This document provides information about paraphrasing, summarizing, and quoting sources. It begins with definitions of each: paraphrasing involves restating a passage in your own words while still attributing the source; summarizing involves condensing the main ideas into your own words while still attributing the source; quoting involves using the original wording verbatim. The document then provides guidelines for each: paraphrasing must be attributed and in your own words but shorter than the original; summarizing must be attributed, in your own words focusing on main points only, and significantly shorter than the original; quoting must be word for word and attributed. Finally, the document outlines objectives of acknowledging the importance of paraphrasing

1. Paraphrasing
and
Bibliography
Presented by: Hannah B. delos Reyes

2. Review

3. What is difference
between
PARAPHRASING,
SUMMARIZING and
QUOTING?

4. PARAPHRASING
- It involves putting a passage from source material into your own words.
- Paraphrased material must also be attributed to the source
- A paraphrase is usually shorter than the original passage

5. SUMMARIZING
- Involves putting the main idea(s) into your own words, including only the
main points
- Summaries must also be attributed to the source
- Summaries are significantly shorter than the original and give a broad
overview of the source material

6. QUOTING
- Be identical to the original
- Use a narrow segment of the source
- Match the source document word for word
- Be attributed to the original author

7. Original Passage:
Students frequently overuse direct quotation in taking notes, and as a result
they overuse quotations in the final [research] paper. Probably only about 10%
of your final manuscript should appear as directly quoted matter. Therefore,
you should strive to limit the amount of exact transcribing of source material
while taking notes.
Lester, James D. Writing Research Papers. 2nd ed. (1976): 4647.

8. Acceptable Paraphrase:
In research papers students often quote excessively, failing to keep quoted
material down to a desirable level. Since the problem usually originates
during note taking, it is essential to minimize the material recorded
verbatim (Lester 4647).

9. Objectives

10. 1. Acknowledge the importance of
paraphrasing, quoting and
summarizing in a research study
2. Define bibliography & citation
3. Determine the guidelines on how
to write proper citing related study

11. Paraphrasing
and
Bibliography
Presented by: Hannah B. delos Reyes

12. Paraphrasing

13. Why use quotations, paraphrases, and
summaries?
 Provide support for claims or add credibility to your writing
 Refer to work that leads up to the work you are now doing
 Give examples of several points of view on a subject
 Call attention to a position that you wish to agree or disagree with

14. Why use quotations, paraphrases, and
summaries?
 Highlight a particularly striking phrase, sentence, or passage by quoting the
original
 Distance yourself from the original by quoting it in order to cue readers that
the words are not your own
 Expand the breadth or depth of your writing

15. Six Steps to Effective Paraphrasing
 Reread the original passage until you understand its full meaning. You can’t
paraphrase what you don’t understand.
 Set the original aside, and write your paraphrase on a note card.
 Jot down a few words below your paraphrase to remind you later how you
envision using this material. At the top of the note card, write a key word or
phrase to indicate the subject of your paraphrase.

16. Six Steps to Effective Paraphrasing
 Check your version with the original to make sure that your version
accurately expresses all the essential information in a new form.
 Use quotation marks to identify any unique term or phraseology you have
borrowed exactly from the source.
 Record the source (including the page) on your note card so that you can
credit it easily if you decide to incorporate the material into your paper.

17. Original Passage:
In high school, Hemingway worked on his school newspaper, Trapeze and
Tabula, writing primarily about sports. Immediately after graduation, the
budding journalist went to work for the Kansas City Star, gaining experience
that would later influence his distinctively stripped-down prose style.

18. Acceptable Paraphrase:
X Hemingway worked on his school paper, Trapeze and Tabulain high
school. He wrote mostly about sports. Soon after graduation, the journalist
started working for Kansas City Star, and got experience that would later
influence his unique stripped-down prose style.
 Hemingway’s writing career began in high school where he worked on
the student newspaper, Trapeze and Tabula. One of the things from
Hemingway’s past that had a huge impact on his writing career, specifically
his simplistic style, was working for a newspaper after high school at the
Kansas City Star (Ernest Hemingway Biography).

19. Review
04
03
02
01

20. Bibliography

21. What is a citation and citation style?
 A citation is a way of giving credit to individuals for their creative and
intellectual works that you utilized to support your research.
 A citation style dictates the information necessary for a citation and how
the information is ordered, as well as punctuation and other formatting.

