Participatory communication is the theory and practices of communication used to involve people in the decision-making of the development process.”
“Participatory development is a process through which stakeholders can influence and share control over development initiatives, and over the decisions and resources that affect themselves.”
4. What is the participatory communication?
"Participatory communication is the theory and practices
of communication used to involve people in the decision-
making of the development process.”
5. What is participatory development?
“Participatory development is a process through which
stakeholders can influence and share control over
development initiatives, and over the decisions and
resources that affect themselves.”
6. What is meant by community participation?
Community participation is about ensuring
meaningful engagement with our communities.
For forest development (FD) promotion to work
well, it must be carried out by and with people, not
on or to people.
This means that at all stages of the FD
intervention, communities are involved with and
retain ownership of any FD action.
7. Participation is a 'buzz word' in international
development, a term that embraces a wide range of
possible meanings.
Many different actors in development adopt the language
of participation, but with different and sometimes
contradictory motivations and objectives.
In the local context, ‘participation’ can mask
manipulation, or the legitimation of interventions driven
by more powerful actors in which citizens have no
control.
http://www.participatorymethods.org/method/levels-participation, on 170501, 6:58:00
11. The ladder of citizen participation
At the lowest end of the ladder, forms of NON-PARTICIPATION are used by
powerful actors to impose their agendas.
1. Manipulation and Therapy. Both are non participative. The aim is
to cure or educate the participants.
The proposed plan is best and the job of participation is to
achieve public support through public relations.
12. The ladder of citizen participation
3. Informing. A most important first step to legitimate
participation. But too frequently the emphasis is on a
one way flow of information. No channel for feedback.
13. The ladder of citizen participation
4. Consultation. Again a legitimate step attitude surveys,
neighborhood meetings and public enquiries. But
Arnstein still feels this is just a window dressing ritual.
14. The ladder of citizen participation
5. Placation. For example, co-option of hand-picked
‘worthies’ onto committees. It allows citizens to
advise or plan ad infinitum but retains for power
holders the right to judge the legitimacy or feasibility
of the advice.
15. The ladder of citizen participation
Participation as TOKENISM
occurs when participants hear
about interventions and may say
something about them, which
power holders denote as ‘input’.
However, the voices of
participants will not have any
effect on the intervention; thus
participation does not lead to
change.
16. The ladder of citizen participation
6. Partnership. Power is in fact redistributed through
negotiation between citizens and power holders.
Planning and decision-making responsibilities are
shared e.g. through joint committees.
17. The ladder of citizen participation
7. Delegation. Citizens holding a clear majority of seats on
committees with delegated powers to make decisions.
Public now has the power to assure accountability of the
program to them.
18. The ladder of citizen participation
8. Citizen Control. Have-nots handle the entire job of
planning, policy making and managing a program
e.g. neighborhood corporation with no
intermediaries between it and the source of funds.
19. The ladder of citizen participation
At the higher end of the ladder,
participation is about citizens
having more power to negotiate
and change the status quo. Their
voices are heard and responded
to.
21. Typology of participation in decision-making
Characteristic features
Form/level of participation
Nominal participation
Passive participation
Individual is a member of a
group or community but
takes no part in decision-
making
Individual is informed of
decisions ex-post facto;
attends meetings and listens
to decision-making without
speaking up
22. Typology of participation in decision-making
Characteristic features
Form/level of participation
Consultative participation
Activity-specific participation
Individual is asked for
opinions on specific matters,
without a guarantee that such
opinions will influence
decisions
Individual is asked (or
volunteers) to undertake
specific tasks in the
decision-making process
23. Typology of participation in decision-making
Characteristic features
Form/level of participation
Active (collaborative)
participation
Interactive (empowering)
participation
Individual expresses
opinions, solicited or
not, or takes other
kinds of initiative
Individual has a voice
and influences
decisions
25. FOREST
Land spanning more than 0.5
hectares with trees higher than 5
meters and a canopy cover of more
than 10 percent, or trees able to
reach these thresholds in situ.
It does not include land that is
predominantly under agricultural or
urban land use.
26. Explanatory notes on FORESTcont.
1. Forest is determined both by the presence of trees and the absence of other predominant land uses. The trees
should be able to reach a minimum height of 5 meters.
2. Includes areas with young trees that have not yet reached but which are expected to reach a canopy cover of at
least 10 percent and tree height of 5 meters or more. It also includes areas that are temporarily unstocked due to
clear-cutting as part of a forest management practice or natural disasters, and which are expected to be
regenerated within 5 years. Local conditions may, in exceptional cases, justify that a longer time frame is used.
3. Includes forest roads, firebreaks and other small open areas; forest in national parks, nature reserves and other
protected areas such as those of specific environmental, scientific, historical, cultural or spiritual interest.
4. Includes windbreaks, shelterbelts and corridors of trees with an area of more than 0.5 hectares and width of more
than 20 meters.
