This patent application describes a laser system for aligning the bed of an imaging system, such as a CT scanner, with the imaging plane. The system includes a laser device, a target element mounted on the bed, and a reflective element mounted on the gantry. A laser beam is detected on the reflective element to determine the position and adjust parameters like X and Y position of the bed. The laser beam is then reflected to the target element to detect another position and adjust parameters like pitch and yaw of the bed, aligning it perpendicular to the imaging plane. The system provides automatic alignment of the bed in fewer steps than manual methods.
This slide best explains the introduction of CT, basis and types of CT image reconstructions with detailed explanation about Interpolation, convolution, Fourier slice theorem, Fourier transformation and brief explanation about the image domain i.e digital image processing.
Computed tomography (CT) uses X-rays and computer processing to create cross-sectional images of the body. It was invented in 1967 by Godfrey Hounsfield and independently by Allan Cormack, who shared the 1979 Nobel Prize in Medicine. A CT scan captures multiple X-ray measurements around a body section to reconstruct detailed images. The main components are the gantry with X-ray tube and detectors, patient table, computer for image reconstruction, and monitor. Filtered back projection is the most common reconstruction algorithm, combining back projection with ramp filtering to reduce blurring in the images.
The document discusses the basics of computed tomography (CT) scanning. It explains some limitations of conventional X-rays like superimposition of structures and poor contrast resolution. CT provides cross-sectional images of the body with no superimposition of tissues and excellent contrast resolution. A CT scan uses X-rays combined with computer technology to produce internal images of the body. An X-ray tube rotates around the patient, emitting a thin beam of X-rays that pass through the body and are measured by a detector. The computer analyzes the data to generate two-dimensional cross-sectional images of the inside of the body.
Virtopsy is a non-invasive virtual autopsy technique that uses medical imaging like 3D surface scanning, CT scanning, MRI, radiography and angiography to examine a corpse without dissection. It was developed as an alternative to traditional autopsy to avoid invasiveness. Virtopsy captures detailed internal images of tissues and bones within 10 minutes using these scanning techniques and reconstruction on computers. It allows for second opinions even after cremation since findings are in a digital format. The procedure involves placing a body in a scanning machine to generate thousands of cross-sectional images which are then reconstructed into a virtual 3D image of the interior. Virtopsy is being used to determine causes of death, identity, age and aid investigations
This document provides an overview of CT scanning technology. It begins with a brief history of x-rays and their discovery in 1895. It then discusses the evolution of CT scanning technology, from the first generation CT scanners created in the 1970s to advances like helical scanning, multi-detector arrays, and dual source scanning. The document also covers basic physics concepts in CT like attenuation, reconstruction, Hounsfield units, and improvements in detector technology that have allowed for wider coverage and faster scanning times. Overall, the document traces the development of CT scanning from its origins to modern multi-detector systems.
This document provides an overview of CT scanning technology. It begins with a brief history of x-rays and their discovery in 1895. It then discusses the evolution of CT scanning technology, from early generation scanners in the 1970s to advances like helical scanning, multi-detector arrays, and dual source scanning. The document covers basic physics concepts behind CT like attenuation, reconstruction, and Hounsfield units. It also compares single-slice CT to multi-slice CT and discusses detector technologies. Overall, the document provides a high-level introduction to CT scanning systems and their development over time.
Austin Journal of Clinical Case Reports is an open access scholarly journal. The goal of this journal is to provide a platform for scientists and academicians all over the world to promote, share, and discuss various new issues and developments by publishing case reports in all aspects of Clinical Medicine. Case Reports is an open access journals. The goal of this journal is to provide a platform for scientists and academicians all over the world to promote, share, and discuss various new issues and developments by publishing case reports in all aspects of Clinical Medicine.
The aim of this open access journal is to offer service for scientists and academicians to promote, share, and discuss various new issues and developments by publishing clinical case reports in all aspects.
Austin Journal of case repots are a reflective analysis of one, two, or three clinical cases. All clinical case reports submitted must have been approved by an ethics committee or institutional review board.
Austin Journal of Clinical Case Reports is an open access scholarly journal. The goal of this journal is to provide a platform for scientists and academicians all over the world to promote, share, and discuss various new issues and developments by publishing case reports in all aspects of Clinical Medicine. Case Reports is an open access journals. The goal of this journal is to provide a platform for scientists and academicians all over the world to promote, share, and discuss various new issues and developments by publishing case reports in all aspects of Clinical Medicine.
This slide best explains the introduction of CT, basis and types of CT image reconstructions with detailed explanation about Interpolation, convolution, Fourier slice theorem, Fourier transformation and brief explanation about the image domain i.e digital image processing.
Computed tomography (CT) uses X-rays and computer processing to create cross-sectional images of the body. It was invented in 1967 by Godfrey Hounsfield and independently by Allan Cormack, who shared the 1979 Nobel Prize in Medicine. A CT scan captures multiple X-ray measurements around a body section to reconstruct detailed images. The main components are the gantry with X-ray tube and detectors, patient table, computer for image reconstruction, and monitor. Filtered back projection is the most common reconstruction algorithm, combining back projection with ramp filtering to reduce blurring in the images.
The document discusses the basics of computed tomography (CT) scanning. It explains some limitations of conventional X-rays like superimposition of structures and poor contrast resolution. CT provides cross-sectional images of the body with no superimposition of tissues and excellent contrast resolution. A CT scan uses X-rays combined with computer technology to produce internal images of the body. An X-ray tube rotates around the patient, emitting a thin beam of X-rays that pass through the body and are measured by a detector. The computer analyzes the data to generate two-dimensional cross-sectional images of the inside of the body.
Virtopsy is a non-invasive virtual autopsy technique that uses medical imaging like 3D surface scanning, CT scanning, MRI, radiography and angiography to examine a corpse without dissection. It was developed as an alternative to traditional autopsy to avoid invasiveness. Virtopsy captures detailed internal images of tissues and bones within 10 minutes using these scanning techniques and reconstruction on computers. It allows for second opinions even after cremation since findings are in a digital format. The procedure involves placing a body in a scanning machine to generate thousands of cross-sectional images which are then reconstructed into a virtual 3D image of the interior. Virtopsy is being used to determine causes of death, identity, age and aid investigations
This document provides an overview of CT scanning technology. It begins with a brief history of x-rays and their discovery in 1895. It then discusses the evolution of CT scanning technology, from the first generation CT scanners created in the 1970s to advances like helical scanning, multi-detector arrays, and dual source scanning. The document also covers basic physics concepts in CT like attenuation, reconstruction, Hounsfield units, and improvements in detector technology that have allowed for wider coverage and faster scanning times. Overall, the document traces the development of CT scanning from its origins to modern multi-detector systems.
