Pattern formation
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Pattern formation arises from the coordination of molecular signaling, gene expression, and cell-cell communication mechanisms across scales. Precise patterning is crucial for organ development and involves homeobox genes which regulate gene expression and cell fate. Vertebrate limb formation occurs along three axes defined by growth factors and transcription factors, which establish progenitor domains and coordinate outgrowth and digit formation.
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Development of tetrapod limb
The development of the tetrapod limb involves specification of the limb field and induction of the early limb bud through FGF10 signaling. The proximal-distal axis is established by the AER, which secretes FGF8 to maintain the progress zone. The anterior-posterior axis is specified by SHH expression in the ZPA. The dorsal-ventral axis forms through Wnt7a expression on the dorsal side. Cell death regulated by BMPs then separates the digits and forms joints.
Development of tetrapod limb
The development of the tetrapod limb involves specification of the limb field and induction of the early limb bud through FGF10 signaling. The proximal-distal axis is established by the AER, which secretes FGF8 to maintain the progress zone. The anterior-posterior axis is specified by SHH expression in the ZPA. The dorsal-ventral axis forms through Wnt7a expression on the dorsal side. Cell death regulated by BMPs then separates the digits and forms joints.
Congenital anomalies of upper limb
- Limb development begins in the 4th week of gestation from lateral plate mesoderm under the guidance of three signaling centers: the AER, ZPA, and dorsal/ventral ectoderm.
- The AER guides proximal-distal growth through FGF signaling, the ZPA patterns anterior-posterior development using SHH, and the ectoderm determines dorsal-ventral fates through WNT7a.
- Failure of limb formation can result in transverse or longitudinal deficiencies, where parts of the limb fail to develop fully, such as in radial club hand where the radius is absent. Classification systems aim to describe the spectrum of abnormalities.
PATTERN FORMATION
This document outlines a course on developmental biology and teratology. It discusses how pattern formation during embryogenesis is genetically controlled and involves cells responding to morphogen gradients and cell signaling pathways to develop spatial patterns. Key genes involved in pattern formation are homeobox genes, which help specify where anatomical structures will develop. In particular, Hox genes are organized in clusters and control patterning along the anteroposterior body axis. Mutations in genes of pattern formation can lead to various clinical congenital malformations and anomalies.
Embryonal Homeobox Genes
Homeobox genes are a family of genes that encode transcription factors and play a key role in regulating embryonic development and cell differentiation. They were first discovered in 1983 in fruit flies and contain a DNA sequence called the homeodomain that provides instructions for protein production. In humans, there are over 200 homeobox genes located on every chromosome. Homeobox genes establish body patterns and regionalization during development through processes like polarity, positional information, and regulation of genes involved in cell adhesion, migration, proliferation and differentiation. Mutations in certain homeobox genes can lead to developmental disorders and anomalies.
Homeotic Genes and their functions in Drosophila.pptx
Homeotic genes encode transcription factors that direct the development of specific body structures. Mutations can cause structures to form in the wrong locations, like fruit flies developing extra wings. Segmentation genes were discovered that define regions along the body axis; these include gap, pair-rule, and segment polarity genes. Organ formation is also tightly controlled by genes like eyeless, and experiments show that the mouse homolog can induce Drosophila eye development when expressed in other tissues.
Genetic control of animal development
- Animal development is defined as the progressive changes in size, shape, and function that occur during an organism's life through which its genetic potential is translated into mature systems.
- Maternal genes play a major role in early development by providing nutritive and determinative materials to the egg during oogenesis, organizing the egg for subsequent development. Mutations in these maternal effect genes can impact offspring viability without affecting the mother.
- After fertilization, zygotic gene expression begins from the embryo genome, directing cell differentiation and organ formation under genetic control. Homeotic genes determine body segmentation by transforming one segment into another.
Genetic control of animal development
presented by HAFIZ M WASEEM
university of education LAHORE Pakistan
i am from mailsi vehari and studied in lahore
bsc in science college multan
msc from lahore
Recommended
Development of tetrapod limb
The development of the tetrapod limb involves specification of the limb field and induction of the early limb bud through FGF10 signaling. The proximal-distal axis is established by the AER, which secretes FGF8 to maintain the progress zone. The anterior-posterior axis is specified by SHH expression in the ZPA. The dorsal-ventral axis forms through Wnt7a expression on the dorsal side. Cell death regulated by BMPs then separates the digits and forms joints.
