This document discusses performance testing concepts, methodologies, and commonly used tools. It begins by defining performance testing as a process of exercising an application with load-generating tools to find bottlenecks and test scalability, availability, and performance from hardware and software perspectives. It then discusses why performance testing is important, especially for mission-critical applications. Finally, it outlines key features that load testing tools should provide and factors for successful load testing such as testing at different speeds and browsers and generating complex scenarios.
A Review on Web Application Testing and its Current Research Directions IJECEIAES
Testing is an important part of every software development process on which companies devote considerable time and effort. The burgeoning web applications and their proliferating economic significance in the society made the area of web application testing an area of acute importance. The web applications generally tend to take faster and quicker release cycles making their testing very challenging. The main issues in testing are cost efficiency and bug detection efficiency. Coverage-based testing is the process of ensuring exercise of specific program elements. Coverage measurement helps determine the ―thoroughness‖ of testing achieved. An avalanche of tools, techniques, frameworks came into existence to ascertain the quality of web applications. A comparative study of some of the prominent tools, techniques and models for web application testing is presented. This work highlights the current research directions of some of the web application testing techniques.
IRJET-A Review of Testing Technology in Web Application SystemIRJET Journal
This document provides an overview of testing technologies for web application systems. It discusses that software testing plays an important role in the software development lifecycle to identify issues. There are two main categories of testing - manual testing and automated testing. Manual testing involves human testers executing test cases while automated testing uses tools and scripts to execute test cases. The document also outlines some common bottlenecks in testing web applications, such as regression testing and load testing, and how automated versus manual testing is suited to address different types of testing.
COMBINING REUSABLE TEST CASES AND CONTINUOUS SECURITY TESTING FOR REDUCING WE...ijseajournal
In network communication age, information technology is being at the continuous and rapid evolution
process. Network access equipment, information system and Web Apps must rapidly and continuously update to meet the user interested requirements. Major challenge of Web Apps frequent changes is the security of user personal data and transactions information. Vulnerability scanning and penetration testing are the routine methods to improve the security of Web App. However, these two ways not only timeconsuming, but also require too many resources. For coping the continuous changes, in the limited resources, security testing not only need to be timely completed, but also should concern testing quality. Otherwise, every change mainte nance cannot avoid to cause the security risk of new version App. Based on reusable test cases, this paper proposes the continuous security testing procedure (CSTP), using test cases reusability to increase security test efficiency. In Web Apps maintenance process of limited resources, CSTP
can timely handle security testing and quickly identify Web Apps vulnerabilities and defects. Assisting Apps maintainer effectively repair security defects and concretely improve the security of user personal data and transaction information
A deployment scenario a taxonomy mapping and keyword searching for the appl...Conference Papers
This document discusses developing a taxonomy to map relationships between applications, virtual machines, hosts, and clients when performing upgrades and patches. It proposes creating a taxonomy based on analyzing errors that occur during application execution to understand dependencies. The taxonomy would classify applications based on their libraries, operating systems, and browsers to provide a troubleshooting guideline for upgrades. An experiment upgrading an application called Crawling encountered errors due to dependencies on older software versions. Mapping the application criteria and relationships in a taxonomy could help identify the root cause of issues and the steps to resolve them.
The document summarizes the key findings of the CRASH Report from 2014, which analyzes the structural quality of 1316 applications from 212 organizations. The report focuses on 5 health factors: robustness, performance, security, changeability, and transferability. The key findings include:
- Applications from CMMI Level 1 organizations had substantially lower scores on all health factors than applications from CMMI Level 2 or 3 organizations.
- A mix of agile and waterfall development methods produced higher health factor scores than either method alone.
- The choice to develop applications in-house versus outsourced or onshore versus offshore had little effect on health factor scores.
- Applications serving over 5,000
A Combined Approach of Software Metrics and Software Fault Analysis to Estima...IOSR Journals
The document presents a software fault prediction model that uses reliability relevant software metrics and a fuzzy inference system. It proposes predicting fault density at each phase of development using relevant metrics for that phase. Requirements metrics like complexity, stability and reviews are used to predict fault density after requirements. Design, coding and testing metrics are similarly used to predict fault densities after their respective phases. The model aims to enable early identification of quality issues and optimal resource allocation to improve reliability. MATLAB is used to define fault parameters, categories, fuzzy rules and analyze results. The goal is a multistage fault prediction model for more reliable software delivery.
What do hospital beds, blood pressure cuffs, dosimeters, and pacemakers all have in common? They are all medical devices with software that regulates their functionality in a way that contributes to Basic Safety or Essential Performance. With the FDA reporting that the rate of medical device recalls between 2002 and 2012 increased by 100% – where software design failures are the most common reason for the recalls – it’s no wonder IEC 62304 has been implemented. Its implementation, however, has medical device manufacturers asking questions about if, when and under what circumstances the standard is required.
This article explains what IEC 62304 is, when medical devices must comply with it and how IEC 62304 compliance is assessed.
A Review on Web Application Testing and its Current Research Directions IJECEIAES
Testing is an important part of every software development process on which companies devote considerable time and effort. The burgeoning web applications and their proliferating economic significance in the society made the area of web application testing an area of acute importance. The web applications generally tend to take faster and quicker release cycles making their testing very challenging. The main issues in testing are cost efficiency and bug detection efficiency. Coverage-based testing is the process of ensuring exercise of specific program elements. Coverage measurement helps determine the ―thoroughness‖ of testing achieved. An avalanche of tools, techniques, frameworks came into existence to ascertain the quality of web applications. A comparative study of some of the prominent tools, techniques and models for web application testing is presented. This work highlights the current research directions of some of the web application testing techniques.
IRJET-A Review of Testing Technology in Web Application SystemIRJET Journal
This document provides an overview of testing technologies for web application systems. It discusses that software testing plays an important role in the software development lifecycle to identify issues. There are two main categories of testing - manual testing and automated testing. Manual testing involves human testers executing test cases while automated testing uses tools and scripts to execute test cases. The document also outlines some common bottlenecks in testing web applications, such as regression testing and load testing, and how automated versus manual testing is suited to address different types of testing.
COMBINING REUSABLE TEST CASES AND CONTINUOUS SECURITY TESTING FOR REDUCING WE...ijseajournal
In network communication age, information technology is being at the continuous and rapid evolution
process. Network access equipment, information system and Web Apps must rapidly and continuously update to meet the user interested requirements. Major challenge of Web Apps frequent changes is the security of user personal data and transactions information. Vulnerability scanning and penetration testing are the routine methods to improve the security of Web App. However, these two ways not only timeconsuming, but also require too many resources. For coping the continuous changes, in the limited resources, security testing not only need to be timely completed, but also should concern testing quality. Otherwise, every change mainte nance cannot avoid to cause the security risk of new version App. Based on reusable test cases, this paper proposes the continuous security testing procedure (CSTP), using test cases reusability to increase security test efficiency. In Web Apps maintenance process of limited resources, CSTP
can timely handle security testing and quickly identify Web Apps vulnerabilities and defects. Assisting Apps maintainer effectively repair security defects and concretely improve the security of user personal data and transaction information
A deployment scenario a taxonomy mapping and keyword searching for the appl...Conference Papers
This document discusses developing a taxonomy to map relationships between applications, virtual machines, hosts, and clients when performing upgrades and patches. It proposes creating a taxonomy based on analyzing errors that occur during application execution to understand dependencies. The taxonomy would classify applications based on their libraries, operating systems, and browsers to provide a troubleshooting guideline for upgrades. An experiment upgrading an application called Crawling encountered errors due to dependencies on older software versions. Mapping the application criteria and relationships in a taxonomy could help identify the root cause of issues and the steps to resolve them.