This document provides an overview of CT scanning technology. It begins with a brief history of x-rays and their discovery in 1895. It then discusses the evolution of CT scanning technology, from early generation scanners in the 1970s to advances like helical scanning, multi-detector arrays, and dual source scanning. The document covers basic physics concepts behind CT like attenuation, reconstruction, and Hounsfield units. It also compares single-slice CT to multi-slice CT and discusses detector technologies. Overall, the document provides a high-level introduction to CT scanning systems and their development over time.
Austin Journal of Clinical Case Reports is an open access scholarly journal. The goal of this journal is to provide a platform for scientists and academicians all over the world to promote, share, and discuss various new issues and developments by publishing case reports in all aspects of Clinical Medicine. Case Reports is an open access journals. The goal of this journal is to provide a platform for scientists and academicians all over the world to promote, share, and discuss various new issues and developments by publishing case reports in all aspects of Clinical Medicine.
The aim of this open access journal is to offer service for scientists and academicians to promote, share, and discuss various new issues and developments by publishing clinical case reports in all aspects.
Austin Journal of case repots are a reflective analysis of one, two, or three clinical cases. All clinical case reports submitted must have been approved by an ethics committee or institutional review board.
Austin Journal of Clinical Case Reports is an open access scholarly journal. The goal of this journal is to provide a platform for scientists and academicians all over the world to promote, share, and discuss various new issues and developments by publishing case reports in all aspects of Clinical Medicine. Case Reports is an open access journals. The goal of this journal is to provide a platform for scientists and academicians all over the world to promote, share, and discuss various new issues and developments by publishing case reports in all aspects of Clinical Medicine.
Computed tomography (CT) uses X-rays and computer processing to create cross-sectional images of the body. In 1972, Godfrey Hounsfield constructed the first CT scanner. A CT scan creates multiple slices of images that can be stacked together to create 3D models. The images can demonstrate bone, organs, soft tissues and blood vessels. CT works by passing X-rays through the body and measuring the absorption of the beams to create a profile used to reconstruct images. Newer generations of CT scanners have increased numbers of detectors, faster scanning times, and improved configurations. CT has many medical applications including brain scans, examining soft tissues, and imaging the chest and abdomen.
CT scans provide detailed 3D images of internal organs and tissues by using X-rays from multiple angles to construct cross-sectional slices and assemble them digitally. A CT scanner rotates an X-ray beam around the body and uses a detector to convert the rays into a 3D image, allowing tissues to be distinguished. While CT scans use ionizing radiation, they provide more detailed images than standard X-rays and are useful for examining soft tissues, blood vessels, and injuries.
A computed tomography (CT) scan uses X-rays and digital geometry processing to produce cross-sectional images of the inside of the body. During a CT scan, an X-ray tube rotates around the body and takes pictures from different angles, which are processed by a computer to generate 2D and 3D images of tissues and organs. CT scans can identify problems like traumatic injuries, tumors, and infections by creating detailed images of internal structures like the head, chest, abdomen, arms, and legs. Contrast material may sometimes be used to better visualize certain areas.
This document contains 15 multiple choice questions about optical instruments such as microscopes, telescopes, and cameras. The questions cover topics like the placement of objects and images, calculating magnification and resolving power, and the differences between refracting and reflecting telescope designs. Large reflecting telescopes are preferred over refracting designs because it is easier to support large mirrors mechanically than large lenses.
The document discusses the basics of computed tomography (CT) scanning. It explains that after measurements are taken by detectors, mathematical reconstruction techniques are used to convert the data into a CT image. The most common technique is filtered back projection. It also describes how window width and level are used to display CT images by mapping CT numbers to grayscale shades. The document provides advantages of CT over conventional radiography and gives a brief history of the technology.
Computed Tomography (CT) is a medical imaging method that uses tomography to generate 3D images of the inside of an object from a series of 2D X-ray images taken around a single axis of rotation. Sir Godfrey Hounsfield invented the first commercially viable CT scanner in the 1970s, and shared the 1979 Nobel Prize in Medicine with Allan Cormack for their independent inventions. Modern CT scanners use X-ray tubes and multiple detector arrays that rotate around the patient to produce cross-sectional images or "slices" with very fine detail and have largely replaced older generation scanners. CT scanning is a quick and painless procedure but does expose patients to ionizing radiation.
This document discusses tomographic imaging techniques used in nuclear medicine, specifically single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) and positron emission tomography (PET). It describes how these modalities acquire projection data at different angles around the patient, which is then reconstructed into cross-sectional images. Filtered backprojection is the most common reconstruction method, though iterative techniques are increasingly used due to producing images with less noise and artifacts. The document focuses on the geometry of data acquisition, representation of projection data as sinograms, and image reconstruction methods.
This document discusses the physical principles of computed tomography (CT). It begins by describing limitations of conventional radiography like superimposition of tissues. CT aims to minimize superimposition and improve image contrast and ability to detect small tissue differences. CT acquires data through sequential slice-by-slice scanning using x-rays, with data processed to reconstruct cross-sectional images. These images map varying tissue densities on a grayscale and allow manipulation for optimal viewing of anatomy and pathology.
Computed tomography (CT) uses X-rays and digital image processing to generate cross-sectional images of the body. It has undergone several generations of technological advancement, increasing scanning speed and image quality. Modern multi-detector CT can acquire multiple slices simultaneously in a few seconds, and its 3D imaging capabilities are useful for medical diagnosis and guiding procedures. However, the increased use of CT has also led to higher population radiation exposure from medical imaging.
i. Diphtheria is an infectious disease caused by the bacterium Corynebacterium diphtheriae that affects the throat and nose. It produces a toxin that can damage tissues in the body.
ii. Signs and symptoms include sore throat, fever, swollen lymph nodes in the neck, and a thick gray membrane in the throat and tonsils. Complications can include breathing problems, heart inflammation, nerve damage, and kidney failure.
iii. It is transmitted through respiratory droplets and close contact. Vaccination is the most effective way to prevent diphtheria. Treatment involves antitoxin and antibiotics.
