This document provides an overview of land ownership and agrarian reform policies in Philippine history from the pre-colonial era through present day. It discusses the major issues and legislation around land ownership and reform under periods of Spanish rule, American rule, Japanese occupation, and different Philippine presidents. The overall purpose is to analyze social, political, economic, and cultural issues in Philippine history through the lens of land ownership and agrarian reform.

1. WELCOME BACK!
1-Z
LESSON 4: Social, Political, Economic, and
Cultural Issues in
Philippine History
Republic of the Philippines
MARIKINA POLYTECHNIC COLLEGE
2 Mayor Chanyungco St.,Sta.Elena,Marikina City 1800
Idala, Thricia F.
BTVTED 4-F

2. PRAYER

3. GAME
garriaan forrme
-Agrarian Reform
xionatta
-Taxation
1. Modernizing the feudal structure of
southern agriculture, by expropriating
the most unproductive portions of the
large estates (latifundia) and
redistributing them to landless
peasants in the form of small
holdings.
2. The imposition of compulsory
levies on individuals or entities by
governments in almost every
country of the world.

4. liicstpo
Politics
nwerosphi
Ownership
3.The activities associated with the
governance of a country or other
area, especially the debate or
conflict among individuals or
parties having or hoping to achieve
power.
4. The act, state, or right of
possessing something

5. At the end of the lesson, the studentare
expected to:
Analyze social, political, economic, and cultural issues in the Philippine
using the lens of History.
 Understand several enduring issues in the Philippine society through
history.
 Understand several enduring issues in the country.
Propose recommendations or solutions to present-day problems based on
the understanding of the past and anticipation of the future through the
study of history.

6. Definition of Terms:
Society
-a part of a community that is a unit distinguishable
by particular aims or standards of living or conduct.
Sociology
-derived from the Latin word “socius” which means
social or being with others and the Greek word
“logos” meaning study or science.

7. Social Sciences
-the study of society’s social statistics, structure,
and forces for social order, stability, and dynamics
which refers to the conflicts and changes that
people experienced. (Kendall, 2017)

8. Politics
=it is a multifaceted word, that are descriptive and
nonjudgmental such as “the art or science of
government” and "political principles", but it can and often
does carry a negative meaning closely related to “political
activities characterized by artful and often dishonest
practices”.
Political Science
a social science concerned chiefly with the description
and analysis of political and especially governmental
institutions and processes.

9. Economics
-a social science that deals with the studies, description,
and analysis of production, distribution, and consumption
of goods and services.
Culture
-the set of shared attitudes, values, goals, and practices
that characterizes an institution or organization.

10. CHAPTER 1: Policies on Agrarian
Reform

11. A. Pre-Colonial Ownership of Land
• “This land is Ours, God gave this land to us”
• Farming was the main industry of the early Filipinos.

12. Two methods of farming
Kaingin method
- land was cleared by setting fire to the
shrubs and bushes, after which holes
were bored in the ground with pointed
sticks and seed where then planted.
Plow and Harrow Method
-Tilling the land with the use plow and
harrow drawn by carabaos

13. • Varieties of wine-making was also an industry. From
nipa and sugarcane, wine was made and called
“lambanog” this was from the Tagalog in the Southern
and Central Luzon, coconut liquor called “tuba” and
“lambanog” as tuba ages, and “rice wine” or “Basi” or
“Tapoy” in the Northern part of Luzon.
• Ownership of land is granted and approved by the
chieftain or datu of a community.

14. Issues:
1. Trade was established.
2. War Among Barangays.
3. Slavery was instituted.
4. Weakened the Sultanate.

15. B. Landownership in the Philippine under
Spain
• “United we stand, divided we fall”
• The concept of encomienda (Royal Land Grants)
was introduced.

16. Issues:
1. Abuse of Power of Encomienderos.
2. Corruption on Tribute.
3. A Vision of Real Property and Ownership of
Land.

17. C. Landownership in the Philippines under
the Americans
• “Long Live America”
• This landlessness was the main cause of
insurgency in the Philippines.

18. Significant legislation enacted during the
American Period:
1. Philippine Bill of 1902 – Set the ceilings on the hectarage of private
individuals and corporations may acquire: 16 has. for private individuals
and 1,024 has. for corporations.
2. Land Registration Act of 1902 (Act No. 496) – Provided for a
comprehensive registration of land titles under the Torrens system.
3. Public Land Act of 1903 – introduced the homestead system in the
Philippines.

