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Patient engagement

This document discusses patient engagement and outlines strategies that health systems have used to increase engagement. It begins with an overview of a framework for patient and family engagement in health and healthcare. It then provides examples from various health systems of strategies they have implemented to increase engagement and discusses the results, such as improved outcomes and cost savings. Some of the key strategies discussed include shared decision making, care coordination, chronic disease management, and targeting interventions based on patient needs and activation levels. The document emphasizes that patient engagement is associated with better health outcomes, care experiences, and lower costs. It concludes that building a truly patient-centered healthcare system can improve quality in a way that benefits both patients and costs.

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New Era Of Patient Engagement Susan Dentzer Editor-in-Chief Health Affairs
Many Thanks To Our Sponsors For Their Generous Support Of Health Affairs’ February 2013 Thematic Issue “New Era Of Patient Engagement” Issue, New Engagement
Greetings G i David Colby Vice President of Public Policy Robert Wood Johnson Foundation
Greetings G i George Bo-Linn Chief Program Officer Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation
Keynote K t Howard Koh Assistant Secretary for Health US D Department of H lth and H t t f Health d Human S Services i
An Overview Of The Evidence And Potential For Patient Engagement
What The Evidence Shows About P i Ab Patient A i Activation: i Better Health Outcomes And Care Experiences; Less Data On Costs Judith Hibbard J dith Hibb d, DrPH Jessica Greene, PhD
Why Invest In Patient Engagement Or Patient Activation? • Reviewed findings from over 100 studies that quantified patient activation • Higher activated individuals are more likely to engage in positive health behaviors and to have better health outcomes • A ti ti Activation also li k d with better l linked ith b tt care experiences
Studies Show That Targeted Interventions Can Increase Patient Activation • Effective interventions have: – Utilized peer support – Changed the social environment – Increased patient skills p – Tailored support to the individual’s level of activation • Increased activation translates into improved outcomes p
Delivery System Innovations • Using patient’s activation level to tailor care– meeting patients “where they are” • Allocating resources differently g y based on both clinical and behavioral profiles p • Increasing patient activation viewed as an intermediate outcome of care
A Multidimensional Framework For Patient And Family Engagement In Health A d Health Care H lth And H lth C Kristin L. Carman, PhD American Institutes for Research February 6, 2013
A Multidimensional Framework For Patient And Family Engagement In Health And Health Care y g g Why This Framework? • Clarify definition • Distinguish concept from related but g p not synonymous concepts • Define the range of patient and family engagement • Ground current diverse efforts in appropriate theory and evidence
A Multidimensional Framework For Patient And Family Engagement In Health And Health Care y g g
A Multidimensional Framework For Patient And Family Engagement In Health And Health Care y g g Using This Framework • Policy-making – Align policies, programs, and funding to engender engagement g g • Practice – Identify opportunities, impediments, and success strategies t t i • Research – Develop and evaluate interventions p – Identify areas most likely to impact practice – Partner to create measures to assess improvement • Advocacy d – Ensuring all of the above
Contact And Co-authors Kristin L. Carman American Institutes for Research Kcarman@air.org @ g www.air.org Co-Authors: Co Authors: • • • • • • Pam Dardess, American Institutes for Research Maureen Maurer, American Institutes for Research Shoshanna S f Sh h Sofaer, Baruch College, Cit U i B h C ll City University of NY it f Karen Adams, National Quality Forum Christine Bechtel, National Partnership for Women & Families Jennifer Sweeney, National Partnership for Women and F J if S N ti lP t hi f W d Families ili
How The Patient-Centered Outcomes Research Institute Is Engaging Patients And Others In Shaping Its Research Agenda Joe Selby, MD, MPH Executive Director Patient-Centered Outcomes Research Institute
Ten Strategies To Lower Costs, Improve Qua ty, Quality, And Engage Patients: d gage at e ts: The View From Leading Health System CEOs Jonathan B. Perlin, MD, PhD, MSHA, FACP, FACMI President, Clinical and Physician Services Group and Chief Medical Officer, HCA On Behalf of the IOM Roundtable on Value and Science-Driven Healthcare: Science Driven Delos M. Cosgrove, Cleveland Clinic Michael Fisher, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center Patricia Gabow, Denver Health and Hospital Authority Gary Gottlieb, Partners HealthCare George C Halvorson Kaiser Permanente C. Halvorson, Brent C. James, Intermountain Healthcare’s Institute for Health Care Delivery Research Gary S. Kaplan, Virginia Mason Health System Jonathan B. Perlin, HCA Robert Petzel, Department of Veterans Affairs J. Michael McGinnis, Institute of Medicine Leigh Stuckhardt, Institute of Medicine
Introduction • A CEO Checklist for High-Value Health Care identifies 10 strategies that have been g demonstrated as effective and essential to improving quality and reducing costs. • Better outcomes at lower costs – better value – can be achieved through the transformative potential of patient-engaged care care. • The strategies identified fall into four categories:  F Foundational elements d ti l l t  Infrastructure fundamentals  Care delivery priorities  Reliability and feedback 2
CEO Checklist For High-Value Health Care Item Category Governance priority — visible and determined leadership by CEO and board Foundational elements Culture of continuous improvement — commitment to ongoing real-time learning IT best practices — automated, reliable information to and from the point of care Infrastructure fundamentals Evidence protocols — effective, efficient, and consistent care Resource use — optimized use of personnel, physical R i i d f l h i l space, and other resources 3
CEO Checklist For High-Value Health Care Item Category Integrated care — right care, right setting, right providers, right teamwork Care delivery priorities Shared decision making — patient-clinician collaboration on care plans Targeted services — tailored community and clinic d i il d i d li i interventions for resource-intensive patients Embedded safeguards — supports and prompts to reduce injury and infection Reliability and feedback Internal transparency — visible progress in performance, outcomes, and costs 4
Evidence Protocols Kaiser Permanente Healthy Bones Program • Developed measures to identify and proactively treat patients at risk for osteoporosis and hip fractures • Standardized practice guidelines for osteoporosis management • Osteoporosis education and home health programs Results • • Improved patient experience by engaging patients to become p opo e ts o their o proponents of t e own health ea t Over five years, 30% reduction in hip fracture rates for at-risk patients 5
Evidence Protocols HCA Developed evidence-base and standardized p practice guidelines for perinatal services • • • • • Fetal heart monitoring education and competency testing Universal screening for hyperbilirubinemia to eliminate kernicterus Standards for high-volume, high-risk, maternal medications (e.g., oxytocin) Benchmark for reducing elective, pre-term deliveries (<39 weeks gestation), based on study of 17 794 births showing NICU use at 37>38>39 weeks 17,794 Engaged patients by “rounding” with patients in rooms Results • • • Maternal death rate that is half the national average $68M in system-wide savings Eliminating all elective, pre-term deliveries in U.S. would save > $1 billion annually *Clark SL, et al. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2011;204(4):283-287. *Clark SL, et al. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2010;203(5):449e1-449e6. 6
Shared Decision Making The Cleveland Clinic Care Enhancement Program for Lung Transplant Patients • Engaged patients through “daily huddles” with daily huddles caregivers • Consensus approach to understanding prognosis and creating shared care plan Results • • • • Total length of stay reduced by 1.54 days 1 54 6 percent decrease in costs of care 28 percent improvement in patient satisfaction regarding clinicians communication 30-day survival improved 3% 7
Shared Decision Making Theda Care Organizing Care Around The Patient’s Patient s Experience • Upon admission an interdisciplinary care team admission, directly engages patients to develop a mutually agreeable care plan Results • • • • • Average l A length-of-stay reduced b 10%-15% th f t d d by % % 95% of patients score satisfaction as “5/5,” improved from 68% 25% reduction in direct and indirect costs of inpatient care Reduced errors – eliminated medication reconciliation errors R d d li i t d di ti ili ti Improved care protocol compliance 8
Resource Use Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center Patient Flow Improvement • Implemented series of operations-management interventions to improve patient flow through ICU Results • • • • Improved patient experience while making care delivery more efficient Fewer delays and cancellations of elective surgeries due to unavailable beds More predictable flow of patients Eliminated need for 75 new beds, saving $100M in capital costs 9
Resource Use Intermountain Healthcare Evidence-based approach to supply E id b d ht l chain • Internal supply chain experts and clinical staff used clinical and administrative data to develop an evidence based approach for identifying evidence-based practices and products associated with best outcomes Results • • Better care – 2.3% reduction in catheter-associated bloodstream infections Lower costs – More than $200 million in savings during the past 5 years 10
Resource Use Virginia Mason Health System Reduced Workflow Inefficiencies Through Rapid Process Improvement • Nursing teams work with patient care patient-care technicians in “cells” (groups of rooms located near each other) rather than spread across a unit Results • • Nurses spend 90% of their time on direct p p 9 % patient care, compared , p to 35%previously, resulting in an 18% improvement in timeliness of care Enhanced team communication and better skill-task alignment 11
Targeted Services Partners Health Care Connected Care Cardiac Program • A self-management and telemonitoring program employing advanced care coordination, patient l i d d di i i education and technology to help heart failure p patients manage care at home g Results • • • • Increased patient engagement across care settings Patients self-report to telemonitoring nurses Heart failure hospital readmissions reduced by 51% Cost savings of $10M ($8,155 per patient) 12
Integrated Care, Targeted Services Veterans Health Administration Increasing Patient Access • Patient-Aligned Care Teams (PACT) use telephone clinics, home telehealth, secure l h li i h l h lh messaging, and mobile apps to engage patients p p y and improve primary care access Results • • • Unplanned, Unplanned urgent care visits by primary care patients decreased by 8 % Total PACT encounters increased 16% Better access and efficiency: 15 % increase in same-day primary same day care physician appointment availability 13
Integrated Care Geisinger ProvenHealth Navigator (PHN) P H lth N i t • Leveraged integrated health system structure – Geisinger Clinic and Geisinger Health Plan – to develop an advanced medical home model – Reengineered primary care, integrating population g g , pp g management in a “medical neighborhood,” and supporting with quality and value measures Results • • • 18% decrease in acute admissions and 20% decrease in riskrisk adjusted readmissions Increased patient engagement: 91 % of patients rate the quality of care as better than in the past 93% of physicians would recommend PHN as a model 14
Internal Transparency Denver Health Community Health Center Patient Registries • Report card for care of high-risk patients with p g p one or more chronic conditions, assigned to a medical home / primary provider Results R lt • • • • • • Breast cancer screening rates increased by 20% Colorectal cancer screening rates increased by 50% Hypertension control rate increased by 12% over 3 years Urgent care visits reduced by 14% Hospital admissions reduced by 7% Patient engagement improved through better communication of care plans between clinic visits 15
Conclusion • That patient-centered care is designed around patients’ needs, preferences, circumstances and well-being i central to hi h ll b i is t l t high-value h lth service. l health i • Even among high-performing systems, the definition and measurement of patient-engaged patient engaged care differs based on context. • Patient-engaged care is associated with better health outcomes, better care experience for patients, and lower health costs. • Good quality is good business It is possible to business. build a patient-centered health care system and deliver high-quality care in ways that are beneficial for both patients and the bottom line. 16
Narrative Matters An Accidental Tourist Finds Her Way In The Dangerous Land L d Of S i Serious Ill Illness Jessie Gruman
Engagement i not nice. E t is t i It is necessary. y
Engagement does not mean compliance. li
Behavior matters.