The document summarizes the results of a survey on drug addiction. It finds that 41% of male respondents and a similar percentage of females believe that drugs create dependency. The most commonly used drug in Pakistan is cannabis, used by 3.6% of adults, while opiates affect around 1%. Drug addiction costs over $600 billion annually in the US due to healthcare, law enforcement, treatment and prevention. The survey aimed to understand perceptions and trends in drug use.
Este documento presenta 5 ejercicios sobre el uso de SPSS y Excel para analizar datos estadísticos. Los ejercicios incluyen introducir datos en SPSS y exportarlos a Excel, importar datos de Excel a SPSS, abrir y definir variables en una base de datos SPSS existente, y crear un nuevo archivo de datos en SPSS a partir de un cuestionario.
Nuestro equipo está formado por profesionales, abogados y economistas, con una extensa experiencia en la implantación de filiales internacionales, de servicios, comerciales y productivas, en distintas zonas del mundo como América, Europa, Oriente Próximo y Asia.
Nuestro equipo está formado por profesionales, abogados y economistas, con una extensa experiencia en la implantación de filiales internacionales, de servicios, comerciales y productivas, en distintas zonas del mundo como América, Europa, Oriente Próximo y Asia.
This document evaluates a music magazine called VIVO that targets 15-25 year old females, particularly those in social classes C2DE. The magazine focuses on indie pop music to attract its target audience with a minimalist design featuring bold colors, few words, and simple photos. Freya was photographed modeling as Iggy Azalea to appeal to readers' interests in both music and fashion. Marketing campaigns would feature simple billboards with the magazine's name and hashtag to generate buzz online among younger social media users and introduce them to the magazine.
El documento proporciona instrucciones para crear una aplicación Android simple que realiza cálculos básicos. Inicia un nuevo proyecto de aplicación Android en Eclipse y agrega widgets como TextView, EditText, CheckBox y Button. Luego configura las propiedades de cada widget y agrega código para realizar cálculos cuando se hace clic en el botón. Finalmente ejecuta la aplicación en un emulador Android.
Top 8 customer relations manager resume samplesguraspori
This document provides resources for customer relations manager positions, including resume samples, cover letters, interview questions, and tips. It lists 8 types of resume formats (chronological, functional, curriculum vitae, combination, targeted, professional, new graduate, executive) along with descriptions and examples. The document also provides additional interview preparation materials and links to sample resumes, cover letters, interview questions, and other job searching resources on the resume123.org website.
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive functioning. Exercise boosts blood flow, releases endorphins, and promotes changes in the brain which help regulate emotions and stress levels.
This document outlines the typical parts and contents of a basic research course. It is divided into 8 parts that cover key research concepts like variables, data and the research problem. Part 1 introduces research fundamentals. Part 2 focuses on defining the research problem and formulating hypotheses. Part 3 discusses reviewing related literature and studies. Part 4 presents different research types and methodologies like experimental research. Part 5 addresses data collection methods and sampling. Part 6 distinguishes between analyzing, presenting and interpreting data. Part 7 provides guidance on summarizing conclusions and recommendations. Part 8 concludes with instructions for citations and bibliographies.
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive functioning. Exercise boosts blood flow and levels of neurotransmitters and endorphins which elevate and stabilize mood.
Computed tomography (CT) uses X-rays and computer processing to create cross-sectional images of the body. In 1972, Godfrey Hounsfield constructed the first CT scanner. A CT scan creates multiple slices of images that can be stacked together to create 3D models. The images can demonstrate bone, organs, soft tissues and blood vessels. CT works by passing X-rays through the body and measuring the absorption of the beams to create a profile used to reconstruct images. Newer generations of CT scanners have increased numbers of detectors, faster scanning times, and improved configurations. CT has many medical applications including brain scans, examining soft tissues, and imaging the chest and abdomen.
CT scans provide detailed 3D images of internal organs and tissues by using X-rays from multiple angles to construct cross-sectional slices and assemble them digitally. A CT scanner rotates an X-ray beam around the body and uses a detector to convert the rays into a 3D image, allowing tissues to be distinguished. While CT scans use ionizing radiation, they provide more detailed images than standard X-rays and are useful for examining soft tissues, blood vessels, and injuries.
A computed tomography (CT) scan uses X-rays and digital geometry processing to produce cross-sectional images of the inside of the body. During a CT scan, an X-ray tube rotates around the body and takes pictures from different angles, which are processed by a computer to generate 2D and 3D images of tissues and organs. CT scans can identify problems like traumatic injuries, tumors, and infections by creating detailed images of internal structures like the head, chest, abdomen, arms, and legs. Contrast material may sometimes be used to better visualize certain areas.
This document contains 15 multiple choice questions about optical instruments such as microscopes, telescopes, and cameras. The questions cover topics like the placement of objects and images, calculating magnification and resolving power, and the differences between refracting and reflecting telescope designs. Large reflecting telescopes are preferred over refracting designs because it is easier to support large mirrors mechanically than large lenses.
The document discusses the basics of computed tomography (CT) scanning. It explains that after measurements are taken by detectors, mathematical reconstruction techniques are used to convert the data into a CT image. The most common technique is filtered back projection. It also describes how window width and level are used to display CT images by mapping CT numbers to grayscale shades. The document provides advantages of CT over conventional radiography and gives a brief history of the technology.
Computed Tomography (CT) is a medical imaging method that uses tomography to generate 3D images of the inside of an object from a series of 2D X-ray images taken around a single axis of rotation. Sir Godfrey Hounsfield invented the first commercially viable CT scanner in the 1970s, and shared the 1979 Nobel Prize in Medicine with Allan Cormack for their independent inventions. Modern CT scanners use X-ray tubes and multiple detector arrays that rotate around the patient to produce cross-sectional images or "slices" with very fine detail and have largely replaced older generation scanners. CT scanning is a quick and painless procedure but does expose patients to ionizing radiation.
This document discusses tomographic imaging techniques used in nuclear medicine, specifically single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) and positron emission tomography (PET). It describes how these modalities acquire projection data at different angles around the patient, which is then reconstructed into cross-sectional images. Filtered backprojection is the most common reconstruction method, though iterative techniques are increasingly used due to producing images with less noise and artifacts. The document focuses on the geometry of data acquisition, representation of projection data as sinograms, and image reconstruction methods.
