This document provides an overview of site investigation procedures for tunneling projects. It discusses the objectives of site investigations which include developing a conceptual model of ground conditions and behaviors. It outlines various investigation techniques such as desk studies, site reconnaissance, subsurface investigations including borings and sampling, in-situ testing, geophysical testing, and environmental studies. The document also discusses preliminary studies of tunnel type and shape, route selection factors, and groundwater control methods.
The document discusses various methods of soil exploration including borings, test pits, and geophysical methods. It describes the objectives of soil exploration as determining the suitable foundation type, bearing capacity, and other factors. The key methods discussed are displacement boring, wash boring, auger boring, rotary drilling, percussion drilling, and continuous sampling boring. Each method is suited to different soil conditions and provides varying sample quality and depth capability.
The document discusses various methods of soil exploration including borings, test pits, and geophysical methods. It describes the objectives of soil exploration as determining the suitable foundation type, bearing capacity, and other factors. The key methods discussed are displacement boring, wash boring, auger boring, rotary drilling, percussion drilling, and continuous sampling boring. Each method is explained along with its suitable soil conditions, advantages, and limitations.
This document discusses subsurface investigation methods for foundation engineering. It describes various site investigation techniques including site reconnaissance, preliminary exploration using hand augers, detailed exploration using wash boring and rotary drilling, and collecting disturbed and undisturbed soil samples. The objectives of site investigation are to determine soil properties, groundwater levels, soil stratigraphy and select suitable foundation types and construction methods. Proper site investigation is important for foundation design and predicting soil behavior.
This document discusses ground investigation for tunnelling projects. It covers objectives of ground investigation planning including suitability assessment, design, construction planning and environmental impact determination. Key risks like water ingress, ground collapse and obstructions are highlighted. Common ground conditions like dykes, wedges and timber piles are shown. Strategies and techniques for ground investigation planning, during design and construction stages are outlined. Methods for different ground types like soft ground, hard rock and karst deposits are also described. The document emphasizes comprehensive planning and supervision of ground investigation works for tunnelling projects.
Lecture about foundation engineering.pptxambipathi1986
This document discusses site investigation and subsoil exploration methods for foundation engineering. It describes the objectives of site investigation as determining surface and subsurface conditions to assess site suitability and aid in design. Key methods discussed include reconnaissance, maps, aerial photography, test pits, auger borings, wash borings, rotary drilling, and percussion drilling. The spacing and depth of borings depends on the structure type and importance, soil conditions, and previous investigations. The goal is to characterize soil/rock strata, groundwater, and obtain samples to inform foundation design.
The document discusses the three stages of site investigation: 1) a desk study involving collecting existing information about the site, 2) a walk-over survey to confirm and further investigate information from the desk study, and 3) a ground investigation using techniques like boreholes and trial pits to obtain detailed soil information. The walk-over survey involves inspecting six areas of the site, while the ground investigation provides soil classification, profiles, and parameters needed for foundation design. Understanding the groundwater conditions is also important, as a high water table can increase construction costs and risks.
Earthwork involves excavating earth and transporting it to another location for compaction. It ranges from small works like drainage ditches to large projects like highways and dams. Success depends on adequate site investigation, practical designs, and using the correct plant for the site requirements. The design and construction of earthworks is generally dependent on ground conditions, material availability, and minimizing environmental impact and costs.
The document discusses various methods of soil exploration including borings, test pits, and geophysical methods. It describes the objectives of soil exploration as determining the suitable foundation type, bearing capacity, and other factors. The key methods discussed are displacement boring, wash boring, auger boring, rotary drilling, percussion drilling, and continuous sampling boring. Each method is suited to different soil conditions and provides varying sample quality and depth capability.
The document discusses various methods of soil exploration including borings, test pits, and geophysical methods. It describes the objectives of soil exploration as determining the suitable foundation type, bearing capacity, and other factors. The key methods discussed are displacement boring, wash boring, auger boring, rotary drilling, percussion drilling, and continuous sampling boring. Each method is explained along with its suitable soil conditions, advantages, and limitations.
This document discusses subsurface investigation methods for foundation engineering. It describes various site investigation techniques including site reconnaissance, preliminary exploration using hand augers, detailed exploration using wash boring and rotary drilling, and collecting disturbed and undisturbed soil samples. The objectives of site investigation are to determine soil properties, groundwater levels, soil stratigraphy and select suitable foundation types and construction methods. Proper site investigation is important for foundation design and predicting soil behavior.
