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Pattern formation
- 1. Pattern Formation ZOM-503 ISHIKA SHARMA 2102781 B.Sc– HONOURS (ZOOLOGY)
- 2. about overview mechanism genes Vertebrate limb Vertebrate limb Axes formation Axes formation limb development drosophila Embryonicdevelopment is the process by which a single fertilized egg transforms into a complex organism. It involves several changes including fertilization, clevage, gastrulation and organogenesis. Precise pattern formation during development is crucial for the formation of organs and body structures. The formation of the pattern is generally assumed to result form a primary pattern of morphogen concentration. Embryonic pattern arises from the spatial and
- 3. about overview mechanism genes Vertebrate limb Vertebrate limb Axes formation Axes formation Limb development drosophila Pattern formation arisesfrom the coordination and interplay of several mechanisms and processes across molecular, cellular and tissue scales. Exact mechanisms differ from organism to organism, but few fundamental principles involved are- Molcecular signalling. Cell cell communication. Gene expression. Cell fate determination. Cell migration. Feedback loops Environmental influence.
- 4. about overview mechanism genes Vertebrate limb Vertebrate limb Axes formation Axes formation Limb development drosophila Thepatterning is controlled and influenced by HOMEOBOX genes. Expression results in Production of a protein, Homeodomain that can Turn on or off other genes Homeotic genes contain Sequence of DNA which Encodes for 60 amino acids And is known as homeobox. Hox genes are responsible for patterning along the antero-posterior axis. Hox genes are a group of related genes that specify regions of the body plan of an embryo along the head-tail
- 5. about overview mechanism genes Vertebrate limb Vertebrate limb Axes formation Axes formation Axes formation drosophila drosophila Formation of vertebratelimb functions in a three dimensional coordinate system. first dimension- proximal distal axis (shoulder- finger or hip-toe). second dimension- anterior-posterior axis (thumb to pinkie). third dimension- dorsal ventral axis (palm to knuckles). Proliferation of mesenchymal cells from somatic Region of lateral plate mesoderm causes the limb Bud to bulge outwards.
- 6. about overview mechanism genes Vertebrate limb Vertebrate limb Axes formation Axes formation Limb development drosophila drosophila Tbx 5 transcriptionfactors- forelimbs. Tbx 4 transcription factors- hindlimbs.
- 7. about overview mechanism genes Vertebrate limb Vertebrate limb Axes formation Axes formation Limb development drosophila drosophila 1. PROXIMAL- DISTALAXIS. AER secretes fibroblast growth factors- FGF4 & FGF8 which promotes elongation of limb. FGF signalling activates expression of specific transcription factors, including Hox genes(Hoxd 13 & Hoxa 13) which are responsible for patterning and determining identity of different segments. 2. ANTERIOR- POSTERIOR AXIS. ZPA produces sonic hedgehog (SHH) a signalling molecule. SHH establishes a gradient that influences the expression of transcription factors like Hoxd 13, which helps in determining digit
- 8. about overview mechanism genes Vertebrate limb Vertebrate limb Axes formation Limb development drosophila 3. DORSAL-VENTRAL AXIS- Dorsal and ventral ectoderm produces signaling molecules including Wnts and BMPs. High BMP activity promotes dorsal identity and low BMP activity allows for ventral identity. LMX1B is a transcription factor involved in dorsal development while Engrailed 1 in ventral formation. FORMATION OF DIGITS AND JOINTS- Mesenchymal cells condense into distinct digital plates. Apoptosis and interdigital tissue regression create spaces between digits and form joints. Chondrogenesis leads to the formation of
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- 10. about overview mechanism genes Vertebrate limb Vertrebrate limb Axes formation Axes formation Limb development drosophila Maternalgenes like bicoid and nanos establish the initial front to back axis. Gap genes divide the embryo into regions. Hox genes provide the final identity to each segment along the axis. Morphogens like Dpp and Wnt create concentration gradients guiding cell differentiation. Notch delta signalling defines boundaries and maintains segment identity. Hedgehog and notch pathways coordinate cell fate and tissue differentiation.
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- 12. about overview mechanism preparation preparation Sanger’s method Sanger’s method Edman’s method Edman’s method limitations Mass spectrometry references DAV university openstudy material. Articles from frontiers’ website. Developmental biology – scott and gilbert. Animation videos by - rethink biology(youtube) - medizzy medicos(website). THANK YOU.