19. 4. Tenancy Act of 1933 (Act No. 4054 and 4113) –
regulated relationships between landowners and tenants of
rice (50-50 sharing) and sugar cane lands.
5. The Torrens system, which the Americans instituted for
the registration of lands, did not solve the problem
completely.

20. Sakdal Uprising
• The Sakdalista (coming from the Tagalog word sakdal,
meaning"to accuse") movement was founded in 1930 by a
right wing leader, Benigno Ramos, a writer and
discontented former government clerk. The name of the
movement was based on Émile Zola's 1898 letter criticising
the French government, J'accuse.
• The elite bitterly criticized the uprising; MLQ called its
leader (Benigno Ramos) “and irresponsible and crafty
demagogue.”

21. D. Commonwealth Period
• “Government for the Filipinos”

22. Significant legislation enacted during
Commonwealth Period:
1. 1935 Constitution – "The promotion of social justice
to ensure the well-being and economic security of all
people should be the concern of the State"
2. Commonwealth Act No. 178 (An Amendment to
Rice Tenancy Act No. 4045), Nov. 13, 1936 –
Provided for certain controls in the landlord-tenant
relationships

23. • 3. National Rice and Corn Corporation (NARIC), 1936
– Established the price of rice and corn thereby help the
poor tenants as well as consumers.
• 4. Commonwealth Act. No. 461, 1937 – Specified
reasons for the dismissal of tenants and only with the
approval of the Tenancy Division of the Department of
Justice.

24. 5. Rural Program Administration, created
March 2, 1939 – Provided the purchase and lease
of haciendas and their sale and lease to the
tenants.
6. Commonwealth Act No. 441 enacted on June
3, 1939 – Created the National Settlement
Administration with a capital stock of P20,000,000.

25. E. Japanese Occupation
• “The Era of Hukbalahap”
• The Second World War II started in Europe in 1939
and in the Pacific in 1941.

26. F. Philippine Republic (DAR,
2020)
• “The New Republic”
• After the establishment of the Philippine
Independence in 1946, the problems of land tenure
remained.

27. President Manuel A. Roxas (1946-1948) enacted the
following laws:
• Republic Act No. 34 -- Established the 70-30 sharing
arrangements and regulating share-tenancy contracts.
• Republic Act No. 55 -- Provided for a more effective
safeguard against arbitrary ejectment of tenants.

28. Elpidio R. Quirino (1948-1953) enacted the following
law:
• Executive Order No. 355 issued on October 23, 1950
-- Replaced the National Land Settlement Administration
with Land Settlement Development Corporation
(LASEDECO) which takes over the responsibilities of the
Agricultural Machinery Equipment Corporation and the
Rice and Corn Production Administration.

29. Ramon Magsaysay (1953-1957) enacted the following
laws:
• Republic Act No. 1160 of 1954 -- Abolished the
LASEDECO and established the National Resettlement and
Rehabilitation Administration (NARRA) to resettle dissidents
and landless farmers. It was particularly aimed at rebel
returnees providing home lots and farmlands in Palawan and
Mindanao.
•

30. • Republic Act No. 1199 (Agricultural Tenancy Act of
1954) -- governed the relationship between landowners
and tenant farmers by organizing share_x0002_tenancy
and leasehold system. The law provided the security of
tenure of tenants. It also created the Court of Agrarian
Relations.

31. • Republic Act No. 1400 (Land Reform Act of 1955) --
Created the Land Tenure Administration (LTA) which was
responsible for the acquisition and distribution of large
tenanted rice and corn lands over 200 hectares for
individuals and 600 hectares for corporations.
• Republic Act No. 821 (Creation of Agricultural Credit
Cooperative Financing Administration) -- Provided
small farmers and share tenants loans with low interest
rates of six to eight percent.

32. President Carlos P. Garcia (1957-1961)
• Continued the program of President Ramon
Magsaysay. No new legislation passed.

33. President Diosdado P. Macapagal (1961-1965) enacted
the following law:
• Republic Act No. 3844 of August 8, 1963 (Agricultural
Land Reform Code) --Abolished share tenancy,
institutionalized leasehold, set retention limit at 75
hectares, invested rights of preemption and redemption for
tenant farmers, provided for an administrative machinery
for implementation, institutionalized a judicial system of
agrarian cases, incorporated extension, marketing and
supervised credit system of services of farmer
beneficiaries. The RA was hailed as one that would
emancipate Filipino farmers from the bondage of tenancy.

