1) The document discusses planning, conducting, and reporting geotechnical site investigations for transportation engineering projects.
2) It emphasizes the importance of asking the right questions to fully understand a site's geological environment and how it could impact a project. Both engineering and geological questions are important.
3) A variety of site investigation techniques are described, including geomorphological mapping, interpretation of aerial photographs, boreholes, and test pits to accurately characterize subsurface conditions. Comprehensive reporting at each stage of the investigation is also emphasized.
This document discusses the importance of geotechnical studies for engineering projects. Geotechnical studies provide geotechnical inputs that are incorporated into designs to ensure structures last as long as intended at minimum cost without compromising safety. Investigations depend on the type, size, design and purpose of the project. They are broadly divided into field-based studies like surface and subsurface investigations, and laboratory-based studies. Surface investigations include mapping, while subsurface investigations involve drilling, drifting and geophysical methods. Properties of soil and rock are determined in the field and laboratory. These studies are conducted at various project stages from preliminary to construction. The key aspects investigated include thickness of overburden, depth of bedrock, and presence of weak zones.
Subsurface investigation is an essential preliminary step for any civil engineering project to understand subsurface conditions. It involves sampling and examining subsurface materials like soil and rock to provide data for design recommendations. The investigation process includes planning explorations, executing them using techniques like boreholes and test pits, laboratory testing of samples, and reporting findings with descriptions, test results, analyses, and recommendations. The stages are reconnaissance, data collection, in-depth investigation, and laboratory testing to characterize subsurface conditions like bearing capacity. This informs foundation selection and predicts issues like settlement.
1. The document discusses subsurface exploration for geotechnical engineering projects. Subsurface exploration involves methods like trial pits, boreholes, and geophysical tests to understand soil conditions below the surface.
2. Proper subsurface exploration is important for foundation design, construction planning, and other aspects of civil engineering projects. The document outlines factors that determine the scope and methods of exploration for different project types.
3. Key methods discussed include trial pits, hand auger and mechanical boreholes, wash boring, and sampling techniques to obtain representative, disturbed and undisturbed soil samples for testing and analysis. Guidelines are provided on spacing, depth and other aspects of effective subsurface exploration.
The document provides guidelines on geotechnical investigations and rock mass classification for tunnel design and construction in India. It discusses the objectives and phases of geotechnical investigations, including preliminary studies, pre-construction planning, and construction phase investigations. It also describes several rock mass classification systems used for tunnel design, including Terzaghi's system, Rock Quality Designation (RQD), and Rock Mass Rating (RMR). The guidelines aim to help engineers properly design, construct and maintain tunnels in India.
Site Investigation for Tunneling_TTN.pptxTunTunNaing14
This document provides an overview of site investigation procedures for tunneling projects. It discusses the objectives of site investigations which include developing a conceptual model of ground conditions and behaviors. It outlines various investigation techniques such as desk studies, site reconnaissance, subsurface investigations including borings and sampling, in-situ testing, geophysical testing, and environmental studies. The document also discusses preliminary studies of tunnel type and shape, route selection factors, and groundwater control methods.
This chapter discusses engineering geological site investigations. The objectives of a site investigation are to understand subsurface conditions like soil/rock profiles, groundwater levels, and physical properties in order to determine appropriate foundation types and provide design recommendations. A site investigation involves planning, execution of field and lab testing, and report writing. Fieldwork includes collecting disturbed and undisturbed samples, in-situ tests, and borehole logging. Proper data interpretation is also important and involves understanding measurement scales, analyzing data, and drawing conclusions. The overall goal is to safely and economically design and construct engineering projects based on site-specific conditions.
This document discusses the importance of geotechnical studies for engineering projects. Geotechnical studies provide geotechnical inputs that are incorporated into designs to ensure structures last as long as intended at minimum cost without compromising safety. Investigations depend on the type, size, design and purpose of the project. They are broadly divided into field-based studies like surface and subsurface investigations, and laboratory-based studies. Surface investigations include mapping, while subsurface investigations involve drilling, drifting and geophysical methods. Properties of soil and rock are determined in the field and laboratory. These studies are conducted at various project stages from preliminary to construction. The key aspects investigated include thickness of overburden, depth of bedrock, and presence of weak zones.
Subsurface investigation is an essential preliminary step for any civil engineering project to understand subsurface conditions. It involves sampling and examining subsurface materials like soil and rock to provide data for design recommendations. The investigation process includes planning explorations, executing them using techniques like boreholes and test pits, laboratory testing of samples, and reporting findings with descriptions, test results, analyses, and recommendations. The stages are reconnaissance, data collection, in-depth investigation, and laboratory testing to characterize subsurface conditions like bearing capacity. This informs foundation selection and predicts issues like settlement.