This document discusses ground investigation for tunnelling projects. It covers objectives of ground investigation planning including suitability assessment, design, construction planning and environmental impact determination. Key risks like water ingress, ground collapse and obstructions are highlighted. Common ground conditions like dykes, wedges and timber piles are shown. Strategies and techniques for ground investigation planning, during design and construction stages are outlined. Methods for different ground types like soft ground, hard rock and karst deposits are also described. The document emphasizes comprehensive planning and supervision of ground investigation works for tunnelling projects.
Lecture about foundation engineering.pptxambipathi1986
This document discusses site investigation and subsoil exploration methods for foundation engineering. It describes the objectives of site investigation as determining surface and subsurface conditions to assess site suitability and aid in design. Key methods discussed include reconnaissance, maps, aerial photography, test pits, auger borings, wash borings, rotary drilling, and percussion drilling. The spacing and depth of borings depends on the structure type and importance, soil conditions, and previous investigations. The goal is to characterize soil/rock strata, groundwater, and obtain samples to inform foundation design.
The document discusses the three stages of site investigation: 1) a desk study involving collecting existing information about the site, 2) a walk-over survey to confirm and further investigate information from the desk study, and 3) a ground investigation using techniques like boreholes and trial pits to obtain detailed soil information. The walk-over survey involves inspecting six areas of the site, while the ground investigation provides soil classification, profiles, and parameters needed for foundation design. Understanding the groundwater conditions is also important, as a high water table can increase construction costs and risks.
Earthwork involves excavating earth and transporting it to another location for compaction. It ranges from small works like drainage ditches to large projects like highways and dams. Success depends on adequate site investigation, practical designs, and using the correct plant for the site requirements. The design and construction of earthworks is generally dependent on ground conditions, material availability, and minimizing environmental impact and costs.
Soil exploration involves determining the soil profile through samples and tests to understand the engineering properties. It is needed to select foundations, estimate settlements, and predict lateral earth pressures. The stages are site reconnaissance, preliminary exploration, detailed exploration, and reporting. Preliminary exploration provides approximate strength and depth data while detailed exploration uses in-situ and laboratory tests to obtain precise property values for complex projects. Exploration methods include open excavation, borings, soundings, and geography techniques.
Subsurface investigation is an essential preliminary step for any civil engineering project to understand subsurface conditions. It involves sampling and examining subsurface materials like soil and rock to provide data for design recommendations. The investigation process includes planning explorations, executing them using techniques like boreholes and test pits, laboratory testing of samples, and reporting findings with descriptions, test results, analyses, and recommendations. The stages are reconnaissance, data collection, in-depth investigation, and laboratory testing to characterize subsurface conditions like bearing capacity. This informs foundation selection and predicts issues like settlement.
Subsoil exploration involves laboratory and field investigations to assess soil properties at a site. It determines the nature, depth, and thickness of soil strata as well as groundwater conditions and engineering properties. Methods include test pits, boreholes using augers or drilling, in-situ tests like SPT and CPT, and geophysical methods such as seismic refraction and electrical resistivity testing. The results are used to select appropriate foundation types and determine bearing capacity.
1. Site Investgation.pptxDebre Markos University Technology College Departmen...teseraaddis1
Soil Exploration
“ The process of exploring to characterize or define small scale properties of substrata at construction sites is unique to geotechnical engineering.
In other engineering disciplines, material properties are specified during design, or before construction or manufacture, and then controlled to meet the specification. Unfortunately, subsurface properties cannot be specified; they must be deduced through exploration.” Charles H. Dowding (1979).
Tunnelling is a serious engineering project.
In addition to large investment cost, the challenges related to long and deep tunnels are considerable.
Important aspects which needs to be considered are related to the construction works, geology, environment and operation. his module highlights all these aspects.
Site investigation involves determining the soil layers and properties beneath a proposed structure. It helps select the foundation type and depth, evaluate load capacity, estimate settlement, and identify potential issues. The exploration program uses methods like test pits, auger and wash borings, probing, and geophysics to obtain samples and measure properties. A site investigation includes planning borings and tests, executing fieldwork, and reporting the findings and recommendations.