• Find Good Clinicians and Facilities • Communicate with Clinicians (doctors (doctors, nurses, others) • Organize Your Health Care g • Pay for Health Care • Make Good Treatment Decisions • Participate in Treatment • Promote Health • G t Preventive H lth C Get P ti Health Care • Plan for the End of Life • Seek Health Knowledge
Clinicians And Patient Engagement g g
Patients, Providers, And Systems Need To Acquire A Specific Set Of Competencies To Achieve Truly Patient-Centered C P i C d Care Elizabeth Bernabeo & Eric S. Holmboe American Board of Internal Medicine
Shared Decision Making (SDM) • Ph i i Physicians and patients make healthd ti t k h lth related decisions collaboratively, based on best available evidence and patients’ p values, b li f and preferences. l beliefs, d f • Patient engagement through SDM is linked to increased patient satisfaction, health outcomes, and quality of decisions. • Requires competency at the patient, provider, provider and system level.
Patient Competencies • Towle & Godolphin 1997; 1999 l d l hi • Patients vary in degree of control and participation they desire in the healthcare process. • Influenced by culture, age, gender, education, degree of illness, lack of knowledge, self efficacy. • The fear of being categorized as “difficult” may prevent some patients from participating more fully in their own health care.
Physician Competencies • Towle & Godolphin 1997; 1999 • Physicians must first agree that patients y g p should be part of the decision-making process. • SDM requires attitudes and skills that many physicians may not possess or be familiar with. • Physicians may also need to negotiate their own professional biases and emotions.
System Competencies • Physicians’ and patients’ competencies in SDM h i i ’ d i ’ i i require support from health care systems. • Structural changes, such as new information systems to link patients with decision aids and resources, resources redesigned models of office care, and care restructured reimbursement schemes. • S Systems must move toward stronger support of d f interprofessional collaboration and teamwork.
Bottom Line • A multilevel partnership among all stakeholders l il l hi ll k h ld committed to change in health care is required. • Policy makers can: y – develop payment models that reward efforts to practice shared decision making and focus on value of care, rather than on the volume of services care delivered. – modify medical education and continuous professional development to train providers in the critical competencies needed to engage patients in meaningful discussions of care. – h l advance a more thoughtful and fact-based help d h hf l df b d conversation about health care decisions.
An Effort To Spread Decision Aids In Five California Primary Care Practices Yielded Low Distribution, Highlighting Hurdles Grace A. Lin, Meghan Halley, Katharine A. S. Rendle, Caroline K. Tietbohl, Suepattra G. May, Laurel Trujillo & Dominick L. Frosch
Partners In Medical Decision Making Project • 5 primary care practices in Northern California. • Analysis of workflow to adapt implementation to local circumstances. p • Bi-weekly academic detailing to monitor p g progress, consult and encourage. , g • Branded nominal rewards for high utilizers. • Promotional materials for patients in waiting and exam rooms.
Few Eligible Patients Received A Decision Aid • 4,055 decision aids provided to patients across 5 clinics over 21 months months. • 75.8% of these were for colon cancer screening or back pain pain. – 9.3% of eligible patients received a colon cancer screening program – 10.7% of eligible patients received back pain program • Physicians provided 26.8% of decision aids to patients. p
Lessons Learned • Physicians don’t always perceive a role for f patients in decision-making. i i d i i ki – Don’t recognize decisions as preference sensitive and don’t perceive f iti d d ’t i benefit of involving patients. • Time is perceived as a major barrier barrier. – But used strategically, decision support can save time time. • Clinical support staff more embracing of concept of engaging patients. patients
Implications • Physicians need better training in engaging patients i th d i i i ti t in the decisionmaking process. • T Team-based practice model more b d ti d l likely to be successful. • Q li measures need to assess and Quality d d reward patient engagement. • Incentives for patient engagement must be aligned.
Providers, Payers, The Community, A d P ti t A C it And Patients Are All Obliged To Get Patient g Activation Ethically Right Marion Danis, M.D. and Mildred Solomon, Ph.D.
Disclaimer The views expressed here are mine and those of Mildred Solomon and do not necessarily reflect policies of the NIH or Department of Health and Human Services
Ethical Justification For Patient Activation And Engagement • Consonant with respect for persons – These strategies enhance self determination and the ability of y individuals to be self actualizing • Consequentialist reasoning – These strategies are likely to lead to better health outcomes
Successful Patient Activation • Includes all patients regardless of their ability and their socioeconomic circumstances • Require the p q participation of many p y stakeholders
Patient Responsibilities • Actively engage in pursuing one’s own health – Appreciate the contribution that one can make to personal health – Engage with others to promote one’s own health
Clinician Responsibilities • Collaborate with patients to identify goals and set realistic expectations • Provide adequate support for g p fulfilling these expectations
Health Care Organizations And Delivery Systems • Build a culture supportive of patient activation – Endorsement from leadership – Include patient representation in the boardroom – Provide evidence driven interventions to evidence-driven engage patients in their own care – Collaborate with other health care organizations and organizations outside the health sector
Insurers And Payment Systems • Create payment incentives that are in keeping with the ethical goals of patient activation and engagement: – Rewards and penalties should be based on goals and outcomes that patient s have selected – Reimburse clinicians for offering interventions that promote patient empowerment and jointly chosen outcomes
Communities • Communities and the places where people live, work, study, and congregate, play an important part in promoting health. • Leadership in these setting should be expected to play a role in p p y engaging their constituents in p promoting their own health g
Ethically Problematic • Expecting patients to actively pursue without understanding their unique circumstances and without providing them with the necessary support • Misusing the rationale of patient g p engagement to justify pursuits that do not achieve this goal g
Patients With Mental Health Needs Are Engaged In Asking Questions, But Physicians’ Responses Vary Ph i i ’R V Ming Tai-Seale, PhD, MPH Patricia K. Foo Cheryl D. Stults, PhD, MA Palo Alto Medical Foundation Research Institute NIMH R01 MH081098, NCI R01 CA112379
Primary Care Visits PT: I want a happy pill. Is there such a thing? MD: Ah, well, you know, th k those antiti depressants work.
Findings Lower patient ratings of p y physician communication q quality y 18/visit Slight increase in visit length Physician Responses • Mindful and evidence-based • Brief • Perfunctory  missed opportunities • M ltit ki  f Multitasking fragmented conversations t d ti
Conclusions Questions Q i Conversation Team
Shared Decision Making
Enhanced Support For Shared Decision Making Reduced Costs Of Care For Patients With Preference-Sensitive Conditions P f S iti C diti David Veroff, MPP Senior Vice President, Innovation Health Dialog
Background And Methods • Important deficits in patient participation in decisions about their care • Shared Decision Making improves care and patient experiences • Conducted a randomized trial comparing two levels of telephonic support for people with conditions that involve multiple treatment options
Result: Reduced Medical Costs, Admissions
Implications • Prior Research: Shared Decision Making = better patient experience • This Research: Shared Decision Making also = lower costs • Straightforward implementation of coaching makes it possible to act now
Implementing Shared Decision Making I P i M ki In Primary Care C Barriers And Solutions Mark Friedberg Kristin Van Busum, Richard Wexler, Megan Bowen, Eric Schneider pp y Supported by the Informed Medical Decisions Foundation
We Evaluated A Demonstration Of Shared Decision Making • 8 sites, 34 primary care practices • Convened and funded by the Informed Medical Decisions Foundation – Free decision aids – T h i l assistance Technical i t – Learning collaborative • Qualitative evaluation at 18 months li i l i h
Key Steps Of Shared Decision Making Based On Decision Aids Decision  opportunity  opportunity identification Opportunity  recognized Decision aid  use Post‐DA  conversation DA distributed Clarify medical  Clarify medical information Elicit values  Elicit values and  preferences DA matched to  opportunity Patient uses  DA Make shared  decision Health care  delivery Care  consistent  consistent with final  shared  decision
Barriers To Implementation • Overworked physicians do not recognize decision opportunities and distribute decision aids reliably d i i id li bl • Insufficient provider training –R Recognizing decision opportunities and i i d i i t iti d having post-decision aid conversations are skills providers must learn • Inadequate clinical information systems – Not able to track the full sequence of steps involved in shared decision making
Solutions Sites Employed • Automatic triggers for decision aid distribution – Trigger on patient age and gender (for screening) – Trigger on specialist referrals (for surgical procedures) • Engage team members other than physicians
Measuring Implementation • Process measures should capture all steps of shared decision making – “All-or-none” measures may be appropriate • Measures of decision quality q y – In the end, was care consistent with the patient’s values and preferences?