This document discusses the physical principles of computed tomography (CT). It begins by describing limitations of conventional radiography like superimposition of tissues. CT aims to minimize superimposition and improve image contrast and ability to detect small tissue differences. CT acquires data through sequential slice-by-slice scanning using x-rays, with data processed to reconstruct cross-sectional images. These images map varying tissue densities on a grayscale and allow manipulation for optimal viewing of anatomy and pathology.
Computed tomography (CT) uses X-rays and digital image processing to generate cross-sectional images of the body. It has undergone several generations of technological advancement, increasing scanning speed and image quality. Modern multi-detector CT can acquire multiple slices simultaneously in a few seconds, and its 3D imaging capabilities are useful for medical diagnosis and guiding procedures. However, the increased use of CT has also led to higher population radiation exposure from medical imaging.
i. Diphtheria is an infectious disease caused by the bacterium Corynebacterium diphtheriae that affects the throat and nose. It produces a toxin that can damage tissues in the body.
ii. Signs and symptoms include sore throat, fever, swollen lymph nodes in the neck, and a thick gray membrane in the throat and tonsils. Complications can include breathing problems, heart inflammation, nerve damage, and kidney failure.
iii. It is transmitted through respiratory droplets and close contact. Vaccination is the most effective way to prevent diphtheria. Treatment involves antitoxin and antibiotics.
The document summarizes the results of a survey on drug addiction. It finds that 41% of male respondents and a similar percentage of females believe that drugs create dependency. The most commonly used drug in Pakistan is cannabis, used by 3.6% of adults, while opiates affect around 1%. Drug addiction costs over $600 billion annually in the US due to healthcare, law enforcement, treatment and prevention. The survey aimed to understand perceptions and trends in drug use.
Este documento presenta 5 ejercicios sobre el uso de SPSS y Excel para analizar datos estadísticos. Los ejercicios incluyen introducir datos en SPSS y exportarlos a Excel, importar datos de Excel a SPSS, abrir y definir variables en una base de datos SPSS existente, y crear un nuevo archivo de datos en SPSS a partir de un cuestionario.
Nuestro equipo está formado por profesionales, abogados y economistas, con una extensa experiencia en la implantación de filiales internacionales, de servicios, comerciales y productivas, en distintas zonas del mundo como América, Europa, Oriente Próximo y Asia.
Nuestro equipo está formado por profesionales, abogados y economistas, con una extensa experiencia en la implantación de filiales internacionales, de servicios, comerciales y productivas, en distintas zonas del mundo como América, Europa, Oriente Próximo y Asia.
This document evaluates a music magazine called VIVO that targets 15-25 year old females, particularly those in social classes C2DE. The magazine focuses on indie pop music to attract its target audience with a minimalist design featuring bold colors, few words, and simple photos. Freya was photographed modeling as Iggy Azalea to appeal to readers' interests in both music and fashion. Marketing campaigns would feature simple billboards with the magazine's name and hashtag to generate buzz online among younger social media users and introduce them to the magazine.
El documento proporciona instrucciones para crear una aplicación Android simple que realiza cálculos básicos. Inicia un nuevo proyecto de aplicación Android en Eclipse y agrega widgets como TextView, EditText, CheckBox y Button. Luego configura las propiedades de cada widget y agrega código para realizar cálculos cuando se hace clic en el botón. Finalmente ejecuta la aplicación en un emulador Android.
Top 8 customer relations manager resume samplesguraspori
This document provides resources for customer relations manager positions, including resume samples, cover letters, interview questions, and tips. It lists 8 types of resume formats (chronological, functional, curriculum vitae, combination, targeted, professional, new graduate, executive) along with descriptions and examples. The document also provides additional interview preparation materials and links to sample resumes, cover letters, interview questions, and other job searching resources on the resume123.org website.
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive functioning. Exercise boosts blood flow, releases endorphins, and promotes changes in the brain which help regulate emotions and stress levels.
This document outlines the typical parts and contents of a basic research course. It is divided into 8 parts that cover key research concepts like variables, data and the research problem. Part 1 introduces research fundamentals. Part 2 focuses on defining the research problem and formulating hypotheses. Part 3 discusses reviewing related literature and studies. Part 4 presents different research types and methodologies like experimental research. Part 5 addresses data collection methods and sampling. Part 6 distinguishes between analyzing, presenting and interpreting data. Part 7 provides guidance on summarizing conclusions and recommendations. Part 8 concludes with instructions for citations and bibliographies.
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive functioning. Exercise boosts blood flow and levels of neurotransmitters and endorphins which elevate and stabilize mood.
- Hamza Mustafa Mahmoud is applying for a position. He is currently a student at the Royal Academy of Culinary Arts in Jordan and is seeking to further his culinary training and experience.
- His education includes being fluent in Arabic and having good English skills. He has completed an internship and has experience assisting chefs and pastry chefs as well as catering events.
- Hamza highlights his cooking, baking, and food preparation skills as well as his experience developing menus, working with nutrition, and using common computer and internet programs. He is looking to continue developing his culinary talents.
La endoantropología médica es una rama de la antropología y la psicología médica que se ocupa del estudio del interior del hombre, incluyendo sus capacidades para enfermar y morir. La psicología médica prepara a los médicos para abordar problemas psicológicos en la práctica, mientras que la endoantropología médica humaniza el estudio científico del hombre y su mortalidad.
El documento proporciona instrucciones sobre cómo insertar nuevas diapositivas en PowerPoint, seleccionar varias diapositivas de una vez, y copiar una diapositiva existente para pegarla en otra ubicación de la presentación. Explica que para insertar una nueva diapositiva se hace clic en la pestaña "Insertar" y luego en "Nueva diapositiva", y para seleccionar varias diapositivas seguidas se mantiene presionada la tecla Mayús mientras se hace clic en cada una.
Robert Bruce Banner, known as the Hulk, was born in Dayton, Ohio to parents Brian and Rebecca Banner. As a child, Hulk had a sister named Angelica who was kidnapped but later returned safely. While details of Hulk's exact date of birth are unknown, it is known that he was born in Dayton, Ohio to his father Brian and mother Rebecca Banner.