Development of tetrapod limb
The development of the tetrapod limb involves specification of the limb field and induction of the early limb bud through FGF10 signaling. The proximal-distal axis is established by the AER, which secretes FGF8 to maintain the progress zone. The anterior-posterior axis is specified by SHH expression in the ZPA. The dorsal-ventral axis forms through Wnt7a expression on the dorsal side. Cell death regulated by BMPs then separates the digits and forms joints.
Congenital anomalies of upper limb
- Limb development begins in the 4th week of gestation from lateral plate mesoderm under the guidance of three signaling centers: the AER, ZPA, and dorsal/ventral ectoderm.
- The AER guides proximal-distal growth through FGF signaling, the ZPA patterns anterior-posterior development using SHH, and the ectoderm determines dorsal-ventral fates through WNT7a.
- Failure of limb formation can result in transverse or longitudinal deficiencies, where parts of the limb fail to develop fully, such as in radial club hand where the radius is absent. Classification systems aim to describe the spectrum of abnormalities.
PATTERN FORMATION
This document outlines a course on developmental biology and teratology. It discusses how pattern formation during embryogenesis is genetically controlled and involves cells responding to morphogen gradients and cell signaling pathways to develop spatial patterns. Key genes involved in pattern formation are homeobox genes, which help specify where anatomical structures will develop. In particular, Hox genes are organized in clusters and control patterning along the anteroposterior body axis. Mutations in genes of pattern formation can lead to various clinical congenital malformations and anomalies.
Embryonal Homeobox Genes
Homeobox genes are a family of genes that encode transcription factors and play a key role in regulating embryonic development and cell differentiation. They were first discovered in 1983 in fruit flies and contain a DNA sequence called the homeodomain that provides instructions for protein production. In humans, there are over 200 homeobox genes located on every chromosome. Homeobox genes establish body patterns and regionalization during development through processes like polarity, positional information, and regulation of genes involved in cell adhesion, migration, proliferation and differentiation. Mutations in certain homeobox genes can lead to developmental disorders and anomalies.
Homeotic Genes and their functions in Drosophila.pptx
Homeotic genes encode transcription factors that direct the development of specific body structures. Mutations can cause structures to form in the wrong locations, like fruit flies developing extra wings. Segmentation genes were discovered that define regions along the body axis; these include gap, pair-rule, and segment polarity genes. Organ formation is also tightly controlled by genes like eyeless, and experiments show that the mouse homolog can induce Drosophila eye development when expressed in other tissues.
Genetic control of animal development
- Animal development is defined as the progressive changes in size, shape, and function that occur during an organism's life through which its genetic potential is translated into mature systems.
- Maternal genes play a major role in early development by providing nutritive and determinative materials to the egg during oogenesis, organizing the egg for subsequent development. Mutations in these maternal effect genes can impact offspring viability without affecting the mother.
- After fertilization, zygotic gene expression begins from the embryo genome, directing cell differentiation and organ formation under genetic control. Homeotic genes determine body segmentation by transforming one segment into another.
Genetic control of animal development
presented by HAFIZ M WASEEM
university of education LAHORE Pakistan
i am from mailsi vehari and studied in lahore
bsc in science college multan
msc from lahore
What are cytoplasmic determinants What is the relevance of the yell.pdf
we are interested in comparing the mean costs of electrical energy produced by nuclear and coal
powered electrical power plants. Pilot studies have indicated the variation in the costs associated
with the two types of plants are sn= $.224 and sc= $ .20.How many plants of each type should be
sampled in order to estimate the difference mean costs with a 95% confidence interval to within
$.01?
Solution
sn = 0.224 and sc = 0.20
Let sample sizes be n1 and n2
SE = 0.224/rtn1 + 0.20/rtn2
Margin of error = z alpha/2 (SE)
For 95% z = 1.96
Hence 1.96(0.224/rtn1 + 0.20/rtn2) = 0.01
As there is one equation and two variables assume n1 = n2
Then we have
0.424/rtn1 = 0.01/1.96 = 0.0051
Or rt n1 = 8.313
n1 =69.111
or n >70 for each sample..
pattern formation genes
This document discusses pattern formation during embryogenesis. It begins by defining pattern formation as the development of spatial organization that establishes an organism's basic body plan and axes. Key genes that control pattern formation are homeotic genes, which regulate cell processes and contain a homeobox sequence. Hox genes pattern the anteroposterior axis by being expressed sequentially. In Drosophila melanogaster, cytoplasmic determinants, segmentation genes like gap and pair-rule genes, and homeotic genes work together to pattern each segment. Mutations in these pattern formation genes can lead to congenital malformations in humans and other organisms.