34. President Ferdinand E. Marcos (1965-1986)
• Proclamation No. 1081 on September 21, 1972
ushered the Period of the New Society. Five (5) days
after the proclamation of Martial Law, the entire country
was proclaimed a land reform area and simultaneously
the Agrarian Reform Program was decreed.

35. President Marcos enacted the following laws:
• Republic Act No. 6389, (Code of Agrarian Reform) and
RA No. 6390 of 1971 --Created the Department of Agrarian
Reform and the Agrarian Reform Special Account Fund.
• Presidential Decree No. 2, September 26, 1972 -- Declared
the country under land reform program. It enjoined all
agencies and offices of the government to extend full
cooperation and assistance to the DAR. It also activated the
Agrarian Reform Coordinating Council.

36. • Presidential Decree No. 27, October 21, 1972 --
Restricted land reform scope to tenanted rice and corn
lands and set the retention limit at 7 hectares.

37. President Corazon C. Aquino (1986-1992)
The Constitution ratified by the Filipino people during the
administration of President Corazon C. Aquino provides
under Section 21 under Article II that “The State shall
promote comprehensive rural development and agrarian
reform.”
• Republic Act No. 6657 (June 10, 1988) or otherwise
known as the Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Law
(CARL).

38. President Corazon C. Aquino enacted the following laws:
• Executive Order No. 228, July 16, 1987 – Declared full
ownership to qualified farmer-beneficiaries covered by PD 27. It
also determined the value remaining unvalued rice and corn lands
subject of PD 27 and provided for the manner of payment by the
FBs and mode of compensation to landowners.
• Executive Order No. 229, July 22, 1987 – Provided mechanism
for the implementation of the Comprehensive Agrarian Reform
Program (CARP).

39. • Proclamation No. 131, July 22, 1987 – Instituted the
CARP as a major program of the government. It provided for
a special fund known as the
Agrarian Reform Fund (ARF), with an initial amount of Php50
billion to cover the estimated cost of the program from 1987-
1992.
• Executive Order No. 129-A, July 26, 1987 – streamlined
and expanded the power and operations of the DAR.
• Republic Act No. 6657, June 10, 1988 (Comprehensive
Agrarian Reform Law)

40. • Executive Order No. 405, June 14, 1990 – Vested in the
Land Bank of the Philippines the responsibility to
determine land valuation and compensation for all lands
covered by CARP.
• Executive Order No. 407, June 14, 1990 – Accelerated
the acquisition and distribution of agricultural lands,
pasture lands, fishponds, agro-forestry lands and other
lands of the public domain suitable for agriculture.

41. President Fidel V. Ramos (1992-1998)
“Fairer, faster and more meaningful implementation
of the Agrarian Reform Program”

42. President Fidel V. Ramos enacted the following laws:
• Republic Act No. 7881, 1995 – Amended certain
provisions of RA 6657 and exempted fishponds and
prawns from the coverage of CARP.
• Republic Act No. 7905, 1995 – Strengthened the
implementation of the CARP.

43. • Executive Order No. 363, 1997 – Limits the type of lands
that may be converted by setting conditions under which
limits the type of lands that may be converted by setting
conditions under which specific categories of agricultural
land are either absolutely non-negotiable for conversion or
highly restricted for conversion.
• Republic Act No. 8435, 1997 (Agriculture and Fisheries
Modernization Act AFMA) – Plugged the legal loopholes in
land use conversion.

44. • Republic Act 8532, 1998 (Agrarian Reform
Fund Bill) – Provided an additional Php50 billion
for CARP and extended its implementation for
another 10 years.

45. President Joseph E. Estrada (1998-2000)
• “ERAP PARA SA MAHIRAP’

46. President Joseph E. Estrada initiated the
enactment of the following law:
• Executive Order N0. 151, September 1999
(Farmer’s Trust Fund) – Allowed the voluntary
consolidation of small farm operation into medium
and large scale integrated enterprise that can
access long-term capital.
• President Estrada launched the Magkabalikat
Para sa Kaunlarang Agraryo or
MAGKASAKA.

47. President Gloria Macapacal-Arroyo (2000-
2010)
• “To make the countryside economically viable
for the Filipino family by building partnership
and promoting social equity and new
economic opportunities towards lasting peace
and sustainable rural development.”