1. The document discusses subsurface exploration for geotechnical engineering projects. Subsurface exploration involves methods like trial pits, boreholes, and geophysical tests to understand soil conditions below the surface.
2. Proper subsurface exploration is important for foundation design, construction planning, and other aspects of civil engineering projects. The document outlines factors that determine the scope and methods of exploration for different project types.
3. Key methods discussed include trial pits, hand auger and mechanical boreholes, wash boring, and sampling techniques to obtain representative, disturbed and undisturbed soil samples for testing and analysis. Guidelines are provided on spacing, depth and other aspects of effective subsurface exploration.
The document provides guidelines on geotechnical investigations and rock mass classification for tunnel design and construction in India. It discusses the objectives and phases of geotechnical investigations, including preliminary studies, pre-construction planning, and construction phase investigations. It also describes several rock mass classification systems used for tunnel design, including Terzaghi's system, Rock Quality Designation (RQD), and Rock Mass Rating (RMR). The guidelines aim to help engineers properly design, construct and maintain tunnels in India.
Site Investigation for Tunneling_TTN.pptxTunTunNaing14
This document provides an overview of site investigation procedures for tunneling projects. It discusses the objectives of site investigations which include developing a conceptual model of ground conditions and behaviors. It outlines various investigation techniques such as desk studies, site reconnaissance, subsurface investigations including borings and sampling, in-situ testing, geophysical testing, and environmental studies. The document also discusses preliminary studies of tunnel type and shape, route selection factors, and groundwater control methods.
This chapter discusses engineering geological site investigations. The objectives of a site investigation are to understand subsurface conditions like soil/rock profiles, groundwater levels, and physical properties in order to determine appropriate foundation types and provide design recommendations. A site investigation involves planning, execution of field and lab testing, and report writing. Fieldwork includes collecting disturbed and undisturbed samples, in-situ tests, and borehole logging. Proper data interpretation is also important and involves understanding measurement scales, analyzing data, and drawing conclusions. The overall goal is to safely and economically design and construct engineering projects based on site-specific conditions.
The document discusses the three stages of site investigation: 1) a desk study involving collecting existing information about the site, 2) a walk-over survey to confirm and further investigate information from the desk study, and 3) a ground investigation using techniques like boreholes and trial pits to obtain detailed soil information. The walk-over survey involves inspecting six areas of the site, while the ground investigation provides soil classification, profiles, and parameters needed for foundation design. Understanding the groundwater conditions is also important, as a high water table can increase construction costs and risks.
This document discusses site investigation and selection of dam types. It outlines the functional and technical requirements that must be satisfied for a dam site, including hydrological characteristics, available head and storage, and geological/geotechnical properties. A coordinated team of specialists is needed to properly evaluate engineering, geological, and environmental factors. Site investigations involve collecting physical, topographic, geological, hydrological, and materials data to assess suitability and inform dam design. Key considerations for site selection include catchment characteristics, foundation conditions, material availability, and project development needs.
Tunnelling is a serious engineering project.
In addition to large investment cost, the challenges related to long and deep tunnels are considerable.
Important aspects which needs to be considered are related to the construction works, geology, environment and operation. his module highlights all these aspects.
This document discusses ground investigation for tunnelling projects. It covers objectives of ground investigation planning including suitability assessment, design, construction planning and environmental impact determination. Key risks like water ingress, ground collapse and obstructions are highlighted. Common ground conditions like dykes, wedges and timber piles are shown. Strategies and techniques for ground investigation planning, during design and construction stages are outlined. Methods for different ground types like soft ground, hard rock and karst deposits are also described. The document emphasizes comprehensive planning and supervision of ground investigation works for tunnelling projects.
The document discusses various methods of soil exploration including borings, test pits, and geophysical methods. It describes the objectives of soil exploration as determining the suitable foundation type, bearing capacity, and other factors. The key methods discussed are displacement boring, wash boring, auger boring, rotary drilling, percussion drilling, and continuous sampling boring. Each method is suited to different soil conditions and provides varying sample quality and depth capability.
The document discusses various methods of soil exploration including borings, test pits, and geophysical methods. It describes the objectives of soil exploration as determining the suitable foundation type, bearing capacity, and other factors. The key methods discussed are displacement boring, wash boring, auger boring, rotary drilling, percussion drilling, and continuous sampling boring. Each method is explained along with its suitable soil conditions, advantages, and limitations.