Group Health Demonstration Lessons Learned About The Role Of Leadership And Culture Change Benjamin Moulton j Senior Legal Advisor Informed Medical Decisions Foundation
Group Health Demonstration The Washington State legislation is significant in several respects: 1) Shared decision making and the potential benefit of using decision aids are formally acknowledged for the first time by a state legislature; 2) Washington undertakes a demonstration project to evaluate the implications of incorporating SDM and the use of decision aids into everyday practice; and 3) Bill provides legal protection to physicians who choose to engage in Shared Decision Making with their patients. 4) N ) Non Funded M d t V l t F d d Mandate- Voluntary participation ti i ti
Group Health Demonstration • 660 000 patients Integrated Consumer 660,000 patientsgoverned health system • Distributed 27,000 PtDA’s over two y 7, years • Selected 12 Preference Sensitive Conditions • Demonstrated that they could integrate distribution and use into clinical practice di ib i d i li i l i • Encouraged by favorable satisfaction surveys • Found decision aids and SDM economically and clinically feasible • Intent to broaden implementation to all p preference sensitive conditions across GH system and network
Lessons Learned • • • • • Patients need to be invited into conversation- More than 90% of responding patients strongly supported and the more that clinicians committed to integrating the more g g comfortable patients felt in voicing their opinions Addressing unwarranted variation- Patient engagement to identify treatment choices that are the result of patient preferences and values Effective integration requires leadership at all levelschampions lead culture change Constant evaluation and iterative improvement is necessary SDM should be embedded in physician training and b b p y g culture
Health Policy Reasons For Adoption Of SDM On Large Scale • Ethical imperative to do the right thing • Perfected Informed Consent aligning Consent-aligning preferences, values and lifestyle with individual s individual’s clinical decision • Bridging health disparities • C Conservative utilization of surgical ti tili ti f i l interventions
Decision Aids: When Nudging Is More Ethical Than Balanced Balanced, Non-Directive Content Jennifer Blumenthal-Barby, PhD Baylor College of Medicine Center for Medical Ethics & Health Policy Co-Authors: Scott Cantor PhD, Heidi Russell MD PhD, Aanand Naik MD, Robert Volk PhD d ik b lk h
Our Challenge • IPDAS Collaboration sets standards for development and evaluation of decision aids • Chapter I: Balanced Presentation of Options – “Complete, unbiased, and neutral presentation of the relevant options and the information about these options-in co te t, content, in format and in display-in a way t at e ab es o at a d d sp ay that enables individuals to process this information without bias.”  Unbiased, neutral presentation of options may not be possible (framing effects)  May not be desirable—may be situations where one option should be highlighted, or patients nudged to consider it more
Our Three Situations • One treatment option is often not considered by patients or offered to them, despite clinical evidence that it is a viable option. – Example: Active surveillance for certain forms of early stage prostate cancer. • A treatment or prevention decision is strongly supported by clinical evidence as being high benefit and low risk. – Example: Colorectal screening for ages 50-70 • The patient’s habits, concerns, preferences or goals point toward a particular option option. – Example: Oral vs. subcutaneous anticoagulant for deep vein thrombosis
Possible Nudges • Normative messages in decision aid to support active surveillance as reasonable option, making risks of surgery and radiation more salient. • Remove “no screening” option for g, j colorectal screening, instead just listing types of screening. • Your values/habits clarification exercise suggests….
Concerns And Justification • • • • • Risk to credibility of decision aids? Nudge or shove? Decision aids vs. health education intervention? Credibility boosted by developers who counter existing biases, inconsistent practice patterns, and promote patient health-related interests. Influence as a continuum (appeals to norms values, framing norms, values informationconcealment of options, deception, threats); evidence-based. Blurring distinction but decision aid recognizes there is a choice to be made. Careful ethical consideration and challenging, but cannot C f l thi l id ti d h ll i b t t turn blind eye to perils of strict adherence to neutrality.
Shared Decision Making: Examining ey e e s d a e s o Key Elements And Barriers To Adoption Into Routine Clinical Practice France Légaré, MD PhD Canada Research Chair in Implementation of Shared Decision Making in Primary Care Holly O. Witteman, PhD, Assistant Professor Department of Family Medicine and Emergency Medicine, Université Laval Québec City, Québec, Canada Laval, City Québec Research Center of CHU de Québec, Québec City, Québec, Canada
The Clinical Consultation • Key opportunity to engage patients through the process of shared decision making • Where opportunities and challenges pp g for expanding the use of shared decision g making across the health care continuum can be identified
Shared Decision Making • Interpersonal and interdependent process • Recognizes that a decision is required • Highlights best available evidence about risks and benefits of each option • Takes into account both the provider’s provider s guidance and the patient’s values and preferences (patient specific)
Barriers To Shared Decision Making Knowledge K l d Attitude Attit d Lack of outcome expectancy Lack of familiarity Lack of awareness Behavior B h i Lack of agreement Lack of self-efficacy self efficac Lack of motivation ti ti External Barriers: -Patients’ Characteristics -Environment: Clinical situation Adapted from Cabana & al. Barriers to CPGs JAMA, 1999
Implementing Shared Decision Making Knowledge K l d Attitude Attit d Lack of outcome expectancy Lack of familiarity Lack of awareness Behavior B h i Lack of agreement Increase Lack of self-efficacy y self-efficacy self efficac with training Lack of motivation ti ti External Barriers: Provide patients -Patients’ with Characteristics patient decision aids -Environment: Clinical situation Cochrane systematic reviews •Stacey et al. 2011 St t l •Légaré et al. 2010
Patient Engagement, g g , Costs And Insurance
Engaging Patients With Quality And Cost I f Q li A d C Information i Jill Yegian, PhD American Institutes for Research February 6, 2013
Key Takeaways • Consumer lens on quality and cost information is important and distinct • Evidence on effective presentation of y pp information is inconsistently applied • Distinctive features of cost and quality information point to collaboration and experimentation
Contact And Co-Authors Jill M. Yegian, PhD jyegian@air.org j i @ i www.air.org Co-Authors: • P Pam D d Dardess, A American I tit t f R i Institutes for Research h • Maribeth Shannon, California HealthCare ou dat o Foundation • Kristin Carman, American Institutes for Research
Patients With Lower Activation Associated With Higher Costs; A i d Wi h Hi h C Delivery Systems Should Know y y Their Patients’ ‘Scores’ Judith Hibbard, DrPH Jessica Greene, PhD Valerie Overton, DNP Supported by The Commonwealth Fund
Study Approach Goal: To examine the relationship between patient activation level in 2010 and costs in 2010 & 2011 • Setting: Fairview Health Services, MN • Data: PAM from electronic medical record for 33,163 patients & billed costs from administrative data • Analysis: Used one-part OLS regression models to predict costs at each activation level, adjusting for demographic factors and health risk
Ratio Of Predicted Costs By Patient Activation Level Patient Activation  Level Ratio of Predicted  Costs to Level 4 PAM Costs to Level 4 PAM 2010 Ratio of Predicted  Costs to Level 4 PAM Costs to Level 4 PAM 2011 1 (Lowest) 1 (Lowest) 1.08 1 08 1.21 1 21 2 1.03 1.05 3 0.99 0 99 0.97 0 97 4 (Highest) 1.00 1.00
Ratios Of Predicted Costs By Condition Patients with Chronic Conditions Ratio of 2010 Predicted Costs For  PAM 1 Compared with  Level 4  PAM Asthma 1.21 Diabetes 1.07 Hypertension 1.14 Hyperlipidemia 1.12
Conclusion • Patients with low activation had significantly higher billed costs than those with higher activation levels – Increasing patient activation may be a pathway to controlling health care costs, as well as improving quality
Focus Groups Highlight That Patients Object to Clinicians Focusing on Costs Marion Danis, MD For Roseanna Sommers, Susan Door Goold, Elizabeth McGlynn, Steven Pearson
Disclaimer • The views expressed here are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the policies of the National Institutes of Health, the US Department of Health and Human Services, Kaiser Permanente, or RAND.
Background • Having clinicians and patients consider costs when making medical decisions has been proposed as a way to contain health care spending • Explicit discussion of costs has advantages – Procedurally fairer than implicit forms of cost containment – Allows patients to have more input in decisions that affect their own out-of-pocket costs
Methods • We conducted 22 focus groups of people with health insurance – to examine their attitudes towards discussing their own costs and insurer costs d i during the clinical encounter h li i l – ½ below 300% of the poverty threshold – ¼ Latino, 1/3 African American – ¼ had one or more chronic illnesses
Scenarios • Physicians talked to about diagnostic and treatment options that differ marginally in effectiveness but varied substantially in either out-of-pocket or insurer costs • Example: 3 months with worst headache to be evaluated with CT scan or MRI
Results • Four fifths of comments reflected unwillingness to consider costs – Wanting only the best “When it comes to you’re your health, there really i no value on i ll is l it. – Unaccustomed and reluctant to make trade-offs bet een trade offs between health and money mone “Doctors shouldn’t leave it up to you. He’s the doctor.
Results • Lack of awareness that that personal finances can have a profound effect on health status • Wariness about being considered g too poor to receive good care
Results Regarding Insurer Costs • Familiarity with the national problem of national health care costs without a sense of responsibility for the problem • Skepticism about the need for costconscious decisions rather than elimination of waste • Antagonism toward insurers and government
Implications • Getting patients to focus on costs in medical decisions will require a shift in public attitudes • This will require – Research in patient education – Training of clinicians to discuss costs g – Reducing trepidation about cost containment in the public arena – Learning from precedents in other countries and other policy arenas
The Affordable Care Act’s Plan For Consumer Assistance With Insurance Moves States Forward But Remains A Work In Progress Rachel Grob, Ph.D Mark Schlesinger, Ph.D Sarah Davis, JD, MPA Deborah Cohen Josh Lapps, M.A. J hL MA
What Are CAPs And How Do They Relate To Patient Engagement? • O i i Origins • Historical Functions • Transformation Under the PPACA
Geographic Distribution Of CAPs Grants (2010-12)
Defining Free And Vigorous Advocacy
Enhancing Future Potential: Proof Of Concept f f • State Contexts Conducive to Transformation • Federal Resources to Sustain Transformation • Spillover to Other Patient Empowerment
Do I Look Like An Idiot? Why We Take A Systems Approach To Health Literacy Linda Harris, PhD Senior Health Communication and ehealth Advisor, Office of Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, US Department of i i d lh i f Health and Human Services on behalf of my co-authors, Howard Koh, Cindy Brach and Michael Parchman Ci d B h d Mi h l P h
A Surprisingly Productive Interaction
The Care Model‐ A Systems Approach to Quality Improvement Community Build Healthy Public Policy Create Supportive Environments Health System Strengthen Community Action Activated Community Self‐Management/ Develop Personal Skills Informed Activated Patient Delivery System  Design/ Re‐orient Health  Services Productive Interactions and Relationships Information Systems Decision Support Prepared Proactive Practice Team Prepared Proactive Community Partners Population Health Outcomes/ Functional and Clinical Outcomes Functional and Clinical Outcomes Created by: Victoria Barr, Sylvia Robinson, Brenda Marin-Link, Lisa Underhill, Anita Dotts & Darlene Ravensdale (2002) Adapted from Glasgow, R., Orleans, C., Wagner, E., Curry, S., Solberg, L. (2001). “Does the Chronic Care Model also serve as a template for improving prevention?” The Millbank Quarterly, 79(4), and World Health Organization, Health and Welfare Canada and Canadian Public Health Association. (1986). Ottawa Charter of Health Promotion.
