PCOS- An insight into polycystic ovary syndrome
Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is extremely prevalent and probably constitutes the most frequently encountered endocrine (hormone) disorder in women of reproductive age
Information about PCOS i.e. polycystic ovarian syndrome.
It is not same as the PCOD.
This presentation contain data about causes, treatments, etiology, diagnosis, symptoms and pathophysiology of PCOS
Information about PCOS i.e. polycystic ovarian syndrome.
It is not same as the PCOD.
This presentation contain data about causes, treatments, etiology, diagnosis, symptoms and pathophysiology of PCOS
PCOS (Polycystic ovary syndrome), a hormonal disorder causing enlarged ovaries with small cysts, or fluid-filled sacs. It is a condition in which a woman's hormones are out of balance. It's a health problem that affects 1 in 10 women of childbearing age. Over the years, numerous hypothesis have been proposed regarding the proximate physiological origin for PCOS. Difference between PCOD & PCOS is important to know. A common confusion among women, is understanding the difference between having PCOS & having been diagnosed with it.
Various researches have studied the prevalence of PCOS in India (Tamil Nadu, Mumbai, Karnataka & Lucknow). Maintaining a good health is essential to prevent as well as treat hormonal disturbances & conditions. Management of these both at risk for PCOS and those with a confirmed PCOS diagnosis includes education, healthy lifestyle and therapeutic interventions targeting their symptoms.
PCOD prompts disturbances in the menstrual cycle that normally start around the beginning of puberty. Menstrual cycles might be ordinary from the outset and after that become unpredictable, or the beginning of menses might be deferred. The menstrual abnormalities of PCOD are joined by an absence of ovulation, so influenced ladies may encounter infertility. The desire for pregnancy is a factor that prompts numerous ladies with PCOD to initially look for medicinal consideration i.e. PCOD profile tests.
Visit us @http://bit.ly/35UIaV8
Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) is the hormonal imbalance in females, producing cyst in the ovaries and making it the leading cause of infertility in females. PCOS contributes towards 75% of female infertility.
PCOS is a hormonal disorder. These days Every other woman is suffering from PCOS. PCOS is due to combination of genetic and environmental factors. Researches show PCOS has no cure. Only lifestyle changes can help in dealing with it.
Pcos by dr alka mukherjee dr apurva mukherjee nagpur m.s.alka mukherjee
Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a highly prevalent endocrine-metabolic disorder that implies various severe consequences to female health, including alarming rates of infertility. Although its exact etiology remains elusive, it is known to feature several hormonal disturbances, including hyperandrogenemia, insulin resistance (IR), and hyperinsulinemia. Insulin appears to disrupt all components of the hypothalamus-hypophysis-ovary axis, and ovarian tissue insulin resistance results in impaired metabolic signaling but intact mitogenic and steroidogenic activity, favoring hyperandrogenemia, which appears to be the main culprit of the clinical picture in PCOS. In turn, androgens may lead back to IR by increasing levels of free fatty acids and modifying muscle tissue composition and functionality, perpetuating this IR-hyperinsulinemia-hyperandrogenemia cycle. Nonobese women with PCOS showcase several differential features, with unique biochemical and hormonal profiles. Nevertheless, lean and obese patients have chronic inflammation mediating the long term cardiometabolic complications and comorbidities observed in women with PCOS, including dyslipidemia, metabolic syndrome, type 2 diabetes mellitus, and cardiovascular disease. Given these severe implications, it is important to thoroughly understand the pathophysiologic interconnections underlying PCOS, in order to provide superior therapeutic strategies and warrant improved quality of life to women with this syndrome.
Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome: Etiology, Diagnosis and ManagementAparajeya Shanker
Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome is a complex disease, with a constellation of etiology and symptoms. Much of the diagnosis is dependent on the laboratory tests of hormones. This presentation provides a concise and focused approach towards PCOS diagnosis and management.
