- The document discusses using the iterative Jacobi method to solve a matrix equation representing a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) problem.
- Residuals are calculated at each iteration to measure how well the current solution satisfies the matrix equation, with residuals approaching zero indicating convergence of the solution.
- After 35 iterations, the Jacobi method solution converged to u1=1.801, u2=1.401, u3=0.4, matching the analytical solution from Excel.
This project work is concerned with the study of Runge-Kutta method of higher order and to apply in solving initial and boundary value problems for ordinary as well as partial differential equations. The derivation of fourth order and sixth order Runge-Kutta method have been done firstly. After that, Fortran 90/95 code has been written for particular problems. Numerical results have been obtained for various problems. The main focus has been given on sixth order Runge-Kutta method. Exact and approximate results have been obtained and shown in tubular and graphical form.
This project work is concerned with the study of Runge-Kutta method of higher order and to apply in solving initial and boundary value problems for ordinary as well as partial differential equations. The derivation of fourth order and sixth order Runge-Kutta method have been done firstly. After that, Fortran 90/95 code has been written for particular problems. Numerical results have been obtained for various problems. The main focus has been given on sixth order Runge-Kutta method. Exact and approximate results have been obtained and shown in tubular and graphical form
This project work is concerned with the study of Runge-Kutta method of higher order and to apply in solving initial and boundary value problems for ordinary as well as partial differential equations. The derivation of fourth order and sixth order Runge-Kutta method have been done firstly. After that, Fortran 90/95 code has been written for particular problems. Numerical results have been obtained for various problems. The main focus has been given on sixth order Runge-Kutta method. Exact and approximate results have been obtained and shown in tubular and graphical form.
This project work is concerned with the study of Runge-Kutta method of higher order and to apply in solving initial and boundary value problems for ordinary as well as partial differential equations. The derivation of fourth order and sixth order Runge-Kutta method have been done firstly. After that, Fortran 90/95 code has been written for particular problems. Numerical results have been obtained for various problems. The main focus has been given on sixth order Runge-Kutta method. Exact and approximate results have been obtained and shown in tubular and graphical form
Numerical modeling and experimental evaluation of drying shrinkage of concret...Mohamed Moafak
In order to handle complex nonlinear relationships between various inputs and outputs, soft computing techniques are used. The aim of the study is to derive mathematical models obtained from neural network and genetic programming. For this, experimental data were utilized from the available test results presented in the previous studies. The prediction parameters were selected from mixture constituents of concrete and drying period.
Second stage of the thesis is to evaluate the model by experimental validation
New Clustering-based Forecasting Method for Disaggregated End-consumer Electr...Peter Laurinec
This paper presents a new method for forecasting the load of individual electricity consumers using smart grid data and clustering. The data from all consumers are used for clustering to create more suitable training sets to forecasting methods. Before clustering, time series are efficiently preprocessed by normalisation and the computation of representations of time series using a multiple linear regression model. Final centroid-based forecasts are scaled by saved normalisation parameters to create forecast for every consumer. Our method is compared with the approach that creates forecasts for every consumer separately. Evaluation and experiments were conducted on two large smart meter datasets from residences of Ireland and factories of Slovakia.
The achieved results proved that our clustering-based method improves forecasting accuracy and decreases high rates of errors (maximum). It is also more scalable since it is not necessary to train the model for every consumer.
Improve Your Regression with CART and RandomForestsSalford Systems
Why You Should Watch: Learn the fundamentals of tree-based machine learning algorithms and how to easily fine tune and improve your Random Forest regression models.
Abstract: In this webinar we'll introduce you to two tree-based machine learning algorithms, CART® decision trees and RandomForests®. We will discuss the advantages of tree based techniques including their ability to automatically handle variable selection, variable interactions, nonlinear relationships, outliers, and missing values. We'll explore the CART algorithm, bootstrap sampling, and the Random Forest algorithm (all with animations) and compare their predictive performance using a real world dataset.
A Framework for Robust Control of Uncertainty in Self-Adaptive Software Conn...Pooyan Jamshidi
We enable reliable and dependable self‐adaptations of component connectors in unreliable environments with imperfect monitoring facilities and conflicting user opinions about adaptation policies by developing a framework which comprises: (a) mechanisms for robust model evolution, (b) a method for adaptation reasoning, and (c) tool support that allows an end‐to‐end application of the developed techniques in real‐world domains.