48. • Land Tenure Improvement
• Infrastructure Projects
• KALAHI ARZone
• Agrarian Justice

49. President Benigno Aquino III (2010-
2016)
• President Benigno Aquino III vowed during his 2012 State
of the Nation Address that he would complete before the
end of his term the Comprehensive Agrarian Reform
Program (CARP), the centerpiece program of the
administration of his mother, President Corazon Aquino.

50. • The Agrarian Reform Community Connectivity and Economic Support
Services (ARCCESS) project was created to contribute to the overall
goal of rural poverty reduction especially in agrarian reform areas.
• Agrarian Production Credit Program (APCP) provided credit support for
crop production to newly organized and existing agrarian reform
beneficiaries’ organizations (ARBOs) and farmers’ organizations not
qualified to a vail themselves of loans under the regular credit windows of
banks.
• The legal case monitoring system (LCMS), a web-based legal system for
recording and monitoring various kinds of agrarian cases at the provincial,
regional and central offices of the DAR to ensure faster resolution and
close monitoring of agrarian-related cases, was also launched.

51. President Rodrigo Roa Duterte (2016 –
present)
• Under his leadership, the President wants to pursue an
“aggressive” land reform program that would help alleviate
the life of poor Filipino farmers by prioritizing the provision
of support services alongside land distribution.
• The President directed the DAR to launch the 2nd phase
of agrarian reform where landless farmers would be
awarded with undistributed lands under the Comprehensive
Agrarian Reform Program (CARP).

52. • The President directed the DAR to launch the
2nd phase of agrarian reform where landless
farmers would be awarded with undistributed lands
under the Comprehensive Agrarian Reform
Program (CARP).
• Duterte plans to place almost all public lands,
including military reserves, under agrarian reform.
• The President also placed 400 hectares of
agricultural lands in Boracay under CARP.

53. • Under his administration the DAR created an anti-
corruption task force to investigate and handle reports on
alleged anomalous activities by officials and employees of
the department.
• The Department also pursues an “Oplan Zero Backlog” in
the resolution of cases in relation to agrarian justice delivery
of the agrarian reform program to fast-track the
implementation of CARP.

54. Chapter 2: Evolution of the
Philippine Constitution

55. FORMS of GOVERNMENT
As to number of persons exercising sovereign powers
Monarchy – one in which the supreme and final authority
is in the hands of a single person.
Aristocracy – one in which political power is exercised
by a few privileged class
Democracy – one in which political power is exercised
by a majority of people.

56. As to extent of powers by the central
government
Unitary government – one in which the control of
national and local affairs is exercised by the central
or national government.
Federal government – one in which the powers of
government are divided between two sets of
organs, one for national affairs and the other for
local affairs.

57. As to relationship between the executive and the
legislative branches of the government
Parliamentary government – one in which the state
confers upon the legislature the power to terminate
the tenure of office of the real executive.
Presidential government – one in which the state
makes the executive independent of the legislature
as regards his tenure, policies and acts.

58. EVOLUTION OF THE PHILIPPINE
CONSTITUTION (PAGASA, 2020)
Malolos Constitution
September 15, 1898, Congress met in Malolos, Bulacan and
framed the Malolos Constitution lasted only for a short period
of time from January 23, 1899 to March 23, 1901

59. 1935 Constitution
• March 24, 1934 – Pres. Roosevelt authorized the calling
of a constitutional convention to draft a constitution of the
Philippines
• March 23, 1935 – Pres. Roosevelt approved the
Constitution.
• May 14, 1935 – Filipinos ratified the Constitution

60. 1973 Constitution
• March 16, 1967 – Congress authorized the holding of a
constitutional convention
• June 1, 1971 – the convention started to rewrite the
Constitution
• November 30, 1972 – the proposed Constitution was
signed
• September 21, 1972 – Pre. Marcos placed the entire
country under martial law
• January 17, 1973 – Filipinos ratified the Constitution

61. Freedom Constitution February 22-25, 1986 - 4 day
people power revolt
• March 25, Freedom Constitution was promulgated
1987 Constitution
• April 23, Constitutional Commission was created to draft
the proposed Constitution
• June 2, the Constitutional Commission convened
• October 15, draft of the Constitution was finished
• February 2, the 1987 Constitution was ratified by the
people on a plebiscite

62. Chapter 3 - Evolution of Philippine
Taxation

63. Spanish Era
• When spaniards came, they started to collect “tributos”
(tributes).
• The purpose of it is to develop and improve the islands
and to maintain it as well
• also, the collect tributes is for the government officials
salary and for the expensesof the clergy
• The Filipinos have gotten satisfied with the production of
agriculture

