a page is requested, dynamically identifying
and serving page content from the closest server to the user, enabling
faster delivery.
AAA (Authentication, Authorization & Accounting) – IEEE 802.1x
A system in IP-based networking to control what computer resources
users have access to and to keep track of the activity of users over a
network.

33. Internet & Network Introduction
Components-Servers
Servers (cont.)
Radius
Short for Remote Authentication Dial-In User Service, a server that provide
an authentication and accounting system used by many Internet Service
Providers (ISPs). When you dial in to the ISP you must enter your
username and password. This information is passed to a RADIUS server,
which checks that the information is correct, and then authorizes access to
the ISP system.
LDAP / NTLM
Short for Lightweight Directory Access Protocol, a server that provide a set
of protocols for accessing information directories.LDAP supports TCP/IP,
which is necessary for any type of Internet access. Although not yet widely
implemented, LDAP should eventually make it possible for almost any
application running on virtually any computer platform to obtain directory
information, such as email addresses and public keys. Because LDAP is an
open protocol, applications need not worry about the type of server hosting
the directory.

34. Internet & Network Introduction
Components-Servers
Servers (cont.)
PKI
Short for public key infrastructure, a server that provide a system of digital
certificates, Certificate Authorities, and other registration authorities that
verify and authenticate the validity of each party involved in an Internet
transaction. PKIs are currently evolving and there is no single PKI nor even
a single agreed-upon standard for setting up a PKI. However, nearly
everyone agrees that reliable PKIs are necessary before electronic
commerce can become widespread. A PKI is also called a trust hierarchy.

35. Internet & Network Introduction
Components-Software
Software
Servers Software
- Web (Apache, IIS)
- Proxy/Web Cache (Squid, WinGate)
- Email (Sendmail, Qmail, Lotus Notes)
- DHCP (dhcpd)
- DNS (Bind)
- Firewall (IPtables)
- Traffic Utilization (MRTG, Cacti)
NOS – Network Operating System
- Cisco IOS
- 3Com Network Agent
NMS (Network Management System)
- 3Com Network Supervisor
- HP OpenView
- Ciscoworks LMS
- Cisco Network Analysis Module
- Tivoli
- Websense
- Fluke Agent

36. Internet & Network Introduction
Interoperation-OSI
How Network Operate
Open System Interconnection
(OSI) Architecture
- Physical layer
- Data Link Layer
- Network Layer
- Transport Layer
- Session Layer
- Presentation Layer
- Application Layer

37. Internet & Network Introduction
Interoperation-OSI
How Network Operate
IP Address
IP Address (Local & Public)
IP specifies the format of packets, also called datagrams, and the
addressing scheme. Most networks combine IP with a higher-level protocol
called Transmission Control Protocol (TCP), which establishes a virtual
connection between a destination and a source.The current version of IP is
IPv4. A new version, Called IPv6.
IP Address Examples
Version 4 – Public : 202.170.56.73 / 255.255.255.255
Local : 10.202.1.4 / 255.255.255.255
Version 6 – Public : 2001:328:400:2::22

38. Internet & Network Introduction
Interoperation-OSI
VLSM / CIDR
- Variable-Length Subnet Mask - allocating IP addressing resources to
subnets according to their individual need rather than some general
network-wide rule.Used in the IP routing protocols supported by OSPF,
Dual IS-IS, BGP-4, and EIGRP support "classless" or VLSM routes.
- Classless Inter-Domain Routing, an IP addressing scheme that replaces
the older system based on classes A, B, and C. With CIDR, a single IP
address can be used to designate many unique IP addresses. A CIDR IP
address looks like a normal IP address except that it ends with a slash
followed by a number, called the IP network prefix

39. Internet & Network Introduction
Interoperation-OSI
Port Number (2-16 )
- The port numbers are divided into three ranges: the Well
Known Ports, the Registered Ports, and the Dynamic and/or
Private Ports.
- The Well Known Ports are those from 0 through 1023 (system
services)
- The Registered Ports are those from 1024 through 49151
- The Dynamic and/or Private Ports are those from 49152 through
65535
VLAN (Virtual Lan)
Virtual LAN, group of devices on one or more LAN that are configured
(using management software) so that they can communicate as if they
were attach to the same wire, when in facts they are located on a
number of different LAN segments.