5. Includes abandoned shifting cultivation land with a regeneration of trees that have, or are expected to reach, a
canopy cover of at least 10 percent and tree height of at least 5 meters.
6. Includes areas with mangroves in tidal zones, regardless whether this area is classified as land area or not.
7. Includes rubber-wood, cork oak and Christmas tree plantations.
8. Includes areas with bamboo and palms provided that land use, height and canopy cover criteria are met.
9. Excludes tree stands in agricultural production systems, such as fruit tree plantations, oil palm plantations, olive
orchards and agroforestry systems when crops are grown under tree cover.
Note: Some agroforestry systems such as the “Taungya” system where crops are grown only during the first
years of the forest rotation should be classified as forest.
27. Management
Managing forests sustainably
means increasing their benefits,
including timber and food, to meet
society's needs in a way that
conserves and maintains forest
ecosystems for the benefit of
present and future generations.
29. Participatory Forest Management
PFM is an enabling environment where
stakeholders can exercise their shared decision
making powers to manage the forest without
disturbing the current, and compromising the
future generation’s ecosystem service.
Therefore, PFM is one of forest management
modality where government and communities
agree to share roles, responsibilities and benefits
that the forest can generate.
30. Fundamental skills in PFM facilitation
Attitudinal and behavioral change
Stop!
conventional forest governance like thoughts of “government
organizations” is the only forest owner and responsible to manage the forest
being arrogant and rigid; rather be confident, open minded and
courageous to push the community forward to irreversible solution.
Thoughts like ‘I know better than you/farmers’: appropriate process and
methods that encourage community to sit on the driving seat, and seek to
influence the content and outcomes,
Listening skill
more listening than talking to understand others to reasonably responsive to issues.
So, be careful not to dominate!
Confidence and courage
develop and practice confidence and courage to work with concerned stakeholders to
address problems of forest management with common understanding. Therefore, you
are not a boss rather than facilitator in PFM system.
Choice and application of relevant methods
Ensure emplacement of PFM approach which is built on principles of equity and
equality of stakeholders that shared common roles and responsibilities.
31. Perspectives of Sustainable Forest Management
The sustainability of a systems has environmental, economic, social
and institutional perspectives:
Environmentally appropriate:
When it is conserved or enhanced for betterment of current
society and secured its existence at the same Q&Q for the future
generation.
Economically Viable:
When it can maintain a given level of expenditure for generations
over a period of time.
Socially beneficial:
When social exclusions to resource access is minimized, equity
on resource distribution are maximized and equal power of the
society to decide on the fate of the resource.
Institutionally Stable:
When the prevailing structures and processes have the capacity
to continue to perform their functions over a long period of time.
32. PFM Principles
Assurance
The principles of PFM
Clear roles and responsibilities enable local
people to manage forest and its components
Forests are one of our limited resources that shall be
restricted from open access for the whole community
members other than clearly identified stakeholders
with the right size, roles and responsibilities
Organize consecutive
meetings to clear the
roles and
responsibilities of all
stakeholders
All forest stakeholders shall be
identified by the community and
ranked according to their attachment
to the forest, as primary
(permanently resident in the forest
area and fully engaged on forest
development, protection and
utilization), secondary (fully engaged
on forest development, protection
and utilization but not permanent
resident) and tertiary (those who
have some economic attachment to
the forest) stakeholders.
33. PFM Principles
Assurance
The principles of PFM
All identified community members/stakeholders shall get the opportunity to be a member
of PFMC as far as they are accepted by the majority of the community members and
respectful to the agreementAll identified community members/stakeholders shall get the
opportunity to be a member of PFMC as far as they are accepted by the majority of the
community members and respectful to the agreement
Participatory Forest Management
Cooperatives (PFMC) shall get use
rights from jointly managed forests and
shared benefits with the signatory party
Apart from other membership principles
like Chilimo or Adaba-Dodola that only
primary stakeholders got the opportunity
by excluding others, PFM scaling up
program encourages all identified
community members/stakeholders shall
get membership opportunity through
majority members recognition with clearly
stated roles and responsibilities
OEFCCA/OFWE is a
primary signatory party
which shares benefits
generated from forest
area with PFMCs based
on their roles to the forest
development,
conservation and
protection
34. PFM Principles
Assurance
The principles of PFM
Government which is represented by OFWE has
exclusive property right to the forest and exercise
joint forest management system with the community
Indigenous knowledge, customary use rights,
traditional norms and long-established forest
management systems shall be appreciated in
preparation of PFMC’s forest management plan
Community administer and manage
the forest according to the agreed
management plan and government
confirms implementation of the
management plan (MP) and takes
corrective measures where MP
applicability is lacking
PFMCs shall take
existing situation
into consideration
while preparing
their forest
management plan
35. Strategies
Assurance
The Strategies
Organize forest dwellers (communities living in
and around the forest) into forest management
cooperatives to ensure proper management and
sustainable utilization of the forest resources
Undertake participatory
forest area demarcation
PFMC gets use rights
through joint forest
management system to
regulate illegal access/open
access to their legally
established forest blocks
After primary stakeholder analysis in
PFM implementing kebele, PFM
implementing kebele community and
all neighboring kebeles establish
outer boundary demarcating
committee (OBDC) which is
composed of Kebele executives,
elders, youths and women); these
committee members demarcate their
boundary by the assistance of
OFWE/RASU expert to take GPS
supported data.