A Review on Genetic Dominant Disorder-Polydactyly
Polydactyly is genetic disorder in which there is mutation of gene that is located on short arm of chromosome 7. One gene that can cause polydactyly is GLI3 and it is one among number of genes that are known to be involved in the patterning of tissues and organs during development of the embryo. Mutations of GLI3 gene during development will cause two types of polydactyly. Those are postaxial ulnar and preaxial radial polydactyly. The treatment plan is based on the outcome of analysis of patients medical history, social history, motivation, social and psychological disturbance. Akshata. B. Kichadi | Dr. Uma B Gopal | Santhosh Singarapu | Chaitra. S | Manukrishnan. K | Jeevankumar. Giri "A Review on Genetic Dominant Disorder-Polydactyly" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-2 , February 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd20232.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/medicine/anatomy/20232/a-review-on-genetic-dominant-disorder-polydactyly/akshata-b-kichadi
Evolutionary developmental biology
Evolutionary developmental biology examines the development of different organisms to understand ancestral relationships and how developmental mechanisms lead to evolutionary changes. It focuses on genes that control development and how changes in these genes can produce variation that is acted on by natural selection. A key example is that morphological differences between chicken and duck feet are due to different expression of BMP4 and Gremlin genes, which control cell survival and apoptosis in the developing limb. Developmental genes like Hox genes are important for pattern formation and have been pivotal in animal evolution by allowing variation and the formation of new body plans.
Developmental genetics
The document summarizes key aspects of developmental genetics in fruit flies (Drosophila melanogaster). It describes how a fertilized egg develops into a multicellular organism through successive cell divisions and differentiation. Key stages include establishing the body axes, determining the number and polarity of segments, and specifying each segment's identity. These stages are controlled by different sets of maternal effect and segmentation genes. In fruit flies, genes such as bicoid and nanos establish concentration gradients that determine the anterior-posterior body axis, while dorsal and toll genes control dorsal-ventral patterning.
Development of the Tetrapod Limb.pptx
Development of the Tetrapod Limb
WEL COME TO LOVYANSH LIFESCIENCE
I HAVE EXPLAIN THIS TOPIC IN DETAILS ON YOUTUBE
MY YOUTUBE CHANNEL LINK
https://youtu.be/o1h68DJ8vCg
PLEASE SHARE , LIKE
& COMMENTS FOR MORE SUCH VIDEOS
coordinated movements of gastrulation begin. This dramatic process t.pdf
coordinated movements of gastrulation begin. This dramatic process transforms the simple
hollow ball of cells into a multilayered structure with a central gut tube and bilateral
symmetry.many of the cells on the outside of the embryo are moved inside it. Subsequent
development depends on the interactions of the inner, outer, and middle layers of cells thus
formed: the endoderm on the inside, consisting of the cells that have moved into the interior to
form the primitive gut; the ectoderm on the outside, consisting of cells that have remained
external; and the mesoderm between them, consisting of cells that detach from the epithelium to
form a more loosely organized embryonic connective tissue.
eventual pattern of muscles-in the limbs, for example-is determined by the routes that the
migrant cells follow and the selection of sites that they colonize. The embryonic connective
tissues form the framework through which the myoblasts travel and provide signals that guide
their distribution. No matter which somite they come from, myoblasts that migrate into a
forelimb bud will form the pattern of muscles appropriate to a forelimb, and those that migrate
into a hindlimb bud will form the pattern appropriate to a hindlimb.
Limb formation results from series of epithelial-mesenchymal inductions between the
mesenchymal cells of the lateral plate mesoderm and the overlying ectodermal cells. Cells from
the lateral plate mesoderm and the myotome migrate to the limb field and proliferate to create the
limb bud. The lateral plate cells produce the cartilaginous and skeletal portions of the limb while
the myotome cells produce the muscle components. The lateral plate mesodermal cells secrete a
fibroblast growth factor (FGF7 andFGF10, presumably) to induce the overlying ectoderm to
form an important organizing structure called the apical ectodermal ridge(AER).The AER
reciprocatively secretes FGF8 and FGF4 which maintains the FGF10 signal and induces
proliferation in the mesoderm.[citation needed] The position of FGF10 expression is regulated
by Wnt8c in the hindlimb and Wnt2b in the forelimb. The forelimb and the hindlimb are
specified by their position along the anterior/posterior axis and possibly by two T-box containing
transcription factors: Tbx5 and Tbx4, respectively.