40. Internet & Network Introduction
Troubleshooting-Tips
Network Technologies
Wired Network
Wireless Network
802.11b
- Enhancement to 802.11 that added higher data rate modes to the DSSS
(Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum) already defined in the original
802.11 standard
- Boosted data speed to 11 Mbps
- 22 MHz Bandwidth yields 3 non-overlaping channels in the frequency
range of 2.400 GHz to 2.4835 GHz
- Beacons at 1 Mbps, falls back to 5.5, 2, or 1 Mbps from 11 Mbps max
802.11a
- Specifies a PHY that operates in the 5 GHz U-NII band in the US - initially
5.15-5.35 AND 5.725-5.85 - since expanded to additional frequencies
- Uses Orthogonal Frequency-Division Multiplexing
- Enhanced data speed to 54 Mbps
- Ratified after 802.11b

41. Internet & Network Introduction
Network Technologies Troubleshooting-Tips
Wireless Network (cont.)
802.11g
- Extends the maximum data rate of WLAN devices that operate in the 2.4
GHz band, in a fashion that permits interoperation with 802.11b devices
- Uses OFDM Modulation (Orthogonal FDM)
- Operates at up to 54 megabits per second (Mbps)
802.11n
- Multiple-In, Multiple-Out (MIMO), a radio technique that increases the
range of Wi-Fi networks by sending transmissions via multiple antennas.
Dubbed the Intelligent RF Access Point (IRAP)
- Airespace claims it will increase the range of 802.11 networks beyond
their usual 100-meter limit, as well as help eliminate dead zones, areas
within range of a Wi-Fi AP where reception is poor or non-existent due to
obstacles that block radio propagation.
- Operates at up to 248 megabits per second (Mbps)
Fat AP, thin AP, Light AP, MIMO, Mesh
Broadband Wireless - WiMax

42. Internet & Network Introduction
Interoperation–Type & Services
Type Of Network
LAN
MAN
WAN
Services
ISPs (Internet Services Provider)
- Jaring, Tmnet, Time, Maxis
Telco (Telecommunication Company)
- Telekom, Teleglobe, Maxis
Network Admin
- (NOC – Network Operating Center)

43. Internet & Network Introduction
Interoperation–Internet & Medium
Understand The Internet
Definition
- Global Community Internet Cloud
Modem/DSL
Protocol as standard communication
- TCP/IP (Transmission Control Computer VConf
Home User
Protocol / Internet Protocol)
Leased line
Multiplexer
UTP Cat6
Connection Medium PBX
- UTP (Cat 5E, Cat 6) DAMA/FDMARouter UTP Cat6
- Leased Line (E1, T1)
- Satellite - KU-Band (C-Band:SCPC, DAMA, FDMA)
Satellite
S a te llite
UTP Cat6
USMNet
- Broadband (ISDN, DSL)
LAN
- Modem (V.90) (PPP / SLIP) Firewall
Firewall
Where are u in
the picture?

44. Internet & Network Introduction
Interoperation–Function Explanation
Function Explanation
- Networking concept through OSI 7 Layers only happen when data
travel from source to destination.
- Data from any sources will be transferred to the destination through mutual
handshaking.
- OSI 7 Layers manipulate and ensured that the data are safely transferred.
- All the network devices such as switches, routers, firewall etc involve
to ensure the data transmission.
- During the transmission, data will be monitored ,checked and rectified
through checksum mechanism to ensure the validity and integrity.