Health Literacy Universal Precautions • Health literacy – the ability to obtain, process, communicate  and understand basic health information. d d db i h l hi f i • Universal Precautions Toolkit‐Across‐the‐board strategies Universal Precautions Toolkit‐Across‐the‐board strategies  instituted to improve health literacy for all patients • The Health Literate Care Model – incorporates health literacy improving strategies within  each of the components and  h f th t d – uses patient feedback to measure the organizations’  progress toward continually improving strategies for progress toward continually improving strategies for  improving informed engagement
In Summary
How Patient-Centered Medical Homes Involve Patients/Families In Quality Improvement Esther Han, Sarah Hudson Scholle Suzanne Morton, Christine Bechtel, Rodger Kessler Special thanks to PCPCC, AAFP Research Network , and The Commonwealth Fund for supporting this work
How Do Practices Involve Patients And Families In Quality Improvement? 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% Survey  Qualitative input  Suggestion box  QI team or advisory  council
Committed Practices Overcome Obstacles And Fear Low Involvement “Patients have no understanding of what [it takes] to run an office. . . . of what goes into seeing a patient ” patient.” “If you ask, there’s the implication that i li ti th t you’ll d ’ll do something with the answer and that you’ll try to i them what they t give th h t th say they want.” High Involvement “To be more effective, you have to figure out what patients want out of you.” “[Patients] need to be [Patients] partners in their own care. . . . We need to give them that respect and then begin t t d th b i to arm them with ways to take care of themselves.”
What Will It Take Culture shift Examples of success p Help in implementation Public reporting on patient experiences • Fi Financial incentives i li ti • • • •
Increasing Patient/Family Involvement • NCQA’ R NCQA’s Response – Increased emphasis in PCMH 2011 standards – Distinction in Patient Experiences • Providers – Commitment to partnership • Sponsors and Policymakers – Keep expectations high – Provide technical assistance – Reward practices for involving patients p gp and families
A National Action Plan To Support Consumer S tC Engagement Via E-Health g g Lygeia Ricciardi, Ed.M. Director, Office of Consumer eHealth Di Offi fC H lh Office of the National Coordinator for Health IT
How Can Consumers Engage Through eHealth? • • • Communicate & coordinate with providers Self manage health & wellness Engagement applies across d E t li demographic hi groups
Why Now? • • • • Health IT adoption is up Technological revolution Financial responsibility for consumers i growing is i Consumer demand Source: ONC analysis of national surveys
The 3 As Approach Increase consumer Access to health information Enable consumers to take Action with their information Access Action Attitudes Shift Attitudes to support patient-provider partnership
The 3 As Approach Meaningful Use incentives for providers & Blue Button Pledge for providers & payers Access Action Attitudes Animation, crowd-sourced videos, stories & tools for consumers Implementation guide & challenges for developers; tools for consumers
Choice Architecture Is A Better Strategy Than Engaging Patients St t Th E i P ti t To Spur Behavior Change Bob Nease, PhD Chief Scientist, Express Scripts http://Lab.Express-Scripts.com
Human brain processes 10 million bits per second Conscious mind processes 50 bits per second We are wired for inattention & inertia Sources: Koch et al , Current Biol, 2006; Norretranders, The User Illusion, 1999.
Choice Architecture • Opt Out – default to preferred choice • A i Choice – required to state choice Active Ch i i d h i • Precommitment – choose in advance Choice architecture admits – and even leverages – disengagement
Choice Architecture Works Fraction exhibiting i hibi i preferred behavior Opt out (N = 9,450) Precommitment P it t (N = 340,683) Active choice (N = 40,769) Generic vs. G i Brand 93.1 - 98.5% Generic vs vs. Brand 52.8% Mail vs vs. Retail 39.6% Ongoing behaviors are more challenging
Precommitment In Contraception Leads To Desired Outcome IUD, Implant > 21 yrs Pill, Patch, Ring < 21 yrs Source: Winner et al. NEJM, 2012.
Summary • Human attention is scarce & fleeting • Patient engagement a tall order • Choice architecture effectively addresses inattention & i dd i tt ti inertia ti • Proven to work in pharmacy • Addressing nonadherence can reduce costs, costs improve health outcomes For more healthcare insights, visit http://Lab.Express-Scripts.com
HealthPartners’ Online Clinic For Simple Conditions Delivers Savings Of $88 Per Episode And High Patient Approval Kevin Palattao Vice President HealthPartners
Summary Results • $88/episode avg. lower cost • 99% say it’s simple to use • 98% would recommend 8% ld d • 95% say saves 2 5 hours 2.5 • 94.2% antibiotic compliant 94 p
Patient Engagement And g g End Of Life
Default Options In Advance Directives Influence How Patients Set Goals For End-of-life C E d f lif Care Scott D Halpern, M D Ph D S tt D. H l M.D., Ph.D. Assistant Professor of Medicine, Epidemiology, and Medical Ethics & Health Policy Director, Fostering Improvement in End-of-Life Decision Science (FIELDS) program Deputy Director, Center for Health Incentives and Behavioral Economics (CHIBE) University of Pennsylvania
The Promise Of Advance Directives Silveira MJ et MJ, et  al. N Engl J Med  2010; 362:  1211‐8.
The ‘Failure Curve’ Of Implementing ADs Halpern SD. Shaping end‐of‐life care. Sem Respir Crit Care Med 2012; 33:393‐400.
RCT Of Default Options In Real Ads • 132 patients with advanced emphysema, lung cancer, and p y , g , other terminal diseases recruited from Penn outpatient clinics • 95 (72%) completed ADs • After debriefing, no patients changed their specific choices
No differences among arms i patients’ in ti t ’ satisfaction with advance care planning 2 months later (all p > 0 4) 0.4)
Conclusions • • • Default options strongly influence the care patients choose near the ends of their lives, even after patients are alerted to the default Seriously ill patients are content to be nudged towards end-of-lifecare choices, suggesting that many lack deep-seated “preferences” for f such care h Future studies are needed to determine how using default options in advance directives influences clinical, economic, and patientand surrogate-reported outcomes
Engaging Patients And Their Loved Ones In The Ultimate Conversation Maureen Bisognano President and CEO Institute for Healthcare Improvement Ellen Goodman Co-founder and Director The Conversation Project
An Alarming Disconnect • 70 percent of Americans want to die at home…but 70 percent die in institutional settings1 • 80 percent of Californians want to speak to a doctor about end-of-life wishes…but only 7 wishes but percent have done so2 • 82 percent of Californians say it’s important to put their wishes in writing…but only 23 percent have done so2 1CDC. Worktable 309: deaths by place of death, age, race, and sex: United States, 2005. HealthCare Foundation. Final chapter: Californians’ attitudes and experiences with death and dying. CHCF, 2012. 2California
Two Complementary Initiatives • • • • Everyone’s end-of-life wishes will be expressed and respected d d Every one has a story to tell The conversations are personal, not medical The power of storytelling http://theconversationproject.org/ • • Develop a culture of shared decision making with patients ih i Improve processes to reliably prompt, store, and access end-of-life d d f lif care wishes http://www.ihi.org/offerings/Initiatives/Conve rsationProject/Pages/ConversationReady.aspx
The Conversation Project • A grassroots movement to encourage everyone to have conversations about end-of-life wishes with loved ones “at the kitchen table” at table • Bringing about change “from the outside in” • Leveraging media, including social media, to bring messages and tools to all • Targeting specific geographic regions and segments of the population
Early Enthusiasm • Over 68,000 visits to website (theconversationproject.org) • Over 23,000 downloads of the Conversation Starter Kit (also available in Spanish)
Conversation Ready • IHI initiative: 10 Pioneer organizations committed to being “conversation ready” within one year • Requires a new perspective – moving beyond the current “rescue culture” of US health care rescue culture • Leveraging the lessons of exemplar organizations such as Gundersen Lutheran in La Gundersen-Lutheran Crosse, WI, and Dana-Farber Cancer Institute in Boston, MA
Thank You! • Maureen Bisognano President and CEO IHI mbisognano@ihi.org • Ellen Goodman Co-Founder and Director The Conversation Project egoodman@ihi.org
Many Thanks To Our Sponsors For Their Generous Support Of Health Affairs’ February 2013 Thematic Issue “New Era Of Patient Engagement” Issue, New Engagement

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Patient engagement

  • 1.
    New Era OfPatient Engagement Susan Dentzer Editor-in-Chief Health Affairs
  • 2.
    Many Thanks ToOur Sponsors For Their Generous Support Of Health Affairs’ February 2013 Thematic Issue “New Era Of Patient Engagement” Issue, New Engagement
  • 3.
    Greetings G i David Colby Vice Presidentof Public Policy Robert Wood Johnson Foundation
  • 4.
    Greetings G i George Bo-Linn Chief ProgramOfficer Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation
  • 5.
    Keynote K t Howard Koh Assistant Secretaryfor Health US D Department of H lth and H t t f Health d Human S Services i
  • 6.
    An Overview OfThe Evidence And Potential For Patient Engagement
  • 7.
    What The EvidenceShows About P i Ab Patient A i Activation: i Better Health Outcomes And Care Experiences; Less Data On Costs Judith Hibbard J dith Hibb d, DrPH Jessica Greene, PhD
  • 8.