3D isocenters quality assurance in radiation treatment room using a motion c...WonjoongCheon
The document describes a new automatic 3D isocenter quality assurance system for proton therapy machines using a motion capture camera system and Eagle phantom. The Eagle phantom allows independent determination of the mechanical, radiation, and imaging isocenters in the treatment room coordinate system. Comparisons to commercial products showed similar accuracy, with differences of 0.316 mm and 0.368 mm. The advantage is this new system can perform quality assurance of multiple isocenters using a single phantom.
Sudhendu Rai - Patent title and abstractsSudhendu Rai
A compilation of titles and abstracts of 79 issued patents generated over the course of 15 years. They span areas of optimization, controls, machine learning, production design, lean, event-log analysis, sustainability, cellular production, inventory optimization, enterprise design and production control.
This document discusses remote sensing and geographical information systems in civil engineering. It covers various topics related to remote sensing sensors including optical sensors, thermal scanners, multispectral sensors, passive and active sensors, scanning and non-scanning sensors, imaging and non-imaging sensors, and the different types of resolutions including spatial, spectral, radiometric, and temporal resolution. It provides examples and illustrations of these concepts.
Conventional non-vision based navigation systems relying on purely Global Positioning System (GPS) or inertial sensors can provide the 3D position or orientation of the user. However GPS is often not available in forested regions and cannot be used indoors. Visual odometry provides an independent method to estimate position and orientation of the user/system based on the images captured by the moving user accurately. Vision based systems also provide information (e.g. images, 3D location of landmarks, detection of scene objects) about the scene that the user is looking at. In this project, a set of techniques are used for the accurate pose and position estimation of the moving vehicle for autonomous navigation using the images obtained from two cameras placed at two different locations of the same area on the top of the vehicle. These cases are referred to as stereo vision. Stereo vision provides a method for the 3D reconstruction of the environment which is required for pose and position estimation. Firstly, a set of images are captured. The Harris corner detector is utilized to automatically extract a set of feature points from the images and then feature matching is done using correlation based matching. Triangulation is applied on feature points to find the 3D co-ordinates. Next, a new set of images is captured. Then repeat the same technique for the new set of images too. Finally, by using the 3D feature points, obtained from the first set of images and the new set of images, the pose and position estimation of moving vehicle is done using QUEST algorithm.
Sudhendu Rai Patent abstracts (Word document with embedded patents)Sudhendu Rai
This document contains summaries of 12 patents related to print production and workflow management. The patents were granted to Sudhendu Rai and various co-inventors between 1998-2009 and relate to methods and systems for setting up and controlling printing machines, controlling media handling in printing, synchronizing printing and paper path subsystems, distributed object handling, interactive distributed communication for print job processing, sensing factory workspaces, determining optimal batch sizes for print jobs, production server architecture for print workflow management, converting print jobs to workflow, printshop resource optimization using autonomous cells, evaluating print shop consolidation options, and determining optimal batch sizes for print jobs.
The aim of this paper is to present the essential elements of the electro-optical imaging system EOIS for space applications and how these elements can affect its function. After designing a spacecraft for low orbiting missions during day time, the design of an electro-imaging system becomes an important part in the satellite because the satellite will be able to take images of the regions of interest. An example of an electro-optical satellite imaging system will be presented through this paper where some restrictions have to be considered during the design process. Based on the optics principals and ray tracing techniques the dimensions of lenses and CCD (Charge Coupled Device) detector are changed matching the physical satellite requirements. However, many experiments were done in the physics lab to prove that the resizing of the electro optical elements of the imaging system does not affect the imaging mission configuration. The procedures used to measure the field of view and ground resolution will be discussed through this work. Examples of satellite images will be illustrated to show the ground resolution effects.
Object tracking using motion flow projection for pan-tilt configurationIJECEIAES
We propose a new object tracking model for two degrees of freedom mechanism. Our model uses a reverse projection from a camera plane to a world plane. Here, the model takes advantage of optic flow technique by re-projecting the flow vectors from the image space into world space. A pan-tilt (PT) mounting system is used to verify the performance of our model and maintain the tracked object within a region of interest (ROI). This system contains two servo motors to enable a webcam rotating along PT axes. The PT rotation angles are estimated based on a rigid transformation of the the optic flow vectors in which an idealized translation matrix followed by two rotational matrices around PT axes are used. Our model was tested and evaluated using different objects with different motions. The results reveal that our model can keep the target object within a certain region in the camera view.
The document describes an apparatus and method for measuring the rotation angle of an object. The apparatus includes a floating rotary support that allows an object to freely rotate and move laterally. A two-point cursor is attached to either the object or support, while a digitizer tablet remains stationary. The apparatus uses the cursor's x,y coordinates in multiple positions to calculate the object's rotation angle, compensating for any shifting of its axis. It can accurately measure wheel alignment by accounting for caster.
Information on patent infringement charts; discussion of patent claims and how they are being infringed; summary of disruptive nature of the claims; white papers and descriptions of demonstrations and who attended, etc.
This document discusses remote sensing platforms and sensors. It describes the three main categories of remote sensing platforms: ground-based, airborne, and satellite (space-borne). It provides details on each type of platform, including examples. The document also discusses remote sensing systems and their characteristics, focusing on spatial, spectral, temporal, and radiometric resolution. It provides information on imaging systems and scanning systems, such as whiskbroom and pushbroom scanning. Finally, it discusses Landsat satellites as an example of resource satellites.
Adaptive optics are used in ground-based telescopes to directly image extrasolar planets and overcome atmospheric turbulence. Atmospheric turbulence causes distortions that blur planetary images. Adaptive optics systems measure wavefront distortions using a wavefront sensor and correct for them using a deformable mirror in a closed-loop system. This results in sharper, diffraction-limited images that help verify exoplanets. Future extremely large telescopes will use many more actuators on deformable mirrors to provide substantial correction, aiding the search for Earth-like exoplanets.
The document describes a skin treatment device that combines radio frequency (RF) heating with mechanical massage. The device includes a handpiece with an RF applicator and a "ring-shaped" massager that surrounds the RF applicator. The massager has at least one massage head, such as an annular head, that rotates around the RF applicator to mechanically massage the skin during RF treatment. Some embodiments include a liquid dispenser within the device to deliver liquid to the skin surface during treatment. The combination of RF heating and mechanical massage provides benefits such as temporary reduction in the appearance of cellulite.