DKK1 activation in osteoblasts is the underlying cause of glucocorticoid- and estrogen
deficiency–mediated osteoporosis, and at least partially underlies the teratogenic effects of
thalidomide on limb development.
both thalidomide-induced PCD and limb deformities could be partially inhibited by blocking
Dkk1 or activating Wnt signaling downstream of the ligand-receptor interaction
Solution
coordinated movements of gastrulation begin. This dramatic process transforms the simple
hollow ball of cells into a multilayered structure with a central gut tube and bilateral
symmetry.many of the cells on the outside of the embryo are moved inside it. Subsequent
development depends on the interactions .
Development of drosophila
Introduction
About Drosophila
Genome of Drosophila
Life cycle
Differentiation
Development of Drosophila
* Embryonic development
* Dorsal -ventral and
* Anterior posterior development
* Body segmentation
* Homeotic gene
Conclusion
Reference
Sex determination and differentiation.ppt
The document discusses genetic, endocrine and biochemical aspects of testis and ovarian differentiation and development. It begins by explaining that chromosomal sex determination as XY or XX is the first step, followed by sex determination committing the bipotential gonad to a testis or ovary. In males, testis determination occurs around 6 weeks gestation where Sertoli and Leydig cells form and secrete anti-Mullerian hormone and testosterone respectively. In females, ovarian determination occurs around 7 weeks where follicular cells form primordial follicles. Key genes involved in each pathway are also discussed.
11.4 production of gametes
The document summarizes the processes of spermatogenesis and oogenesis. It describes how sperm are produced in the testes through mitosis, meiosis and differentiation. Millions of sperm are produced daily starting at puberty. Oogenesis occurs in the ovaries, with one egg maturing each month through meiosis. Only one egg is produced per month from fetal development to menopause. The three hormones that regulate spermatogenesis - FSH, LH, and testosterone - are also outlined.
Normal Development of Pituitary and Hypothalamus Utilizing Mouse Model
The pituitary gland and hypothalamus develop together in mammals and remain linked throughout life. During development, the pituitary gland forms from contributions of both neural and surface ectoderm. The anterior and intermediate lobes develop from Rathke's pouch, while the posterior lobe develops from the neural ectoderm. Different cell types in the anterior pituitary, including somatotrophs, lactotrophs, gonadotrophs, corticotrophs, and thyrotropes differentiate during embryogenesis. The hypothalamus regulates pituitary development and function through signaling pathways. Both organs continue changing after birth to respond to stress and damage. Adult stem cells in the pituitary help maintain tissue through replacing dying cells. The
Functional matrix hypothesis revisited
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
0091-9248678078
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HOMEOTIC GENES.pptx
Homeotic genes are master regulatory genes that control body pattern formation during early embryonic development. Each homeotic gene encodes a transcription factor protein that induces downstream gene networks involved in body patterning. Mutations in homeotic genes can cause homeosis, where body parts develop in abnormal places, and ectopic structures are often lethal. Examples include Drosophila genes like the Antennapedia complex that affect the development of antennae versus legs when mutated. Homeotic genes are highly conserved across animals and play an important role in determining body segment identity and patterning during embryonic development.
Hematopoiesis
The document discusses several studies that examined the bone marrow niche which houses hematopoietic stem cells. Key findings include:
1. Combined single-cell and spatial transcriptomics revealed that CXCL12 abundant reticular (CAR) cells differentially localize around sinusoids and arterioles and establish perivascular micro-niches through cytokine secretion.
2. Deletion of the transcription factor Foxc1 in mesenchymal cells depleted hematopoietic stem cells and reduced niche factors, occupying marrow with adipocytes. Inducible deletion in adults also depleted stem cells.
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Chap20
1) The whale's nose is located on top of its head due to extreme growth of its jaw bones during development, which causes the nasal bone to end up on the top of the skull rather than the front.
2) During development, the basic vertebrate body plan is shaped through processes like determination, differentiation, growth, and morphogenesis that form components and differentially grow bones and skulls.
3) Fertilization activates the egg and initiates cell division, with the sperm contributing a centriole and haploid nucleus while the egg contributes cytoplasm, organelles, and maternal factors that establish polarity through rearrangements signaling early development.