    Why Invest InPatient Engagement Or Patient Activation? • Reviewed findings from over 100 studies that quantified patient activation • Higher activated individuals are more likely to engage in positive health behaviors and to have better health outcomes • A ti ti Activation also li k d with better l linked ith b tt care experiences
  • 9.
    Studies Show ThatTargeted Interventions Can Increase Patient Activation • Effective interventions have: – Utilized peer support – Changed the social environment – Increased patient skills p – Tailored support to the individual’s level of activation • Increased activation translates into improved outcomes p
  • 10.
    Delivery System Innovations •Using patient’s activation level to tailor care– meeting patients “where they are” • Allocating resources differently g y based on both clinical and behavioral profiles p • Increasing patient activation viewed as an intermediate outcome of care
  • 11.
    A Multidimensional Framework ForPatient And Family Engagement In Health A d Health Care H lth And H lth C Kristin L. Carman, PhD American Institutes for Research February 6, 2013
  • 12.
    A Multidimensional FrameworkFor Patient And Family Engagement In Health And Health Care y g g Why This Framework? • Clarify definition • Distinguish concept from related but g p not synonymous concepts • Define the range of patient and family engagement • Ground current diverse efforts in appropriate theory and evidence
  • 13.
    A Multidimensional FrameworkFor Patient And Family Engagement In Health And Health Care y g g
  • 14.
    A Multidimensional FrameworkFor Patient And Family Engagement In Health And Health Care y g g Using This Framework • Policy-making – Align policies, programs, and funding to engender engagement g g • Practice – Identify opportunities, impediments, and success strategies t t i • Research – Develop and evaluate interventions p – Identify areas most likely to impact practice – Partner to create measures to assess improvement • Advocacy d – Ensuring all of the above
  • 15.
    Contact And Co-authors KristinL. Carman American Institutes for Research Kcarman@air.org @ g www.air.org Co-Authors: Co Authors: • • • • • • Pam Dardess, American Institutes for Research Maureen Maurer, American Institutes for Research Shoshanna S f Sh h Sofaer, Baruch College, Cit U i B h C ll City University of NY it f Karen Adams, National Quality Forum Christine Bechtel, National Partnership for Women & Families Jennifer Sweeney, National Partnership for Women and F J if S N ti lP t hi f W d Families ili
  • 16.
    How The Patient-Centered OutcomesResearch Institute Is Engaging Patients And Others In Shaping Its Research Agenda Joe Selby, MD, MPH Executive Director Patient-Centered Outcomes Research Institute
  • 17.
    Ten Strategies ToLower Costs, Improve Qua ty, Quality, And Engage Patients: d gage at e ts: The View From Leading Health System CEOs Jonathan B. Perlin, MD, PhD, MSHA, FACP, FACMI President, Clinical and Physician Services Group and Chief Medical Officer, HCA On Behalf of the IOM Roundtable on Value and Science-Driven Healthcare: Science Driven Delos M. Cosgrove, Cleveland Clinic Michael Fisher, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center Patricia Gabow, Denver Health and Hospital Authority Gary Gottlieb, Partners HealthCare George C Halvorson Kaiser Permanente C. Halvorson, Brent C. James, Intermountain Healthcare’s Institute for Health Care Delivery Research Gary S. Kaplan, Virginia Mason Health System Jonathan B. Perlin, HCA Robert Petzel, Department of Veterans Affairs J. Michael McGinnis, Institute of Medicine Leigh Stuckhardt, Institute of Medicine
  • 18.
    Introduction • A CEOChecklist for High-Value Health Care identifies 10 strategies that have been g demonstrated as effective and essential to improving quality and reducing costs. • Better outcomes at lower costs – better value – can be achieved through the transformative potential of patient-engaged care care. • The strategies identified fall into four categories:  F Foundational elements d ti l l t  Infrastructure fundamentals  Care delivery priorities  Reliability and feedback 2
  • 19.
    CEO Checklist ForHigh-Value Health Care Item Category Governance priority — visible and determined leadership by CEO and board Foundational elements Culture of continuous improvement — commitment to ongoing real-time learning IT best practices — automated, reliable information to and from the point of care Infrastructure fundamentals Evidence protocols — effective, efficient, and consistent care Resource use — optimized use of personnel, physical R i i d f l h i l space, and other resources 3
  • 20.
    CEO Checklist ForHigh-Value Health Care Item Category Integrated care — right care, right setting, right providers, right teamwork Care delivery priorities Shared decision making — patient-clinician collaboration on care plans Targeted services — tailored community and clinic d i il d i d li i interventions for resource-intensive patients Embedded safeguards — supports and prompts to reduce injury and infection Reliability and feedback Internal transparency — visible progress in performance, outcomes, and costs 4
  • 21.
    Evidence Protocols Kaiser Permanente HealthyBones Program • Developed measures to identify and proactively treat patients at risk for osteoporosis and hip fractures • Standardized practice guidelines for osteoporosis management • Osteoporosis education and home health programs Results • • Improved patient experience by engaging patients to become p opo e ts o their o proponents of t e own health ea t Over five years, 30% reduction in hip fracture rates for at-risk patients 5
  • 22.
    Evidence Protocols HCA Developed evidence-baseand standardized p practice guidelines for perinatal services • • • • • Fetal heart monitoring education and competency testing Universal screening for hyperbilirubinemia to eliminate kernicterus Standards for high-volume, high-risk, maternal medications (e.g., oxytocin) Benchmark for reducing elective, pre-term deliveries (<39 weeks gestation), based on study of 17 794 births showing NICU use at 37>38>39 weeks 17,794 Engaged patients by “rounding” with patients in rooms Results • • • Maternal death rate that is half the national average $68M in system-wide savings Eliminating all elective, pre-term deliveries in U.S. would save > $1 billion annually *Clark SL, et al. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2011;204(4):283-287. *Clark SL, et al. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2010;203(5):449e1-449e6. 6
  • 23.
    Shared Decision Making TheCleveland Clinic Care Enhancement Program for Lung Transplant Patients • Engaged patients through “daily huddles” with daily huddles caregivers • Consensus approach to understanding prognosis and creating shared care plan Results • • • • Total length of stay reduced by 1.54 days 1 54 6 percent decrease in costs of care 28 percent improvement in patient satisfaction regarding clinicians communication 30-day survival improved 3% 7
  • 24.
    Shared Decision Making ThedaCare Organizing Care Around The Patient’s Patient s Experience • Upon admission an interdisciplinary care team admission, directly engages patients to develop a mutually agreeable care plan Results • • • • • Average l A length-of-stay reduced b 10%-15% th f t d d by % % 95% of patients score satisfaction as “5/5,” improved from 68% 25% reduction in direct and indirect costs of inpatient care Reduced errors – eliminated medication reconciliation errors R d d li i t d di ti ili ti Improved care protocol compliance 8
  • 25.
    Resource Use Cincinnati Children'sHospital Medical Center Patient Flow Improvement • Implemented series of operations-management interventions to improve patient flow through ICU Results • • • • Improved patient experience while making care delivery more efficient Fewer delays and cancellations of elective surgeries due to unavailable beds More predictable flow of patients Eliminated need for 75 new beds, saving $100M in capital costs 9
  • 26.
    Resource Use Intermountain Healthcare Evidence-basedapproach to supply E id b d ht l chain • Internal supply chain experts and clinical staff used clinical and administrative data to develop an evidence based approach for identifying evidence-based practices and products associated with best outcomes Results • • Better care – 2.3% reduction in catheter-associated bloodstream infections Lower costs – More than $200 million in savings during the past 5 years 10
  • 27.
    Resource Use Virginia MasonHealth System Reduced Workflow Inefficiencies Through Rapid Process Improvement • Nursing teams work with patient care patient-care technicians in “cells” (groups of rooms located near each other) rather than spread across a unit Results • • Nurses spend 90% of their time on direct p p 9 % patient care, compared , p to 35%previously, resulting in an 18% improvement in timeliness of care Enhanced team communication and better skill-task alignment 11
  • 28.
    Targeted Services Partners HealthCare Connected Care Cardiac Program • A self-management and telemonitoring program employing advanced care coordination, patient l i d d di i i education and technology to help heart failure p patients manage care at home g Results • • • • Increased patient engagement across care settings Patients self-report to telemonitoring nurses Heart failure hospital readmissions reduced by 51% Cost savings of $10M ($8,155 per patient) 12
  • 29.
    Integrated Care, TargetedServices Veterans Health Administration Increasing Patient Access • Patient-Aligned Care Teams (PACT) use telephone clinics, home telehealth, secure l h li i h l h lh messaging, and mobile apps to engage patients p p y and improve primary care access Results • • • Unplanned, Unplanned urgent care visits by primary care patients decreased by 8 % Total PACT encounters increased 16% Better access and efficiency: 15 % increase in same-day primary same day care physician appointment availability 13
  • 30.
    Integrated Care Geisinger ProvenHealth Navigator(PHN) P H lth N i t • Leveraged integrated health system structure – Geisinger Clinic and Geisinger Health Plan – to develop an advanced medical home model – Reengineered primary care, integrating population g g , pp g management in a “medical neighborhood,” and supporting with quality and value measures Results • • • 18% decrease in acute admissions and 20% decrease in riskrisk adjusted readmissions Increased patient engagement: 91 % of patients rate the quality of care as better than in the past 93% of physicians would recommend PHN as a model 14
  • 31.
    Internal Transparency Denver Health CommunityHealth Center Patient Registries • Report card for care of high-risk patients with p g p one or more chronic conditions, assigned to a medical home / primary provider Results R lt • • • • • • Breast cancer screening rates increased by 20% Colorectal cancer screening rates increased by 50% Hypertension control rate increased by 12% over 3 years Urgent care visits reduced by 14% Hospital admissions reduced by 7% Patient engagement improved through better communication of care plans between clinic visits 15
  • 32.
    Conclusion • That patient-centeredcare is designed around patients’ needs, preferences, circumstances and well-being i central to hi h ll b i is t l t high-value h lth service. l health i • Even among high-performing systems, the definition and measurement of patient-engaged patient engaged care differs based on context. • Patient-engaged care is associated with better health outcomes, better care experience for patients, and lower health costs. • Good quality is good business It is possible to business. build a patient-centered health care system and deliver high-quality care in ways that are beneficial for both patients and the bottom line. 16
  • 33.