Method for geometric calibration of cone-beam tomography equipment and equip...Toscana Open Research
This document describes a method for geometric calibration of cone-beam tomography equipment that derives misalignment parameters from scan data of a generic object, without requiring specialized test objects or calibration sessions. The method involves acquiring raw planar data, processing it to obtain corrected planar data, analyzing the data to determine geometric deviations defining the actual detector position, and reconstructing a tomographic image using the calculated misalignment parameters. Unlike other methods, it allows calibration to be integrated into ordinary scanning sessions.
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This paper explains how the process of reading the data object detection results with a certain color. In this case, the object is an orange tennis ball. We use a Pixy CMUcam5 connecting to the Arduino Nano with microcontroller ATmega328-based. Then through the USB port, data from Arduino nano re-read and displayed. It’s to ensure weather an orange object is detected or not. By this process, it will be exactly known how many blocks object detected, including the X and Y coordinates of the object. Finally, it will be explained the complexity of the algorithms used in the process of reading the results of the detection orange object.
Distance Estimation based on Color-Block: A Simple Big-O Analysis
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1. Patents
Publication number US20130329217 A1
Publication type Application
Application number US 13/493,083
Publication date Dec 12, 2013
Filing date Jun 11, 2012
Priority date Jun 11, 2012
Inventors Shikui Yan, Thomas Bruckbauer, Travis
Pless, Robert Scott Beach, Sam Griffin
Original Assignee Siemens Medical Solutions Usa, Inc.
Export Citation BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
Patent Citations (4), Classifications (6), Legal Events (1)
External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
CLAIMS (20)
What is claimed is:
1. A system for aligning a bed of an imaging system with an imaging plane,
comprising:
a laser device which generates a laser beam;
a target element having a target detecting surface and a collimator hole,
wherein the laser beam is transmitted through the collimator hole; and
a reflective element which receives the laser beam, the reflective element
having a reflective detecting surface for detecting a first position of the laser
beam wherein the first position is used to adjust at least one first parameter
of the bed and wherein the laser beam is reflected to the target detecting
surface to detect a second position of the laser beam wherein the second
position is used to adjust at least one second parameter of the bed.
2. The system according to claim 1, wherein the reflecting and target
detecting surfaces each include a predetermined pattern for detecting
the first and second positions, respectively, of the laser beam.
3. The system according to claim 1, wherein the reflective and target
detecting surfaces each include a cross hair pattern for detecting the
first and second positions, respectively, of the laser beam.
4. The system according to claim 1, wherein the reflective and target
detecting surfaces each include light sensitive material or device for
detecting the first and second positions, respectively, of the laser
beam.
Laser System for Aligning a Bed Transport
Mechanism in an Imaging System
US 20130329217 A1
ABSTRACT
A system for aligning a bed of an imaging system with an imaging plane. The
system includes a laser device which generates a laser beam and a target
element having a target detecting surface. The system also includes a reflective
element which receives the laser beam. The reflective element includes a
reflective detecting surface for detecting a first position of the laser beam. A first
parameter of the bed is adjusted until the laser beam is positioned on a first
center portion of the reflective detecting surface. In addition, the laser beam is
reflected to the target detecting surface to detect a second position of the laser beam. A second parameter of the bed is adjusted until the laser beam is positioned
on a second center portion of the target detecting surface to orient the bed substantially perpendicular to the imaging plane.
DESCRIPTION
FIELD OF THE INVENTION
This invention relates to a system and method for aligning a transport
mechanism for moving a bed, table, or imaging device in an imaging system
having an imaging plane, and more particularly, to a laser system having a
target element and a reflective element for detecting the position of a laser
beam wherein a position of the bed is adjusted based on detected laser beam
positions.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
It is important that a bed used to accommodate or hold an object to be scanned
by an imaging system be correctly aligned with an imaging plane of the system
so that accurate long-axial field of view (FOV) scans are obtained. In a
computed tomography (CT) imaging system 100, for example, a gantry 10 (see
FIG. 1) is used that includes a central bore or tunnel 12 for receiving a device
for holding an object to be scanned, such as a table or bed 14. The bed 14 is
supported by first 16 and second 18 bed stages to enable horizontal and
vertical positional adjustments, respectively, of the bed 14. The gantry 10 also
includes an X-ray source 22 and a detector 24 that are positioned opposite
each other to form an imaging plane 20 which coincides with the tunnel 12. In
operation, a transport mechanism 21 moves the bed 14 along the Z-axis (see
arrow 11) toward the imaging plane 20. The X-ray source 22 and detector 24
rotate about the bed 14 to generate images of an object located on the bed 14,
such as a patient, as part of an imaging procedure.
The bed 14 in the imaging system 100 is aligned relative to X, Y, and Z
translation directions and pitch 15, yaw 17 and roll 19 rotation angles about
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2. 5. The system according to claim 1, wherein adjustment of at least one
first parameter of the bed includes X and Y positions.
6. The system according to claim 1, wherein adjustment of at least one
second parameter of the bed includes pitch and yaw rotation positions.
7. The system according to claim 1, wherein laser device utilizes a
non-amplified, light emitting diode (LED) laser source.
8. The system according to claim 1, wherein the imaging system is a
computed tomography imaging system.
9. The system according to claim 1, wherein the target element is
mounted to the bed and the reflective element is mounted to a gantry
of the imaging system wherein the reflective detecting surface is
oriented substantially parallel to the imaging plane.
10. A system for aligning a bed of an imaging system with an imaging plane,
comprising:
a laser device which generates a laser beam;
a target element having a target detecting surface and a collimator hole,
wherein the laser beam is transmitted through the collimator hole; and
a reflective element which receives the laser beam, the reflective element
having a reflective detecting surface for detecting a first position of the laser
beam wherein at least one first parameter of the bed is adjusted until the
laser beam is positioned on a first center portion of the reflective detecting
surface and wherein the laser beam is reflected to the target detecting
surface to detect a second position of the laser beam wherein at least one
second parameter of the bed is adjusted until the laser beam is positioned
on a second center portion of the target detecting surface to orient the bed
substantially perpendicular to the imaging plane.
11. The system according to claim 10, wherein the first center portion
is approximately 3 mm in size.