The document summarizes the key findings of the CRASH Report from 2014, which analyzes the structural quality of 1316 applications from 212 organizations. The report focuses on 5 health factors: robustness, performance, security, changeability, and transferability. The key findings include:
- Applications from CMMI Level 1 organizations had substantially lower scores on all health factors than applications from CMMI Level 2 or 3 organizations.
- A mix of agile and waterfall development methods produced higher health factor scores than either method alone.
- The choice to develop applications in-house versus outsourced or onshore versus offshore had little effect on health factor scores.
- Applications serving over 5,000
A Combined Approach of Software Metrics and Software Fault Analysis to Estima...IOSR Journals
The document presents a software fault prediction model that uses reliability relevant software metrics and a fuzzy inference system. It proposes predicting fault density at each phase of development using relevant metrics for that phase. Requirements metrics like complexity, stability and reviews are used to predict fault density after requirements. Design, coding and testing metrics are similarly used to predict fault densities after their respective phases. The model aims to enable early identification of quality issues and optimal resource allocation to improve reliability. MATLAB is used to define fault parameters, categories, fuzzy rules and analyze results. The goal is a multistage fault prediction model for more reliable software delivery.
What do hospital beds, blood pressure cuffs, dosimeters, and pacemakers all have in common? They are all medical devices with software that regulates their functionality in a way that contributes to Basic Safety or Essential Performance. With the FDA reporting that the rate of medical device recalls between 2002 and 2012 increased by 100% – where software design failures are the most common reason for the recalls – it’s no wonder IEC 62304 has been implemented. Its implementation, however, has medical device manufacturers asking questions about if, when and under what circumstances the standard is required.
This article explains what IEC 62304 is, when medical devices must comply with it and how IEC 62304 compliance is assessed.
This document describes a website health checker system that monitors websites and sends alert messages if issues are detected. It discusses the need for website monitoring to ensure high performance and availability. The proposed system uses a cron job to continuously send ICMP requests to monitored websites and triggers alerts via email or SMS if response times exceed thresholds. It is implemented using the Flask web framework with a user interface to add domains and view monitoring results. The system aims to rapidly detect and correct problems before users are impacted through real-time alerts.
EVALUATION OF SOFTWARE DEGRADATION AND FORECASTING FUTURE DEVELOPMENT NEEDS I...ijseajournal
This article is an extended version of a previously published conference paper. In this research, JHotDraw (JHD), a well-tested and widely used open source Java-based graphics framework developed with the best software engineering practice was selected as a test suite. Six versions of this software were profiled, and data collected dynamically, from which four metrics namely (1) entropy (2) software maturity index, COCOMO effort and duration metrics were used to analyze software degradation, maturity level and use
the obtained results as input to time series analysis in order to predict effort and duration period that may
be needed for the development of future versions. The novel idea is that, historical evolution data is used to
project, predict and forecast resource requirements for future developments. The technique presented in
this paper will empower software development decision makers with a viable tool for planning and decision
making.
Applying IEC 62304 Risk Management in Aligned Elements - the medical device ALMAligned AG
A concrete example of linking risk management using a preliminary hazard analysis approach with the software architecture when applying IEC 62304 in a medical device ALM.
Biomedical engineering work is subjected to stringent regulatory constraints that mandate a robust engineering process that conforms to all pertinent regulatory guidelines and imperatives.
Software development is an important component of any engineering project and as such, it should be equally addressed and properly integrated with the overall engineering process. To that effect, the following software development process is proposed. This process attempts to be well grounded in the nature of innovative Biomedical engineering work. There are inherent significant technology risks related to the development of innovative biomedical devices. These risks must be correctly identified, and mitigated throughout the entire engineering process. The main benefit of the software development process presented here is its explicit management of software risk factors as recommended by modern successful software development practices.
This document provides an overview of a bug tracking system. It discusses that bug tracking systems can automatically assign bugs to experts based on their experience, maintain a history of resolved bugs to avoid duplicate work, and reduce the time and costs of troubleshooting. The document also summarizes the key modules of a bug tracking system including administration, management, development, testing, and reporting. It outlines how these modules interact and describes strategies to improve bug tracking systems by making them more tool-centric, information-centric, process-centric, and user-centric.
A Survey of Software Reliability factorIOSR Journals
This document discusses factors that affect software reliability and approaches to improving software reliability. It first defines software reliability and lists some key factors that influence reliability, such as software defects, requirements analysis, cost, size estimation, and how reliability is measured. Requirements analysis factors include feasibility studies, surveys, interviews, and testing. Cost is affected by the programmer's knowledge, software architecture, and resource allocation. The document then outlines two approaches to enhancing software reliability: 1) incorporating fault removal efficiency into reliability growth models by accounting for imperfect debugging and new faults introduced during testing, and 2) analyzing software metrics from object-oriented programs to better measure reliability.
This document discusses using agile software development methods for medical device software in a compliant way. It provides an overview of agile concepts like Scrum, test-driven development, and continuous integration. It also addresses how standards like IEC 62304 and risk management can help integrate agile into a regulated environment. The document recommends starting small with agile and focusing on visualization, communication, and integrating risk management activities.
This document provides an overview of independent verification and validation (IV&V) as used by NASA. It defines IV&V as a rigorous software evaluation process conducted throughout development to ensure quality and correctness. Key points include that IV&V independently assesses whether the product is being built correctly and if the correct product is being built. IV&V aims to identify risks and increase quality, safety, timeliness and reliability while reducing costs.
This presentation was delivered as a webinar for FDAnews, delving into software, medical devices and managing risk with 21 CFR Part 11 and IEC 62304. It provides:
• A historical backdrop of IEC 62304
• An overview of IEC 62304
• Implementing IEC 62304
• Common pitfalls to avoid
The document describes requirements for an online conference management system using a three-tier architecture. It defines functional requirements for different user types including program chairs, authors, and reviewers. Non-functional requirements address usability, security, performance and other qualities. Use case and sequence diagrams model adding a conference. The domain model depicts the structure of conferences, users, submissions and other entities. Overall an iterative development approach is proposed using a three-tier architecture to separate the user interface, business logic and data layers.
This document discusses requirements modeling during the analysis phase of the systems development life cycle. It covers the importance of requirements, identifying requirements through various fact-finding techniques like interviews and questionnaires, and categorizing requirements into functional and technical categories like inputs, outputs, processes, performance, and controls. Key points covered include understanding user needs, determining requirements through open-ended questions in interviews, and using sampling approaches to ensure representations of the overall population.
General Principals Of Software Validationstaciemarotta
Here are the key definitions and terminology related to software validation:
3.1.1 Requirements and Specifications
Requirements define what the software should do. Specifications define how the software will meet the requirements. Requirements and specifications should be documented, agreed upon, controlled and traceable.