    Narrative Matters An Accidental TouristFinds Her Way In The Dangerous Land L d Of S i Serious Ill Illness Jessie Gruman
  • 34.
    Engagement i notnice. E t is t i It is necessary. y
  • 35.
  • 36.
  • 37.
    • Find GoodClinicians and Facilities • Communicate with Clinicians (doctors (doctors, nurses, others) • Organize Your Health Care g • Pay for Health Care • Make Good Treatment Decisions • Participate in Treatment • Promote Health • G t Preventive H lth C Get P ti Health Care • Plan for the End of Life • Seek Health Knowledge
  • 38.
  • 39.
    Patients, Providers, AndSystems Need To Acquire A Specific Set Of Competencies To Achieve Truly Patient-Centered C P i C d Care Elizabeth Bernabeo & Eric S. Holmboe American Board of Internal Medicine
  • 40.
    Shared Decision Making(SDM) • Ph i i Physicians and patients make healthd ti t k h lth related decisions collaboratively, based on best available evidence and patients’ p values, b li f and preferences. l beliefs, d f • Patient engagement through SDM is linked to increased patient satisfaction, health outcomes, and quality of decisions. • Requires competency at the patient, provider, provider and system level.
  • 41.
    Patient Competencies • Towle& Godolphin 1997; 1999 l d l hi • Patients vary in degree of control and participation they desire in the healthcare process. • Influenced by culture, age, gender, education, degree of illness, lack of knowledge, self efficacy. • The fear of being categorized as “difficult” may prevent some patients from participating more fully in their own health care.
  • 42.
    Physician Competencies • Towle& Godolphin 1997; 1999 • Physicians must first agree that patients y g p should be part of the decision-making process. • SDM requires attitudes and skills that many physicians may not possess or be familiar with. • Physicians may also need to negotiate their own professional biases and emotions.
  • 43.
    System Competencies • Physicians’and patients’ competencies in SDM h i i ’ d i ’ i i require support from health care systems. • Structural changes, such as new information systems to link patients with decision aids and resources, resources redesigned models of office care, and care restructured reimbursement schemes. • S Systems must move toward stronger support of d f interprofessional collaboration and teamwork.
  • 44.
    Bottom Line • Amultilevel partnership among all stakeholders l il l hi ll k h ld committed to change in health care is required. • Policy makers can: y – develop payment models that reward efforts to practice shared decision making and focus on value of care, rather than on the volume of services care delivered. – modify medical education and continuous professional development to train providers in the critical competencies needed to engage patients in meaningful discussions of care. – h l advance a more thoughtful and fact-based help d h hf l df b d conversation about health care decisions.
  • 45.
    An Effort ToSpread Decision Aids In Five California Primary Care Practices Yielded Low Distribution, Highlighting Hurdles Grace A. Lin, Meghan Halley, Katharine A. S. Rendle, Caroline K. Tietbohl, Suepattra G. May, Laurel Trujillo & Dominick L. Frosch
  • 46.
    Partners In MedicalDecision Making Project • 5 primary care practices in Northern California. • Analysis of workflow to adapt implementation to local circumstances. p • Bi-weekly academic detailing to monitor p g progress, consult and encourage. , g • Branded nominal rewards for high utilizers. • Promotional materials for patients in waiting and exam rooms.
  • 47.
    Few Eligible PatientsReceived A Decision Aid • 4,055 decision aids provided to patients across 5 clinics over 21 months months. • 75.8% of these were for colon cancer screening or back pain pain. – 9.3% of eligible patients received a colon cancer screening program – 10.7% of eligible patients received back pain program • Physicians provided 26.8% of decision aids to patients. p
  • 48.
    Lessons Learned • Physiciansdon’t always perceive a role for f patients in decision-making. i i d i i ki – Don’t recognize decisions as preference sensitive and don’t perceive f iti d d ’t i benefit of involving patients. • Time is perceived as a major barrier barrier. – But used strategically, decision support can save time time. • Clinical support staff more embracing of concept of engaging patients. patients
  • 49.
    Implications • Physicians needbetter training in engaging patients i th d i i i ti t in the decisionmaking process. • T Team-based practice model more b d ti d l likely to be successful. • Q li measures need to assess and Quality d d reward patient engagement. • Incentives for patient engagement must be aligned.
  • 50.
    Providers, Payers, The Community,A d P ti t A C it And Patients Are All Obliged To Get Patient g Activation Ethically Right Marion Danis, M.D. and Mildred Solomon, Ph.D.
  • 51.
    Disclaimer The views expressedhere are mine and those of Mildred Solomon and do not necessarily reflect policies of the NIH or Department of Health and Human Services
  • 52.
    Ethical Justification ForPatient Activation And Engagement • Consonant with respect for persons – These strategies enhance self determination and the ability of y individuals to be self actualizing • Consequentialist reasoning – These strategies are likely to lead to better health outcomes
  • 53.
    Successful Patient Activation •Includes all patients regardless of their ability and their socioeconomic circumstances • Require the p q participation of many p y stakeholders
  • 54.
    Patient Responsibilities • Activelyengage in pursuing one’s own health – Appreciate the contribution that one can make to personal health – Engage with others to promote one’s own health
  • 55.
    Clinician Responsibilities • Collaboratewith patients to identify goals and set realistic expectations • Provide adequate support for g p fulfilling these expectations
  • 56.
    Health Care OrganizationsAnd Delivery Systems • Build a culture supportive of patient activation – Endorsement from leadership – Include patient representation in the boardroom – Provide evidence driven interventions to evidence-driven engage patients in their own care – Collaborate with other health care organizations and organizations outside the health sector
  • 57.
    Insurers And PaymentSystems • Create payment incentives that are in keeping with the ethical goals of patient activation and engagement: – Rewards and penalties should be based on goals and outcomes that patient s have selected – Reimburse clinicians for offering interventions that promote patient empowerment and jointly chosen outcomes
  • 58.
    Communities • Communities andthe places where people live, work, study, and congregate, play an important part in promoting health. • Leadership in these setting should be expected to play a role in p p y engaging their constituents in p promoting their own health g
  • 59.
    Ethically Problematic • Expectingpatients to actively pursue without understanding their unique circumstances and without providing them with the necessary support • Misusing the rationale of patient g p engagement to justify pursuits that do not achieve this goal g
  • 60.
    Patients With MentalHealth Needs Are Engaged In Asking Questions, But Physicians’ Responses Vary Ph i i ’R V Ming Tai-Seale, PhD, MPH Patricia K. Foo Cheryl D. Stults, PhD, MA Palo Alto Medical Foundation Research Institute NIMH R01 MH081098, NCI R01 CA112379
  • 61.
    Primary Care Visits PT:I want a happy pill. Is there such a thing? MD: Ah, well, you know, th k those antiti depressants work.
  • 62.
    Findings Lower patient ratingsof p y physician communication q quality y 18/visit Slight increase in visit length Physician Responses • Mindful and evidence-based • Brief • Perfunctory  missed opportunities • M ltit ki  f Multitasking fragmented conversations t d ti
  • 63.
  • 64.
  • 65.
    Enhanced Support ForShared Decision Making Reduced Costs Of Care For Patients With Preference-Sensitive Conditions P f S iti C diti David Veroff, MPP Senior Vice President, Innovation Health Dialog
  • 66.
    Background And Methods •Important deficits in patient participation in decisions about their care • Shared Decision Making improves care and patient experiences • Conducted a randomized trial comparing two levels of telephonic support for people with conditions that involve multiple treatment options
  • 67.
    Result: Reduced MedicalCosts, Admissions
  • 68.
    Implications • Prior Research:Shared Decision Making = better patient experience • This Research: Shared Decision Making also = lower costs • Straightforward implementation of coaching makes it possible to act now
  • 69.
    Implementing Shared Decision MakingI P i M ki In Primary Care C Barriers And Solutions Mark Friedberg Kristin Van Busum, Richard Wexler, Megan Bowen, Eric Schneider pp y Supported by the Informed Medical Decisions Foundation
  • 70.
    We Evaluated ADemonstration Of Shared Decision Making • 8 sites, 34 primary care practices • Convened and funded by the Informed Medical Decisions Foundation – Free decision aids – T h i l assistance Technical i t – Learning collaborative • Qualitative evaluation at 18 months li i l i h
  • 71.
    Key Steps OfShared Decision Making Based On Decision Aids Decision  opportunity  opportunity identification Opportunity  recognized Decision aid  use Post‐DA  conversation DA distributed Clarify medical  Clarify medical information Elicit values  Elicit values and  preferences DA matched to  opportunity Patient uses  DA Make shared  decision Health care  delivery Care  consistent  consistent with final  shared  decision
  • 72.
    Barriers To Implementation •Overworked physicians do not recognize decision opportunities and distribute decision aids reliably d i i id li bl • Insufficient provider training –R Recognizing decision opportunities and i i d i i t iti d having post-decision aid conversations are skills providers must learn • Inadequate clinical information systems – Not able to track the full sequence of steps involved in shared decision making
  • 73.
    Solutions Sites Employed •Automatic triggers for decision aid distribution – Trigger on patient age and gender (for screening) – Trigger on specialist referrals (for surgical procedures) • Engage team members other than physicians
  • 74.
    Measuring Implementation • Processmeasures should capture all steps of shared decision making – “All-or-none” measures may be appropriate • Measures of decision quality q y – In the end, was care consistent with the patient’s values and preferences?
  • 75.
    Group Health Demonstration LessonsLearned About The Role Of Leadership And Culture Change Benjamin Moulton j Senior Legal Advisor Informed Medical Decisions Foundation
  • 76.
    Group Health Demonstration TheWashington State legislation is significant in several respects: 1) Shared decision making and the potential benefit of using decision aids are formally acknowledged for the first time by a state legislature; 2) Washington undertakes a demonstration project to evaluate the implications of incorporating SDM and the use of decision aids into everyday practice; and 3) Bill provides legal protection to physicians who choose to engage in Shared Decision Making with their patients. 4) N ) Non Funded M d t V l t F d d Mandate- Voluntary participation ti i ti
  • 77.