12. The system according to claim 10, wherein the second center
portion is approximately 1 mm in size.
13. The system according to claim 10, wherein the reflecting and target
detecting surfaces each include a predetermined pattern for detecting
the first and second positions, respectively, of the laser beam.
14. The system according to claim 10, wherein the reflective and target
detecting surfaces each include a cross hair pattern for detecting the
first and second positions, respectively, of the laser beam.
15. The system according to claim 10, wherein the reflective and target
detecting surfaces each include light sensitive material or device for
detecting the first and second positions, respectively, of the laser
beam.
16. The system according to claim 10, wherein adjustment of at least
one first parameter of the bed includes X and Y positions.
17. The system according to claim 10, wherein adjustment of at least
one second parameter of the bed includes pitch and yaw rotation
positions.
18. The system according to claim 10, wherein the target element is
mounted to the bed and the reflective element is mounted to a gantry
of the imaging system wherein the reflective detecting surface is
oriented substantially parallel to the imaging plane.
19. The system according to claim 10, wherein laser device utilizes a
non-amplified, light emitting diode (LED) laser source.
three perpendicular axes. In many imaging systems, a manual multi-step
procedure is used wherein a bed alignment tool, protractor, machinist square
and other tools or devices are used to align the bed 14. In this procedure,
specific parameters for bed alignment are manually checked, and if the bed 14
is not aligned, adjustments are made to align the bed 14 whereupon bed
alignment is then rechecked. The process of checking bed alignment, making
adjustments to the alignment and rechecking the alignment is then repeated
until a desired alignment is achieved. However, this results in an iterative
process which is time consuming and takes experienced personnel
approximately six hours to complete.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
A system for aligning a bed of an imaging system with an imaging plane is
disclosed. The system includes a laser device which generates a laser beam
and a target element having a target detecting surface and a collimator hole,
wherein the laser beam is transmitted through the collimator hole. The system
also includes a reflective element which receives the laser beam. The reflective
element includes a reflective detecting surface for detecting a first position of
the laser beam wherein at least one first parameter of the bed is adjusted until
the laser beam is positioned on a first center portion of the reflective detecting
surface. In addition, the laser beam is reflected to the target detecting surface to
detect a second position of the laser beam wherein at least one second
parameter of the bed is adjusted until the laser beam is positioned on a second
center portion of the target detecting surface to orient the bed substantially
perpendicular to the imaging plane.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
FIG. 1 depicts a gantry and bed arrangement for an imaging system.
FIG. 2 depicts a schematic of a laser system for aligning a bed of an imaging
system in accordance with the invention.
FIGS. 2A-2B depict first and second cross hair patterns formed on reflective
and target elements, respectively of the system.
FIG. 3 illustrates a calibration flow diagram for aligning the bed with the image
plane of the imaging system.
DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
Before any embodiments of the invention are explained in detail, it is to be
understood that the invention is not limited in its application to the details of
construction and the arrangement of components set forth in the following
description or illustrated in the following drawings. The invention is capable of
other embodiments and of being practiced or of being carried out in various
ways. Also, it is to be understood that the phraseology and terminology used
herein is for the purpose of description and should not be regarded as limiting.
The use of “including,” “comprising,” or “having” and variations thereof herein is
meant to encompass the items listed thereafter and equivalents thereof as well
as additional items. Unless specified or limited otherwise, the terms “mounted,”
“connected,” “supported,” and “coupled” and variations thereof are used broadly
and encompass direct and indirect mountings, connections, supports, and
couplings. Further, “connected” and “coupled” are not restricted to physical or
mechanical connections or couplings. In the description below, like reference
numerals and labels are used to describe the same, similar or corresponding
parts in the several views of FIGS. 1-4.
Referring to FIG. 2, a schematic of a laser system 30 for aligning the bed 14 of
an imaging system in accordance with the invention is shown. The system 30
may be used in connection with the CT imaging system 100, for example, or
any other imaging system or scanner having an imaging plane that is oriented
substantially perpendicular to a bed 14. In addition, the imaging system may of
the type having a movable bed and a stationary imaging device or a stationary
bed and a movable imaging device and combinations thereof. Further, the
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3. 20. A method for aligning a bed of an imaging system with an imaging plane,
comprising:
generating a laser beam;
detecting a first position of the laser beam on a reflective detecting surface;
adjusting at least one first parameter of the bed until the laser beam is
positioned on a first center portion of the reflective detecting surface;
detecting a second position of the laser beam on a target detecting surface;
and
adjusting at least one second parameter of the bed until the laser beam is
positioned on a second center portion of the target detecting surface to
orient the bed substantially perpendicular to the imaging plane.
system 30 may be used in clinical imaging systems and systems having a
higher resolution such as preclinical imaging systems including the Siemens
Inveon CT imaging system. The system 30 includes a laser device 32 that is
removably mounted on the second bed stage 18 and a target element 34
removably mounted on the second bed stage 18 in front of the laser device 32.
The system 30 also includes a reflective element 36 having a first surface 44.
Referring to FIG. 2A, a front view of the reflective element 36 along view line
2A-2A of FIG. 2 is shown. The first surface 44 includes a first cross hair pattern
38 having a reflective center portion 40. In one embodiment, the reflective
center portion 40 is approximately 3 mm in size. Referring back to FIG. 2, the
reflective element 36 is attached to a mounting fixture 42 by bonding, for
example. The mounting fixture 42 is removably attached to the gantry 10 such
that a plane 45 of the first surface 44 is substantially parallel to the imaging
plane 20.
FIG. 2B is a front view of the target element 34 along view line 2B-2B of FIG. 2.
The target element 34 includes a second surface 47 having a second cross hair
pattern 46 and a collimation hole 48 located in a center portion 49 of the second
cross hair pattern 46. In one embodiment, the collimation hole 48 is approximately 1 mm in size. The first 38 and second
46 cross hair patterns may each include indicia to enable measurement of the location of a laser beam spot formed on the
first 44 and second 47 surfaces. Alternatively, the first 44 and second 47 surfaces each include light sensitive material or
device for detecting a location of a laser beam spot on the surfaces 44,47. The first 44 and second 47 surfaces face each
other and may be spaced approximately 100 cm from each other. Alternatively, other predetermined patterns, such as
bullseye and other patterns, may be formed on the first 44 and second 47 surfaces instead of the first 38 and second 46
cross hair patterns.