About Subsurface investigation, Depth of foundation, Significant depth, Types of investigation, Steps involved, Methods of boring, Types of samples and samplers, Core recovery and RQD.
Soil exploration methods and soil investigation reportAnjana R Menon
Soil exploration involves site investigations through methods like boreholes, test pits, and geophysical tests. This provides critical information on ground conditions like soil type, bearing capacity, and water levels for foundation design of structures. The objectives are to evaluate soil properties, predict issues, ensure safety, and select suitable construction methods. A proper exploration program involves reconnaissance, preliminary, and sometimes detailed investigations using appropriate testing and sampling methods based on the project size and soil variability.
Class notes of Geotechnical Engineering course I used to teach at UET Lahore. Feel free to download the slide show.
Anyone looking to modify these files and use them for their own teaching purposes can contact me directly to get hold of editable version.
This document discusses the importance of geotechnical studies for engineering projects. Geotechnical studies provide geotechnical inputs that are incorporated into designs to ensure structures last as long as intended at minimum cost without compromising safety. Investigations depend on the type, size, design and purpose of the project. They are broadly divided into field-based studies like surface and subsurface investigations, and laboratory-based studies. Surface investigations include mapping, while subsurface investigations involve drilling, drifting and geophysical methods. Properties of soil and rock are determined in the field and laboratory. These studies are conducted at various project stages from preliminary to construction. The key aspects investigated include thickness of overburden, depth of bedrock, and presence of weak zones.
1) The document discusses planning, conducting, and reporting geotechnical site investigations for transportation engineering projects.
2) It emphasizes the importance of asking the right questions to fully understand a site's geological environment and how it could impact a project. Both engineering and geological questions are important.
3) A variety of site investigation techniques are described, including geomorphological mapping, interpretation of aerial photographs, boreholes, and test pits to accurately characterize subsurface conditions. Comprehensive reporting at each stage of the investigation is also emphasized.
This document provides information on various topics related to tunnelling including introduction, role of geology, factors improving tunnelling, problems associated with tunnelling, future considerations, terms related to mining practices and tunnelling, tunnel service classification, methods of tunnelling, development of drills, equipment used, drilling processes, and specific drilling equipment. It discusses the importance of tunnels, describes different types of tunnels based on use and ground conditions, and outlines key factors to consider for tunnel design and construction methods.
Site investigation involves determining the soil layers and properties beneath a proposed structure. It helps select the foundation type, evaluate load capacity, estimate settlement, and identify potential issues. The exploration program uses methods like boreholes, test pits, and probes to characterize soil stratification, strength, deformation, and groundwater. Proper planning is needed to obtain reliable data at minimum cost.
The document outlines the key stages of mining exploration and prospecting. Prospecting uses direct methods like visual examination of rock exposures and indirect geophysical/geochemical techniques to locate potential mineral deposits. Exploration utilizes more advanced tools like drilling and geochemical analysis to determine the size and grade of identified deposits. Samples are analyzed and feasibility studies conducted to assess mining viability based on factors like reserves, costs, environment, and demand. If viable, projects then progress to the development and exploitation stages of mining.
Landslide investigation in field. describe the procedure to find the shallow or large scale landslide in field. To understand Landslide you should walk through whole Landslide.
Important of soil survey and selection of suitable dam site-topography/geolog...GauravGautam344043
The document discusses the importance of soil surveys and geological considerations for selecting suitable dam sites. Key factors in site selection include topography, geology, material availability, hydrology, and assessing risks from earthquakes, spillways, and the proposed dam height. A soil survey is needed to understand soil properties, resources, and limitations for withstanding a dam. The geology of the proposed site must be suitable for the dam foundation with competent bedrock, and care taken regarding seismic activity, weathering, and other geological risks. A suitable dam site also requires consideration of catchment areas, reservoirs, slope stability, and minimizing silting.
Foundation and its functions
Essential requirements
Sub soil exploration and Site exploration
Methods of site exploration
Settlement of foundations
Causes of failure of foundation and remedial measures
This document discusses various exploration techniques used to locate oil deposits underground, including gravimetric, magnetometric, seismic surveys, remote sensing, and geochemical methods. It also describes the process of oil field development, including drilling wells using drilling rigs, adding casing and cementing pipes in place, monitoring drilling mud levels, analyzing rock cuttings, and installing well heads and piping to extract oil and gas. The goal is to accurately locate and assess oil deposits before investing in full field development and well construction.