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The document discusses developmental biology, stem cells, and cancer. It begins by explaining how a fertilized egg develops into an adult organism through precise gene regulation and cell differentiation. Key concepts covered include how cytoplasmic determinants and cellular induction influence embryonic development and gene expression. Master regulatory genes that determine cell fate are discussed. The roles of apoptosis and pattern formation in shaping the body plan are also summarized. Examples from studying frog and fruit fly development are provided.
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The document discusses developmental biology and the processes of cell differentiation, determination, and morphogenesis that transform a fertilized egg into a multicellular organism. It focuses on how precisely regulated and sequential gene expression directs these developmental processes, with different genes being expressed in different cell types. Key factors that influence gene expression include cytoplasmic determinants in eggs and signaling between embryonic cells. The development of model organisms like fruit flies has provided insights into these genetic programs and molecular mechanisms that pattern animal body plans during embryogenesis.
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What are cytoplasmic determinants What is the relevance of the yell.pdf
we are interested in comparing the mean costs of electrical energy produced by nuclear and coal
powered electrical power plants. Pilot studies have indicated the variation in the costs associated
with the two types of plants are sn= $.224 and sc= $ .20.How many plants of each type should be
sampled in order to estimate the difference mean costs with a 95% confidence interval to within
$.01?
Solution
sn = 0.224 and sc = 0.20
Let sample sizes be n1 and n2
SE = 0.224/rtn1 + 0.20/rtn2
Margin of error = z alpha/2 (SE)
For 95% z = 1.96
Hence 1.96(0.224/rtn1 + 0.20/rtn2) = 0.01
As there is one equation and two variables assume n1 = n2
Then we have
0.424/rtn1 = 0.01/1.96 = 0.0051
Or rt n1 = 8.313
n1 =69.111
or n >70 for each sample..
pattern formation genes
This document discusses pattern formation during embryogenesis. It begins by defining pattern formation as the development of spatial organization that establishes an organism's basic body plan and axes. Key genes that control pattern formation are homeotic genes, which regulate cell processes and contain a homeobox sequence. Hox genes pattern the anteroposterior axis by being expressed sequentially. In Drosophila melanogaster, cytoplasmic determinants, segmentation genes like gap and pair-rule genes, and homeotic genes work together to pattern each segment. Mutations in these pattern formation genes can lead to congenital malformations in humans and other organisms.
A Review on Genetic Dominant Disorder-Polydactyly
Polydactyly is genetic disorder in which there is mutation of gene that is located on short arm of chromosome 7. One gene that can cause polydactyly is GLI3 and it is one among number of genes that are known to be involved in the patterning of tissues and organs during development of the embryo. Mutations of GLI3 gene during development will cause two types of polydactyly. Those are postaxial ulnar and preaxial radial polydactyly. The treatment plan is based on the outcome of analysis of patients medical history, social history, motivation, social and psychological disturbance. Akshata. B. Kichadi | Dr. Uma B Gopal | Santhosh Singarapu | Chaitra. S | Manukrishnan. K | Jeevankumar. Giri "A Review on Genetic Dominant Disorder-Polydactyly" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-2 , February 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd20232.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/medicine/anatomy/20232/a-review-on-genetic-dominant-disorder-polydactyly/akshata-b-kichadi
Evolutionary developmental biology
Evolutionary developmental biology examines the development of different organisms to understand ancestral relationships and how developmental mechanisms lead to evolutionary changes. It focuses on genes that control development and how changes in these genes can produce variation that is acted on by natural selection. A key example is that morphological differences between chicken and duck feet are due to different expression of BMP4 and Gremlin genes, which control cell survival and apoptosis in the developing limb. Developmental genes like Hox genes are important for pattern formation and have been pivotal in animal evolution by allowing variation and the formation of new body plans.
Developmental genetics
The document summarizes key aspects of developmental genetics in fruit flies (Drosophila melanogaster). It describes how a fertilized egg develops into a multicellular organism through successive cell divisions and differentiation. Key stages include establishing the body axes, determining the number and polarity of segments, and specifying each segment's identity. These stages are controlled by different sets of maternal effect and segmentation genes. In fruit flies, genes such as bicoid and nanos establish concentration gradients that determine the anterior-posterior body axis, while dorsal and toll genes control dorsal-ventral patterning.