3.1.2 Verification and Validation
Verification ensures the software meets specifications. Validation ensures the software meets the intended use and user needs. Both are required to confirm the software functions as intended and is safe for clinical use.
3.1.3 IQ/OQ/PQ
IQ (Installation Qualification) confirms the software system is installed correctly. OQ (Operational Qualification) confirms the software system operates
QAdvis - software risk management based on IEC/ISO 62304Robert Ginsberg
This document provides an overview of risk management for medical device software as outlined in IEC 62304. It discusses:
1) IEC 62304 calls for risk management activities throughout the entire software development lifecycle. This includes identification, analysis, evaluation, control and monitoring of risks.
2) Both quantitative and qualitative techniques can be used for risk analysis, such as FMECA, FTA, HAZOP. Requirement-based and risk-based verification strategies are also expected.
3) Effective risk management relies on good software engineering practices and processes. It aims to regulate verification efforts to balance productivity and compliance.
EVALUATION AND STUDY OF SOFTWARE DEGRADATION IN THE EVOLUTION OF SIX VERSIONS...csandit
This document discusses evaluating software degradation through six versions of the open-source software JHotDraw. Data was collected dynamically from each version using AspectJ to derive two metrics: entropy and software maturity index. Entropy measures complexity and was expected to decrease as the software evolved from adding new features. The software maturity index was derived from documentation and aimed to find if entropy decreases most when maturity is highest, implying a relationship between the two. Six versions of JHotDraw released over five years were tested to investigate changes in these metrics and degradation as the software evolved through new versions.
Developing software analyzers tool using software reliability growth modelIAEME Publication
The document discusses developing a software analyzer tool using a software reliability growth model to improve software quality. It proposes an Enhanced Non-Homogeneous Poisson Process (ENHPP) model to estimate software reliability measures like remaining faults and failure rate. The ENHPP model explicitly incorporates a time-varying testing coverage function and allows for imperfect debugging and coverage changes over testing and operation. It is validated on real failure data sets and shown to provide better fit than existing models. The goal is to enhance code reusability, minimize test effort estimation and improve reliability through the testing phase of the software development life cycle.
When Medical Device Software Fails Due to Improper Verification & Validation ...Sterling Medical Devices
Verification and validation are critical components in the development life cycle of any software and the results of the V & V process are imperative to the safety of the medical device.
Ginsbourg.com - Presentation of a Plan for Medical Device Software Validation...Shay Ginsbourg
This document outlines a 10-step plan for medical device software validation and verification presented by Ginsbourg.com. It discusses past issues with inadequate medical device software testing, like the Therac-25 radiotherapy accident that killed patients. The FDA regulates medical mobile apps and other software as medical devices based on risk. The plan involves performing risk analysis, documenting requirements and design, developing a test plan, and maintaining records of testing and releases.
CAST’s U.S. Federal group helps government agencies maximize IT investments and optimize performance through the use of proven technologies and best practices.
Web Application Testing (Major Challenges and Techniques)Editor IJMTER
Web-based systems represent a young, but rapidly growing technology. As the number of
web applications continues to grow, these systems enter a critical role in a multitude of companies.
The way web systems impact business aspects, combined with an ever-growing internet user mass,
emphasize the importance of developing high-quality products. Thus, proper testing plays a distinctive
part in ensuring reliable, robust and high performing operation of web applications. Issues such as the
security of the web application, the basic functionality of the site, its accessibility to handicapped users
and fully able users, as well as readiness for expected traffic and number of users and the ability to
survive a massive spike in user traffic, both of which are related to load testing. The testing of web
based applications has much in common with the testing of desktop systems like testing of
functionality, configuration, and compatibility. Web application testing consists of the analysis of the
web fault compared to the generic software faults. Other faults are strictly dependent on the interaction
mode because of web application multi-tier architecture. Some web specific faults are authentication
problem, incorrect multi language support, hyperlink problem, cross-browser portability problem,
incorrect form construction, incorrect cookie value, incorrect session management, incorrect
generation of error page, etc.
Ensuring Effective Performance Testing in Web Applications.pdfkalichargn70th171
A 2022 report by Gartner noted that 25% of users will spend one hour per day in the metaverse. Draw your attention to the trend this statistic highlights. Users are more likely to spend their waking hours online than otherwise.
The document summarizes the results of performance testing on a system. It provides throughput and scalability numbers from tests, graphs of metrics, and recommendations for developers to improve performance based on issues identified. The performance testing process and approach are also outlined. The resultant deliverable is a performance and scalability document containing the test results but not intended as a formal system sizing guide.
This document describes a website health checker system that monitors websites and sends alert messages if issues are detected. It discusses the need for website monitoring to ensure high performance and availability. The proposed system uses a cron job to continuously send ICMP requests to monitored websites and triggers alerts via email or SMS if response times exceed thresholds. It is implemented using the Flask web framework with a user interface to add domains and view monitoring results. The system aims to rapidly detect and correct problems before users are impacted through real-time alerts.
EVALUATION OF SOFTWARE DEGRADATION AND FORECASTING FUTURE DEVELOPMENT NEEDS I...ijseajournal
This article is an extended version of a previously published conference paper. In this research, JHotDraw (JHD), a well-tested and widely used open source Java-based graphics framework developed with the best software engineering practice was selected as a test suite. Six versions of this software were profiled, and data collected dynamically, from which four metrics namely (1) entropy (2) software maturity index, COCOMO effort and duration metrics were used to analyze software degradation, maturity level and use
the obtained results as input to time series analysis in order to predict effort and duration period that may
be needed for the development of future versions. The novel idea is that, historical evolution data is used to
project, predict and forecast resource requirements for future developments. The technique presented in
this paper will empower software development decision makers with a viable tool for planning and decision
making.
Applying IEC 62304 Risk Management in Aligned Elements - the medical device ALMAligned AG
A concrete example of linking risk management using a preliminary hazard analysis approach with the software architecture when applying IEC 62304 in a medical device ALM.
Biomedical engineering work is subjected to stringent regulatory constraints that mandate a robust engineering process that conforms to all pertinent regulatory guidelines and imperatives.
Software development is an important component of any engineering project and as such, it should be equally addressed and properly integrated with the overall engineering process. To that effect, the following software development process is proposed. This process attempts to be well grounded in the nature of innovative Biomedical engineering work. There are inherent significant technology risks related to the development of innovative biomedical devices. These risks must be correctly identified, and mitigated throughout the entire engineering process. The main benefit of the software development process presented here is its explicit management of software risk factors as recommended by modern successful software development practices.
This document provides an overview of a bug tracking system. It discusses that bug tracking systems can automatically assign bugs to experts based on their experience, maintain a history of resolved bugs to avoid duplicate work, and reduce the time and costs of troubleshooting. The document also summarizes the key modules of a bug tracking system including administration, management, development, testing, and reporting. It outlines how these modules interact and describes strategies to improve bug tracking systems by making them more tool-centric, information-centric, process-centric, and user-centric.
A Survey of Software Reliability factorIOSR Journals
This document discusses factors that affect software reliability and approaches to improving software reliability. It first defines software reliability and lists some key factors that influence reliability, such as software defects, requirements analysis, cost, size estimation, and how reliability is measured. Requirements analysis factors include feasibility studies, surveys, interviews, and testing. Cost is affected by the programmer's knowledge, software architecture, and resource allocation. The document then outlines two approaches to enhancing software reliability: 1) incorporating fault removal efficiency into reliability growth models by accounting for imperfect debugging and new faults introduced during testing, and 2) analyzing software metrics from object-oriented programs to better measure reliability.