22. Why provide citations for your sources?
 Give credit for the thoughts and ideas that you got from other writers.
 Provide evidence that you did a thorough job of research while writing your
paper.
 Add authority to your arguments by referring to experts in your paper’s field
of study.
 Create links for your readers to sources for more information.
 Helps you to avoid unintentional plagiarism.

23. What is an “in-text” citation compared
to the References section (APA) or
Works Cited section (MLA)?
 The References section (APA- American Psychological Association) or
Works Cited section (MLA- Modern Language Association) of your paper
provides all the information someone needs to be able to locate your
source.
 An “in-text” citation is included in the body, or “text,” of your paper, and
provides the smallest amount of information necessary in order to allow
someone to find the full information about the source in the References
(APA) or Works Cited (MLA) section. It is the “bread crumb” to allow
someone to find the “whole loaf.”

24. What is an “in-text” citation compared
to the References section (APA) or
Works Cited section (MLA)?
 The References (APA) or Works Cited (MLA) section is usually organized in
alphabetical order by author name, then by date if an author has more than
one publication.
 In-text citations are placed in your paper at the point where you make
reference to a particular source.

25. APA, MLA, and
Chicago Format
Books

26. MLA FORMAT
Basic Format: Author(s).Title (italics). City: Publisher, Date.
Collins, Suzanne. The Hunger Games. New York: Scholastic,
2008.

27. MLA FORMAT
Basic Format: Author(s).Title (italics). City: Publisher, Date.
Collins, Suzanne. The Hunger Games. New York: Scholastic,
2008.
AUTHORS:
1. For the first author, list the last name first, a comma, then the first name.
2. For subsequent authors, list the first name first, then a space, and then the
last name. Use “and” before the last author’s name in a list of authors.
3. If there is more than three authors, use the following: Last-Name, First-
Name, et al.
4. If the author is a corporation or association, use the corporation name as the
author. If there is no author, then skip the author part.

28. MLA FORMAT
Basic Format: Author(s).Title (italics). City: Publisher, Date.
Collins, Suzanne. The Hunger Games. New York: Scholastic,
2008.
TITLES:
1. Use italics.
2. Capitalize all words except articles and prepositions, e.g. a, an, and, the, or,
in, etc.
3. If there is a subtitle, use a “:” between the main title and the subtitle.

29. MLA FORMAT
Basic Format: Author(s).Title (italics). City: Publisher, Date.
Collins, Suzanne. The Hunger Games. New York: Scholastic,
2008.
CITY:
1. For well-known cities, e.g. London, New York, just put the name of the city.
2. For lesser-known cities include state and/or country.

30. MLA FORMAT
Basic Format: Author(s).Title (italics). City: Publisher, Date.
Collins, Suzanne. The Hunger Games. New York: Scholastic,
2008.
PUBLISHER:
1. List the name of the publishing company.
2. You can omit words and phrases like “publishing company” or “press.”

31. MLA FORMAT
Basic Format: Author(s).Title (italics). City: Publisher, Date.
Collins, Suzanne. The Hunger Games. New York: Scholastic,
2008.
DATE:
1. Put the most recent year listed on the title page (usually on the back of the
title page).

32. MLA FORMAT
Basic Format: Author(s).Title (italics). City: Publisher, Date.
New York
Robert G. Atheran
Riegel, Robert E.
1964
America Moves West
Holt Publishing

33. Writing
Bibliography
Presented by: Hannah B. delos Reyes

34. Review

35. Why provide citations
for your sources?

36. Why provide citations for your sources?
 Give credit for the thoughts and ideas that you got from other writers.
 Provide evidence that you did a thorough job of research while writing your
paper.
 Add authority to your arguments by referring to experts in your paper’s field
of study.
 Create links for your readers to sources for more information.
 Helps you to avoid unintentional plagiarism.

37. How do you write
bibliography in MLA
format?

38. MLA FORMAT
Basic Format: Author(s).Title (italics). City: Publisher, Date.
Collins, Suzanne. The Hunger Games. New York: Scholastic,
2008.

39. Objectives

40. 1. Acknowledge the importance of
paraphrasing, quoting and
summarizing in a research study
2. Define bibliography & citation
3. Determine the guidelines on how
to write proper citing related study

41. APA, MLA, and
Chicago Format
Books

42. APA FORMAT
Basic Format: Author(s). (Date). Title (italics). City:
Publisher.
Collins, S. (2008). The hunger games. New York: Scholastic.