Everything You Need to Know About IPTV Ireland.pdfXtreame HDTV
The way we consume television has evolved dramatically over the past decade. Internet Protocol Television (IPTV) has emerged as a popular alternative to traditional cable and satellite TV, offering a wide range of channels and on-demand content via the internet. In Ireland, IPTV is rapidly gaining traction, with Xtreame HDTV being one of the prominent providers in the market. This comprehensive guide will delve into everything you need to know about IPTV Ireland, focusing on Xtreame HDTV, its features, benefits, and how it is revolutionizing TV viewing for Irish audiences.
Soil exploration involves determining the soil profile through samples and tests to understand the engineering properties. It is needed to select foundations, estimate settlements, and predict lateral earth pressures. The stages are site reconnaissance, preliminary exploration, detailed exploration, and reporting. Preliminary exploration provides approximate strength and depth data while detailed exploration uses in-situ and laboratory tests to obtain precise property values for complex projects. Exploration methods include open excavation, borings, soundings, and geography techniques.
Subsurface investigation is an essential preliminary step for any civil engineering project to understand subsurface conditions. It involves sampling and examining subsurface materials like soil and rock to provide data for design recommendations. The investigation process includes planning explorations, executing them using techniques like boreholes and test pits, laboratory testing of samples, and reporting findings with descriptions, test results, analyses, and recommendations. The stages are reconnaissance, data collection, in-depth investigation, and laboratory testing to characterize subsurface conditions like bearing capacity. This informs foundation selection and predicts issues like settlement.
Subsoil exploration involves laboratory and field investigations to assess soil properties at a site. It determines the nature, depth, and thickness of soil strata as well as groundwater conditions and engineering properties. Methods include test pits, boreholes using augers or drilling, in-situ tests like SPT and CPT, and geophysical methods such as seismic refraction and electrical resistivity testing. The results are used to select appropriate foundation types and determine bearing capacity.
1. Site Investgation.pptxDebre Markos University Technology College Departmen...teseraaddis1
Soil Exploration
“ The process of exploring to characterize or define small scale properties of substrata at construction sites is unique to geotechnical engineering.
In other engineering disciplines, material properties are specified during design, or before construction or manufacture, and then controlled to meet the specification. Unfortunately, subsurface properties cannot be specified; they must be deduced through exploration.” Charles H. Dowding (1979).
Tunnelling is a serious engineering project.
In addition to large investment cost, the challenges related to long and deep tunnels are considerable.
Important aspects which needs to be considered are related to the construction works, geology, environment and operation. his module highlights all these aspects.
Site investigation involves determining the soil layers and properties beneath a proposed structure. It helps select the foundation type and depth, evaluate load capacity, estimate settlement, and identify potential issues. The exploration program uses methods like test pits, auger and wash borings, probing, and geophysics to obtain samples and measure properties. A site investigation includes planning borings and tests, executing fieldwork, and reporting the findings and recommendations.
About Subsurface investigation, Depth of foundation, Significant depth, Types of investigation, Steps involved, Methods of boring, Types of samples and samplers, Core recovery and RQD.
Soil exploration methods and soil investigation reportAnjana R Menon
Soil exploration involves site investigations through methods like boreholes, test pits, and geophysical tests. This provides critical information on ground conditions like soil type, bearing capacity, and water levels for foundation design of structures. The objectives are to evaluate soil properties, predict issues, ensure safety, and select suitable construction methods. A proper exploration program involves reconnaissance, preliminary, and sometimes detailed investigations using appropriate testing and sampling methods based on the project size and soil variability.
Class notes of Geotechnical Engineering course I used to teach at UET Lahore. Feel free to download the slide show.
Anyone looking to modify these files and use them for their own teaching purposes can contact me directly to get hold of editable version.
This document discusses the importance of geotechnical studies for engineering projects. Geotechnical studies provide geotechnical inputs that are incorporated into designs to ensure structures last as long as intended at minimum cost without compromising safety. Investigations depend on the type, size, design and purpose of the project. They are broadly divided into field-based studies like surface and subsurface investigations, and laboratory-based studies. Surface investigations include mapping, while subsurface investigations involve drilling, drifting and geophysical methods. Properties of soil and rock are determined in the field and laboratory. These studies are conducted at various project stages from preliminary to construction. The key aspects investigated include thickness of overburden, depth of bedrock, and presence of weak zones.