This document discusses using agile software development methods for medical device software in a compliant way. It provides an overview of agile concepts like Scrum, test-driven development, and continuous integration. It also addresses how standards like IEC 62304 and risk management can help integrate agile into a regulated environment. The document recommends starting small with agile and focusing on visualization, communication, and integrating risk management activities.
This document provides an overview of independent verification and validation (IV&V) as used by NASA. It defines IV&V as a rigorous software evaluation process conducted throughout development to ensure quality and correctness. Key points include that IV&V independently assesses whether the product is being built correctly and if the correct product is being built. IV&V aims to identify risks and increase quality, safety, timeliness and reliability while reducing costs.
This presentation was delivered as a webinar for FDAnews, delving into software, medical devices and managing risk with 21 CFR Part 11 and IEC 62304. It provides:
• A historical backdrop of IEC 62304
• An overview of IEC 62304
• Implementing IEC 62304
• Common pitfalls to avoid
The document describes requirements for an online conference management system using a three-tier architecture. It defines functional requirements for different user types including program chairs, authors, and reviewers. Non-functional requirements address usability, security, performance and other qualities. Use case and sequence diagrams model adding a conference. The domain model depicts the structure of conferences, users, submissions and other entities. Overall an iterative development approach is proposed using a three-tier architecture to separate the user interface, business logic and data layers.
This document discusses requirements modeling during the analysis phase of the systems development life cycle. It covers the importance of requirements, identifying requirements through various fact-finding techniques like interviews and questionnaires, and categorizing requirements into functional and technical categories like inputs, outputs, processes, performance, and controls. Key points covered include understanding user needs, determining requirements through open-ended questions in interviews, and using sampling approaches to ensure representations of the overall population.
General Principals Of Software Validationstaciemarotta
Here are the key definitions and terminology related to software validation:
3.1.1 Requirements and Specifications
Requirements define what the software should do. Specifications define how the software will meet the requirements. Requirements and specifications should be documented, agreed upon, controlled and traceable.
3.1.2 Verification and Validation
Verification ensures the software meets specifications. Validation ensures the software meets the intended use and user needs. Both are required to confirm the software functions as intended and is safe for clinical use.
3.1.3 IQ/OQ/PQ
IQ (Installation Qualification) confirms the software system is installed correctly. OQ (Operational Qualification) confirms the software system operates
QAdvis - software risk management based on IEC/ISO 62304Robert Ginsberg
This document provides an overview of risk management for medical device software as outlined in IEC 62304. It discusses:
1) IEC 62304 calls for risk management activities throughout the entire software development lifecycle. This includes identification, analysis, evaluation, control and monitoring of risks.
2) Both quantitative and qualitative techniques can be used for risk analysis, such as FMECA, FTA, HAZOP. Requirement-based and risk-based verification strategies are also expected.
3) Effective risk management relies on good software engineering practices and processes. It aims to regulate verification efforts to balance productivity and compliance.
EVALUATION AND STUDY OF SOFTWARE DEGRADATION IN THE EVOLUTION OF SIX VERSIONS...csandit
This document discusses evaluating software degradation through six versions of the open-source software JHotDraw. Data was collected dynamically from each version using AspectJ to derive two metrics: entropy and software maturity index. Entropy measures complexity and was expected to decrease as the software evolved from adding new features. The software maturity index was derived from documentation and aimed to find if entropy decreases most when maturity is highest, implying a relationship between the two. Six versions of JHotDraw released over five years were tested to investigate changes in these metrics and degradation as the software evolved through new versions.
Developing software analyzers tool using software reliability growth modelIAEME Publication
The document discusses developing a software analyzer tool using a software reliability growth model to improve software quality. It proposes an Enhanced Non-Homogeneous Poisson Process (ENHPP) model to estimate software reliability measures like remaining faults and failure rate. The ENHPP model explicitly incorporates a time-varying testing coverage function and allows for imperfect debugging and coverage changes over testing and operation. It is validated on real failure data sets and shown to provide better fit than existing models. The goal is to enhance code reusability, minimize test effort estimation and improve reliability through the testing phase of the software development life cycle.
When Medical Device Software Fails Due to Improper Verification & Validation ...Sterling Medical Devices
Verification and validation are critical components in the development life cycle of any software and the results of the V & V process are imperative to the safety of the medical device.
Ginsbourg.com - Presentation of a Plan for Medical Device Software Validation...Shay Ginsbourg
This document outlines a 10-step plan for medical device software validation and verification presented by Ginsbourg.com. It discusses past issues with inadequate medical device software testing, like the Therac-25 radiotherapy accident that killed patients. The FDA regulates medical mobile apps and other software as medical devices based on risk. The plan involves performing risk analysis, documenting requirements and design, developing a test plan, and maintaining records of testing and releases.
CAST’s U.S. Federal group helps government agencies maximize IT investments and optimize performance through the use of proven technologies and best practices.
Web Application Testing (Major Challenges and Techniques)Editor IJMTER
Web-based systems represent a young, but rapidly growing technology. As the number of
web applications continues to grow, these systems enter a critical role in a multitude of companies.
The way web systems impact business aspects, combined with an ever-growing internet user mass,
emphasize the importance of developing high-quality products. Thus, proper testing plays a distinctive
part in ensuring reliable, robust and high performing operation of web applications. Issues such as the
security of the web application, the basic functionality of the site, its accessibility to handicapped users
and fully able users, as well as readiness for expected traffic and number of users and the ability to
survive a massive spike in user traffic, both of which are related to load testing. The testing of web
based applications has much in common with the testing of desktop systems like testing of
functionality, configuration, and compatibility. Web application testing consists of the analysis of the
web fault compared to the generic software faults. Other faults are strictly dependent on the interaction
mode because of web application multi-tier architecture. Some web specific faults are authentication
problem, incorrect multi language support, hyperlink problem, cross-browser portability problem,
incorrect form construction, incorrect cookie value, incorrect session management, incorrect
generation of error page, etc.
Ensuring Effective Performance Testing in Web Applications.pdfkalichargn70th171
A 2022 report by Gartner noted that 25% of users will spend one hour per day in the metaverse. Draw your attention to the trend this statistic highlights. Users are more likely to spend their waking hours online than otherwise.
The document summarizes the results of performance testing on a system. It provides throughput and scalability numbers from tests, graphs of metrics, and recommendations for developers to improve performance based on issues identified. The performance testing process and approach are also outlined. The resultant deliverable is a performance and scalability document containing the test results but not intended as a formal system sizing guide.
A novel approach for evaluation of applying ajax in the web siteeSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Effective performance engineering is a critical factor in delivering meaningful results. The implementation must be built into every aspect of the business, from IT and business management to internal and external customers and all other stakeholders. Convetit brought together ten experts in the field of performance engineering to delve into the trends and drivers that are defining the space. This Foresights discussion will directly influence Business and Technology Leaders that are looking to stay ahead of the challenges they face with delivering high performing systems to their end users, today and in the next 2-5 years.