64. •Later on, half of the tribute was paid in cash and the rest
with produce.
•Sixteenth century. Manila-Acapulco trade (The Galleon
Trade)The Spanish government continued trade relations
with these countries and Manila became the Center of
Commerce-China, Japan, Maluccas, Siam, India, Cambodia,
Borneo
•During the Galleon trade, force labor was a character of
spanish colonial taxation and was required from the
Filipinos.Male Filipino were obligated to serve which results
to deaths in seventeenth century. Males are required to
provide 40 days per annum

65. •1884, The payment of tribute was put to a stop
because of the “cedulla”
•Taxation in the Philippine during spanish colonial
period was characterized by a heavy burden place

66. American Period
•Americans aimed to make the economy self-sufficient by
running the government with the possible sum revenue
and create surplus in the budget.
•From 1898 to 1903, the Americans followed the Spanish
system of taxation with some modifications.
•Later on, the Urbana would be replaced by tax on real
state, which became known as land tax.
•The problem with the tax was that land titling in the rural
area was very disorderly.

67. Japanese Occupation
At the outbreak of World War II, under the
Japanese regime (1942-1945), the Bureau was
combined with the Customs Office and was
headed by a Director of Customs and Internal
Revenue.

68. FISCAL POLICY FROM
1946 TO PRESENT

69. Roxas Regime (1946-1948)
• He rejected the advised of the United States in tax
collection.

70. Quirino
• The impetus for economic growth came through the
implementation of import and exchange controls that led
to import substitution development.
• -tax revenue in 1953 increased twofold compared to
1948.

71. Magsaysay Administration
• -Promised to study the tax structure and policy of the
country (through the creation of a
• Tax Commission in 1959 means of Republic Act No. 2211)
• -The period of post-war republic also saw a rise in
corruption
• -Indirect taxation still contributed to three quarters of tax
revenues and the Omnibus Tax
• Law of 1969 did not increase the ratio of income tax to
general tax.

72. Marcos Administration
• During the Latter part of Marcos’ years (1981-1985), the
tax system was still heavily dependent on indirect taxes,
which made up 70% of total tax collection.
• Taxes grew at an average annual rate of 15% and
generated a low tax yield

73. Ramos Administration
• The Ramos administration ventured into its own tax
reform program in 1997 through the Comprehensive Tax
Reform Program, which was implemented to (1) make the
tax system broad-based, simple, and with reasonable tax
rates; (2) minimize tax avoidance allowed by existing flaws
and loopholes in the system: (3) encourage payments by
increasing tax exemptions levels, lowering the highest tax
rates, simplifying procedure; and (4) rationalize the grant
of tax incentives, which was estimated to be worth 531.7
billion pesos in 1994
• The VAT base was also broadened in 1997 to include

74. Aquino Administration
• A major reform in the tax system introduced under the
term Aquino was the introductionof the Value Added Tax
(VAT).
• She reformed the tax system through the 1986 Tax
Reform Program.
• The VAT law was signed in 1986 and put to effect in 1988.
• The tax reform of Aquino administration, both tax and
revenue effort rose, increasing from 10.7% to 15.4% in
1992.

75. Estrada Administration
The succeeding term of President Joseph Estrada in 1998
was too short to constitute in any change in the tax
system.

76. Arroyo Administration
• She undertook increased government spending without
adjusting tax collections.
• In 2005, the Expanded Value
• Added Tax (E-VAT) was signed into law as Republic Act
9337.
• In February 2006, the VAT tax rate was also increased
from 10% to 12%.

77. P-Noy Aquino Administration
• The Administration ventured into the adjustment of excise
tax on liquor and cigarette or the Sin Tax Reform made
law by Republic Act 1035.
• It allows the increase the budget of the DOH and
PhilHealth (from 55.2 million in 2012 to 515.4 million in
2015)

78. Duterte Regime (2016-Present)
• Supported the implementation of the Tax Reform for
Acceleration and Inclusion (TRAIN) law.
• Vowed to lower income tax rates shouldered by working
Filipinos.-The proposed tax reform also seeks to limit VAT
exceptions and increase excise tax on petroleum products
and automobiles

79. Marcos Jr. administration
• The Marcos Jr. administration is eyeing the
passage of remaining tax reform packages left
behind by former President Rodrigo Duterte.

80. Review
1. Why tax is important?
2. Where do you think the tax goes?
3. Why agrarian reform is important to the poor and farmer?