PCOS (Polycystic Ovary Syndrome) is a combined metabolic and hormonal disorder found in women. Incidences of PCOS appear to be rising and it is now being diagnosed more often.
Here are 5 facts to know about PCOS, which will help you in clarifying your doubts. The source of information is highly reliable as information is reviewed by doctors.
PCOS affects a woman’s ovaries, the reproductive organs that produce estrogen and progesterone — hormones that regulate the menstrual cycle. The ovaries also produce a small amount of male hormones called androgens.
PCOS (Polycystic ovary syndrome), a hormonal disorder causing enlarged ovaries with small cysts, or fluid-filled sacs. It is a condition in which a woman's hormones are out of balance. It's a health problem that affects 1 in 10 women of childbearing age. Over the years, numerous hypothesis have been proposed regarding the proximate physiological origin for PCOS. Difference between PCOD & PCOS is important to know. A common confusion among women, is understanding the difference between having PCOS & having been diagnosed with it.
Various researches have studied the prevalence of PCOS in India (Tamil Nadu, Mumbai, Karnataka & Lucknow). Maintaining a good health is essential to prevent as well as treat hormonal disturbances & conditions. Management of these both at risk for PCOS and those with a confirmed PCOS diagnosis includes education, healthy lifestyle and therapeutic interventions targeting their symptoms.
PCOD prompts disturbances in the menstrual cycle that normally start around the beginning of puberty. Menstrual cycles might be ordinary from the outset and after that become unpredictable, or the beginning of menses might be deferred. The menstrual abnormalities of PCOD are joined by an absence of ovulation, so influenced ladies may encounter infertility. The desire for pregnancy is a factor that prompts numerous ladies with PCOD to initially look for medicinal consideration i.e. PCOD profile tests.
Visit us @http://bit.ly/35UIaV8
Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) is the hormonal imbalance in females, producing cyst in the ovaries and making it the leading cause of infertility in females. PCOS contributes towards 75% of female infertility.
PCOS is a hormonal disorder. These days Every other woman is suffering from PCOS. PCOS is due to combination of genetic and environmental factors. Researches show PCOS has no cure. Only lifestyle changes can help in dealing with it.
Pcos by dr alka mukherjee dr apurva mukherjee nagpur m.s.alka mukherjee
Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a highly prevalent endocrine-metabolic disorder that implies various severe consequences to female health, including alarming rates of infertility. Although its exact etiology remains elusive, it is known to feature several hormonal disturbances, including hyperandrogenemia, insulin resistance (IR), and hyperinsulinemia. Insulin appears to disrupt all components of the hypothalamus-hypophysis-ovary axis, and ovarian tissue insulin resistance results in impaired metabolic signaling but intact mitogenic and steroidogenic activity, favoring hyperandrogenemia, which appears to be the main culprit of the clinical picture in PCOS. In turn, androgens may lead back to IR by increasing levels of free fatty acids and modifying muscle tissue composition and functionality, perpetuating this IR-hyperinsulinemia-hyperandrogenemia cycle. Nonobese women with PCOS showcase several differential features, with unique biochemical and hormonal profiles. Nevertheless, lean and obese patients have chronic inflammation mediating the long term cardiometabolic complications and comorbidities observed in women with PCOS, including dyslipidemia, metabolic syndrome, type 2 diabetes mellitus, and cardiovascular disease. Given these severe implications, it is important to thoroughly understand the pathophysiologic interconnections underlying PCOS, in order to provide superior therapeutic strategies and warrant improved quality of life to women with this syndrome.
Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome: Etiology, Diagnosis and ManagementAparajeya Shanker
Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome is a complex disease, with a constellation of etiology and symptoms. Much of the diagnosis is dependent on the laboratory tests of hormones. This presentation provides a concise and focused approach towards PCOS diagnosis and management.
PCOS (Polycystic Ovary Syndrome) is a combined metabolic and hormonal disorder found in women. Incidences of PCOS appear to be rising and it is now being diagnosed more often.