Reliability Improvement with PSP of Web-Based Software ApplicationsCSEIJJournal
In diverse industrial and academic environments, the quality of the software has been evaluated using
different analytic studies. The contribution of the present work is focused on the development of a
methodology in order to improve the evaluation and analysis of the reliability of web-based software
applications. The Personal Software Process (PSP) was introduced in our methodology for improving the
quality of the process and the product. The Evaluation + Improvement (Ei) process is performed in our
methodology to evaluate and improve the quality of the software system. We tested our methodology in a
web-based software system and used statistical modeling theory for the analysis and evaluation of the
reliability. The behavior of the system under ideal conditions was evaluated and compared against the
operation of the system executing under real conditions. The results obtained demonstrated the
effectiveness and applicability of our methodology
Automated Front End Testing_ Navigating Types and Tools for Optimal Web Devel...kalichargn70th171
The quote, "A first impression is the last impression," can extend to customers using apps. Customers place a high value on their experience while using an app. It makes sense, then, that automated front-end testing is a cornerstone for ensuring user interface functionality and overall application reliability.
This blog explores the different types of automated front-end testing, their significance, and the tools that make them effective. By understanding these aspects, developers and testers can significantly enhance the quality of web applications.
Mastering performance testing_ a comprehensive guide to optimizing applicatio...kalichargn70th171
In an increasingly digitized world where software applications shape our daily routines, the importance of their performance cannot be overstated. From browsing a website, and streaming content, to using an app for online shopping or banking - seamless, fast, and efficient operation is expected by end-users. Performance can be a make-or-break factor for the success of a software application, and therein lies the significance of performance testing.
The document discusses how artificial intelligence is being used to improve performance testing. It describes what performance testing is and why it is important. It then explains how AI can help with various aspects of performance testing like data analysis, issue identification, test automation, and load testing. The key benefits of using AI for performance testing include increased efficiency, precision, coverage, and cost savings. It concludes by stating that AI has the potential to revolutionize software testing.
What’s happening in Banking World?
The entire landscape is very competitive and banks today are evolving. Banks are relying more and more on technology to reach customers and deliver services in short span of time. It is becoming important for them to be consistent and deliver quality customer services using technology to reach, expand and deliver faster and better services.
Adding additional services and transactions via technology, integrating with legacy systems and delivering using new delivery methods are becoming a norm. The banking industry is embracing newer technology to grow their market share. With technology, banks today are global players and no more local.
Challenges
Challenges in the multiple industries are similar but in Banking, there are specific challenges, which makes it unique, which are
• Frequently changing market and regulatory requirements
• High data confidentiality requirements
• Complex system landscapes including legacy systems
• Newer technologies such as mobile and web services
• Enterprise banking integration – Core banking, Corporate Banking and Retail Banking
• Application performance – Internal and External
Approaches to meet the challenges
It is very important that banks and financial establishments conduct regression tests over the entire application lifecycle for every release and also maintain test suites for each release using effective version control system linked to requirements, test cases, test scenarios and realistic test data. Based on this, an effective testing approach can be taken individually or by combination of the following to achieve the desired results:
• Risk-based testing
• Automation - Legacy, Web, Mobile
• Test data management
• Compliance / Statutory testing
• Performance and Capacity engineering
• Off-shoring
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A novel defect detection method for software requirements inspections IJECEIAES
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A STUDY OF FORMULATION OF SOFTWARE TEST METRICS FOR INTERNET BASED APPLICATIONSecij
The continuous use of the internet for day to day operations by businesses man, private sector and
government has created a great demand for internet applications. In such kind of application web
server/application server plays vital role. One of the techniques is to test the functionality of web
applications affect user session data received from the web servers. This technique automatically generates
test cases on the behalf of user profiles. The contribution of this paper is the internet application of concept
analysis for clustering user sessions has been reduced. We have completely automated the process from
user session receive and also reduction through replay. In this paper we propose a concept analysis for
internet application and also present a tool Ranorex for the same. In order to execute test case we have a
model for data retrieval. Web application is using in different areas like, medical, insurance, banking etc.
This presentation tells in brief the solutions provided by Impetus\'s Testing Center of Excellence "qLabs". Please send in your comments at qLabs@impetus.co.in
http://www.impetus.com/qLabs
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A RELIABLE AND AN EFFICIENT WEB TESTING SYSTEMijseajournal
To improve the reliability and efficiency of Web Software, the Testing Team should be creative and
innovative, the experience and intuition of Tester also matters a lot. And most often the destructive nature
of Tester brings reliable software to the user. Actually, Testing is the responsibility of everybody who is
involved in the Project. But, one’s personal curiosity and attention is more important than the various
techniques and tools available in the market for Web Testing due to the phenomena that Software Testing is
an art. In this study, we are actually discussing certain techniques and tools which can be helpful to
minimize bugs in Web Application and achieve reliability and efficiency to a certain level. Indeed, for
bettering the quality of Web Application, Testing may not be considered as the only effective method
because no one can certify that a system is bug-free. This paper presents some essential web testing
techniques, strategies, methods and tools which need to be focused on when performing Web Testing for
several web applications in order to achieve better results.
A RELIABLE AND AN EFFICIENT WEB TESTING SYSTEMijseajournal
To improve the reliability and efficiency of Web Software, the Testing Team should be creative and innovative, the experience and intuition of Tester also matters a lot. And most often the destructive nature of Tester brings reliable software to the user. Actually, Testing is the responsibility of everybody who is
involved in the Project. But, one’s personal curiosity and attention is more important than the various techniques and tools available in the market for Web Testing due to the phenomena that Software Testing is an art. In this study, we are actually discussing certain techniques and tools which can be helpful to minimize bugs in Web Application and achieve reliability and efficiency to a certain level. Indeed, for
bettering the quality of Web Application, Testing may not be considered as the only effective method because no one can certify that a system is bug-free. This paper presents some essential web testing
techniques, strategies, methods and tools which need to be focused on when performing Web Testing for
several web applications in order to achieve better results.
Harnessing the Cloud for Performance Testing- Impetus White PaperImpetus Technologies
For Impetus’ White Papers archive, visit- http://www.impetus.com/whitepaper
The paper provides insights on the various benefits of using the Cloud for Performance Testing as well as how to address the various challenges associated with this approach.
This document discusses a feasibility study for developing a web application to help assess and support early speech, language, and hearing development in children. It analyzes the economic, technical, social, time and resource, operational, behavioral, and schedule feasibility of the proposed system. The study finds that developing the system is feasible within budget constraints and has technical requirements that can be met. Users would likely accept the system with proper training. It could increase efficiency and customer satisfaction while being simple to use and maintain. Some changes may be needed within the organization but the project schedule is reasonable.
This document presents a testing methodology for integrations between autonomous workflow systems. It outlines major phases of requirement gathering, configuration, coding, validation, and multiple levels of testing. By implementing an iterative testing strategy involving both manual and automated testing, one company achieved a 10-20% reduction in cost and schedule over several years by detecting bugs earlier. The methodology emphasizes standardizing requirements, reusing test cases, and automating regression and integration testing to find issues quickly and reduce human error and expense.