This document discusses engineering geological mapping and provides details on:
1) The purpose of engineering geological maps is to provide basic information for land use planning, engineering works planning/design/construction/maintenance, and environmental planning.
2) Engineering geological maps represent characteristics of rocks/soils, hydrogeological conditions, geomorphological conditions, and active geodynamic phenomena.
3) Classification of rocks and soils on maps is based on properties indicating physical/engineering characteristics, such as mineralogy, texture, structure, and weathering state.
Geotechnical engineering is concerned with engineering behavior of earth materials. It uses principles of soil and rock mechanics to investigate subsurface conditions, determine material properties, evaluate stability, assess risks, design foundations and earthworks, and monitor sites. A typical project involves reviewing needs, investigating the site through borings, laboratory testing, and assessing risks from natural hazards. Geotechnical engineers then design appropriate foundations and earthworks. Subsurface investigations characterize subsurface conditions and allow engineers to evaluate how earth will behave under structural loads.
This document discusses the application of geophysical methods in geotechnical engineering to characterize subsurface properties. It introduces direct exploration techniques like boring and indirect methods like examining maps. Common geophysical methods described are electrical resistivity tomography, multichannel analysis of surface waves, ground penetrating radar, and LIDAR which can identify buried objects, map subsurface structures, and detect changes in elevation. These techniques help assess site properties like bedrock depth, seepage zones, and subsoil competence to inform site investigations and construction plans.
The document discusses the process and elements of site analysis for architecture and design projects. Site analysis involves researching social, historical, climatic, geographic, legal and infrastructure aspects of a location. It is an inventory of existing conditions on and around the project site, including contextual analysis of surrounding development. The typical elements addressed in site analysis are location, size/shape, drainage, zoning, utilities, on-site features, traffic, views and climate. Site analysis informs early design concepts so responses can incorporate external conditions.
This document discusses geotechnical aspects related to building foundations. It covers topics like geotechnical surveys, investigation objectives and stages. It describes different field and laboratory tests done during investigation. The document discusses classification of foundations, design procedures, planning considerations like footing depth and effects of groundwater. It also covers shallow foundations like isolated, combined, spread and raft footings and deep foundations like pile and pier foundations.
Module 4 Introduction to Surveying and Levelling.pptxSilasChaudhari
The document provides an introduction to the field of surveying, including definitions of surveying, its objectives, fundamental principles, classifications based on nature, purpose and instruments used, and applications. It also describes various methods of linear measurements in surveying such as chaining, optical methods, EDM methods, and approximate methods. Details on types of chains, instruments used in chaining, and the method of direct measurements are provided.
The document outlines the key stages of mining exploration and prospecting. Prospecting uses direct methods like visual examination of rock exposures and indirect geophysical/geochemical techniques to locate potential mineral deposits. Exploration utilizes more advanced tools like drilling and geochemical analysis to determine the size and grade of identified deposits. Samples are analyzed and feasibility studies conducted to assess mining viability based on factors like reserves, costs, environment, and demand. If viable, projects then progress to the development and exploitation stages of mining.
Location survey for the Rural and urban areasRana Ibrahim
The document discusses location surveys that are carried out in rural and urban areas for transportation engineering projects. In rural areas, location surveys typically involve three stages - reconnaissance survey, preliminary line survey, and location survey. These aim to evaluate feasible routes and select the best route. In urban areas, the reconnaissance and preliminary surveys are often combined due to the complex environment. Final location surveys in both rural and urban areas precisely establish the project centerline and collect physical data needed for construction plans.
Site investigation involves determining the soil layers and properties beneath a proposed structure. It helps select the foundation type and depth, evaluate load capacity, estimate settlement, and identify potential issues. The exploration program uses methods like test pits, auger and wash borings, probing, and geophysics to obtain samples and measure properties. A site investigation includes planning borings and tests, executing fieldwork, and reporting the findings and recommendations.
The document discusses highway alignment and route surveys. It describes the requirements of an ideal alignment including being short, easy to construct and maintain, economical, and safe. It discusses factors that control highway alignment such as obligatory points, traffic, geometry, economy, and drainage. It also describes different types of route location surveys including reconnaissance, preliminary, and final location surveys. These surveys are used to identify feasible routes, collect data, estimate earthworks, and finalize the best alignment.
Importance of geological considerations while choosing tunnel sites and align...Buddharatna godboley
This document discusses the importance of geological considerations when selecting sites and alignments for tunnels. It notes that geological investigations are essential for choosing the best route, determining the excavation method, designing the tunnel, assessing costs and stability, and evaluating environmental hazards. The document provides details on how different rock types and geological structures like folding and faulting can impact tunnel construction and design. It emphasizes that understanding the area's geology is crucial for planning tunnels and minimizing risks.