Episode 40 : DESIGN EXAMPLE – DILUTE PHASE PNEUMATIC CONVEYING (Part 2)SAJJAD KHUDHUR ABBAS
Episode 40 : DESIGN EXAMPLE – DILUTE PHASE PNEUMATIC CONVEYING (Part 2)
DESIGN EXAMPLE – DILUTE PHASE PNEUMATIC CONVEYING
A plastics production plant wants to increase the capacity through an existing conveying system. The existing system has 6 inch ID pipes and is configured as shown in the diagram below.
The High Density Polyethylene (HDPE) particles have an average size of 4 mm. The conveying gas is at 68oF. The existing blower can produce 1375 SCFM.
The desired capacity increase is from 20,000 lbm/hr to 30,000 lbm/hr. Can the existing blower and pipe system meet this increase in capacity?
Assume the pressure drop across the cyclone is 5 inches of water. The pressure drop across the blower inlet pipe and silencers is 0.3 psi. The pipe bends have R/D = 6. Pipe roughness is k = 0.00015 ft. The particles have density pρ = 59 lbm/ft3. Terminal velocity of the particles is = 30.6 ft/s.
SAJJAD KHUDHUR ABBAS
Ceo , Founder & Head of SHacademy
Chemical Engineering , Al-Muthanna University, Iraq
Oil & Gas Safety and Health Professional – OSHACADEMY
Trainer of Trainers (TOT) - Canadian Center of Human
Development
Raimundo Soto - Catholic University of Chile
ERF Training on Advanced Panel Data Techniques Applied to Economic Modelling
29 -31 October, 2018
Cairo, Egypt
Case Quality Management—ToyotaQuality Control Analytics at Toyo.docxcowinhelen
Case: Quality Management—Toyota
Quality Control Analytics at Toyota
As part of the process for improving the quality of their cars, Toyota engineers have identifi ed a potential improvement does happen to get too large, it can cause the accelerator to bind and create a potential problem for the driver. (Note: This part of the case has been fabricated for teaching purposes, and none of these data were obtained from Toyota.)
Let’s assume that, as a first step to improving the process, a sample of 40 washers coming from the machine that produces the washers was taken and the thickness measured in millimeters. The following table has the measurements from the sample:
1.9 2.0 1.9 1.8 2.2 1.7 2.0 1.9 1.7 1.8
1.8 2.2 2.1 2.2 1.9 1.8 2.1 1.6 1.8 1.6
2.1 2.4 2.2 2.1 2.1 2.0 1.8 1.7 1.9 1.9
2.1 2.0 2.4 1.7 2.2 2.0 1.6 2.0 2.1 2.2
Questions
1 If the specification is such that no washer should be greater than 2.4 millimeters, assuming that the thick-nesses are distributed normally, what fraction of the output is expected to be greater than this thickness?
The average thickness in the sample is 1.9625 and the standard deviation is .209624. The probability that the thickness is greater than 2.4 is Z = (2.4 – 1.9625)/.209624 = 2.087068 1 - NORMSDIST(2.087068) = .018441 fraction defective, so 1.8441 percent of the washers are expected to have a thickness greater than 2.4.
2 If there are an upper and lower specification, where the upper thickness limit is 2.4 and the lower thick-ness limit is 1.4, what fraction of the output is expected to be out of tolerance?
The upper limit is given in a. The lower limit is 1.4 so Z = (1.4 – 1.9625)/.209624 = -2.68337. NORMSDIST(-2.68337) = .003644 fraction defective, so .3644 percent of the washers are expected to have a thickness lower than 1.4. The total expected fraction defective would be .018441 + .003644 = .022085 or about 2.2085 percent of the washers would be expected to be out of tolerance.
3 What is the Cpk for the process?
4 What would be the Cpk for the process if it were centered between the specification limits (assume the process standard deviation is the same)?
The center of the specification limits is 1.9, which is used for X-bar in the following:
5 What percentage of output would be expected to be out of tolerance if the process were centered?
Z = (2.4 – 1.9)/.209624 = 2.385221
Fraction defective would be 2 x (1-NORMSDIST(2.385221)) = 2 x .008534 = .017069, about 1.7 percent.
6 Set up X - and range control charts for the current process. Assume the operators will take samples of 10 washers at a time.
