Part 16 (Psychological Disorders)

PART 16
PSYCHOLOGICAL DISORDERS
SECTIONS
Ѱ
16
Psychology, Twelfth Edition (Myers, D. G.)
© T.G. Lane 2018

PART16
• Discuss how and why psychologists and psychiatrists
classify psychological disorders.
• Discuss the differences between anxiety disorders, obsessive
compulsive and posttraumatic stress disorders.
• Discuss the differences between depressive disorders and
bipolar disorder.
• Explain the symptoms associated with schizophrenia disorder
including hallucinations and delusions.
• Differentiate between negative and positive schizophrenia
symptoms.
© T.G. Lane 2018

PART16
• Explain how brain abnormalities and environmental triggers
influence schizophrenic episodes.
• Discuss basic symptoms associated with dissociative disorders
as well as dissociate identify disorder.
• Discuss the three clusters associated with personality disorders.
• Discuss the differences between anorexia nervosa, bulimia
nervosa, and binge-eating disorder.
• Explain the symptoms associated with antisocial personality
disorder.
© T.G. Lane 2018

PART16
SECTION
© T.G. Lane 2018

1
How should we draw the line between normality and disorder?
• Several individuals suffer from at least one form of a psychological
disorder in one’s lifetime.
© T.G. Lane 2018
PART16:PSYCHOLOGICALDISORDERS
• psychological disorder: a syndrome marked by a
clinically significant disturbance in an individual’s
cognition, emotion, regulation, or behavior
• These disorders are characterized as
disturbed, or dysfunctional thoughts,
emotions, or behaviors are maladaptive–
they interfere with normal day-to-day life.
INTRODUCTION TO PSYCHOLOGICAL DISORDERS

1
• In the study of disorders, one must remember that human
behaviors, thoughts, and feelings are formed by the interaction
of biological, psychosocial, and social-cultural influences.
© T.G. Lane 2018
PART16:PSYCHOLOGICALDISORDERSINTRODUCTION TO PSYCHOLOGICAL DISORDERS
The Biopsychosocial Approach

1
• The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of
Mental Disorders (DSM-5) is the most
common tool for describing disorders.
© T.G. Lane 2018
• In psychiatry and psychology, classifications aim to:
• describe symptoms.
• predict the disorder’s future course.
• suggest appropriate treatment.
• prompt research into its causes.
How and why do clinicians classify psychological disorders, and why do
some psychologists criticize the use of diagnostic labels?
• Some psychologists argue that these diagnostic
labels can create biases against those diagnosed
(i.e. it places individuals in boxes).
CLASSIFYING DISORDERS – AND LABELING PEOPLE

1
© T.G. Lane 2018
• 1 in 4 adult Americans “suffer from a diag-
nosable mental disorder in a given year.
How many people have, or have had, a psychological disorder? Is
poverty a risk factor?
• The incidence of serious psychological
disorders has been doubly high among
those below the poverty line.
RATES OF PSYCHOLOGICAL DISORDERS
Percentage of Americans Reporting
Selected Psychological Disorders in
the Past Year
• This is a correlational
relationship (one does
not cause the other).

2
© T.G. Lane 2018
PART16:PSYCHOLOGICALDISORDERSANXIETY DISORDERS, OCD, AND PTSD
ANXIETY DISORDERS
Info. Generalized Anxiety
Disorder
Panic Disorder Phobias
Definition An anxiety disorder in
which a person is
continually tense,
apprehensive, and in
state of autonomic
nervous system
arousal; excessive and
uncontrollable worry.
An anxiety disorder marked
by unpredictable, minute long
episodes of intense dread in
which a person experiences
terror and accompanying
chest pain, chocking, or other
frightening sensations. Often
followed by worry over a
possible next attack.
An anxiety disorder marked
by a persistent, irrational
fear and avoidance of a
specific object, activity, or
situation; a person
experiences panic attacks.
General
Statistics
Women are twice as
likely as men to have
this disorder.
1 person in 75 have this
disorder.
Many people avoid triggers
that can arouse their fears.
• Anxiety disorders can include generalized anxiety disorder,
panic disorder, and phobias.