This document outlines laboratory experiments for a geotechnical engineering course, including determining liquid limit, plastic limit, dry density, particle size distribution, compaction, and specific gravity of soil. It describes how geotechnical investigations are performed through surface and subsurface exploration to obtain soil properties for engineering design, and notes tests will be conducted in groups and laboratory experiment reports should follow a specific format.
ViewShift: Hassle-free Dynamic Policy Enforcement for Every Data LakeWalaa Eldin Moustafa
Dynamic policy enforcement is becoming an increasingly important topic in today’s world where data privacy and compliance is a top priority for companies, individuals, and regulators alike. In these slides, we discuss how LinkedIn implements a powerful dynamic policy enforcement engine, called ViewShift, and integrates it within its data lake. We show the query engine architecture and how catalog implementations can automatically route table resolutions to compliance-enforcing SQL views. Such views have a set of very interesting properties: (1) They are auto-generated from declarative data annotations. (2) They respect user-level consent and preferences (3) They are context-aware, encoding a different set of transformations for different use cases (4) They are portable; while the SQL logic is only implemented in one SQL dialect, it is accessible in all engines.
#SQL #Views #Privacy #Compliance #DataLake
The document discusses the three stages of site investigation: 1) a desk study involving collecting existing information about the site, 2) a walk-over survey to confirm and further investigate information from the desk study, and 3) a ground investigation using techniques like boreholes and trial pits to obtain detailed soil information. The walk-over survey involves inspecting six areas of the site, while the ground investigation provides soil classification, profiles, and parameters needed for foundation design. Understanding the groundwater conditions is also important, as a high water table can increase construction costs and risks.
This document discusses site investigation and selection of dam types. It outlines the functional and technical requirements that must be satisfied for a dam site, including hydrological characteristics, available head and storage, and geological/geotechnical properties. A coordinated team of specialists is needed to properly evaluate engineering, geological, and environmental factors. Site investigations involve collecting physical, topographic, geological, hydrological, and materials data to assess suitability and inform dam design. Key considerations for site selection include catchment characteristics, foundation conditions, material availability, and project development needs.
Tunnelling is a serious engineering project.
In addition to large investment cost, the challenges related to long and deep tunnels are considerable.
Important aspects which needs to be considered are related to the construction works, geology, environment and operation. his module highlights all these aspects.
This document discusses ground investigation for tunnelling projects. It covers objectives of ground investigation planning including suitability assessment, design, construction planning and environmental impact determination. Key risks like water ingress, ground collapse and obstructions are highlighted. Common ground conditions like dykes, wedges and timber piles are shown. Strategies and techniques for ground investigation planning, during design and construction stages are outlined. Methods for different ground types like soft ground, hard rock and karst deposits are also described. The document emphasizes comprehensive planning and supervision of ground investigation works for tunnelling projects.
The document discusses various methods of soil exploration including borings, test pits, and geophysical methods. It describes the objectives of soil exploration as determining the suitable foundation type, bearing capacity, and other factors. The key methods discussed are displacement boring, wash boring, auger boring, rotary drilling, percussion drilling, and continuous sampling boring. Each method is suited to different soil conditions and provides varying sample quality and depth capability.
The document discusses various methods of soil exploration including borings, test pits, and geophysical methods. It describes the objectives of soil exploration as determining the suitable foundation type, bearing capacity, and other factors. The key methods discussed are displacement boring, wash boring, auger boring, rotary drilling, percussion drilling, and continuous sampling boring. Each method is explained along with its suitable soil conditions, advantages, and limitations.
This document discusses engineering geological mapping and provides details on:
1) The purpose of engineering geological maps is to provide basic information for land use planning, engineering works planning/design/construction/maintenance, and environmental planning.
2) Engineering geological maps represent characteristics of rocks/soils, hydrogeological conditions, geomorphological conditions, and active geodynamic phenomena.
3) Classification of rocks and soils on maps is based on properties indicating physical/engineering characteristics, such as mineralogy, texture, structure, and weathering state.
Geotechnical engineering is concerned with engineering behavior of earth materials. It uses principles of soil and rock mechanics to investigate subsurface conditions, determine material properties, evaluate stability, assess risks, design foundations and earthworks, and monitor sites. A typical project involves reviewing needs, investigating the site through borings, laboratory testing, and assessing risks from natural hazards. Geotechnical engineers then design appropriate foundations and earthworks. Subsurface investigations characterize subsurface conditions and allow engineers to evaluate how earth will behave under structural loads.