In accordance with the invention, a laser beam 50 generated by the laser device 32 is first aligned with the Z-axis. The
laser beam is then transmitted through the collimation hole 48 to form a collimated laser beam 52. The collimated laser
beam 52 then impinges on the reflective center portion 40 and forms a first beam spot 54 on the first surface 44. If the first
beam spot 54 is not located on the reflective center portion 40, an offset is indicated in either or both the X and Y
directions, depending on the location of the first beam spot 54. The offset is measured by using the first cross hair pattern
38. Using the measured offset, the bed 14 is then correspondingly adjusted in either the X direction or the Y direction, or
both the X and Y directions, as needed, so that the first beam spot 54 impinges on the reflective center portion 40 as
shown in FIG. 2A.
The laser beam 52 is then reflected by the reflective center portion 40 back to the target element 34 thus forming a second
beam spot 56 on the second surface 47. If the second beam spot 56 is not located on the center portion 49 of the second
cross hair pattern 46, as offset is indicated. The bed 14 is then correspondingly adjusted so that the second beam spot 56
impinges on the center portion 49. This ensures that the bed axis (i.e. the Z axis) and the first surface 44 are substantially
perpendicular to each other thus adjusting pitch and yaw rotation angles to zero. The second beam spot 56 then coincides
with the collimation hole 48. In one embodiment, the laser device 32 utilizes a non-amplified, light emitting diode (LED)
based laser source such that the laser beam 50 is not affected by the back reflection into the collimator hole 48. Further,
adjustment of the second beam spot 56 may be performed dynamically by tracking the position of the second beam spot
56 on the second surface 47 as the bed 14 moves.
Referring to FIG. 3, a calibration flow diagram 60 for the current invention is shown. The bed alignment process begins at
step 62 and proceeds to step 64 wherein the reflective element 36 is mounted on the gantry 10 and the target element 34
is mounted on the bed 14. At step 66, a coarse adjustment of the bed 14 is performed to ensure that the first beam spot 54
impinges on the reflective element 36. At step 68, a coarse adjustment of the bed 14 is performed to ensure that the
second beam spot 56 impinges on the target element 34. At step 66, a determination is made as to whether the first beam
spot 54 impinges on the reflective center portion 40 of the reflective element 36. If the first beam spot 54 does not impinge
on the reflective center portion 40, a fine adjustment of the bed 14 is performed. Once the first beam spot 54 impinges on
the reflective center portion 40, the process moves to step 70 wherein a determination is made as to whether the second
beam spot 56 impinges on the collimator hole 48. If the second beam spot 54 does not impinge on the collimator hole 48,
a fine adjustment of the bed 14 is performed. Once the second beam spot 54 impinges on the collimator hole 48, the
calibration process is complete at step 70.
Use of the invention results in a bed alignment process that is faster, more accurate and more reliable. In particular, the
system 30 has resulted in a reduction of the time needed to align the bed 14 from approximately six hours to
approximately five minutes. Further, tests have shown that the system 30 reduces measurement error by approximately
one half. In addition, accuracy is improved to approximately ±0.031 degrees from approximately ±0.15 degrees.
Therefore, the system 30 provides a collimated, double targeted, reflective (CTDR) laser system for enabling alignment of
a bed used in a medical imaging system. The CDTR system is relatively low cost and easy to assemble. In addition, the
system 30 provides instant feedback during use since the location of second beam spot 56 on the second surface 47 of
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4. the target element 34 is readily observable as the bed 14 is moving. Further, the CDTR system enables the calibration of
five degrees of freedom (i.e. translation X and Y directions and pitch, yaw and roll rotations if double sources are used)
using a single apparatus.
Referring to FIG. 4, a schematic of an alternate embodiment of the invention is shown. In this embodiment, the laser
device 32 is replaced by an optical alignment device 80. The device 80 includes first 82 and second 84 substantially
V-shaped grooves formed in first 86 and second 88 support blocks that are mounted to an attachment plate 90. The
attachment plate 90 is removably mounted to the bed 14 such that the first 82 and second 84 grooves are aligned with the
Z-axis of the imaging system 100. In addition, an alignment plate 92 is removably attached to the gantry 10. The alignment
plate 92 includes a predetermined pattern with indicia, such as a crosshair or bullseye 94 pattern used to align the bed 14.
In order to align the bed 14, an operator establishes a line of sight through the first 82 and second 84 grooves to determine
whether the bed 14 is aligned. If a center portion 96 of the bullseye pattern 94 is visible through the first 82 and second 84
grooves, the bed 14 is aligned. If the center portion 96 is not visible, the bed 14 is adjusted until the center portion 96 of
the bullseye pattern 94 is visible through the first 82 and second 84 grooves. In yet another embodiment, an aperture hole
may be used instead of the first 82 and second 84 grooves to view the bullseye pattern 94.
While the invention has been described in conjunction with specific embodiments, it is evident that many alternatives,
modifications, permutations and variations will become apparent to those skilled in the art in light of the foregoing
description. Accordingly, it is intended that the present invention embrace all such alternatives, modifications and
variations.
PATENT CITATIONS
Cited Patent Filing date Publication date Applicant Title
US3628868 * Sep 9, 1969 Dec 21, 1971 Us Army Laser boresighting method and apparatus
US6565227 * Nov 13, 2001 May 20, 2003 Greg Davis Method and device for tool alignment
US7331113 * Apr 19, 2007 Feb 19, 2008 Algird Patrick Tool alignment device
US7456945 * Oct 24, 2003 Nov 25, 2008 Finisar Corporation Photonic device package with aligned lens cap
* Cited by examiner
CLASSIFICATIONS
U.S. Classification 356/138, 356/400
International Classification G01B11/14, G01B11/26
Cooperative Classification G01B11/272, G01B11/26
LEGAL EVENTS
Date Code Event Description
Jun 11, 2012 AS Assignment
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNORS:YAN, SHIKUI;BRUCKBAUER,
THOMAS;PLESS, TRAVIS;AND OTHERS;SIGNING DATES FROM 20120531 TO
20120607;REEL/FRAME:028350/0993
Owner name: SIEMENS MEDICAL SOLUTIONS USA, INC., PENNSYLVANIA
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