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1. Journal of Information Engineering and Applications www.iiste.org
ISSN 2224-5758 (print) ISSN 2224-896X (online)
Vol 1, No.5, 2011
Performance Testing: Methodologies and Tools
H. Sarojadevi*
Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Nitte Meenakshi Institute of Technology,
PO box 6429, Yelahanka, Bengaluru -64
* E-mail of the corresponding author: hsarojadevi@gmail.com
Abstract
Performance testing is important for all types of applications and systems, especially for life critical
applications in Healthcare, Medical, Biotech and Drug discovery systems, and also mission critical
applications such as Automotives, Flight control, defense, etc. This paper presents performance testing
concepts, methodologies and commonly used tools for a variety of existing and emerging applications.
Scalable virtual distributed applications in the cloud pose more challenges for performance testing, for
which solutions are rare, but available; one of the major providers is HP Loadrunner.
Keywords: Performance testing, Application performance, Cloud computing
1. Introduction
Building a successful product hinges on two fundamental ingredients — functionality and performance.
‘Functionality’ refers to what the application lets its users accomplish, including the transactions it
enables and the information it renders accessible. ‘Performance’ refers to the system’s ability to
complete transactions and to furnish information rapidly and accurately despite high multi-user
interaction or constrained hardware resources.
Application failure due to performance-related problems is preventable with pre-deployment
performance testing. However, most teams struggle because of lack of professional performance testing
methods, and guaranteeing problems with regard to availability, reliability and scalability, when
deploying their application on to the “real world”.
Performance testing is important for all types of applications and systems, especially for life critical
applications in healthcare, medical, biotech and drug discovery systems, and mission critical situations
such as automotives, flight, defense, and many others. In this paper a study of performance testing
concepts and tools are presented, which are used for a variety of enterprise and scientific applications.
2. Performance/Load Testing Concepts
Performance Testing is a process of exercising an application by emulating actual users with a load-
generating tool for the purpose of finding system bottlenecks. Often it is also termed Load testing.
Main goal is testing for scalability, availability, and performance from the point of hardware as well as
software. Resource aspects such as CPU usage, memory usage, cache coherence, data consistency
(with regard to main memory, virtual memory pages, and disk), and power consumption, network
bandwidth usage are also monitored and reported as part of performance testing. Further, response
time, and usage related to router, web server, appserver (application server) are also considered in
performance testing. Analysis for performance needs to be applied at each stage of the product
development (Collofello 1988). Put together, system performance is perceived as a figure of merit
from the point of response time, throughput, availability, reliability, security, scalability and
extensibility.
2.1 Why performance testing?
In today's world of e-business, customers and business partners want their web sites and the web based
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2. Journal of Information Engineering and Applications www.iiste.org
ISSN 2224-5758 (print) ISSN 2224-896X (online)
Vol 1, No.5, 2011
services to be competitive and many are moving to Cloud platform for the same reason. To sustain the
competition, a website should satisfy the following criteria: pages need to download immediately; web
pages must support efficient and accurate online transactions and near zero downtime. Any downtime
could be very expensive. According to Gartner report, an average cost of unplanned downtime of a
mission critical application is around $100,000 per hour.
Online consumer and B2B marketplaces are becoming more and more competitive. Companies must
take care that their web-based applications accommodate multiple, simultaneous users who are
connecting themselves to a web site or engaging in multiple online transactions. To ensure that such a
service level is guaranteed, the service provider enterprises need to use application load-testing tool.
According to a Jupitor media metrix consumer survey (Error! Reference source not found.),
technical and performance problems of websites lead to abandoning of sites by more than 46% of the
users.
The need for performance testing is more in life critical situations, with the systems used in heart
surgery or angioplasty etc. There is a critical moment in an angioplasty procedure when the balloon is
inflated inside the artery (Kelley 2006). During the next 60 seconds the balloon obstructs the artery that
may cause another fatal heart attack. Other example of a critical application is genome based one, for
instance a drug discovery system, the end product of which is going to act on the gene. Any
malfunction in the process cannot be compromised as it would affect generations.
2.2 Key Features of a Load-testing Tool
A load-testing tool simulates the behavior of real users with "virtual" users. The load-testing tool can
then record the behavior of the site under the load and give information on the virtual users'
experiences. Load-testing software is often distributive in nature. It is deployed on multiple servers
running simultaneously, with each server simulating multiple virtual users. In many cases, the testing
tool vendor company develops its own proprietary browser that can be combined with a set of
instructions tailored to the testing of each client business. Besides, ongoing records of the virtual users'
experiences at the test site, including response times and errors, are also maintained for postproduction
analysis.
Many testing companies also monitor the client web site remotely to help diagnose connectivity
problems. The actual error messages experienced by the virtual users may be recorded for later review.
A set of logs can be created that document each of the user experiences and this information can later
be compared with the CPU and database testing information obtained during the test to diagnose the
problem.
One feature that load-testing tools often provide is testing the Web-based application externally from
multiple points of presence to find out if the quality of service provider's connectivity becomes the
cause of system slowdowns. For example, if the client network was expected to have 10 Mbps of
bandwidth but consistently experiences network slowdowns at 6 Mbps, this may signify that the
network is not getting its expected bandwidth, possibly due to overloading, underutilization, or wrong
usage.
A very useful feature of load/performance testing tool is that it provides information about the
performance of the infrastructure of the client network itself. Firewalls, routers and load balancers may
all be linked in a network. This may sometime create bottleneck, because a firewall may not have
sufficient throughput to withstand the number of simultaneous users. A load-testing tool essentially
simulates real user activity at the site and focuses more on performance of the application and the
database under stress.
2.3 Factors for Successful Load Testing
Parameters complicating and thereby lengthening the task of performance testing are the following -
complex tools, lack of experience, and lack of flexibility in the testing tools. Successful load testing
requires that the Testers be trained well on tools, educated about the application domain, design and
architecture to some extent, influence of technologies, and on performance testing methodologies.
Key steps involved in preparing for performance test are – 1. Prepare script, 2. Model and schedule
workload, and 3. Execute Script. The support provided by a load-testing tool plays a major role in
determining the cost-effectiveness, and the success of load-testing activity. The following are the
6
3. Journal of Information Engineering and Applications www.iiste.org
ISSN 2224-5758 (print) ISSN 2224-896X (online)
Vol 1, No.5, 2011
factors for successful load-testing.
• Testing at different speeds: It is the only way that allows us to see if slower connections use
more resources. However this may reduce the number of virtual users who may
simultaneously visit a web site.
• Testing on different browsers: Load testing on just one browser is not sufficient. For obtaining
insight into the error-free performance of the web-based applications, it is required to load-test
on different browsers.
• The ability to draw complex scenario to simulate user experiences: To simulate a real user
experience, the company that load tests needs to create a scenario where the information to do
the test are provided to the testing browsers. The scenarios need to be closely alike the
transactions performed by the real users of the Web site.
• Good amount of scripting possibilities: Maximum scripts are needed to exercise full test
scenario.
• Clear reporting: Reporting of errors, time response, throughput information, resource
utilization, network monitoring, etc. that help optimize the system performance is necessary.
• User friendly and intuitive tools: The tools thus developed must be user friendly and intuitive
to use such that the load testing effort becomes less costly, yet effective.
• Performance prediction: With an advanced capacity planning process, a system behavior can
be modeled and workload characteristics are forecast. However, the real-world performance
needs to be predicted with high scale up factor.