Development of the Tetrapod Limb.pptx
Development of the Tetrapod Limb
WEL COME TO LOVYANSH LIFESCIENCE
I HAVE EXPLAIN THIS TOPIC IN DETAILS ON YOUTUBE
MY YOUTUBE CHANNEL LINK
https://youtu.be/o1h68DJ8vCg
PLEASE SHARE , LIKE
& COMMENTS FOR MORE SUCH VIDEOS
coordinated movements of gastrulation begin. This dramatic process t.pdf
coordinated movements of gastrulation begin. This dramatic process transforms the simple
hollow ball of cells into a multilayered structure with a central gut tube and bilateral
symmetry.many of the cells on the outside of the embryo are moved inside it. Subsequent
development depends on the interactions of the inner, outer, and middle layers of cells thus
formed: the endoderm on the inside, consisting of the cells that have moved into the interior to
form the primitive gut; the ectoderm on the outside, consisting of cells that have remained
external; and the mesoderm between them, consisting of cells that detach from the epithelium to
form a more loosely organized embryonic connective tissue.
eventual pattern of muscles-in the limbs, for example-is determined by the routes that the
migrant cells follow and the selection of sites that they colonize. The embryonic connective
tissues form the framework through which the myoblasts travel and provide signals that guide
their distribution. No matter which somite they come from, myoblasts that migrate into a
forelimb bud will form the pattern of muscles appropriate to a forelimb, and those that migrate
into a hindlimb bud will form the pattern appropriate to a hindlimb.
Limb formation results from series of epithelial-mesenchymal inductions between the
mesenchymal cells of the lateral plate mesoderm and the overlying ectodermal cells. Cells from
the lateral plate mesoderm and the myotome migrate to the limb field and proliferate to create the
limb bud. The lateral plate cells produce the cartilaginous and skeletal portions of the limb while
the myotome cells produce the muscle components. The lateral plate mesodermal cells secrete a
fibroblast growth factor (FGF7 andFGF10, presumably) to induce the overlying ectoderm to
form an important organizing structure called the apical ectodermal ridge(AER).The AER
reciprocatively secretes FGF8 and FGF4 which maintains the FGF10 signal and induces
proliferation in the mesoderm.[citation needed] The position of FGF10 expression is regulated
by Wnt8c in the hindlimb and Wnt2b in the forelimb. The forelimb and the hindlimb are
specified by their position along the anterior/posterior axis and possibly by two T-box containing
transcription factors: Tbx5 and Tbx4, respectively.
DKK1 activation in osteoblasts is the underlying cause of glucocorticoid- and estrogen
deficiency–mediated osteoporosis, and at least partially underlies the teratogenic effects of
thalidomide on limb development.
both thalidomide-induced PCD and limb deformities could be partially inhibited by blocking
Dkk1 or activating Wnt signaling downstream of the ligand-receptor interaction
Solution
coordinated movements of gastrulation begin. This dramatic process transforms the simple
hollow ball of cells into a multilayered structure with a central gut tube and bilateral
symmetry.many of the cells on the outside of the embryo are moved inside it. Subsequent
development depends on the interactions .
Development of drosophila
Introduction
About Drosophila
Genome of Drosophila
Life cycle
Differentiation
Development of Drosophila
* Embryonic development
* Dorsal -ventral and
* Anterior posterior development
* Body segmentation
* Homeotic gene
Conclusion
Reference
Sex determination and differentiation.ppt
The document discusses genetic, endocrine and biochemical aspects of testis and ovarian differentiation and development. It begins by explaining that chromosomal sex determination as XY or XX is the first step, followed by sex determination committing the bipotential gonad to a testis or ovary. In males, testis determination occurs around 6 weeks gestation where Sertoli and Leydig cells form and secrete anti-Mullerian hormone and testosterone respectively. In females, ovarian determination occurs around 7 weeks where follicular cells form primordial follicles. Key genes involved in each pathway are also discussed.
11.4 production of gametes
The document summarizes the processes of spermatogenesis and oogenesis. It describes how sperm are produced in the testes through mitosis, meiosis and differentiation. Millions of sperm are produced daily starting at puberty. Oogenesis occurs in the ovaries, with one egg maturing each month through meiosis. Only one egg is produced per month from fetal development to menopause. The three hormones that regulate spermatogenesis - FSH, LH, and testosterone - are also outlined.