Observation
Sample
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
X-bar
R
1
1.9
2
1.9
1.8
2.2
1.7
2
1.9
1.7
1.8
1.89
0.5
2
1.8
2.2
2.1
2.2
1.9
1.8
2.1
1.6
1.8
1.6
1.91
0.6
3
2.1
2.4
2.2
2.1
2.1
2
1.8
1.7
1.9
1.9
2.02
0.7
4
2.1
2
2.4
1.7
2.2
2
1.6
2
2.1
2.2
2.03
0.8
Mean:
1.9625
0.65
From Exhibit 10.13, with sample size of 10, A2 = .31, D3 = .22 and D4 = 1.78
The upper control limit for the X-bar ch.
Numerical modeling and experimental evaluation of drying shrinkage of concret...Mohamed Moafak
In order to handle complex nonlinear relationships between various inputs and outputs, soft computing techniques are used. The aim of the study is to derive mathematical models obtained from neural network and genetic programming. For this, experimental data were utilized from the available test results presented in the previous studies. The prediction parameters were selected from mixture constituents of concrete and drying period.
Second stage of the thesis is to evaluate the model by experimental validation
New Clustering-based Forecasting Method for Disaggregated End-consumer Electr...Peter Laurinec
This paper presents a new method for forecasting the load of individual electricity consumers using smart grid data and clustering. The data from all consumers are used for clustering to create more suitable training sets to forecasting methods. Before clustering, time series are efficiently preprocessed by normalisation and the computation of representations of time series using a multiple linear regression model. Final centroid-based forecasts are scaled by saved normalisation parameters to create forecast for every consumer. Our method is compared with the approach that creates forecasts for every consumer separately. Evaluation and experiments were conducted on two large smart meter datasets from residences of Ireland and factories of Slovakia.
The achieved results proved that our clustering-based method improves forecasting accuracy and decreases high rates of errors (maximum). It is also more scalable since it is not necessary to train the model for every consumer.
Improve Your Regression with CART and RandomForestsSalford Systems
Why You Should Watch: Learn the fundamentals of tree-based machine learning algorithms and how to easily fine tune and improve your Random Forest regression models.
Abstract: In this webinar we'll introduce you to two tree-based machine learning algorithms, CART® decision trees and RandomForests®. We will discuss the advantages of tree based techniques including their ability to automatically handle variable selection, variable interactions, nonlinear relationships, outliers, and missing values. We'll explore the CART algorithm, bootstrap sampling, and the Random Forest algorithm (all with animations) and compare their predictive performance using a real world dataset.
A Framework for Robust Control of Uncertainty in Self-Adaptive Software Conn...Pooyan Jamshidi
We enable reliable and dependable self‐adaptations of component connectors in unreliable environments with imperfect monitoring facilities and conflicting user opinions about adaptation policies by developing a framework which comprises: (a) mechanisms for robust model evolution, (b) a method for adaptation reasoning, and (c) tool support that allows an end‐to‐end application of the developed techniques in real‐world domains.
Episode 40 : DESIGN EXAMPLE – DILUTE PHASE PNEUMATIC CONVEYING (Part 2)SAJJAD KHUDHUR ABBAS
Episode 40 : DESIGN EXAMPLE – DILUTE PHASE PNEUMATIC CONVEYING (Part 2)
DESIGN EXAMPLE – DILUTE PHASE PNEUMATIC CONVEYING
A plastics production plant wants to increase the capacity through an existing conveying system. The existing system has 6 inch ID pipes and is configured as shown in the diagram below.
The High Density Polyethylene (HDPE) particles have an average size of 4 mm. The conveying gas is at 68oF. The existing blower can produce 1375 SCFM.
The desired capacity increase is from 20,000 lbm/hr to 30,000 lbm/hr. Can the existing blower and pipe system meet this increase in capacity?
Assume the pressure drop across the cyclone is 5 inches of water. The pressure drop across the blower inlet pipe and silencers is 0.3 psi. The pipe bends have R/D = 6. Pipe roughness is k = 0.00015 ft. The particles have density pρ = 59 lbm/ft3. Terminal velocity of the particles is = 30.6 ft/s.
SAJJAD KHUDHUR ABBAS
Ceo , Founder & Head of SHacademy
Chemical Engineering , Al-Muthanna University, Iraq
Oil & Gas Safety and Health Professional – OSHACADEMY
Trainer of Trainers (TOT) - Canadian Center of Human
Development
Raimundo Soto - Catholic University of Chile
ERF Training on Advanced Panel Data Techniques Applied to Economic Modelling
29 -31 October, 2018
Cairo, Egypt
Case Quality Management—ToyotaQuality Control Analytics at Toyo.docxcowinhelen
Case: Quality Management—Toyota
Quality Control Analytics at Toyota
As part of the process for improving the quality of their cars, Toyota engineers have identifi ed a potential improvement does happen to get too large, it can cause the accelerator to bind and create a potential problem for the driver. (Note: This part of the case has been fabricated for teaching purposes, and none of these data were obtained from Toyota.)