This document discusses the application of geophysical methods in geotechnical engineering to characterize subsurface properties. It introduces direct exploration techniques like boring and indirect methods like examining maps. Common geophysical methods described are electrical resistivity tomography, multichannel analysis of surface waves, ground penetrating radar, and LIDAR which can identify buried objects, map subsurface structures, and detect changes in elevation. These techniques help assess site properties like bedrock depth, seepage zones, and subsoil competence to inform site investigations and construction plans.
The document discusses the process and elements of site analysis for architecture and design projects. Site analysis involves researching social, historical, climatic, geographic, legal and infrastructure aspects of a location. It is an inventory of existing conditions on and around the project site, including contextual analysis of surrounding development. The typical elements addressed in site analysis are location, size/shape, drainage, zoning, utilities, on-site features, traffic, views and climate. Site analysis informs early design concepts so responses can incorporate external conditions.
This document discusses geotechnical aspects related to building foundations. It covers topics like geotechnical surveys, investigation objectives and stages. It describes different field and laboratory tests done during investigation. The document discusses classification of foundations, design procedures, planning considerations like footing depth and effects of groundwater. It also covers shallow foundations like isolated, combined, spread and raft footings and deep foundations like pile and pier foundations.
Module 4 Introduction to Surveying and Levelling.pptxSilasChaudhari
The document provides an introduction to the field of surveying, including definitions of surveying, its objectives, fundamental principles, classifications based on nature, purpose and instruments used, and applications. It also describes various methods of linear measurements in surveying such as chaining, optical methods, EDM methods, and approximate methods. Details on types of chains, instruments used in chaining, and the method of direct measurements are provided.
The document outlines the key stages of mining exploration and prospecting. Prospecting uses direct methods like visual examination of rock exposures and indirect geophysical/geochemical techniques to locate potential mineral deposits. Exploration utilizes more advanced tools like drilling and geochemical analysis to determine the size and grade of identified deposits. Samples are analyzed and feasibility studies conducted to assess mining viability based on factors like reserves, costs, environment, and demand. If viable, projects then progress to the development and exploitation stages of mining.
Location survey for the Rural and urban areasRana Ibrahim
The document discusses location surveys that are carried out in rural and urban areas for transportation engineering projects. In rural areas, location surveys typically involve three stages - reconnaissance survey, preliminary line survey, and location survey. These aim to evaluate feasible routes and select the best route. In urban areas, the reconnaissance and preliminary surveys are often combined due to the complex environment. Final location surveys in both rural and urban areas precisely establish the project centerline and collect physical data needed for construction plans.
Site investigation involves determining the soil layers and properties beneath a proposed structure. It helps select the foundation type and depth, evaluate load capacity, estimate settlement, and identify potential issues. The exploration program uses methods like test pits, auger and wash borings, probing, and geophysics to obtain samples and measure properties. A site investigation includes planning borings and tests, executing fieldwork, and reporting the findings and recommendations.
The document discusses highway alignment and route surveys. It describes the requirements of an ideal alignment including being short, easy to construct and maintain, economical, and safe. It discusses factors that control highway alignment such as obligatory points, traffic, geometry, economy, and drainage. It also describes different types of route location surveys including reconnaissance, preliminary, and final location surveys. These surveys are used to identify feasible routes, collect data, estimate earthworks, and finalize the best alignment.
Importance of geological considerations while choosing tunnel sites and align...Buddharatna godboley
This document discusses the importance of geological considerations when selecting sites and alignments for tunnels. It notes that geological investigations are essential for choosing the best route, determining the excavation method, designing the tunnel, assessing costs and stability, and evaluating environmental hazards. The document provides details on how different rock types and geological structures like folding and faulting can impact tunnel construction and design. It emphasizes that understanding the area's geology is crucial for planning tunnels and minimizing risks.
This document outlines laboratory experiments for a geotechnical engineering course, including determining liquid limit, plastic limit, dry density, particle size distribution, compaction, and specific gravity of soil. It describes how geotechnical investigations are performed through surface and subsurface exploration to obtain soil properties for engineering design, and notes tests will be conducted in groups and laboratory experiment reports should follow a specific format.