Normal Development of Pituitary and Hypothalamus Utilizing Mouse Model
The pituitary gland and hypothalamus develop together in mammals and remain linked throughout life. During development, the pituitary gland forms from contributions of both neural and surface ectoderm. The anterior and intermediate lobes develop from Rathke's pouch, while the posterior lobe develops from the neural ectoderm. Different cell types in the anterior pituitary, including somatotrophs, lactotrophs, gonadotrophs, corticotrophs, and thyrotropes differentiate during embryogenesis. The hypothalamus regulates pituitary development and function through signaling pathways. Both organs continue changing after birth to respond to stress and damage. Adult stem cells in the pituitary help maintain tissue through replacing dying cells. The
Functional matrix hypothesis revisited
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
0091-9248678078
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This document discusses the genetics of tooth development in humans. It describes how teeth develop through complex interactions between genes, proteins, and signaling pathways. Key pathways involved include Hedgehog, TGF-beta, FGF, and WNT signaling. Genes in these pathways like PAX9, MSX1, AXIN2, and EDA have been linked to tooth abnormalities when mutated. Teeth develop through initiation, bud, and bell stages controlled by the enamel knot signaling center. Abnormalities can cause too few/many teeth or other disorders, so understanding the genetic basis is important for treating patients.
Chapter 15.2 evidence of evolution
Multiple lines of evidence support the theory of evolution, including fossils, comparative anatomy, embryology, biochemistry, and the geographic distribution of organisms. Fossils show transitional forms and derived versus ancestral traits. Comparative anatomy reveals homologous and vestigial structures. Embryos of different species exhibit homologous structures early in development. Biochemistry demonstrates complex molecules shared across species. Geographic distribution patterns also provide evidence of evolution.
Evidences of evolution
The document provides evidence for evolution from the fossil record, morphology, embryology, and biochemistry. It discusses how the incomplete fossil record still helps reconstruct evolutionary patterns and trends. Homologous structures provide morphological evidence of shared ancestry, while analogous structures evolved independently. Embryological evidence shows that embryos of related species develop similarly due to shared genes regulating development. Biochemical evidence is found in similar amino acid sequences reflecting common ancestry.
HOMEOTIC GENES.pptx
Homeotic genes are master regulatory genes that control body pattern formation during early embryonic development. Each homeotic gene encodes a transcription factor protein that induces downstream gene networks involved in body patterning. Mutations in homeotic genes can cause homeosis, where body parts develop in abnormal places, and ectopic structures are often lethal. Examples include Drosophila genes like the Antennapedia complex that affect the development of antennae versus legs when mutated. Homeotic genes are highly conserved across animals and play an important role in determining body segment identity and patterning during embryonic development.
Hematopoiesis
The document discusses several studies that examined the bone marrow niche which houses hematopoietic stem cells. Key findings include:
1. Combined single-cell and spatial transcriptomics revealed that CXCL12 abundant reticular (CAR) cells differentially localize around sinusoids and arterioles and establish perivascular micro-niches through cytokine secretion.
2. Deletion of the transcription factor Foxc1 in mesenchymal cells depleted hematopoietic stem cells and reduced niche factors, occupying marrow with adipocytes. Inducible deletion in adults also depleted stem cells.
3. Deletion of Ebf3 in CAR cells impaired niche function and led to osteosclerosis with increased bone
Chap20
1) The whale's nose is located on top of its head due to extreme growth of its jaw bones during development, which causes the nasal bone to end up on the top of the skull rather than the front.
2) During development, the basic vertebrate body plan is shaped through processes like determination, differentiation, growth, and morphogenesis that form components and differentially grow bones and skulls.
3) Fertilization activates the egg and initiates cell division, with the sperm contributing a centriole and haploid nucleus while the egg contributes cytoplasm, organelles, and maternal factors that establish polarity through rearrangements signaling early development.
16lecturepresentation 160202165847
The document discusses developmental biology, stem cells, and cancer. It begins by explaining how a fertilized egg develops into an adult organism through precise gene regulation and cell differentiation. Key concepts covered include how cytoplasmic determinants and cellular induction influence embryonic development and gene expression. Master regulatory genes that determine cell fate are discussed. The roles of apoptosis and pattern formation in shaping the body plan are also summarized. Examples from studying frog and fruit fly development are provided.
Biology in Focus - Chapter 16
The document discusses developmental biology and the processes of cell differentiation, determination, and morphogenesis that transform a fertilized egg into a multicellular organism. It focuses on how precisely regulated and sequential gene expression directs these developmental processes, with different genes being expressed in different cell types. Key factors that influence gene expression include cytoplasmic determinants in eggs and signaling between embryonic cells. The development of model organisms like fruit flies has provided insights into these genetic programs and molecular mechanisms that pattern animal body plans during embryogenesis.