Here are 5 facts to know about PCOS, which will help you in clarifying your doubts. The source of information is highly reliable as information is reviewed by doctors.
PCOS affects a woman’s ovaries, the reproductive organs that produce estrogen and progesterone — hormones that regulate the menstrual cycle. The ovaries also produce a small amount of male hormones called androgens.
PCOD stands for Polycystic Ovary Disease and PCOS stands for Polycystic Ovary Syndrome. Both the terms indicate a common hormonal disorder resulting in chronic anovulation in women when irregular menstrual cycle with increased male hormones are present in their body during their reproductive age.
Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is the most common hormone abnormality of reproductive-age women, the most common cause of infertility in women and an important harbinger of metabolic disorders such as diabetes and heart disease.
PCOD Treatment in Odisha what patients should know dr aditya das ; dr kokil...Dr Aditya Keya
Clomifene encourages the monthly release of an egg from the ovaries (ovulation). If clomifene is unsuccessful in encouraging Lifestyle interventions are the first treatments doctors recommend for PCOS, and they often work well. Weight loss can treat PCOS symptoms and improve the odds of getting pregnant. Diet and aerobic exercise are two effective ways to lose weight. Medicines are an option if lifestyle changes don't work, another medication called Metformin may be recommended. Metformin is often used to treat type 2 diabetes, but it can also lower insulin and blood sugar levels in women with PCOS.
PCOS IS THE THIEF OF WOMENHOOD........an enigmatic condition must be understood and managed according to the age it presents.......contact dr jaideep at jaideep malhotraagra@gmail.com for CME AND WORKSHOPS IN YOUR CITY
Endometriosis is a painful disorder and can reduce fertility if not treated early. Endometriosis most commonly involves ovaries, fallopian tubes and the tissue lining pelvis.Endometriosis can be a challenging condition to manage.
Fertility enhancing surgeries are usually advised to young women with suspected minimal to moderate disease of tubes, ovaries or uterus.
https://www.femelife.com/ivf-fertility-care/fertility-enhancing-surgeries/
Melatonin, a pineal hormone that regulates circadian rhythms, has also been shown to exhibit unique oxygen scavenging abilities. Melatonin supplementation in IVF may lead to better pregnancy rates. Hence role for melatonin in gamete biology is under research.
PGD combines advances in Molecular genetics and in assisted reproductive technology and is conducted before the embryo is placed inside the womb of the woman.Pre implantation genetic diagnosis was introduced to prevent the inheritance of sex linked diseases
A slightly abnormal semen analysis does not mean that a man is necessarily infertile. Instead, a semen analysis helps determine if and how male factors are contributing to infertility
Significant increase in live birth rate is found when IUI is done with stimulation compared with IUI in natural cycle in women with Unexplained Infertility .
Embryogenesis is the process by which the embryo forms and develops. In mammals, the term refers chiefly to early stages of prenatal development from conception to 8 weeks of pregnancy .Later it is referred to as fetogenesis
Sperm is the male reproductive cell and its main sperm function is to reach the ovum and fuse with it to deliver two sub-cellular structures called embryoOn average, each time a man ejaculates he releases nearly 100 million sperm but it takes only one to make a baby .To meet the waiting egg, semen must travel from the vagina to the fallopian tubes, a tough journey that few sperm survive.
An oocyte is a female gametocyte or germ cell involved in reproduction.It is an immature ovum or an egg
An oocyte is produced in the ovary during female gametogenesis.The female germ cells produce a primordial germ cell pgc which undergoes mitosis to form an oogonium
During oogenesis the oogonium becomes a primary oocyte
Oogenesis consists of several sub processes – oocytogenesis, ootidogenesis and the maturation to form an ovum
Folliculogenesis is a separate sub process and supports all three oogenetic sub process
Intrauterine insemination (IUI) is a fertility treatment that involves placing sperm inside a woman’s uterus to facilitate fertilisation. The goal of IUI is to increase the number of sperm that reach the fallopian tubes and subsequently increase the chance of fertilisation.