    Group Health Demonstration •660 000 patients Integrated Consumer 660,000 patientsgoverned health system • Distributed 27,000 PtDA’s over two y 7, years • Selected 12 Preference Sensitive Conditions • Demonstrated that they could integrate distribution and use into clinical practice di ib i d i li i l i • Encouraged by favorable satisfaction surveys • Found decision aids and SDM economically and clinically feasible • Intent to broaden implementation to all p preference sensitive conditions across GH system and network
  • 78.
    Lessons Learned • • • • • Patients needto be invited into conversation- More than 90% of responding patients strongly supported and the more that clinicians committed to integrating the more g g comfortable patients felt in voicing their opinions Addressing unwarranted variation- Patient engagement to identify treatment choices that are the result of patient preferences and values Effective integration requires leadership at all levelschampions lead culture change Constant evaluation and iterative improvement is necessary SDM should be embedded in physician training and b b p y g culture
  • 79.
    Health Policy ReasonsFor Adoption Of SDM On Large Scale • Ethical imperative to do the right thing • Perfected Informed Consent aligning Consent-aligning preferences, values and lifestyle with individual s individual’s clinical decision • Bridging health disparities • C Conservative utilization of surgical ti tili ti f i l interventions
  • 80.
    Decision Aids: WhenNudging Is More Ethical Than Balanced Balanced, Non-Directive Content Jennifer Blumenthal-Barby, PhD Baylor College of Medicine Center for Medical Ethics & Health Policy Co-Authors: Scott Cantor PhD, Heidi Russell MD PhD, Aanand Naik MD, Robert Volk PhD d ik b lk h
  • 81.
    Our Challenge • IPDASCollaboration sets standards for development and evaluation of decision aids • Chapter I: Balanced Presentation of Options – “Complete, unbiased, and neutral presentation of the relevant options and the information about these options-in co te t, content, in format and in display-in a way t at e ab es o at a d d sp ay that enables individuals to process this information without bias.”  Unbiased, neutral presentation of options may not be possible (framing effects)  May not be desirable—may be situations where one option should be highlighted, or patients nudged to consider it more
  • 82.
    Our Three Situations •One treatment option is often not considered by patients or offered to them, despite clinical evidence that it is a viable option. – Example: Active surveillance for certain forms of early stage prostate cancer. • A treatment or prevention decision is strongly supported by clinical evidence as being high benefit and low risk. – Example: Colorectal screening for ages 50-70 • The patient’s habits, concerns, preferences or goals point toward a particular option option. – Example: Oral vs. subcutaneous anticoagulant for deep vein thrombosis
  • 83.
    Possible Nudges • Normativemessages in decision aid to support active surveillance as reasonable option, making risks of surgery and radiation more salient. • Remove “no screening” option for g, j colorectal screening, instead just listing types of screening. • Your values/habits clarification exercise suggests….
  • 84.
    Concerns And Justification • • • • • Riskto credibility of decision aids? Nudge or shove? Decision aids vs. health education intervention? Credibility boosted by developers who counter existing biases, inconsistent practice patterns, and promote patient health-related interests. Influence as a continuum (appeals to norms values, framing norms, values informationconcealment of options, deception, threats); evidence-based. Blurring distinction but decision aid recognizes there is a choice to be made. Careful ethical consideration and challenging, but cannot C f l thi l id ti d h ll i b t t turn blind eye to perils of strict adherence to neutrality.
  • 85.
    Shared Decision Making:Examining ey e e s d a e s o Key Elements And Barriers To Adoption Into Routine Clinical Practice France Légaré, MD PhD Canada Research Chair in Implementation of Shared Decision Making in Primary Care Holly O. Witteman, PhD, Assistant Professor Department of Family Medicine and Emergency Medicine, Université Laval Québec City, Québec, Canada Laval, City Québec Research Center of CHU de Québec, Québec City, Québec, Canada
  • 86.
    The Clinical Consultation •Key opportunity to engage patients through the process of shared decision making • Where opportunities and challenges pp g for expanding the use of shared decision g making across the health care continuum can be identified
  • 87.
    Shared Decision Making •Interpersonal and interdependent process • Recognizes that a decision is required • Highlights best available evidence about risks and benefits of each option • Takes into account both the provider’s provider s guidance and the patient’s values and preferences (patient specific)
  • 88.
    Barriers To SharedDecision Making Knowledge K l d Attitude Attit d Lack of outcome expectancy Lack of familiarity Lack of awareness Behavior B h i Lack of agreement Lack of self-efficacy self efficac Lack of motivation ti ti External Barriers: -Patients’ Characteristics -Environment: Clinical situation Adapted from Cabana & al. Barriers to CPGs JAMA, 1999
  • 89.
    Implementing Shared DecisionMaking Knowledge K l d Attitude Attit d Lack of outcome expectancy Lack of familiarity Lack of awareness Behavior B h i Lack of agreement Increase Lack of self-efficacy y self-efficacy self efficac with training Lack of motivation ti ti External Barriers: Provide patients -Patients’ with Characteristics patient decision aids -Environment: Clinical situation Cochrane systematic reviews •Stacey et al. 2011 St t l •Légaré et al. 2010
  • 90.
  • 91.
    Engaging Patients With QualityAnd Cost I f Q li A d C Information i Jill Yegian, PhD American Institutes for Research February 6, 2013
  • 92.
    Key Takeaways • Consumerlens on quality and cost information is important and distinct • Evidence on effective presentation of y pp information is inconsistently applied • Distinctive features of cost and quality information point to collaboration and experimentation
  • 93.
    Contact And Co-Authors JillM. Yegian, PhD jyegian@air.org j i @ i www.air.org Co-Authors: • P Pam D d Dardess, A American I tit t f R i Institutes for Research h • Maribeth Shannon, California HealthCare ou dat o Foundation • Kristin Carman, American Institutes for Research
  • 94.
    Patients With LowerActivation Associated With Higher Costs; A i d Wi h Hi h C Delivery Systems Should Know y y Their Patients’ ‘Scores’ Judith Hibbard, DrPH Jessica Greene, PhD Valerie Overton, DNP Supported by The Commonwealth Fund
  • 95.
    Study Approach Goal: Toexamine the relationship between patient activation level in 2010 and costs in 2010 & 2011 • Setting: Fairview Health Services, MN • Data: PAM from electronic medical record for 33,163 patients & billed costs from administrative data • Analysis: Used one-part OLS regression models to predict costs at each activation level, adjusting for demographic factors and health risk
  • 96.
    Ratio Of PredictedCosts By Patient Activation Level Patient Activation  Level Ratio of Predicted  Costs to Level 4 PAM Costs to Level 4 PAM 2010 Ratio of Predicted  Costs to Level 4 PAM Costs to Level 4 PAM 2011 1 (Lowest) 1 (Lowest) 1.08 1 08 1.21 1 21 2 1.03 1.05 3 0.99 0 99 0.97 0 97 4 (Highest) 1.00 1.00
  • 97.
    Ratios Of PredictedCosts By Condition Patients with Chronic Conditions Ratio of 2010 Predicted Costs For  PAM 1 Compared with  Level 4  PAM Asthma 1.21 Diabetes 1.07 Hypertension 1.14 Hyperlipidemia 1.12
  • 98.
    Conclusion • Patients withlow activation had significantly higher billed costs than those with higher activation levels – Increasing patient activation may be a pathway to controlling health care costs, as well as improving quality
  • 99.
    Focus Groups HighlightThat Patients Object to Clinicians Focusing on Costs Marion Danis, MD For Roseanna Sommers, Susan Door Goold, Elizabeth McGlynn, Steven Pearson
  • 100.
    Disclaimer • The viewsexpressed here are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the policies of the National Institutes of Health, the US Department of Health and Human Services, Kaiser Permanente, or RAND.
  • 101.
    Background • Having cliniciansand patients consider costs when making medical decisions has been proposed as a way to contain health care spending • Explicit discussion of costs has advantages – Procedurally fairer than implicit forms of cost containment – Allows patients to have more input in decisions that affect their own out-of-pocket costs
  • 102.
    Methods • We conducted22 focus groups of people with health insurance – to examine their attitudes towards discussing their own costs and insurer costs d i during the clinical encounter h li i l – ½ below 300% of the poverty threshold – ¼ Latino, 1/3 African American – ¼ had one or more chronic illnesses
  • 103.
    Scenarios • Physicians talkedto about diagnostic and treatment options that differ marginally in effectiveness but varied substantially in either out-of-pocket or insurer costs • Example: 3 months with worst headache to be evaluated with CT scan or MRI
  • 104.
    Results • Four fifthsof comments reflected unwillingness to consider costs – Wanting only the best “When it comes to you’re your health, there really i no value on i ll is l it. – Unaccustomed and reluctant to make trade-offs bet een trade offs between health and money mone “Doctors shouldn’t leave it up to you. He’s the doctor.
  • 105.
    Results • Lack ofawareness that that personal finances can have a profound effect on health status • Wariness about being considered g too poor to receive good care
  • 106.
    Results Regarding InsurerCosts • Familiarity with the national problem of national health care costs without a sense of responsibility for the problem • Skepticism about the need for costconscious decisions rather than elimination of waste • Antagonism toward insurers and government
  • 107.
    Implications • Getting patientsto focus on costs in medical decisions will require a shift in public attitudes • This will require – Research in patient education – Training of clinicians to discuss costs g – Reducing trepidation about cost containment in the public arena – Learning from precedents in other countries and other policy arenas
  • 108.
    The Affordable CareAct’s Plan For Consumer Assistance With Insurance Moves States Forward But Remains A Work In Progress Rachel Grob, Ph.D Mark Schlesinger, Ph.D Sarah Davis, JD, MPA Deborah Cohen Josh Lapps, M.A. J hL MA
  • 109.
    What Are CAPsAnd How Do They Relate To Patient Engagement? • O i i Origins • Historical Functions • Transformation Under the PPACA
  • 110.
    Geographic Distribution OfCAPs Grants (2010-12)
  • 111.
    Defining Free AndVigorous Advocacy
  • 112.
    Enhancing Future Potential: ProofOf Concept f f • State Contexts Conducive to Transformation • Federal Resources to Sustain Transformation • Spillover to Other Patient Empowerment
  • 113.