1) The document discusses planning, conducting, and reporting geotechnical site investigations for transportation engineering projects.
2) It emphasizes the importance of asking the right questions to fully understand a site's geological environment and how it could impact a project. Both engineering and geological questions are important.
3) A variety of site investigation techniques are described, including geomorphological mapping, interpretation of aerial photographs, boreholes, and test pits to accurately characterize subsurface conditions. Comprehensive reporting at each stage of the investigation is also emphasized.
This document provides information on various topics related to tunnelling including introduction, role of geology, factors improving tunnelling, problems associated with tunnelling, future considerations, terms related to mining practices and tunnelling, tunnel service classification, methods of tunnelling, development of drills, equipment used, drilling processes, and specific drilling equipment. It discusses the importance of tunnels, describes different types of tunnels based on use and ground conditions, and outlines key factors to consider for tunnel design and construction methods.
Site investigation involves determining the soil layers and properties beneath a proposed structure. It helps select the foundation type, evaluate load capacity, estimate settlement, and identify potential issues. The exploration program uses methods like boreholes, test pits, and probes to characterize soil stratification, strength, deformation, and groundwater. Proper planning is needed to obtain reliable data at minimum cost.
The document outlines the key stages of mining exploration and prospecting. Prospecting uses direct methods like visual examination of rock exposures and indirect geophysical/geochemical techniques to locate potential mineral deposits. Exploration utilizes more advanced tools like drilling and geochemical analysis to determine the size and grade of identified deposits. Samples are analyzed and feasibility studies conducted to assess mining viability based on factors like reserves, costs, environment, and demand. If viable, projects then progress to the development and exploitation stages of mining.
Landslide investigation in field. describe the procedure to find the shallow or large scale landslide in field. To understand Landslide you should walk through whole Landslide.
Important of soil survey and selection of suitable dam site-topography/geolog...GauravGautam344043
The document discusses the importance of soil surveys and geological considerations for selecting suitable dam sites. Key factors in site selection include topography, geology, material availability, hydrology, and assessing risks from earthquakes, spillways, and the proposed dam height. A soil survey is needed to understand soil properties, resources, and limitations for withstanding a dam. The geology of the proposed site must be suitable for the dam foundation with competent bedrock, and care taken regarding seismic activity, weathering, and other geological risks. A suitable dam site also requires consideration of catchment areas, reservoirs, slope stability, and minimizing silting.
Foundation and its functions
Essential requirements
Sub soil exploration and Site exploration
Methods of site exploration
Settlement of foundations
Causes of failure of foundation and remedial measures
This document discusses various exploration techniques used to locate oil deposits underground, including gravimetric, magnetometric, seismic surveys, remote sensing, and geochemical methods. It also describes the process of oil field development, including drilling wells using drilling rigs, adding casing and cementing pipes in place, monitoring drilling mud levels, analyzing rock cuttings, and installing well heads and piping to extract oil and gas. The goal is to accurately locate and assess oil deposits before investing in full field development and well construction.
Similar to Site Investigation for Tunneling_TTN.pptx (20)
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The way we consume television has evolved dramatically over the past decade. Internet Protocol Television (IPTV) has emerged as a popular alternative to traditional cable and satellite TV, offering a wide range of channels and on-demand content via the internet. In Ireland, IPTV is rapidly gaining traction, with Xtreame HDTV being one of the prominent providers in the market. This comprehensive guide will delve into everything you need to know about IPTV Ireland, focusing on Xtreame HDTV, its features, benefits, and how it is revolutionizing TV viewing for Irish audiences.
At Digidev, we are working to be the leader in interactive streaming platforms of choice by smart device users worldwide.