2
© T.G. Lane 2018
• Obsessive thoughts and compulsive behaviors cross the fine line
between normality and disorder when they persistently interfere
with everyday living and cause distress.
OBSESSIVE-COMPULSIVE (OCD)
Info. Obsessive-Compulsive
Disorder (OCD)
Definition A disorder
characterized by
unwanted repetitive
thoughts (obsessions),
actions (compulsions),
or both.
General
Statistics
During late teens or
twenties, 1 to nearly
3% develop OCD.
thoughts actions
• Some individuals may develop obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD).

2
© T.G. Lane 2018
POSTTRAUMATIC STRESS DISORDER
Info. Posttraumatic Stress
Disorder (PTSD)
Definition A disorder
characterized by
haunting memories,
nightmares, social
withdrawal, jumpy
anxiety, numbness of
feelings, and/or
insomnia that lingers
for four weeks or
more after a traumatic
experience.
General
Statistics
Two times higher for
women than for men.
• Individuals that experience a traumatic event may develop post-
traumatic stress disorder (PTSD).

3
© T.G. Lane 2018
PART16:PSYCHOLOGICALDISORDERSDEPRESSIVE DISORDERS AND BIPOLAR DISORDERS
Info. Major Depressive
Disorder
Persistent Depressive
Disorder
Bipolar Disorder
Definition A persistent state of
hopelessness and
lethargy (tiredness);
the person must
possess specific
symptoms for two or
more weeks– one of
which must be either
(1) depressive mood
or (2) loss of interest
or pleasure.
A person experiences milder
depressive feelings
(dysthymia) more often than
not for two years or more;
they can experience difficulty
with decision making and
concentration, hopelessness,
reduced energy, sleep
problems, and reduced
appetite.
A disorder in which a person
alternates between the
hopelessness and lethargy
of depression and the over
excited state of mania.
Mania: Hyperactivity, wildly
optimistic state in which
dangerously poor judgment
is common; individuals may
experience:
- reduced need for sleep
- fewer sexual inhibitions
- loud, flighty speech
- poor judgement
• Depression symptoms can been seen in major depressive and
persistent depressive disorders along with bipolar disorder.

4
© T.G. Lane 2018
• Individuals with schizophrenia may have episodes where one
becomes preoccupied with strange ideas and images that haunt
one self.
PART16:PSYCHOLOGICALDISORDERSSCHIZOPHRENIA
Info. Schizophrenia
Definition A psychological disorder
characterized by
delusions, hallucinations,
disorganized speech, and
or diminished,
inappropriate emotional
expression; the mind
suffers a split from reality.

4
© T.G. Lane 2018
• Schizophrenia comes in varied forms:
SYMPTOMS OF SCHIZOPHRENIA
• positive symptoms: hallucinations, talk in
disorganized and deluded ways, and/or
exhibit inappropriate laughter, tears or rage
(presence of inappropriate behaviors)
• negative symptoms: toneless voices,
expressionless faces, and or mute and rigid
bodies (absence of appropriate behaviors)

4
© T.G. Lane 2018
• People with schizophrenia sometimes have
hallucinations—they see, feel, taste, or smell
things that exist only in their minds.
Disturbed Perception
• Most often, the hallucinations are sounds,
frequently voices making insulting remarks or
giving orders.
• When the unreal seems real, the resulting
perceptions are at best bizarre, at worst
terrifying.

4
© T.G. Lane 2018
• Hallucinations are false perceptions. People with schizophrenia
also have disorganized, fragmented thinking, which is often
distorted by false beliefs called delusions (e.g. believing one is
God).
Disorganized Thinking and Speech
• delusion: a false belief, often of persecution or
grandeur, that may accompany psychotic disorders
• Those with schizophrenia may
produce jumbled ideas that make
no sense even within sentences,
forming what is known as word
salad.