Let’s assume that, as a first step to improving the process, a sample of 40 washers coming from the machine that produces the washers was taken and the thickness measured in millimeters. The following table has the measurements from the sample:
1.9 2.0 1.9 1.8 2.2 1.7 2.0 1.9 1.7 1.8
1.8 2.2 2.1 2.2 1.9 1.8 2.1 1.6 1.8 1.6
2.1 2.4 2.2 2.1 2.1 2.0 1.8 1.7 1.9 1.9
2.1 2.0 2.4 1.7 2.2 2.0 1.6 2.0 2.1 2.2
Questions
1 If the specification is such that no washer should be greater than 2.4 millimeters, assuming that the thick-nesses are distributed normally, what fraction of the output is expected to be greater than this thickness?
The average thickness in the sample is 1.9625 and the standard deviation is .209624. The probability that the thickness is greater than 2.4 is Z = (2.4 – 1.9625)/.209624 = 2.087068 1 - NORMSDIST(2.087068) = .018441 fraction defective, so 1.8441 percent of the washers are expected to have a thickness greater than 2.4.
2 If there are an upper and lower specification, where the upper thickness limit is 2.4 and the lower thick-ness limit is 1.4, what fraction of the output is expected to be out of tolerance?
The upper limit is given in a. The lower limit is 1.4 so Z = (1.4 – 1.9625)/.209624 = -2.68337. NORMSDIST(-2.68337) = .003644 fraction defective, so .3644 percent of the washers are expected to have a thickness lower than 1.4. The total expected fraction defective would be .018441 + .003644 = .022085 or about 2.2085 percent of the washers would be expected to be out of tolerance.
3 What is the Cpk for the process?
4 What would be the Cpk for the process if it were centered between the specification limits (assume the process standard deviation is the same)?
The center of the specification limits is 1.9, which is used for X-bar in the following:
5 What percentage of output would be expected to be out of tolerance if the process were centered?
Z = (2.4 – 1.9)/.209624 = 2.385221
Fraction defective would be 2 x (1-NORMSDIST(2.385221)) = 2 x .008534 = .017069, about 1.7 percent.
6 Set up X - and range control charts for the current process. Assume the operators will take samples of 10 washers at a time.
Observation
Sample
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
X-bar
R
1
1.9
2
1.9
1.8
2.2
1.7
2
1.9
1.7
1.8
1.89
0.5
2
1.8
2.2
2.1
2.2
1.9
1.8
2.1
1.6
1.8
1.6
1.91
0.6
3
2.1
2.4
2.2
2.1
2.1
2
1.8
1.7
1.9
1.9
2.02
0.7
4
2.1
2
2.4
1.7
2.2
2
1.6
2
2.1
2.2
2.03
0.8
Mean:
1.9625
0.65
From Exhibit 10.13, with sample size of 10, A2 = .31, D3 = .22 and D4 = 1.78
The upper control limit for the X-bar ch.
Part 1 Recap and Minimum potential Energy(1).pdfSajawalNawaz5
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Hamdard Laboratories (India), is a Unani pharmaceutical company in India (following the independence of India from Britain, "Hamdard" Unani branches were established in Bangladesh (erstwhile East Pakistan) and Pakistan). It was established in 1906 by Hakeem Hafiz Abdul Majeed in Delhi, and became
a waqf (non-profitable trust) in 1948. It is associated with Hamdard Foundation, a charitable educational trust.
Hamdard' is a compound word derived from Persian, which combines the words 'hum' (used in the sense of 'companion') and 'dard' (meaning 'pain'). 'Hamdard' thus means 'a companion in pain' and 'sympathizer in suffering'.
The goals of Hamdard were lofty; easing the suffering of the sick with healing herbs. With a simple tenet that no one has ever become poor by giving, Hakeem Abdul Majeed let the whole world find compassion in him.
They had always maintained that working in old, traditional ways would not be entirely fruitful. A broader outlook was essential for a continued and meaningful existence. their effective team at Hamdard helped the system gain its pride of place and thus they made an entry into an expansive world of discovery and research.