The cause for infertility could be in the male or the female or both or neither-as in ‘Unexplained Infertility.’
Male infertility is usually caused by problems that affect either sperm production or sperm transport.
Defecation
Normal defecation begins with movement in the left colon, moving stool toward the anus. When stool reaches the rectum, the distention causes relaxation of the internal sphincter and an awareness of the need to defecate. At the time of defecation, the external sphincter relaxes, and abdominal muscles contract, increasing intrarectal pressure and forcing the stool out
The Valsalva maneuver exerts pressure to expel faeces through a voluntary contraction of the abdominal muscles while maintaining forced expiration against a closed airway. Patients with cardiovascular disease, glaucoma, increased intracranial pressure, or a new surgical wound are at greater risk for cardiac dysrhythmias and elevated blood pressure with the Valsalva maneuver and need to avoid straining to pass the stool.
Normal defecation is painless, resulting in passage of soft, formed stool
CONSTIPATION
Constipation is a symptom, not a disease. Improper diet, reduced fluid intake, lack of exercise, and certain medications can cause constipation. For example, patients receiving opiates for pain after surgery often require a stool softener or laxative to prevent constipation. The signs of constipation include infrequent bowel movements (less than every 3 days), difficulty passing stools, excessive straining, inability to defecate at will, and hard feaces
IMPACTION
Fecal impaction results from unrelieved constipation. It is a collection of hardened feces wedged in the rectum that a person cannot expel. In cases of severe impaction the mass extends up into the sigmoid colon.
DIARRHEA
Diarrhea is an increase in the number of stools and the passage of liquid, unformed feces. It is associated with disorders affecting digestion, absorption, and secretion in the GI tract. Intestinal contents pass through the small and large intestine too quickly to allow for the usual absorption of fluid and nutrients. Irritation within the colon results in increased mucus secretion. As a result, feces become watery, and the patient is unable to control the urge to defecate. Normally an anal bag is safe and effective in long-term treatment of patients with fecal incontinence at home, in hospice, or in the hospital. Fecal incontinence is expensive and a potentially dangerous condition in terms of contamination and risk of skin ulceration
HEMORRHOIDS
Hemorrhoids are dilated, engorged veins in the lining of the rectum. They are either external or internal.
FLATULENCE
As gas accumulates in the lumen of the intestines, the bowel wall stretches and distends (flatulence). It is a common cause of abdominal fullness, pain, and cramping. Normally intestinal gas escapes through the mouth (belching) or the anus (passing of flatus)
FECAL INCONTINENCE
Fecal incontinence is the inability to control passage of feces and gas from the anus. Incontinence harms a patient’s body image
PREPARATION AND GIVING OF LAXATIVESACCORDING TO POTTER AND PERRY,
An enema is the instillation of a solution into the rectum and sig
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One of the most developed cities of India, the city of Chennai is the capital of Tamilnadu and many people from different parts of India come here to earn their bread and butter. Being a metropolitan, the city is filled with towering building and beaches but the sad part as with almost every Indian city
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This includes tasks like:
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Administering medications and treatments.
Performing procedures as directed by doctors.
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The Healthy Ageing and Prevention Index is an online tool created by ILC that ranks countries on six metrics including, life span, health span, work span, income, environmental performance, and happiness. The Index helps us understand how well countries have adapted to longevity and inform decision makers on what must be done to maximise the economic benefits that comes with living well for longer.
Alongside the 77th World Health Assembly in Geneva on 28 May 2024, we launched the second version of our Index, allowing us to track progress and give new insights into what needs to be done to keep populations healthier for longer.