2.4 Application Performance
Typical performance objectives relate to response time and throughput under certain workload and
configuration. Testing for performance early in the life cycle and validation at various stages, starting
from the software requirements is a good practice. In fact performance analysis should be done during
each of the verification and validation activities of a product (Myers 1969) in phases shown in Figure
1.
Performance testing is considered as non-functional testing. During the requirement specification stage
performance objectives must be analyzed to ensure completeness, feasibility, and testability. Feasibility
could be ensured by prototyping, simulation, or other modeling approaches. In the design phase,
performance requirements must be applied to individual design components. Analysis of these
components can help determine if the assigned requirements can be met. Simulation, prototyping, and
modeling are the approaches applicable to this task. During the development and deployment,
performance analysis must be done at every level of testing, with careful construction of test data
suitable to the performance testing scenarios. Profile guided performance optimizations are used for
tuning the performance in modern microprocessors.
Memory is a major resource that is critical to the system and the application as well. The method of
reclaiming memory after its usage decides the overall performance. The technologies like
COM/DCOM, J2EE or .NET have inbuilt garbage collector routines for reclaiming memory, which are
based on popular algorithms such as simple mark-and-sweep, generation based or even advanced train
algorithm (Hudson and Moss 1992). Since memory related problems such as leaks, overflow, byte
order violation etc. cause major performance problems, often resulting in functional misbehavior as
well as security breach, these must be monitored and reported in the form of diagnostic reports.
With the advent of distributed and concurrent systems, and the commercial multi-cores as well as
Network-On-Chip kind of systems, memory related issues such as cache coherence and consistency
need to be considered as vital performance parameters. These have to be addressed and enough
measures need to be taken to combat any problems in this direction. Automated tracking of such
problems using a hardware-software co-design will be a great advantage (Sarojadevi and Nandy 2011).
Application performance is a cumulative result of all these aspects and tests need to be planned
accordingly.
2.5 Benefits of performance testing
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Performance testing brings in many advantages at various levels, be it business, project, process or
product level. The following are a few benefits of performance testing.
• Better reliability: Performance testing helps avoid deadlocks, improve response time; helps
provide scalability, fault tolerance, recovery from failures, etc.
• Shorter time to market: Performance testing reduces time to market greatly for large enterprise
applications. In general if 98% of the high priority requirements are successfully tested it is
then considered time to release to market. By treating the performance requirements that are
treated non-functional, as part of high priority requirements, we can improve time-to-market,
with considerable reduction in the test cycle, which results because of reduced defect rate.
• Helps put a tab on memory problems: Memory leak, overflow, data inconsistency, byte order
violation -are a few major problems that can be monitored, measured and controlled.
• Secure software: Performance testing helps ensure secure software by detecting memory
overflows, and other resource vulnerabilities, for web based as well as desktop-based
application.
• Benchmarking: This can allow testing Quality of Service of various architectural options.
• Future expansions very easy: Performance testing helps accurately predict the required system
and network capacity, which in turn helps in planning future expansions.
• Service level tests: Performance testing helps test various service levels to meet the challenges
after deploying the product; thereby supports acceptance testing.
2.6 Sources of performance problems – in a nutshell
A tester needs to be aware of primary sources of performance problems for effective and efficient
testing. The following are a few sources of performance problems that relate to various aspects of the
system and its architecture.
• Technologies: J2EE is considered the most scalable and high performance architecture.
However intense use of threading, use of rich environments, heavy transactions can cause
performance overheads in Java/J2EE environments. The session affinity feature of J2EE
provides ability to direct all the requests for a particular session to the same WebServer/J2EE
container. Most commercially available J2EE containers support session affinity, via Apache
or IIS plug-in, thereby ensuring server load balancing to guarantee high availability. Whereas,
.NET, and COM/DCOM are constrained by heavy memory footprint, tightly coupled nature,
heavy transaction entities between modules, and poor load balancing support.
• XML is used widely for interoperability support. Storage, retrieval and processing of XML
add delay if used in the critical path. For navigation through XML structure, use of Document
Object Model (DOM) incurs heavy memory footprint, whereas XPath navigator is lighter and
faster for normal usage.
• Database: Having a Database server on web server can lead to severe performance problems
besides adding security threats. Further, use of stored procedure (precompiled SQL
statements) can reduce network traffic.
• Languages: Use of Java is supposed to be highly performance oriented. However Java uses
synchronization statements in-between threads, locking resources in one place, which may
potentially cause deadlock that leads to system breakdown. A break at any point in the system
implies that the customers are not getting the service. The moment “Page not available” error
appears, the customer moves on to some other page that can provide similar support. In fact
all servlets contain several threads, a key source for memory leak and dead-locks.
• Network/interconnection: Network traffic and communication delay in the network are the
most common performance problems. Network round trip time is usually long for a
distributed application. Use of High Speed Ethernet (HSE) combining with high speed H1
field bus protocol at 31.25 KBits/sec provide complete solution. HSE can also connect to
fiber optic media. Thus it is well suited for mission critical monitoring and process control
applications, providing interoperability with any other connection technology, thereby having
an edge over TCP/IP and normal Ethernet.
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• Regarding protocols: Usage of network protocols need to be leveraged intelligently. For
instance, SOAP protocol can be slower, as well as heavier than HTTP.
• Wireless protocols: Bluetooth wireless technology for personal area networking or to connect
to ad-hoc networks operates over a short distance, with a high data transfer speed of 700Kbps.
Bluetooth devices use radio transmission at 2.4GHz, which enable computers, mobile phones,
printers, keyboards, mice, PDA, and other devices to communicate with each other without
cables. A Bluetooth device can transmit through walls, pockets, and briefcases. Major
performance problems like connection failure may happen, due to too many connections at a
time (having ignored scalability issue while architecting), or interference with other standards
such as wireless Wi-Fi 802.11 used for LAN, WAN, or the Internet.
• No batch processing: Using batch processing wherever possible, use of normalized data,
disconnected data objects as DataSet in .NET, can significantly improve network performance,
which is often ignored.
• Security features: Firewall, encryption or decryption of data in the database or outside, can
cause performance problems such as increased access delay.
• Platforms/Servers: Servers such as DELL servers or HP integrity servers optimize for
performance. These kinds of efficient servers must preferably be used always, as inefficient
servers lead to poor performance.
• Algorithms: Consider imaging algorithms, especially the ones used in Medical imaging. – the
techniques used for texture mapping, setting luminance values, packing and unpacking of
pixel data values (OpenGL 2012), are performance critical as well as function critical. For
instance, performing scaled normalization is necessary to get improved lighting condition that
gives subtle clues to the viewer about the curvature and orientation of surfaces in your scene.
However such operation includes complex arithmetic thereby slowing down the display. In
striking a trade-off between performance and correct visualization effects, resource problems
such as stack overflow1, delay, byte order violation in memory store/retrieval etc. may occur,
causing poor visualization (too bright/dull, unlit) of images leading to wrong diagnosis,
fatality, data inconsistency routing wrong/stale data, and even leading to system crash.