ViewShift: Hassle-free Dynamic Policy Enforcement for Every Data LakeWalaa Eldin Moustafa
Dynamic policy enforcement is becoming an increasingly important topic in today’s world where data privacy and compliance is a top priority for companies, individuals, and regulators alike. In these slides, we discuss how LinkedIn implements a powerful dynamic policy enforcement engine, called ViewShift, and integrates it within its data lake. We show the query engine architecture and how catalog implementations can automatically route table resolutions to compliance-enforcing SQL views. Such views have a set of very interesting properties: (1) They are auto-generated from declarative data annotations. (2) They respect user-level consent and preferences (3) They are context-aware, encoding a different set of transformations for different use cases (4) They are portable; while the SQL logic is only implemented in one SQL dialect, it is accessible in all engines.
#SQL #Views #Privacy #Compliance #DataLake
Unleashing the Power of Data_ Choosing a Trusted Analytics Platform.pdfEnterprise Wired
In this guide, we'll explore the key considerations and features to look for when choosing a Trusted analytics platform that meets your organization's needs and delivers actionable intelligence you can trust.
Analysis insight about a Flyball dog competition team's performanceroli9797
Insight of my analysis about a Flyball dog competition team's last year performance. Find more: https://github.com/rolandnagy-ds/flyball_race_analysis/tree/main
STATATHON: Unleashing the Power of Statistics in a 48-Hour Knowledge Extravag...sameer shah
"Join us for STATATHON, a dynamic 2-day event dedicated to exploring statistical knowledge and its real-world applications. From theory to practice, participants engage in intensive learning sessions, workshops, and challenges, fostering a deeper understanding of statistical methodologies and their significance in various fields."
Global Situational Awareness of A.I. and where its headedvikram sood
You can see the future first in San Francisco.
Over the past year, the talk of the town has shifted from $10 billion compute clusters to $100 billion clusters to trillion-dollar clusters. Every six months another zero is added to the boardroom plans. Behind the scenes, there’s a fierce scramble to secure every power contract still available for the rest of the decade, every voltage transformer that can possibly be procured. American big business is gearing up to pour trillions of dollars into a long-unseen mobilization of American industrial might. By the end of the decade, American electricity production will have grown tens of percent; from the shale fields of Pennsylvania to the solar farms of Nevada, hundreds of millions of GPUs will hum.
The AGI race has begun. We are building machines that can think and reason. By 2025/26, these machines will outpace college graduates. By the end of the decade, they will be smarter than you or I; we will have superintelligence, in the true sense of the word. Along the way, national security forces not seen in half a century will be un-leashed, and before long, The Project will be on. If we’re lucky, we’ll be in an all-out race with the CCP; if we’re unlucky, an all-out war.
Everyone is now talking about AI, but few have the faintest glimmer of what is about to hit them. Nvidia analysts still think 2024 might be close to the peak. Mainstream pundits are stuck on the wilful blindness of “it’s just predicting the next word”. They see only hype and business-as-usual; at most they entertain another internet-scale technological change.
Before long, the world will wake up. But right now, there are perhaps a few hundred people, most of them in San Francisco and the AI labs, that have situational awareness. Through whatever peculiar forces of fate, I have found myself amongst them. A few years ago, these people were derided as crazy—but they trusted the trendlines, which allowed them to correctly predict the AI advances of the past few years. Whether these people are also right about the next few years remains to be seen. But these are very smart people—the smartest people I have ever met—and they are the ones building this technology. Perhaps they will be an odd footnote in history, or perhaps they will go down in history like Szilard and Oppenheimer and Teller. If they are seeing the future even close to correctly, we are in for a wild ride.
Let me tell you what we see.
Challenges of Nation Building-1.pptx with more important
فصل اول.pdf
1. Planning, Conducting and Reporting
of Geotechnical
اول فصل
Transportation Engineering Master Program
1
2. THE NEED TO ASK THE RIGHT
QUESTIONS
• The French detective, Bertillon, have a statement: “We only
see what we observe, but we can only observe that which is
already in the mind’’.
• Experience in engineering site investigations show every
foundation failure and contractual dispute due to ‘changed
geological conditions. There are two types of questions,
namely:
• – engineering questions, which relate essentially to the
design, construction and operation of any structure of the
type proposed and
• – geological questions, which arise from understanding of
the site geological environment and its likely influence on
the design, construction and operation of the projects. 2
3. Geotechnical Engineering Questions
• For Transportation Engineering (TE)which are
intended to Highways and Railways and there
structures like bridge, Tunnels etc., it is obvious that
important questions must relate to the permeability,
seepage, strength and compressibility of the
foundations, slope stability. However, there are many
other equally important questions. 3 main processes
involved in TE, their principal effects on the site
environment, and some resulting questions for the
designer and site investigator, are as follows:
3
4. Continues…
1. Excavation: To reach suitable levels for TE
structures base and foundations and fillings,...