45. Internet & Network Introduction
Network Application & Facilities Application & Facilities
Application Method
– Freeware
– Shareware
– Paid
Application Category
- Database (SQL, Oracle, Sybase)
- Monitoring Tools (Tivoli, NMS, NMap)
- File Transfer (FTP, Gopher, WAIS)
- Instant Messaging / Chat (IRC, ICQ, YM, Jabber)
- Mail And Collaboration Tools (SMTP, IMAP, POP3, Lotus Notes)
- Network OS (Telnet, FTP, SSH, NTP, LDAP, Finger, NFS, ident, daytime)
- P2P File Sharing (Kazaa, Imesh, Gnutella, Skype)
- Remote Access (pcAnywhere, VNC, Terminal Service, Citrix)
- Streaming Media (Liquid Audio, RTSP, Windows Media)
- Web (HTTP, HTTPS)
- E-Learning – Lotus Notes
- Others (NNTP, Internet Telephony, Video Conferencing, Personnel Network
Storage, Spyware, Adware)

46. Internet & Network Introduction
Threats & Securities
Network Threats & Securities
Network security specialists classify these
threats as follows:
Hackers
Whereas crackers sole aim is to break into secure systems, hackers are
more interested in gaining knowledge about computer systems and possibly
using this knowledge for playful pranks. Although hackers still argue that
there's a big difference between what they do and what crackers do, the
mass media has failed to understand the distinction, so the two terms –
hack and crack -- are often used interchangeably.
Trojan horses
A destructive program that masquerades as a benign application. Unlike
viruses, Trojan horses do not replicate themselves but they can be just as
destructive. One of the most insidious types of Trojan horse is a program
that claims to rid your computer of viruses but instead introduces
viruses onto your computer.

47. Internet & Network Introduction
Threats & Securities
Viruses
Fast, systematic, and self-replicating destructive programs designed to
damage systems and networks by eroding executable programs until they
are unusable
Worms
A program or algorithm that replicates itself over a computer network and
usually performs malicious actions, such as using up the computer's
resources and possibly shutting the system down.
Spam
Electronic junk mail or junk newsgroup postings. Some people define spam
even more generally as any unsolicited e-mail. Real spam is generally e-mail
advertising for some product sent to a mailing list or newsgroup. In addition
to wasting people's time with unwanted e-mail, spam also eats up a lot of
network bandwidth. However, some online services have instituted policies
to prevent spammers from spamming their subscribers.

48. Internet & Network Introduction
Threats & Securities
Spyware
Also called adware, spyware is any software that covertly gathers user
information through the user's Internet connection without his or her
knowledge, usually for advertising purposes. Spyware applications are
typically bundled as a hidden component of freeware or shareware
programs that can be downloaded from the Internet. Once installed, the
spyware monitors user activity on the Internet and transmits that
information in the background to someone else. Spyware can also gather
information about e-mail addresses and even passwords and credit card
numbers.
Bandits
insiders seeking unauthorized information for personal gain

49. Internet & Network Introduction
Threats & Securities-Protection
For protection against these risks, network and system managers
tasked with security responsibilities evaluate and examine
alternatives, which are based on hardware and software, or policies
Endpoint Security Suite
Access Control List
Network Monitoring & Filtering Software & Tools
- Firewall
- IDS / IDP
- Proxy
- Websense
- LDAP / NTLM
- PKI
- AAA

50. Internet & Network Introduction
Troubleshooting
Network Troubleshooting
Every user are encourage to learn and now day become compulsory to gain
knowledge to identify simple or common network problem due to high
dependency on it in daily communication/task. Thumb rule in any
troubleshooting, check the physical connection at first.
Common Problems. Where
Can’t surf internet. to
Can’t read E-mail. start?
Can’t find other computer/server.(usmadmin)
Can’t connect to Lotus Notes server.
Can’t see other computer through
network neighborhood.
Can’t use local application (e-cuti).
Can’t access outside server.(ftp,telnet,ssh)
Personnel server can’t serve appropriately.

