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Pedagogical theory for e-Learning Design: From ideals to reality?
The document discusses the evolution and implementation of e-learning, emphasizing the importance of aligning technology with pedagogical principles to enhance educational quality. It highlights various e-learning methodologies, the challenges of integrating technology effectively, and the need for teacher training in technology-enhanced teaching strategies. The conclusion stresses that while there is no one-size-fits-all approach to e-learning, certain evidence-backed principles can guide successful implementation.
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Pedagogical theory for e-Learning Design: From ideals to reality?
- 1. Pedagogical theory fore- Learning Design: From ideals to reality? Daniel K. Schneider TECFA – FPSE - Université de Genève daniel.schneider@unige.ch 9th Iranian Conference on e-Learning Kharazmi University, Teheran Thursday, March 12, 2015 1
- 2. 12.03.2015 2 1. Whatis e-learning ? 2. The role & evolution of technology 3. Educational principles – e-learning principles ? 4. People ? 5. E-learning and pedagogic change ? Menu
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- 4. 12.03.2015 4 E-learning (widelydefined): Digital education Technology-enhanced learning ICT in education Learning with technology Instructional technology Educational technology Other words to talk about the same subjet … Academic fields of research & study … the study and practice of facilitating learning and improving performance by creating, using, and managing appropriate technological processes and resources. (AECT)
- 5. E-learning ….. Widelydefined e-Learning Automated assessment Simulations and educational games Teleteaching through videos Interactive multimedia Online course management Knowledge creation Online collaboration Electronic books … and much more • in formal schools • in formal workplace learning • for informal learning • in distance teaching • in mixed (blended) teaching • in presence teaching Online tutoring Distance teaching 5
- 6. Cognitive tools forlearning, computer-assisted language learning, computer-based assessment systems, computer-based training, computer- mediated communications, computer-supported collaborative learning, distributed learning environments, electronic performance support systems, interactive learning environments, interactive multimedia systems, interactive simulations and games, intelligent agents on the Internet, intelligent tutoring systems, microworlds, virtual reality based learning systems, MOOCs, …. 12.03.2015 6 E-learning is many things (again). E-Learning «topics» are:
- 7. 3/12/2015 7 Use oftechnology in different domains: Reality does not match potential: … quality could be improved … scope and richness could be expanded administration contents Quizzing/e-assessment Guidance/tutoring Distance education Presence education Blended learning Prof. training OER, MOOCs, books
- 8. The role & evolutionof technology2. 8
- 9. E-learning = Ahistory of hype cycles 12.03.2015 9 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hype_cycle Technology, not pedagogy, triggers new cycles (mostly) Technology is the driving force, even if we do not like it … The Hype Cycle is a branded graphical tool by Gartner Consulting for representing the maturity, adoption and social application of specific technologies. 2 - 25 years
- 10. The technology hypecurve in education (Hypecycle, 2014) 12.03.2015 10 Interactive tool: https://hypecycle.umn.edu/
- 11. It is difficultto predict the future: Gartner etc. can be very wrong 12.03.2015 11 But in 2014: Podcasts are central in (x)MOOCs ! 2009: Gartner’s education hype cycle: «Podcasts/Edu cational TV are dead»
- 12. 1960 E-learning platforms Computer- based training 1970 1980 19902000 2010 CBL, micro-worlds simulations TV Intelligent tutoring Virtual Env. I Virtual Env. II Analytics MOOCs OER Edu games Non-edu tools CSCL 2015 E-learning - «Big inventions» about every 10 years • New administrative structures are created, • little communication between new and old structures • New people enter the game, no understanding of basic principles A huge diversity 12
- 13. Change is usuallyvery slow, sometimes it appears to be fast The xMOOCs «tsunami» bundles other stuff… cMOOCs (Downes & Siemens) xMOOCs Podcasts (iTunes) Khan academy (cool videos for kids) Rapid e-learning (short videos for grownups) Educational TV Teleteaching Computer quizzing (automated assessment) Peer-to-peer assessment Online communities Collaborative learning 2008 Educational broadcast (Edison ‘20) Open educational resources (OER) 1920 2012 13
- 14. Before following thelatest hype: Ask if it is compatible with sound instructional design principles ? …. with your ideals of teaching ? Look at past achievements of similar technology Analyse what a new technology can do (affordances for different pedagogies) 14
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- 16. Are there first principlesof good e- learning design ? Is there an «e- learning theory» ? 16
- 17. First question: whatis good education ? (M. David Merril) 1. The demonstration principle • Learning is promoted when learners observe a demonstration 2. The application principle • Learning is promoted when learners apply the new knowledge 3. The activation principle • Learning is promoted when learners activate prior knowledge or experience 4. The integration principle: • Learning is promoted when learners integrate their new knowledge into their everyday world 5. The task-centered principle • Learning is promoted when learners engage in tasks that lead to something http://mdavidmerrill.com/Papers/firstprinciplesbymerrill.pdf 17
- 18. 12.03.2015 18 Second question:what can e-education “add” to education ? 12.03.2015 18 Scenario 1 Scenario 2 Activity .. Activity 1 Activity 3 Activity 2 Activity 4 Tool 1 Tool 2 Tool 3 + Coordination / management tools Learner Products Product 1 Product 2 Product 3 (Videos, online text, blog, wiki, file upload, links manager, albums, glossary tool, calendar, forum, IM, project mgmt, databases, professional software, …) Activities are supported by tools (incl. digitized resources). Some activities can lead to tangible “products”, which can be discussed, evaluated, reused, etc. learning Products feed into activities
- 19. The e-learning challenge– make it better (1) 12.03.2015 19 low high Richness & quality N participants xMOOCs Online textBooks Dist. elearning with activites & tutoring Distance E-learning with quizzes Teacher-led E-learning with activities Blended learning 10000 10 1000 100 100’000 Videos ? ? ? ? ? Classroom learning ? Find good strategies and tactics to improve quality while keeping costs stable ?