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Professor Orazio Schillaci, Minister of Health, Italy
Dr Hans Groth, Chairman of the Board, World Demographic & Ageing Forum
Professor Ilona Kickbusch, Founder and Chair, Global Health Centre, Geneva Graduate Institute and co-chair, World Health Summit Council
Dr Natasha Azzopardi Muscat, Director, Country Health Policies and Systems Division, World Health Organisation EURO
Dr Marta Lomazzi, Executive Manager, World Federation of Public Health Associations
Dr Shyam Bishen, Head, Centre for Health and Healthcare and Member of the Executive Committee, World Economic Forum
Dr Karin Tegmark Wisell, Director General, Public Health Agency of Sweden
Global launch of the Healthy Ageing and Prevention Index 2nd wave – alongside...
Pcos
1. Polycystic ovary syndrome
(PCOS) is extremely prevalent
and probably constitutes the
most frequently encountered
endocrine (hormone)
disorder in women of
reproductive age.
www.femelife.com
2. www.femelife.com
Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is extremely prevalent and probably
constitutes the most frequently encountered endocrine (hormone)
disorder in women of reproductive age.
Having the disorder may significantly impact the quality of life of
women during the reproductive years, and it contributes to morbidity
and mortality by the time of menopause.
3. www.femelife.com
What are the disorders associated with PCOS?
PCOS women are at increased risk for coronary heart disease and type 2
diabetes mellitus. Their risk factors include central obesity,
hypertriglyceridemia, low levels of high-density lipoprotein (HDL)
cholesterol, hypertension, and elevated fasting plasma glucose
concentrations.
PCOS women should undergo screening for hypertension, abnormal lipid
profiles, insulin resistance, and reproductive disorders including cancer of
endometrium.
4. www.femelife.com
What is PAO?
A subgroup of women (up to 30%) may have subtle abnormalities
resembling PCOS called PAO. While PCOS occurs in at least 5% of the
population, the isolated finding of polycystic-appearing ovaries (PAO),
which meets the classic ultra-sonographic criteria, occurs in 16–25% of
the normal population without evidence of the full-blown syndrome.
These findings suggest that important yet silent abnormalities may
exist in otherwise normal women who have a trait of PCOS (namely
PAO).
5. www.femelife.com
What is the most important reproductive concern in women with
PCOS?
The most frustrating reproductive concern for women with PCOS is
pregnancy loss. The spontaneous abortion rate in PCOS is
approximately one third of all pregnancies.
This is at least double the rate for recognized early abortions in normal
women (12–15%). Reasons for this are unclear although hypotheses
include elevated LH levels, deficient progesterone secretion, abnormal
embryos from atretic oocytes, and an abnormal endometrium.
6. www.femelife.com
How PCOS negatively impact psychosocial development of young women?
Women with PCOS, particularly those with hirsutism, have an increased
prevalence of reactive depression and minor psychological abnormalities.
There is also evidence of increased psychological stress and an increased
catecholamine response to provoked stress.
The overall quality of life is decreased in hirsute women. The presence of
hirsutism and menstrual irregularities, especially in younger patients, is
extremely distressing and has a significant negative impact on their
psychosocial development.
7. www.femelife.com
Which cancer has increased risk in women with PCOS?
Women with PCOS are at increased risk of endometrial cancer. Chronic
unopposed estrogen exposure is probably the proximate risk factor.
This may be confounded by obesity, hypertension, and diabetes, which
are known correlates of endometrial cancer risk. It is imperative to
screen all women with PCOS, even those who are considered too young
to develop endometrial hyperplasia and carcinoma.
8. www.femelife.com
Can low grade inflammation be a risk factor of PCOS?
Women with PCOS have significantly increased CRP concentrations
relative to those in healthy women with normal menstrual rhythm and
normal androgens.
Inflammatory marker like CRP concentrations is more with PCOS. It
correlates with the degree of obesity and inversely with insulin
sensitivity, although not with total testosterone concentrations.
9. www.femelife.com
Which is a better predictor of metabolic syndrome in PCOS?
Obesity, a key determinant of insulin concentrations, appeared to have an
independent effect on risk for the metabolic syndrome. In Anovulatory PCOS
women a waist circumference of >83.5 cm along with biochemical evidence
of hyperandrogenism is a powerful predictor of the presence of metabolic
syndrome and insulin resistance.