Our goal is to become the ultimate distribution service of entertainment content. The Digidev application will offer the next generation television highway for users to discover and engage in a variety of content. While also providing a fresh and
innovative approach towards advertainment with vast revenue opportunities. Designed and developed by Joe Q. Bretz
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Leonardo DiCaprio House: Malibu Beachfront Retreat
A Prime Location
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In the early 20
2. Objective
•To develop a conceptual model to estimate
the range of ground conditions and behaviors
for excavation, support and groundwater
control
3. • Feasible alternative to cross a water body or traverse through
physical barriers
• Minimizing the potential environmental impact, traffic congestion,
pedestrian movement, air quality, noise pollution
• Conservation of special cultural or historical value
• Avoiding the impact on natural habit or reduce disturbance to land
surface
4. • Three main shapes: circular, rectangular, and horseshoe or curvilinear
Shape and Internal Elements
Two Cell RectangularTunnel
5. • Three main shapes: circular, rectangular, and horseshoe or curvilinear
Shape and Internal Elements
CircularTunnel Horseshoe and Curvilinear Tunnel
6. Route Studies
• Subsurface, geological, geo-hydraulic condition
• Long- term environmental impact
• Seismicity
• Land use restriction
• Sustainability: the opportunities that tunnels provide for
environmental improvement and real estate development over them
7. Geotechnical Investigations
• Critical for proper planning of a tunnel
• Selection of alignment, cross section and construction methodology
• Avoiding location of potential ground movement: settlement,
landslide
• Avoid crossing of a fault zone is recommend in planning phase: a
proper measures for crossing should be implement if avoidance of a
fault cannot be achieved
• Seismic consideration
• Geotechnical issues; such as soil and rock properties, ground water,
the ground over the tunnel, the presence of contaminants and
utilities
8. Sustainability
• Longer life expectancy than a surface facility
• Opportunities for land development for residential commercial, or
recreational facilities
• Enhance the area potentially increase property values
• Enhance communities connections and adhesion protect residents
from traffic pollutants and noise
9. Tunnel Type Studies
• Cut and cover tunnels: by excavating a trench, constructed in place by
using precast sections
• Bored or mined tunnel: without excavating the ground surface,
usually labeled according to the type of material being excavated
• Rock tunnel: by drilled and blasting, tunnel boring machines (TBM),
Sequential Excavation method (SEM)
• Soft ground tunnels: excavated in soil by using a shield or pressurized
faceTBM, SEM
• Immersed tunnels: built with very large precast concrete or concrete
filled steel elements
• Jacked box tunnels: prefabricated box structures jacked horizontally
through the soil; to avoid disturbing the surface utilities in shallow
excavation
13. • Two basic types of water proofing systems: undrained and drained
• Open system: an umbrella like protection that drains the water
seeping toward the cavity around the arch into a drainage system
located at the bottom of the tunnel sidewalls and in tunnel invert;
commonly used in rock tunnel
• Closed system: refer as tanked system, water proofing membranes
encapsulating the structure, applied in permeable soil esp. at
discharge area
Groundwater control
14.
15. Geotechnical Investigation
• Desk study
• Site Reconnaissance and Survey
• Geologic Mapping
• Subsurface Investigation
• FieldTestingTechnique
• Environment Studies
16. • To obtain necessary characteristics and properties for design and
construction
• To be consistent with the project scope (i.e., location, size and
budget), the project objectives (i.e., risk tolerance, long-term
performance), the project constraints (i.e., geometry,
constructability, third-party impacts, aesthetics, and environmental
impact)
• To be aware of inevitable risk
18. Desk Study
• An overall understanding of the site conditions and constraints
• Collection of published topographical, hydrological, geological,
environmental zoning, and other information
• Historical seismic records, USGS
• Case histories of underground work s in the region
• University publications
• Plan subsurface investigation program
• Preliminary mapping (aerial photo, topographic map, route plan)
20. Site Reconnaissance
• A preliminary survey to expand existing topographical data
• A careful reconnaissance over the tunnel alignment, potential portal
and shaft locations
• Feature identified on map and air photo should be verified
• Rock outcrops provide fracturing and discontinuities’ orientation
• Features should be photographed, documented with location
• A preliminary horizontal and vertical control survey to obtain general
site data for route selection and for design
21. Site Survey
• To establish primary control for final design and construction
• to support surface geology mapping and the layout of exploratory borings,