- 20. The e-learning challenge– make it better (2) 12.03.2015 20 low high N participants Quality low high medium
- 21. 12.03.2015 21 The bottomline from many meta studies: Learners need guidance and feedback Most learners need (formal) challenge (informal self-guided learning cannot replace formal learning) Quality is more important than type of design (good transmissive learning is better than bad constructivist) Education is design for learning Ambitious strategies require “scripting” (who does what when with which resources) E-learning is design for learning, enhanced with digital tools
- 22. 12.03.2015 22 Adapt pedagogyto learning level / type • Define learning objectives • Adapt teaching strategy & tactics to objectives Anderson & Krathwohl taxonomy (picture from Wikipedia) high low Know that Know how Know in action
- 23. Learning types Ex.strategies Ex. technologies I: know that I-a Facts : recall, description, identification, etc. Direct instruction, programmed instruction, mastery learning Presentation of contents (texts, pictures, diagrams, multimedia animations) on various technical supports. I-b Concepts: discrimination, categorization, discussion, etc. Discovery learning, exploratory learning The computer as a library, Writing/drawing software II: know how II-a Reasoning and procedures: inferences, deductions, etc. + procedure application Simulation, virtual laboratory, problems to solve Various kinds of interaction that include quizzing software, CBT, Simulations, microworlds etc. II-b Problem solving and production strategies: sub goaling + application of heuristics/methods Case-based, inquiry- based, problem based learning Various computer-mediated communication (CMC) tools such as email, forums, audio/video conferences, virtual environments, e-portfolios, etc. III: knowing in action III Situated action: strategies in complex and authentic situations project-based learning Social software, portalware, Word processors, CAD, e- portfolios, simulation software, laboratory software, etc. IV: Other IV Other: e.g. motivation, emotion, reflection ARCS, learning portfolios Tools that favor presence and reflection. Strategiesandtechnologymustfitlearningtypesandgoals
- 24. 12.03.2015 24 Educational scenarios (learningdesigns) Define • who does what (tasks/activities) and when, • using tools and resources Scenarios = strategies & tactics made operational CompendiumLD (Learning design software)
- 25. Example: A strategyfor facts and simple procedure learning 1. Gain attention (ground the lesson, motivate) • Present a good problem, a new situation, use a multimedia advertisement, ask questions… 2. Describe the goal (frame the information, create expectancies) • State what will be accomplished, how knowledge can be used, give a demonstration,... 3. Stimulate recall of prior knowledge (help connecting) • … facts, rules, procedures or skills relevant to the current lesson …. 4. Present the material to be learned • e.g. text, graphics, simulations, figures, pictures, sound, etc. Chunk information 5. Provide guidance for learning • Presentation of content is different from instructions on how to learn. Use of different channel (e.g. side-boxes) 6. Elicit performance "practice" • Practice skills or apply knowledge. 7. Provide informative feedback • show correctness of the trainee's response, comment learner's behavior, …. 8. Assess performance, test if the lesson has been learned. • Also provide general progress information 9. Enhance retention and transfer • Provide additional practice. Put the learner in a transfer situation,... 9 events of instruction (Gagné) 25
- 26. Elicit questions Experiment, observe, read. Compose Q & A Present / Discuss Reframe The crucial difference between current formulations of inquiry and the traditional "scientific method" is the explicit recognition that inquiry is cyclic and nonlinear.» Sandoval 2004p. 216 http://tecfa.unige.ch/perso/lombardf/publications/maastrich-14-16XI07/ Example: Principles of inquiry-based learning 26
- 27. 0 5 7 29 0 2432 68 0 13 25 76 0 2 9 50 0 50 100 150 200 250 1 10 44 94 27, janvier 12h 27, janvier : 14h20 5,Février : 10h03 14, mars : 9h22 Nombred'items Progression de l'investigation : numéro de version et date (2007) Epistemic complexity of wiki page versions during an investigation (2007) Descriptions-simples Descriptions étayées Explications simples Explications étayées 4.5% 29.5% 54.5% 11.4% 12.7% 35.2% 45.0% 9.86% Complex explanationsSimple explanations Simple descriptions Detailed descriptions 22.4% 34.1% 30.5% 13.0% Some strategies take time: Inquiry learning (Lombard, 2012) It takes about 3 month before there is some deep learning !!