4
© T.G. Lane 2018
• The expressed emotions of schizophrenia are often utterly inappro-
priate, split off from reality (e.g. laugh when recalling relative’s
death).
Diminished and Inappropriate Emotions
• Others with schizophrenia lapse into an emotionless flat affect
state of no apparent feeling; most also have an impaired theory
of mind—they have difficulty perceiving facial emotions and
reading others’ states of mind
• Motor behavior may also be inappropriate;
some perform senseless, compulsive acts, such
as continually rocking or rubbing an arm while
Others may remain motionless for hours (a
condition called catatonia).

4
© T.G. Lane 2018
• Most studies now link schizophrenia with abnormal brain tissue
and genetic predispositions; schizophrenia is a disease of the
brain manifested in symptoms of the mind.
UNDERSTANDING SCHIZOPHRENIA
Brain Abnormalities
• Some biological explanations include:
• Dopamine Overactivity
• Abnormal Brain Activity and Anatomy
• Prenatal Environment and Risk
• Other non-biological influences include environmental triggers
such as poor peer relations, childhood abuse, birth issues, etc.
• Genetics

5
© T.G. Lane 2018
• Among the most puzzling disorders are the rare dissociative
disorders, in which a person’s conscious awareness dissociates
(separates) from painful memories, thoughts, and feelings.
PART16:PSYCHOLOGICALDISORDERSDISSOCIATIVE, PERSONALITY, AND EATING DISORDERS
DISSOCIATIVE DISORDERS
Info. Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID)
Definition A rare dissociative disorder in which a
person exhibits two or more distinct
and alternating personalities.
• A massive dissociation of self from ordinary consciousness
occurs in dissociative identity disorder (DID).
• The result may be a fugue state, a sudden loss of memory or
change in identity, often in response to an overwhelmingly
stressful situation (this may help protect us).

5
© T.G. Lane 2018
PERSONALITY DISORDERS
• Some individuals struggle due to having a personality disorders.
• personality disorder: inflexible and enduring behavior
patterns that impair social functioning
• These disorders tend to form three clusters, characterized by:
• anxiety, such as a fearful sensitivity to rejection that
predisposes the withdrawn avoidant personality disorder.
• eccentric or odd behaviors, such as the emotionless
disengagement of schizotypal personality disorder.
• dramatic or impulsive behaviors, such as the attention-
getting borderline personality disorder, the self-focused
and self-inflating narcissistic personality disorder, and the
callous, and sometimes dangerous, antisocial personality
disorder.

5
© T.G. Lane 2018
ANTISOCIAL PERSONALITY DISORDERS
• A person with antisocial personality disorder is typically a male
whose lack of conscience becomes plain before age 15, as he
begins to lie, steal, fight, or display unrestrained sexual behavior.
Info. Antisocial Personality
Disorder
Definition A personality disorder in
which a person (usually a
man) exhibits a lack of
conscience for wrongdoing,
even toward friends and
family members– impulsive;
may be aggressive and
ruthless or a clever con artist.
• These individuals are sometimes called sociopaths or
psychopaths.) They may show lower emotional intelligence—the
ability to understand, manage, and perceive emotions

5
© T.G. Lane 2018
• The three main eating disorders are anorexia nervosa, bulimia
nervosa, and binge-eating disorder.
EATING DISORDERS
Info. Anorexia Nervosa Bulimia Nervosa Binge-Eating
Disorder
Definition An eating disorder
in which a person
(usually an
adolescent
female) maintains
a starvation diet
despite being
significantly
underweight;
sometimes
accompanied by
excessive exercise.
An eating disorder in
which a person
alternates binge
eating (usually of
high-calorie foods)
with purging (by
vomiting or laxative
use) or fasting.
Significant binge-
eating episodes,
followed by
distress, disgust, or
guilt, but without
the compensatory
purging or fasting
that marks bulimia
nervosa.
General
Statistics
Usually adoles-
cents and female
Usually late teens or
early twenties; female
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Part 16 (Psychological Disorders)

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Part 16 (Psychological Disorders)