51. Internet & Network Introduction
Troubleshooting-Compulsory Steps
Compulsory Steps :
Steps 1: Check the Modem status. (Dial-up & DSL)
- Check the phone line connection.
- Check the modem driver & configuration.
- Check the dial application configuration.
- Capture the error message and ask the ISP.
Steps 2: Check the NIC signals, whether there is a light/color/blinking. This
is to ensure the NIC is function and some NIC product shows the speed of
connection. If not
- Check the cable connection from your Network/Ethernet adapter to
the wall jack
- Check the NIC driver
- Verify and/or reinstall your network Ethernet and TCP/IP settings
- Reboot your pc.
- Change NIC if above steps taken and NIC still don’t blink.
* Some product provide diagnose tool. Use it to troubleshoot the problem.

52. Internet & Network Introduction
Troubleshooting-Problem Solution
Steps 3: Check the IP Address.
- Use: winipcfg, ipconfig, ifconfig. Rectifying the IP, Gateway and Name
Server.
- Identify either static ip / dynamic ip used at TCP/IP settings.
- Use ping, tracert, nslookup, dig tools.
- Capture the error message and ask Network Admin if dynamic IP could
not be retrieve after above steps taken.
- Make sure virus free
Common Problems Solution:
For Internet browsing problem
- Follow the Compulsory Steps.
- Identify the IP type either Public or Local.
- For local IP should use proxy server. Test the Proxy server
availability and proxy configuration.
- Capture the error message and ask the Network Administrator.

53. Internet & Network Introduction
Troubleshooting-Problem Solution
For E-mail problem
- Follow the Compulsory Steps.
- Test the e-mail server availability.
- Understand the e-mail client type (IMAP, POP3, HTTP) and rectify the
e-mail client configuration.
- Capture the error message and ask the Server & Network Administrator.
Can’t find other computer/server (Lotus Notes/usmadmin)
- Follow the Compulsory Steps.
- Make sure target computer/ server are up/active.
- Rectify the searching method. Test the server availability.
- Capture the error message and ask the Server Administrator.
Can’t use local application (e-cuti).
- Follow the Compulsory Steps.
- Make sure target computer/ server are up/active.
- Rectify the application configuration at client site.
- Capture the error message and ask the Application Administrator.

54. Internet & Network Introduction
Troubleshooting-Tools & Technique
Can’t access outside server.(ftp,telnet,ssh)
- Follow the Compulsory Steps.
- Make sure the IP Address used is the public one (P2P connection)
Personnel server can’t serve appropriately (Personnel Web-Server)
- Follow the Compulsory Steps.
- Make sure all the necessary steps needs by server have been taken.
- Capture the error message and ask the Network Administrator.
Some tools / technique could be use which is available in every OS:
Ping
Ping is used to test network connectivity respond
between two computers on a network using
ICMP protocol.
Eg: ping your.ip.address
ping your.ip.gateway
ping your.ip/name.target
Ipconfig/Ifconfig

55. Internet & Network Introduction
Troubleshooting-Tips
Traceroute
Traceroute is use to test a lag in a communication
or the point of network failure on a network
(intranet / internet) resulting poor or no communication
which is testing every network routing known as Hop.
Eg: tracert jaring.com.my
Nslookup
Nslookup can be use in situation where a
computer can ping an IP Address
but not the computer name. This is to
determine whether the DNS server
can resolve the alias of the IP Address
Eg: nslookup jaring.com.my
Netstat
Netstat is use to show all the open port,
protocols statistics and current
TCP/IP connection at the user terminal.
Eg: netstat –a

56. Internet & Network Introduction
Troubleshooting-Tips
Troubleshooting Tips
Make sure virus free.
Understand network related facilities used (IP Address, network servers,
network structure, application dependencies)
Check the physical connection at first.
Understand the problem.
Capture the error message.
Ask the Network Administrator if problem un-solve after appropriate action
has been taken.
Q & A Session

57. Perkongsian Maklumat Rangkaian USMNet
Bahagian Infostruktur
Thanks