2.Foundation loading: Imposed by the structure,
raises questions of compressibility of the foundation
and its shear strength against sliding retaining
structures, filling subgrade and earthquake loading.
3. Inundation (
آبگرفتگی
) – Filling the storage: Causes
changes to the groundwater regime and dewatering of
the roads and railways alignments.
4
5. Geological questions
• The following notes highlight the importance of
asking and finding the answers to such questions, and
of relating them to other site factors such as climate
and topography and the proposed development.
1- Questions relating to rock and soil types, climate
and topography
• The relative importance of any one of the
engineering questions:
5
6. Continues…
• 1. Sources of materials, for the following purposes:
– Earthfill, for the core or other zones.– Filters.
– Rockfill.– Rip-rap.– Concrete aggregates.– Road
Pavements.– For each material: Location of
alternative sources, qualities/suitability’s, quantities,
methods for– winning and processing. Overburden
and waste materials and quantities.
Possible use of materials from required excavations,
cutting, other works and TE structure's foundations.
6
7. Continues…
3-Rivers
Levels and floods
Stability of slops inside an outside of embankment
Erodibility of soils
4- Embankment
• Location, Nature of materials to be excavated..
• Cutting and filling and dewatering
• Permeability, compressibility, shear strength,
settlements and Monitoring systems
7
8. Continues…
5- Pavement
• Type
• Material
• Dewatering
• Soil subgrade
6- HW-Bridge
Foundation
Pairs and abetments
superstructures
7- Railway tracks
• Soil subgrade
• sub blasts
• blasts
- Bridge- RW
Foundation
Pairs and abetments
superstructures
8
9. Continues…
7- De stressing
• Chemical weathering
of rocks and soils
• Deposition of cement
• Erosion of wind and
water
• Deposition (
نشین ته
شدن
) of sediment
• Creep, land sliding
• Subsidence (
فرونشست
)
• Pressure by groundwater
• Freezing
• Burrowing (
زدن نقب
) by
animals
• Growth of vegetation
• Rotting of roots of
vegetation/buried timber
• Seismicity, i.e. shaking, or
displacement on a fault
• Volcanism and
• Glaciation 9
10. Questions relating to geological processes, i.e.
to the history of development of the site
• It is not enough, during the design and
construction of a major TE projects, to know
simply what rock or soil types are present, their
engineering properties and their approximate
Distribution
• The most important processes are usually the
youngest, commonly those relating to the near-
surface.
• This is partly because they will have had a major
influence on the strength and stability.
10
11. AN ITERATIVE (
تکرار
) APPROACH TO THE
INVESTIGATIONS
• The following notes relate to the four phases on Figure
4.1.
• Phase 1. First, the objectives of the work, or questions to
be answered, are defined.
• Phase 2. Existing geological, geotechnical and other data
relevant to the site are collected and compiled to give a
tentative (
تجربی
) geotechnical model (or models).
• Phase 3. The investigations are planned to confirm the
tentative answers and tentative geotechnical model and to
answer the outstanding questions.
• Phase 4. The investigations proceed in stages as planned.
11
13. PROGRESSION FROM REGIONAL TO LOCAL
STUDIES
• The geological studies in Phases 1 to 4 start with
consideration of the site location in relation to the global
tectonic situation, and should include study of the geology
of a broad region surrounding the site.
• This is necessary to assess the effects on the project of
large scale processes, some of which (Table 4.2) may have
potential to damage it.
• The regional geological studies are followed by geological
and geotechnical engineering studies at and near the site,
on intermediate and detailed scales.
13
14. Broad regional studies
• Objectives
• 1. Major geological processes
• 2. To determine the regional stratigraphy (
زمین شناسی طبقه
) and
geological structure.
• 3. To explain the geomorphology of the project area in terms
of the regional stratigraphy, structure and geological history.
• 4. To draw attention to important features, major faults or
landslides, occurring at or close to the site, but not exposed or
recognizable at the site.
• 5. To get an appreciation of the regional groundwater
conditions.
• 6. To form a logical basis for the location and proving of
sources of construction materials.
14
15. REPORTING
• It is important during all stages, that the geotechnical
facts, interpretations, conclusions and decisions made
from them are recorded regularly by a system of formal
progress reports.
• A comprehensive report is essential at the end of each
stage, setting out the answers to the questions of that
stage and with recommendations for the next stage.
• The report (or a separate one) should include the results
of analysis and design, e.g, stability analysis, design of
filters.
• A formal system for checking and certification is needed
for all drawings and reports.