• Internationalization (i18N): Handling resource bundles in local language (CJKV2) often
requires more storage. Conversion from/to the local language may lead to memory
overflow/underflow and byte order violations. Wrapping up dates, data sorting issues, Bi-
directional (BiDi) support for Hebrew, Arabic, and Farsi, etc. need to be carefully designed to
optimize on performance and scalability. Thus testing for performance problems in local
environment is a must.
2.7 Ways to tackle
Strategic ways to combat the performance problems are as follows -
a. Building a test lab with the entire environment set up as with the actual deployment
including gigabytes of data storage, and carrying out the tests - This is close to real
scenario, still not a perfect practical one, since it is really hard to model or duplicate the
geologically spread nature of the application such as ATM banking, SAP, and wireless
mobile network applications.
b. Enhancing the infrastructure such as server upgrade, operating system upgrade from
Windows 2000 to Windows 2003 – A case study of doing this in one of the applications
increased server utilization by 36% for average 25-30 users; No delay has been observed.
c. Using automation tools for performance, load and stress testing – Use of standard
performance/load test automation tools during the testing phase or earlier can
significantly bring down the performance problems. Sometimes functional test
1
Simulating hardware stack in software can let overflow go undetected since it then writes into
memory locations without raising exception if not taken care.
2
Chinese, Japanese, Korean & Vietnamese Computing
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automation tools can also be enhanced to measure performance parameters such as
network delay and response time.
3. Popular Automation tools for Load Testing
A number of open source and vendor specific tools are available for load and performance testing (Jay
Philips 2010). A few providers of commonly used performance testing tools are given below.
The load testing software from Mercury Interactive (presently HP) is LoadRunner for predicting web
server behavior and performance. The IBM Rational performance tester (RPT) is another major player.
A performance testing tool, called SilkPerformer (Borland 2006) from Borland/Segue has many
attractive features combined with ease of use, flexibility, and good reporting facility, and useful
metrics. Many companies use IBM Tivoli performance monitoring tools.
QALoad is the Compuware performance testing tool, also providing performance monitoring services
with QACenter performance edition.
A few other tools are – forecastweb from facilita; E-Load from Empirix for web applications; NeoLoad
from Neotys, QuotiumPRO from Quotium -for load testing mid-range projects; ApacheBench from
Apache, HttpPerf, OpenLoad from Sourceforge for small projects.
Of the newcomers to the testing tool market an impressive one is Facilita that provides forecast, a non-
intrusive performance testing tool for system load testing, performance measurement and multi-user
functional testing. Sun Microsystems has a performance monitoring and diagnostics tool, called
Validation Test Suite (VTS) for monitoring performance of various hardware units such as cache,
memory, processor pipeline, DISK, I/O, etc. for data consistency, correctness, and power consumption.
Parasoft Webking is an Automated Web application testing, which performs Web site risk analysis,
functional testing, load and performance testing, and security analysis, thus ensuring that Web sites and
Web applications meet their reliability, security, and performance goals.
Besides this, there are freeware such as Apache JMeter that can be used for web page performance
testing such as SAP applications. It does not have wide feature set, nor can support multiple platform.
OpenSTA is another open source tool for web performance, load and stress testing.
4. Cloud Performance Testing
Cloud is a technology that provides a scalable virtual distributed environment to the application. Cloud
is deployed as services – including storage, middle layer and web deployments from which seamless
flexibility, availability and load balancing can be extracted by the applications. The rise of cloud
computing has brought the promise of infinite scalability for applications, but it has also brought a new
set of challenges for developers and performance testers. With HP’s LoadRunner in the Cloud (HP
2010 Cloud), businesses can test, tune, analyze and optimize applications for the cloud.
HP LoadRunner, the industry’s best-selling load testing software is available in the form of Amazon
Elastic Compute Cloud (Amazon EC2) for cloud applications, making performance testing accessible to
businesses of all sizes. This on-demand software gives clients a flexible “pay as you go” approach for
performance testing of mission-critical applications and websites.
HP also offers testing services delivered via Software as a Service (SaaS) to help IT organizations
further reduce costs and improve business results. The following are the two possible flavors.
• HP Elastic Test enables IT organizations to take advantage of cloud elasticity to instantly
expand testing capacity cost-effectively. Specifically designed for spike load testing, HP
Elastic Test provides the ability to scale up to very large loads in a utility-based fashion.
• HP Cloud Assure takes advantage of the speed, flexibility, scalability and cost-effectiveness of
cloud services. Based on 10 years of HP’s SaaS expertise and advanced service-level
performance, it delivers four of the following attributes, which are key to reliable cloud
computing – security, performance, availability and cost control.
5. Challenges for Performance Test Automation
The following are the challenges for any automated performance/load testing.
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• Traceability of Requirements into the performance testing tool
• Interface to test management tool
• Connection to defect management tool
• Support for internationalization
• Testing for availability, reliability, and recovery, load balancing, fault tolerance.
• Metrics for availability, reliability, failover cases and bandwidth usage. Silk performer has a
rich set of metrics.
• Report Generation in html, graph plots, XML, MS Excel, MS word and PDF forms is
desirable for the portability, security, and convertibility reasons.
• Support for post production analysis
• Monitoring Power consumption at various parts – desirable for power aware systems.
Any design of a performance test framework or tool needs to consider the above factors. Whenever a
test plan is written, the above aspects need to be considered for preparing non-functional test
requirement.
6. Conclusion
Performance testing is a more serious task than before, in the wake of emerging applications in
medical, healthcare, real-time, and mission-critical fields. While the common criteria of performance
such as response time and throughput seem trivial under normal conditions, they pose major challenges
to mission-critical applications and advanced technologies such as .NET, J2EE, XML. To ensure
quality, the process, and the third party tools used for development or testing need to be compliant with
standards - such as CMMi, or FDA (Food and Drug Administration) - a standard used for medical and
health applications, or standard such as MISRA - specific to communication, automotive, aerospace
and other real time application. Performance testing needs to be started in the early stages of the
product development cycle for better quality.
References
OpenGL (2012), “OpenGL - The Industry Standard for High Performance Graphics”, www.opengl.org.
H. Sarojadevi and S. K. Nandy (2011), "Processor-Directed Cache Coherence Mechanism – A
Performance Study", International Journal on Computer Science and Engineering, Volume 3, issue 9,
3202-3206.
HP (2010), “HP Brings Affordable Performance Testing to the Cloud”, HP white paper, online -
http://www.hp.com/go/loadrunnercloud.
Jay Philips (2010), "Words from a Purple Mind".
Borland (2006), “Choosing a Load Testing Strategy” , A Borland whitepaper.
Tom Kelley (2006), “The Art of Innovation”.
R.L. Hudson and E.B. Moss (1992), “Incremental collection of Mature Objects”, Proceedings of the
International Workshop on Memory Management, Springer-Verlag, 388-403
James S. Collofello (1988), “Introduction to software verification and validation”, SEI curriculum
module, CMU.
Glenford Myers (1969), “The Art of Software Testing”, John Wiley.
H. Sarojadevi is born in Udupi, Karnataka, India, and obtained PhD in Engineering from the Indian
Institute of Science in 2003. The author has more than 20 years of experience that spans software
development industry, research and education. The author’s major field of study is computer
architecture and parallel processing.
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Figure 1. Jupitor media metrix report - 46% users abandon sites possibly due to performance problems
Figure 1: Product development phases in which load testing activities must be leveraged
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