- 28. 12.03.2015 28 Tutoring structureand sentiment of presence Failure rates: • MOOCS: 95% • Distance education with little tutoring: 60-70 % • Distance education with tutoring and presence: 5-20 % Learners must be tutored • Break down learning activities into steps • Assign clear roles to tutors Learners must become part of a community. E.g. use: • chat sessions, • flipped classrooms • knowledge co-construction activities • sharable e-portfolios • peer commenting/tutoring/evaluation
- 29. 12.03.2015 29 Good e-learning: …..uses an appropriate pedagogical strategy aligned with goals, means and other constraints ….. creates active learning and active learners ….. Uses technology to enhance delivery, cognition, tutoring, collaboration, evaluation. etc Good e-learning technology: Supports educational strategies and tactics with appropriate tools
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- 31. The TPACK framework(teacher development) 12.03.2015 31 TPACK = be able to create technology enhanced teaching designs (that include use/teaching of domain technology too) (Koehler & Mishra) Teachers should be trained in using techology for education TK, TCK, TPK and TPACK is missing from teacher education
- 32. 12.03.2015 32 1% Rule:Only 1% of a community web site’s users are active Wikipedia statistics (feb 2014) • 18 billion page views • 500 million unique visitors each month. • 22 million accounts • ~70,000 active editors (0.01 %) • ~7000 do half of the content (0.001 %) Variants: 1-9-90 rule or 90–9–1 principle: Within a community: • 90% only view content, • 9% edit content • 1% actively create new content. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1%_rule_(Internet_culture) The Net generation – students and teachers (I)
- 33. 12.03.2015 33 Digital nativescan: • … engage in digital conversation • … create simple digital objects (messages, videos, posts, …) • … exchange digital objects Digital natives cannot: • … use professional software • … participate in knowledge creation environments • … articulate or even follow scenarios Internet skills are conversational Full ICT and knowledge working skills must be taught (some of it can be enforced in formal education !) The Net generation – students and teachers (II)
- 34. 12.03.2015 34 People tendto use a techno-pedagogy if it is: Technology acceptance Available (it must work) Useful (effective) Usable Return on Investment (efficient)
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- 36. Innovation in schools? Burkhardt and Schoenfeld, Educational Researcher (2003) • Model 1: Teachers read research and implement it in their classrooms: teachers neither have time nor skills • Model 2: Summary guides: not explicit, not enough • Model 3: General professional development: Long-term professional development for teachers can be effective. (Briars, 2001; Briars & Resnick, 2000). • Model 4: The policy route: diagnosis of causes is speculative, uses not effective time scales, etc. (Dillon, 2003). • Model 5: The long route: takes 25 years or more: productive dialectic between educational research and practice. • Model 6: Design experiments: Work, but can’t be scaled Time needed for school wide change= 25 years or more Best unit for change is school … a system may need >100 years36
- 37. 3/12/2015 37 Cost /Benefit E-learning offering the same quality as traditional teaching costs more ! Therefore, try reducing costs: Use standards Automatize what can be Reuse OER Peer-tutoring / commenting Focus material production on difficult matters Use/repurpose domain tools, e.g. engineering software, online word processors, …. Have students contribute (materials, tutoring) Some ideas ….
- 38. 12.03.2015 38 Conclusion There isno universal e-elearning implementation theory, but some principles that are supported by empirical evidence Implementation community (e.g. a school) create Goals and learning outcomes Teacher development Means Pedagogic design principles & strategies define constrain define Implement empower Technology infrastructure
- 39. 39 Thank you for listening Questions? Comments ?