15
16. THE SITE INVESTIGATION TEAM
• 1. Knowledge of precedents (
سابقه
) .
• 2. Knowledge of geology.
• 3. Knowledge of soil and rock mechanics.
• 4. Knowledge of geotechnical and civil
engineering design.
• 5. Knowledge of civil engineering and TE
construction.
• 6. Knowledge of direct and indirect exploratory
methods.
• 7. Above average application.
16
17. SITE INVESTIGATION TECHNIQES
• A fundamental requirement for the investigation and
design of any project is accurate location and level of all
relevant data.
• Topographic maps at suitable scales are essential with
establishment on site of clearly identified benchmarks.
• All features recorded during the investigation should be
located and levelled, preferably in relation to a regional
coordinate system and datum
• A local system may be established provided that at some
stage during the investigation the relation between the
regional and local survey systems is determined.
17
18. Count…
• Topographic maps at several scales are required:
• – Regional maps, 1:250,000 with 20– 50m
contours to 1:25,000 with 10m contours.
• – Catchment area, 1:25,000 with 10m contours
to 1:2000 with 2m contours.
• – Project area, 1:1000 with 2m contours to 1:200
with 1m contours.
• – Individual engineering structures, 1:500 with
1m contours to 1:200 with 0.5m contours.
18
19. PHOTOGRAPHS AND PHOTOGRAPHS TAKEN
DURING CONSTRUCTION
• Interpretation (
تشریح
) of satellite images:
Standard LANDSAT images are at 1:100,000 scale
but images at 1:500,000 and 1:250,000 are also
available.
• – planning of access routes to and within the
project area,
• – location of potential sources of construction
materials
19
20. Interpretation of aerial photographs
• Coverage
• Coverage or scale, it is best to take new
photographs with the following advantages:
• – the photographs will show present conditions,
• – the required scales and coverage can be
specified and
• - the photographs can be used to prepare
topographic maps.
• Aerial photographs taken at different dates can
indicate changes in site conditions.
20
21. Interpretation
• Photo-geological interpretation using a stereoscope forms a
major part of the initial appraisal of regional and local site
conditions during the pre-feasibility and feasibility stages.
• A major advantage of aerial photography is that distance of
observation is not impeded by relief.
• The interpretation of geological structure.
• Landforms which reflect the structure of folded rocks show
up well on aerial photographs.
• In horizontal strata, mesa forms are common and, in dipping
strata, dip slopes and scarps indicate the direction and dip of
the bedding (Figure 5.1).
21
23. Continuous…
(b) Sketch showing lineaments
Aerial photograph and sketch showing lineaments in an area underlain by gently dipping
sandstones.
23
24. Photographs taken during construction
• Any review of an existing TE project should include
a thorough search for photographs taken during
construction, and systematic review of the
photographs.
• They are particularly valuable as a record of
foundation preparation and clean-up and for
assessing matters such as segregation of filter and
transition zones.
24
25. GEOMORPHOLOGICAL MAPPING
• Before embarking on a subsurface investigation
program, which may be (a) expensive and (b)
provide limited information of dubious relevance, it
is recommended that the surface evidence should
be systematically recorded.
• The ground surface reflects both the underlying
geology and the geomorphological development of
the area.
• Geomorphological mapping of surface features can
provide an indication of the distribution of
subsurface materials, their structure and areas of
possible mass movement, e.g. landslides. 25
26. Use of existing maps and reports
• Some useful data can often be obtained from
existing maps and reports prepared for
• other purposes.
• Maps showing the regional geology on scales ranging
from 1:100,000 to 1:1,000,000 are usually available
from government agencies. Some mining areas and
areas of existing or proposed urban development may
have been mapped at larger scales. The regional maps
are often accompanied by explanatory notes which are
useful.
26
29. Geotechnical mapping for the project
• Regional mapping
• When published regional geological maps are
available they are usually able to provide the
regional geological understanding required for a
project
• Geotechnical mapping
• Geotechnical mapping at and near the sites of the
proposed works is the key to the success of the site
investigation
29
30. …
• The maps show the following types of factual information as
shown on Figure 5.6.
– ground surface contours,
– geomorphic features, e.g. slope changes, areas of hummocky
ground,
– geological surface features, e.g. areas of rock outcrops, scree,
boulders and soil,
– features (
خصوصیات
) of in situ rock, e.g. rock types and their
boundaries, attitudes of bedding and foliation, the nature,
location and orientation of important geological defects such
as sheared or crushed zones,
– groundwater features, e.g. springs, seepage, areas of swamp
and vegetation indicating moist or wet ground,
30