whether existing or performed for the project
• To mark centerline of tunnel
• For transfer of line and grade from surface to tunnel monuments, alignment
control, locating and monitoring geotechnical instrumentation
• Principle survey techniques-
Global positioning system (GPS)
EDM withTotal stations (displacement and settlement monitoring)
Remote Sensing (terrain condition, geologic formation, faults, soil- rock formation)
Laser Scanning (3D digital imaging at 0.25 inch/150 feet)
3D laser Scanning Tunnel Survey
22. Hydrographical Surveys
• For subaqueous tunnels including immersed tunnel
• To determine bottom topography of the water body, flow direction
and velocity, range in water level
• To determine the existence and location of submarine pipelines,
cables, natural obstructions
23. Utility Surveys
• Esp. in urban areas, to determine type and extent of utility
protection, relocation or reconstruction needed
• The requirement varies with tunneling methods and site conditions
• Cut and cover tunnel
• Gas, steam water, sewerage, electrical, fiber optic
24. Geologic Mapping
• surface geologic mapping of available rock outcrops should be
performed by an experienced engineering geologist to obtain detailed,
site-specific information on rock quality and structure
• Rock mass classification
Discontinuity type
Discontinuity orientation
Discontinuity infilling
Discontinuity spacing
Discontinuity persistence
Weathering
25. Source: JICA project)
• To observed during the geologic mapping
program
Slide
Fault
Sink holes and karstic terrain
Groundwater springs
Volcanic activity
Presence of boulders
26. Subsurface Investigation
• Defining the subsurface profile (i.e. stratigraphy, structure, and
principal soil and rock ty pes)
• Determining soil and rock material properties and mass
characteristics
• Identify geological anomalies, fault zones and other hazards
(squeezing soils, methane gas, etc.)
• Defining hydrogeological conditions (groundwater levels, aquifers,
hydrostatic pressures, etc.)
• Identifying potential construction risks (boulders, etc.)
27. Subsurface Investigation
• consist of borings, sampling, in situ testing, geophysical
investigations, and laboratory material testing
• Boring to identify the subsurface stratigraphy, to obtain disturbed
and undisturbed samples
• In Situ test- to obtain engineering and index properties
• Geophysical tests, to obtain subsurface information over a large area
• Laboratory testing from representative soil samples and rock core
• A more thorough subsurface investigation program would likely have
fewer problems and lower final cost
28.
29. Vertical and Inclined Test Boring
• The location, depth, sample types and
sampling intervals for each test boring
must be selected to match specific
project requirements, topographic
setting and anticipated geological
conditions
30. Horizontal and Directional Boring
• provide a continuous record of ground conditions
and information which is directly relevant to the
tunnel alignment
• horizontal borings can be more economical,
especially for investigating a deep mountainous
alignment
• horizontal borings can be more economical,
especially for investigating a deep mountainous
alignment
• horizontal borings can be more economical,
especially for investigating a deep mountainous
alignment
31. Sampling
• Disturbed soil sample typically at interval not greater than 5 ft and at
change in strata
• Undisturbed sample from each cohesive soil stratum encountered in
boring, an interval not exceeding 15 ft where a thick stratum of
cohesive soil is present
• Rock coring
Depth of core run
Core recovery in inches and percent
RQD
Rock type, including color texture, degree of weathering and hardness
Character of discontinuities, spacing, orientation, roughness and alteration
Nature of joint filling material
32. • In situ tests
• Geophysical testing
Field Testing Techniques
33. • to directly obtain field measurements of useful soil and rock
engineering properties
• in situ testing include both index type tests, such as the Standard
PenetrationTest (SPT) and tests that determine the physical
properties of the ground, such as shear strength from cone
penetrationTests (CPT) and ground deformation properties from
pressure meter tests (PMT)
In situ tests
34. • provide an expeditious and economical means of supplementing
information obtained by direct exploratory methods, such as borings,
test pits and in situ testing; Identifying local anomalies
• determination of the top of bedrock, the ripability of rock, the depth
to groundwater, the limits of organic deposits, the presence of voids,
the location and depth of utilities, the location and depth of existing
foundations, and the location and depth of other obstruction
• Geophysical testing can be performed on the surface, in boreholes
(down or cross hole), or in front of theTBM during construction
Geophysical testing
35. Environment Studies
• Land ownership and uses
• Ecosystem habitat impact
• Impacts to groundwater levels, aquifers and water quality
• Access to residential and commercial properties
• Pest control during construction
• Long term community impacts
• Sites for disposal