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Pattern formation
- 1. Pattern Formation ZOM-503 ISHIKA SHARMA 2102781 B.Sc – HONOURS (ZOOLOGY)
- 2. about overview mechanism genes Vertebrate limb Vertebrate limb Axes formation Axes formation limb development drosophila Embryonic development is the process by which a single fertilized egg transforms into a complex organism. It involves several changes including fertilization, clevage, gastrulation and organogenesis. Precise pattern formation during development is crucial for the formation of organs and body structures. The formation of the pattern is generally assumed to result form a primary pattern of morphogen concentration. Embryonic pattern arises from the spatial and
- 3. about overview mechanism genes Vertebrate limb Vertebrate limb Axes formation Axes formation Limb development drosophila Pattern formation arises from the coordination and interplay of several mechanisms and processes across molecular, cellular and tissue scales. Exact mechanisms differ from organism to organism, but few fundamental principles involved are- Molcecular signalling. Cell cell communication. Gene expression. Cell fate determination. Cell migration. Feedback loops Environmental influence.
- 4. about overview mechanism genes Vertebrate limb Vertebrate limb Axes formation Axes formation Limb development drosophila The patterning is controlled and influenced by HOMEOBOX genes. Expression results in Production of a protein, Homeodomain that can Turn on or off other genes Homeotic genes contain Sequence of DNA which Encodes for 60 amino acids And is known as homeobox. Hox genes are responsible for patterning along the antero-posterior axis. Hox genes are a group of related genes that specify regions of the body plan of an embryo along the head-tail
- 5. about overview mechanism genes Vertebrate limb Vertebrate limb Axes formation Axes formation Axes formation drosophila drosophila Formation of vertebrate limb functions in a three dimensional coordinate system. first dimension- proximal distal axis (shoulder- finger or hip-toe). second dimension- anterior-posterior axis (thumb to pinkie). third dimension- dorsal ventral axis (palm to knuckles). Proliferation of mesenchymal cells from somatic Region of lateral plate mesoderm causes the limb Bud to bulge outwards.
- 6. about overview mechanism genes Vertebrate limb Vertebrate limb Axes formation Axes formation Limb development drosophila drosophila Tbx 5 transcription factors- forelimbs. Tbx 4 transcription factors- hindlimbs.
- 7. about overview mechanism genes Vertebrate limb Vertebrate limb Axes formation Axes formation Limb development drosophila drosophila 1. PROXIMAL- DISTAL AXIS. AER secretes fibroblast growth factors- FGF4 & FGF8 which promotes elongation of limb. FGF signalling activates expression of specific transcription factors, including Hox genes(Hoxd 13 & Hoxa 13) which are responsible for patterning and determining identity of different segments. 2. ANTERIOR- POSTERIOR AXIS. ZPA produces sonic hedgehog (SHH) a signalling molecule. SHH establishes a gradient that influences the expression of transcription factors like Hoxd 13, which helps in determining digit
- 8. about overview mechanism genes Vertebrate limb Vertebrate limb Axes formation Limb development drosophila 3. DORSAL- VENTRAL AXIS- Dorsal and ventral ectoderm produces signaling molecules including Wnts and BMPs. High BMP activity promotes dorsal identity and low BMP activity allows for ventral identity. LMX1B is a transcription factor involved in dorsal development while Engrailed 1 in ventral formation. FORMATION OF DIGITS AND JOINTS- Mesenchymal cells condense into distinct digital plates. Apoptosis and interdigital tissue regression create spaces between digits and form joints. Chondrogenesis leads to the formation of
- 10. about overview mechanism genes Vertebrate limb Vertrebrate limb Axes formation Axes formation Limb development drosophila Maternal genes like bicoid and nanos establish the initial front to back axis. Gap genes divide the embryo into regions. Hox genes provide the final identity to each segment along the axis. Morphogens like Dpp and Wnt create concentration gradients guiding cell differentiation. Notch delta signalling defines boundaries and maintains segment identity. Hedgehog and notch pathways coordinate cell fate and tissue differentiation.
- 12. about overview mechanism preparation preparation Sanger’s method Sanger’s method Edman’s method Edman’s method limitations Mass spectrometry references DAV university open study material. Articles from frontiers’ website. Developmental biology – scott and gilbert. Animation videos by - rethink biology(youtube) - medizzy medicos(website). THANK YOU.