Age and central obesity (waist-hip ratio/waist circumference) are better
predictors of metabolic syndrome in women with PCOS compared to other
parameters including BMI.
10. www.femelife.com
How Metformin helps in PCOS?
Metformin is the most thoroughly investigated insulin-lowering agent
used to treat PCOS; it enhances insulin sensitivity in the liver, where it
inhibits hepatic glucose production, and in muscle, where it improves
glucose uptake and use.
The persistence of regular ovulatory menstrual cycles in the 6 months
after the end of treatment demonstrates that metformin treatment
provides lasting benefits. All girls maintain a BMI <25 kg/m2, and this
can play a role in normal ovulation menstrual cycles.
11. www.femelife.com
What is the role of AMH in diagnosis of PCOS?
Serum anti-Mullerian hormone (AMH), produced in the ovaries by small
follicles, is usually elevated in women with PCOS and correlates with the
severity of this syndrome.
AMH plays an important role in inhibiting follicular development by
decreasing the sensitivity of the follicles to FSH and by inhibiting granulosa
cell aromatase. Serum AMH appears as a sensitive and specific parameter
that predict PCOS than antral follicle count and ovarian volume.
12. www.femelife.com
What is the source of DHEA in PCOS?
Serum DHEAS has been found to be elevated in some women with polycystic
ovary syndrome (PCOS). In PCOS, it has been found that there are actually
two different sources of androgens, the ovary and the adrenal. In women
with PCOS, the theca cells are overactive and proliferate excessively,
producing too much testosterone.
Unfortunately, in 40-50% of women with PCOS, there is also another source
of androgens, which is the adrenal glands. The adrenal glands produce all of
the DHEA in the body.
13. www.femelife.com
What causes PCOS in non-obese women?
All women with PCOS are not obese. Between 20–50% of women with PCOS
are normal weight or thin, and the pathophysiology of the disorder in these
women may differ from that in obese women. It has been suggested that
PCOS develops in non-obese women because of a hypothalamic-pituitary
defect that results in increased release of LH, and that insulin plays no role in
the disorder.
These women tend to have an increased waist to hip ratio and are insulin
resistant and hyperinsulinemic compared to their normal counterparts.
14. www.femelife.com
How the lean PCOS are treated?
Even normal weight and thin women with PCOS respond to pharmacological
measures to improve insulin sensitivity, such as administration of agents like
metformin, with decreases in ovarian androgen production and serum
androgens.
Administration of myoinositol (3 g per day) reduce luteinizing hormone (LH),
high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) (inflammation), and androgens,
as well as improve insulin tolerance test, in lean patients with PCOS.
15. www.femelife.com
How infertility in PCOS treated?
Lifestyle modification is very important in the treatment for PCOS, because
weight loss and exercise have been shown to lead to improved fertility and
the lowering of androgen levels. Ovarian stimulation along with insulin
sensitizers help in many instances.
IVF is an alternative option in PCOS. GnRH antagonist protocol appears to
significantly reduce the rate of severe OHSS in these women. The average
number of oocytes recovered is higher but rate of immature oocytes is more
and fertilization rate is lower in the PCOS group.
16. www.femelife.com
Does IVM help in PCOS?
In-vitro maturation treatment can now be offered as a successful
option to infertile women with polycystic ovaries or polycystic ovary
syndrome.
It is possible to combine natural cycle in-vitro fertilization with
immature oocyte retrieval followed by in-vitro maturation, and thus
offer women with various causes of infertility reasonable pregnancy
and implantation rates without recourse to ovarian stimulation.
17. www.femelife.com
What is the effect of bariatric surgery in PCOS?
Bariatric surgery has been increasingly popular to treat morbid obesity
associated with PCOS. In the larger population as the surgery has
become safer with primarily a laparoscopic approach and selection of a
healthier population for surgery, long-term survival is now superior
with versus without the surgery.