Hamdard Laboratories was founded in 1906 in Delhi by Hakeem Hafiz Abdul Majeed and Ansarullah Tabani, a Unani practitioner. The name Hamdard means "companion in suffering" in Urdu language.(itself borrowed from Persian) Hakim Hafiz Abdul Majeed was born in Pilibhit City UP, India in 1883 to Sheikh Rahim Bakhsh. He is said to have learnt the complete Quran Sharif by heart. He also studied the origin of Urdu and Persian languages. Subsequently, he acquired the highest degree in the unani system of medicine.
Hakim Hafiz Abdul Majeed got in touch with Hakim Zamal Khan, who had a keen interest in herbs and was famous for identifying medicinal plants. Having consulted with his wife, Abdul Majeed set up a herbal shop at Hauz Qazi in Delhi in 1906 and started to produce herbal medicine there. In 1920 the small herbal shop turned into a full-fledged production house.
Hamdard Foundation was created in 1964 to disburse the profits of the company to promote the interests of the society. All the profits of the company go to the foundation.
After Abdul Majeed's death, his son Hakeem Abdul Hameed took over the administration of Hamdard Laboratories at the age of fourteen.
Even with humble beginnings, the goals of Hamdard were lofty; easing the suffering of the sick with healing herbs. With a simple tenet that no one has ever become poor by giving, Hakeem Abdul Majeed let the whole world find compassion in him. Unfortunately, he passed away quite early but his wife, Rabia Begum, with the support of her son, Hakeem Abdul Hameed, not only kept the institution in existence but also expanded it. As he grew up, Hakeem Abdul Hameed took on all responsibilities. After helping with his younger brother's upbringing and education, he included him in running the institution. Both brothers Hakeem Abdul Hameed and Hakim Mohammed
Ang Chong Yi Navigating Singaporean Flavors: A Journey from Cultural Heritage...Ang Chong Yi
In the heart of Singapore, where tradition meets modernity, He embarks on a culinary adventure that transcends borders. His mission? Ang Chong Yi Exploring the Cultural Heritage and Identity in Singaporean Cuisine. To explore the rich tapestry of flavours that define Singaporean cuisine while embracing innovative plant-based approaches. Join us as we follow his footsteps through bustling markets, hidden hawker stalls, and vibrant street corners.
Roti Bank Hyderabad: A Beacon of Hope and NourishmentRoti Bank
One of the top cities of India, Hyderabad is the capital of Telangana and home to some of the biggest companies. But the other aspect of the city is a huge chunk of population that is even deprived of the food and shelter. There are many people in Hyderabad that are not having access to
Vietnam Mushroom Market Growth, Demand and Challenges of the Key Industry Pla...IMARC Group
The Vietnam mushroom market size is projected to exhibit a growth rate (CAGR) of 6.52% during 2024-2032.
More Info:- https://www.imarcgroup.com/vietnam-mushroom-market
Vietnam Mushroom Market Growth, Demand and Challenges of the Key Industry Pla...
Part 3 Residuals.pdf
1. Dr Patrick Geoghegan
Book: H. Versteeg and W. Malalasekera An Introduction to
Computational Fluid Dynamics: The Finite Volume Method
FEA/CFD for
Biomedical
Engineering
Week 10: CFD
3. Lets demonstrate this through an example
We will solve this matrix equation using the iterative Jacobi Method
Residuals
4 2 0
1 2 1
1 1 2
𝑢𝑢1
𝑢𝑢2
𝑢𝑢3
=
10
5
4
}
{
}
]{
[ F
u
K =
}
{
]
[
}
{ 1
F
K
u −
=
Using the Excel Function
=MMULT(MINVERSE(B2:D4),(F2:F4))
𝑢𝑢1
𝑢𝑢2
𝑢𝑢3
=
1.8
1.4
0.4
5. • Residuals tell us whether or not the values u1, u2 and u3 satisfy the
matrix equation
Residuals
4𝑢𝑢1 + 2𝑢𝑢2 + 0𝑢𝑢3 = 10
1𝑢𝑢1 + 2𝑢𝑢2 + 1𝑢𝑢3 = 5
1𝑢𝑢1 + 1𝑢𝑢2 + 2𝑢𝑢3 = 4
4 2 0
1 2 1
1 1 2
𝑢𝑢1
𝑢𝑢2