    Do I LookLike An Idiot? Why We Take A Systems Approach To Health Literacy Linda Harris, PhD Senior Health Communication and ehealth Advisor, Office of Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, US Department of i i d lh i f Health and Human Services on behalf of my co-authors, Howard Koh, Cindy Brach and Michael Parchman Ci d B h d Mi h l P h
  • 114.
  • 115.
    The Care Model‐ A Systems Approach to Quality Improvement Community Build Healthy Public Policy Create Supportive Environments Health System Strengthen Community Action Activated Community Self‐Management/ Develop Personal Skills Informed Activated Patient Delivery System  Design/ Re‐orient Health  Services Productive Interactions and Relationships Information Systems Decision Support Prepared Proactive Practice Team Prepared Proactive Community Partners Population Health Outcomes/ Functional and Clinical Outcomes Functionaland Clinical Outcomes Created by: Victoria Barr, Sylvia Robinson, Brenda Marin-Link, Lisa Underhill, Anita Dotts & Darlene Ravensdale (2002) Adapted from Glasgow, R., Orleans, C., Wagner, E., Curry, S., Solberg, L. (2001). “Does the Chronic Care Model also serve as a template for improving prevention?” The Millbank Quarterly, 79(4), and World Health Organization, Health and Welfare Canada and Canadian Public Health Association. (1986). Ottawa Charter of Health Promotion.
  • 116.
    Health Literacy UniversalPrecautions • Health literacy – the ability to obtain, process, communicate  and understand basic health information. d d db i h l hi f i • Universal Precautions Toolkit‐Across‐the‐board strategies Universal Precautions Toolkit‐Across‐the‐board strategies  instituted to improve health literacy for all patients • The Health Literate Care Model – incorporates health literacy improving strategies within  each of the components and  h f th t d – uses patient feedback to measure the organizations’  progress toward continually improving strategies for progress toward continually improving strategies for  improving informed engagement
  • 117.
  • 118.
    How Patient-Centered Medical HomesInvolve Patients/Families In Quality Improvement Esther Han, Sarah Hudson Scholle Suzanne Morton, Christine Bechtel, Rodger Kessler Special thanks to PCPCC, AAFP Research Network , and The Commonwealth Fund for supporting this work
  • 119.
    How Do PracticesInvolve Patients And Families In Quality Improvement? 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% Survey  Qualitative input  Suggestion box  QI team or advisory  council
  • 120.
    Committed Practices OvercomeObstacles And Fear Low Involvement “Patients have no understanding of what [it takes] to run an office. . . . of what goes into seeing a patient ” patient.” “If you ask, there’s the implication that i li ti th t you’ll d ’ll do something with the answer and that you’ll try to i them what they t give th h t th say they want.” High Involvement “To be more effective, you have to figure out what patients want out of you.” “[Patients] need to be [Patients] partners in their own care. . . . We need to give them that respect and then begin t t d th b i to arm them with ways to take care of themselves.”
  • 121.
    What Will ItTake Culture shift Examples of success p Help in implementation Public reporting on patient experiences • Fi Financial incentives i li ti • • • •
  • 122.
    Increasing Patient/Family Involvement •NCQA’ R NCQA’s Response – Increased emphasis in PCMH 2011 standards – Distinction in Patient Experiences • Providers – Commitment to partnership • Sponsors and Policymakers – Keep expectations high – Provide technical assistance – Reward practices for involving patients p gp and families
  • 123.
    A National ActionPlan To Support Consumer S tC Engagement Via E-Health g g Lygeia Ricciardi, Ed.M. Director, Office of Consumer eHealth Di Offi fC H lh Office of the National Coordinator for Health IT
  • 124.
    How Can ConsumersEngage Through eHealth? • • • Communicate & coordinate with providers Self manage health & wellness Engagement applies across d E t li demographic hi groups
  • 125.
    Why Now? • • • • Health ITadoption is up Technological revolution Financial responsibility for consumers i growing is i Consumer demand Source: ONC analysis of national surveys
  • 126.
    The 3 AsApproach Increase consumer Access to health information Enable consumers to take Action with their information Access Action Attitudes Shift Attitudes to support patient-provider partnership
  • 127.
    The 3 AsApproach Meaningful Use incentives for providers & Blue Button Pledge for providers & payers Access Action Attitudes Animation, crowd-sourced videos, stories & tools for consumers Implementation guide & challenges for developers; tools for consumers
  • 128.
    Choice Architecture IsA Better Strategy Than Engaging Patients St t Th E i P ti t To Spur Behavior Change Bob Nease, PhD Chief Scientist, Express Scripts http://Lab.Express-Scripts.com
  • 129.
    Human brain processes 10million bits per second Conscious mind processes 50 bits per second We are wired for inattention & inertia Sources: Koch et al , Current Biol, 2006; Norretranders, The User Illusion, 1999.
  • 130.
    Choice Architecture • OptOut – default to preferred choice • A i Choice – required to state choice Active Ch i i d h i • Precommitment – choose in advance Choice architecture admits – and even leverages – disengagement
  • 131.
    Choice Architecture Works Fractionexhibiting i hibi i preferred behavior Opt out (N = 9,450) Precommitment P it t (N = 340,683) Active choice (N = 40,769) Generic vs. G i Brand 93.1 - 98.5% Generic vs vs. Brand 52.8% Mail vs vs. Retail 39.6% Ongoing behaviors are more challenging
  • 132.
    Precommitment In Contraception LeadsTo Desired Outcome IUD, Implant > 21 yrs Pill, Patch, Ring < 21 yrs Source: Winner et al. NEJM, 2012.
  • 133.
    Summary • Human attentionis scarce & fleeting • Patient engagement a tall order • Choice architecture effectively addresses inattention & i dd i tt ti inertia ti • Proven to work in pharmacy • Addressing nonadherence can reduce costs, costs improve health outcomes For more healthcare insights, visit http://Lab.Express-Scripts.com
  • 134.
    HealthPartners’ Online Clinic ForSimple Conditions Delivers Savings Of $88 Per Episode And High Patient Approval Kevin Palattao Vice President HealthPartners
  • 136.
    Summary Results • $88/episodeavg. lower cost • 99% say it’s simple to use • 98% would recommend 8% ld d • 95% say saves 2 5 hours 2.5 • 94.2% antibiotic compliant 94 p
  • 137.
  • 138.
    Default Options InAdvance Directives Influence How Patients Set Goals For End-of-life C E d f lif Care Scott D Halpern, M D Ph D S tt D. H l M.D., Ph.D. Assistant Professor of Medicine, Epidemiology, and Medical Ethics & Health Policy Director, Fostering Improvement in End-of-Life Decision Science (FIELDS) program Deputy Director, Center for Health Incentives and Behavioral Economics (CHIBE) University of Pennsylvania
  • 139.
    The Promise OfAdvance Directives Silveira MJ et MJ, et  al. N Engl J Med  2010; 362:  1211‐8.
  • 140.
    The ‘Failure Curve’Of Implementing ADs Halpern SD. Shaping end‐of‐life care. Sem Respir Crit Care Med 2012; 33:393‐400.
  • 141.
    RCT Of DefaultOptions In Real Ads • 132 patients with advanced emphysema, lung cancer, and p y , g , other terminal diseases recruited from Penn outpatient clinics • 95 (72%) completed ADs • After debriefing, no patients changed their specific choices
  • 142.
    No differences among armsi patients’ in ti t ’ satisfaction with advance care planning 2 months later (all p > 0 4) 0.4)
  • 143.
    Conclusions • • • Default options stronglyinfluence the care patients choose near the ends of their lives, even after patients are alerted to the default Seriously ill patients are content to be nudged towards end-of-lifecare choices, suggesting that many lack deep-seated “preferences” for f such care h Future studies are needed to determine how using default options in advance directives influences clinical, economic, and patientand surrogate-reported outcomes
  • 144.
    Engaging Patients AndTheir Loved Ones In The Ultimate Conversation Maureen Bisognano President and CEO Institute for Healthcare Improvement Ellen Goodman Co-founder and Director The Conversation Project
  • 145.
    An Alarming Disconnect •70 percent of Americans want to die at home…but 70 percent die in institutional settings1 • 80 percent of Californians want to speak to a doctor about end-of-life wishes…but only 7 wishes but percent have done so2 • 82 percent of Californians say it’s important to put their wishes in writing…but only 23 percent have done so2 1CDC. Worktable 309: deaths by place of death, age, race, and sex: United States, 2005. HealthCare Foundation. Final chapter: Californians’ attitudes and experiences with death and dying. CHCF, 2012. 2California
  • 146.
    Two Complementary Initiatives • • • • Everyone’send-of-life wishes will be expressed and respected d d Every one has a story to tell The conversations are personal, not medical The power of storytelling http://theconversationproject.org/ • • Develop a culture of shared decision making with patients ih i Improve processes to reliably prompt, store, and access end-of-life d d f lif care wishes http://www.ihi.org/offerings/Initiatives/Conve rsationProject/Pages/ConversationReady.aspx
  • 147.
    The Conversation Project •A grassroots movement to encourage everyone to have conversations about end-of-life wishes with loved ones “at the kitchen table” at table • Bringing about change “from the outside in” • Leveraging media, including social media, to bring messages and tools to all • Targeting specific geographic regions and segments of the population
  • 148.
    Early Enthusiasm • Over68,000 visits to website (theconversationproject.org) • Over 23,000 downloads of the Conversation Starter Kit (also available in Spanish)
  • 149.
    Conversation Ready • IHIinitiative: 10 Pioneer organizations committed to being “conversation ready” within one year • Requires a new perspective – moving beyond the current “rescue culture” of US health care rescue culture • Leveraging the lessons of exemplar organizations such as Gundersen Lutheran in La Gundersen-Lutheran Crosse, WI, and Dana-Farber Cancer Institute in Boston, MA
  • 150.
    Thank You! • MaureenBisognano President and CEO IHI mbisognano@ihi.org • Ellen Goodman Co-Founder and Director The Conversation Project egoodman@ihi.org
  • 151.
    Many Thanks ToOur Sponsors For Their Generous Support Of Health Affairs’ February 2013 Thematic Issue “New Era Of Patient Engagement” Issue, New Engagement