This document outlines different types of surgeries based on urgency and provides examples: optional/cosmetic, elective, required, urgent/imperative, and emergency. It also describes the three phases of surgery - preoperative, intraoperative, and postoperative. Finally, it discusses types of anesthesia - general anesthesia affecting the whole body, regional anesthesia allowing the patient to remain awake while numbing a body region, spinal anesthesia injecting anesthetic in the spine, and conduction blocks numbing nerve groups.