𝑢𝑢3
=
10
5
4
𝑅𝑅1 = 10 − 4𝑢𝑢1 − 2𝑢𝑢2
𝑅𝑅2 = 5 − 1𝑢𝑢1 − 2𝑢𝑢2 − 1𝑢𝑢3
𝑅𝑅3 = 4 − 1𝑢𝑢1 − 1𝑢𝑢2 − 2𝑢𝑢3
They are calculated as follows
The equations are satisfied
when these equal zero
6. Iterative Method
1.Guess u1, u2, u3
2.Calculate new values for u1, u2, u3 Based on these
equations using latest guess
3.Repeat 2. until u1, u2, u3 don't change between
iterations
Residuals
𝑢𝑢1 = ⁄
10 − 2𝑢𝑢2 4
𝑢𝑢2 = ⁄
5 − 1𝑢𝑢1 − 1𝑢𝑢3 2
𝑢𝑢3 = ⁄
4 − 1𝑢𝑢1 − 1𝑢𝑢2 2
𝑢𝑢1
𝑢𝑢2
𝑢𝑢3
=
0
0
0
Initial Guess: If you don’t know start
with Zero
The residual is a measure of this change
Simulations Speed can be increases if you can
predict an initial condition value closer to the
solution – This requires some knowledge of the
flow physics - You did this in the tutorial
8. -1
-0.5
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
Velocity
Iteration
U1
U2
U3
Residuals
The Jacobi Method gives a solution of
in 35 iterations
Excel gives a solution of [1.8,1.4,0.4]
𝑢𝑢1
𝑢𝑢2
𝑢𝑢3
=
1.801
1.401
0.4
9. -6
-4
-2
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
Residuals
Iteration
R1
R2
R3
Rt
Residuals
The total residual is decreasing towards a value of zero, showing convergence of
the solution
10. • Convergence refers to how close the numerical solution is to the
exact solution of the equations
• Residuals are a measure of convergence
– the closer to zero, the more converged the solution
Convergence and Residuals
12. • Imagine a geometry as shown below that is divided into discrete control
volumes with nodes at centre
Residuals
13. Φ=1 for conservation of mass
Φ =u for conservation of x-momentum
Φ =v for conservation of y-momentum
Φ =w for conservation of z-momentum
Φ =i for conservation of internal energy
• Any terms that are not in the common form have been hidden within the source
terms
• For example Γ diffusive term represents μ for the momentum equations
The General Transport Equation
𝜕𝜕 𝜌𝜌𝛷𝛷
𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕
+ 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌𝐮𝐮 = 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝛤𝛤
𝛷𝛷𝜇𝜇𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔Φ + 𝑆𝑆Φ
14. • In the “Solver” of many commercial CFD packages, a similar iterative
solution of matrix equations is carried out
– More complex though since A and B are usually functions of Φ
Residuals
1) Discretise each partial
differential equation at
each node
2) Form matrix equation
3) Solve matrix equation
𝜕𝜕 𝜌𝜌𝛷𝛷
𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕
+ 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌𝐮𝐮 = 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝛤𝛤
𝛷𝛷𝜇𝜇𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔Φ + 𝑆𝑆Φ
𝑎𝑎𝑃𝑃𝛷𝛷𝑃𝑃 = 𝑎𝑎𝑊𝑊𝛷𝛷𝑊𝑊 + 𝑎𝑎𝐸𝐸𝛷𝛷𝐸𝐸 + 𝑆𝑆𝑢𝑢
15. • One such matrix equation for each variable (u, v, w, p etc)
• A and B are usually functions of velocity, pressure, temperature etc
need iterative solution
(1)Use estimates of u, v, w, p, T to calculate A and B
(2)Solve matrix equations for new u, v, w, p, T
(3)Iterate until convergence is achieved
Residuals
17. • In CFD simulations (FLUENT) you select a maximum allowable
residual
• The smaller R, the more accurate the solution, but longer the run time
• Typically R ≈ 1x10-5 or 1x10-6
• Dependent upon the nature of the problem
• notice how iterative solutions ‘converge’ (on the correct answer) – don’t
stop it too soon
• some methods converge quickly
• initial condition (guess at values) affect the number of iterations needed
• notice the decimal places? Rounding errors are a real concern (double
precision is available)
Residuals
18. Residuals
• Ansys looks at global
residuals
• Residuals might flat
line or exhibit a
periodic pattern
• Periodic pattern is
evidence of a
transient phenomena
like vortex shedding
Global residuals