36. Strategies
Assurance
The Strategies
Core Zone Protection
Buffer zone plantation
Core Zone of the forest shall
be identified and its
management left for the
nature; to encourage the
existence of untouched
biodiversity
communities are
encouraged to
establish their own
plantations on
buffer zone for their
own consumption
37. Strategies
Assurance
The Strategies
Develop implementable participatory forest
management plans through community
and government participation to ensure
active participation of all key stakeholders
Community
empowerment
Participatory forest management
plans (PFMP) developed and
agreed by all parties. All parties’
roles and responsibilities shall be
clearly stated in the PFMP and
OFWE takes the leading role in
monitoring its implementation
Undertake training need
assessment to build human
and institutional capacity of
the community and
government partners
Increase the participation of
women in all sectors of the
project interventions through
awareness raising, training
and exchange visits
38. Strategies
Assurance
The Strategies
Improve the livelihoods of forest
dependent communities through
establishment of small and medium NTFP
based cooperatives/enterprises (NTFPs’
business cooperatives/enterprises)
Livelihood improvement activities are started after
initial identification of primary stakeholders, and
outer border demarcation.
Initial BD activists are elected among the
community, and first Market Analysis and
development training delivered
Those trained community members establish their
NTFP Business Development Cooperatives
(NTFP BDC) within their respective kebele. It is
then the BDC who identify, develop and market
those economically important NTFPs.
The community shall obtain necessary skills
through trainings and experience sharing on
NTFPs sustainable management and making
them profitable
Communities are supported to establish feasible
community forest enterprises and develop viable
business plans
Village Saving and Loan Associations (VSLA)
established to generate perpetual financial
sources to run communities’ business
In Guji zone, Wadera district there is no
economically diversified potential NTFPs that
vigorously contribute to the livelihood
improvement of the community. Therefore, other
source of income generating activities shall be
identified other than making trees profitable.
Additional information on opportunities to
establish/introduce NTFPs to the area shall be
studied.
39. Strategies
Assurance
The Strategies
Policy intervention
PFM consolidation
Promote community
government forums to ensure
the adoption of PFM in the
regional forest policies and
educational curriculum’s
Undertake the
documentation of
lessons,
dissemination of
project experience
and best practices
42. PFM implementation stages
1. The Investigation stage:
Encompasses 3 core elements:
A. Setting up Forest Management Coops
(FMCs);
B. Assessing forest resources and
C. produce PFRA report
consider assessing forest based livelihood
potentials while collecting PFRA data
The output of investigation stage
1. GPS supported kebele and forest
border data
2. Clear forest block boundary
3. PFRA data and its report
4. Registered (by paying registration
fee) PFMC members
5. Stamp and pre-numbered receipts
6. Identified livelihood improving
potentials, opportunities and
challenges (NTFPs)
Active implementers:
Woreda Technical
Committee (WTC)
OEFCCA
FWD
CPO
ANO,
RLAU,
Kebele admin. and
Community
MEMBERS
43. PFM implementation stages cont.
2. The Negotiation stage:
Negotiations are carried out between
PFMCs and government institutions
PFMCs and private companies
all of which may contribute for better management of forest
resources.
It is bounded by the parameter of forest resource
sustainability
Output:
A Forest Management Plan
detailed activities towards improving forest management
and forest dependents’ livelihood improvement mechanism
prepared
Bylaws and Internal bylaws formulated
A Forest Management Agreement document
detailed roles, rights and responsibilities of agreeing parties
Description of effectiveness of governing laws, rules and
regulations
Formalized and legalized through the joint signatories
Active
participants
OFWE
CPO
PPC and
(Admin
(kebele
admin)
44. PFM implementation stages cont.
3. The Implementation stage:
a) Implementing forest management plan:
FMGs, supported by government forestry department,
carry out forest management and livelihood
improvement activities, and
b) Law enforcement: agreed rules and regulations
become on board to govern the parties.
Agreed parties start to play their roles and
responsibilities
periodic monitoring and evaluation of group
performances.
Helps to adjust implementation process and
take responsive measures
Out put
Shared roles and responsibilities of FM
implemented
Better FM – better regeneration, open access
controlled, planned utilization, better
coordination of gov’t and community structure
Better trust and reliability among stakeholders
on FM
Key participants:
– ADMIN.,
– OFWE,
– CPO,
– LUE,
– ARDO,
– WA,
– POLICE,
– JUDICIARIES(
A/alanga,
mana murtii)
– Kebele Admin
– PFMGs,
– whole
community