43. APA FORMAT
Basic Format: Author(s). (Date). Title (italics). City:
Publisher.
Collins, S. (2008). The hunger games. New York: Scholastic.
AUTHORS:
1. Never use an author’s full first name or full middle name, only use initials.
2. Always list the last name first, a comma, then the author’s initial(s).
3. If there is more than one author, use an “&” before the last author in the list.
4. If the author is a corporation or association, use the corporation name as the
author. If there is no author, then put the title first.

44. APA FORMAT
Basic Format: Author(s). (Date). Title (italics). City:
Publisher.
Collins, S. (2008). The hunger games. New York: Scholastic.
DATE:
1. Put the most recent year listed on the title page (usually on the back of the
title page).

45. APA FORMAT
Basic Format: Author(s). (Date). Title (italics). City:
Publisher.
Collins, S. (2008). The hunger games. New York: Scholastic.
TITLES:
1. Capitalization is important and different for APA! Be careful!
2. Capitalize the first letter of the first word, and the first letter of the first word
in the subtitle (if present). All other words in the title should be lower-case,
except proper names (America) or acronyms (NASA). Use italics.

46. APA FORMAT
Basic Format: Author(s). (Date). Title (italics). City:
Publisher.
Collins, S. (2008). The hunger games. New York: Scholastic.
CITY:
1. For well-known cities, e.g. London, New York, just put the name of the city.
2. For lesser-known cities include state and/or country.

47. APA FORMAT
Basic Format: Author(s). (Date). Title (italics). City:
Publisher.
Collins, S. (2008). The hunger games. New York: Scholastic.
PUBLISHER:
1. List the name of the publishing company.
2. You can omit words and phrases like “publishing company” or “press.”

48. APA FORMAT
Basic Format: Author(s).Title (italics). City: Publisher, Date.
New York
Robert G. Atheran
Riegel, Robert E.
1964
America Moves West
Holt Publishing

49. CHICAGO STYLE
Book, single author (including digital books and editions)
Basic Format: Last name, First name. Title of Book. City:
Publisher, year.
For example:
Rose, Peter W. Class in Archaic Greece. Cambridge: Cambridge
University Press, 2012.

50. CHICAGO STYLE
Book, single author (Book, two or three authors or
editors )
Basic Format: Last name, First name [first author], First
name Last name [second author], and First name Last name
[last author]. Title of Book. City: Publisher, year.
For example:
Bucciantini, Massimo, Michele Camerota, and Franco Giudice.
Galileo’s Telescope: A European Story. Translated by Catherine
Bolton. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2015.

51. CHICAGO STYLE
Book, single author (Book, four to ten authors or editors)
Basic Format: Last name, First name [first author], First
name Last name [all authors between first and last], and
First name Last name [last author], eds. [if edited volume]
Title of Book. Edition. City: Publisher, year.
For example:
Waxler‐Morrison, Nancy, Elizabeth Richardson, Joan Anderson,
and Natalie Chambers, eds.
Cross‐Cultural Caring: A Handbook for Professionals. 2nd ed.
Vancouver: University of British Columbia Press, 2005.

52. APA, MLA, and
Chicago Format
Webpages

53. MLA FORMAT
Basic Format: Author(s). “Website”. Organization, Creation
Date. Web. Access Date.
Corliss, Richard. “Audrey Hepburn: Still the Fairest Lady”.
Time, 20 Jan. 2007. Web. 5 May 2014.

54. MLA FORMAT
Basic Format: Author(s). “Website”. Organization, Creation
Date. Web. Access Date.
Corliss, Richard. “Audrey Hepburn: Still the Fairest Lady”.
Time, 20 Jan. 2007. Web. 5 May 2014.
AUTHORS:
1. For the first author, list the last name first, a comma, then the first name.
2. For subsequent authors, list the first name first, then a space, and then the
last name. Use “and” before the last author’s name in a list of authors.
3. If there is more than three authors, use the following: Last-Name, First-
Name, et al.
4. If the author is a corporation or association, use the corporation name as the
author. If there is no author, then skip the author part.

55. MLA FORMAT
Basic Format: Author(s). “Website” . Organization, Creation
Date. Web. Access Date.
Corliss, Richard. “Audrey Hepburn: Still the Fairest Lady”.
Time, 20 Jan. 2007. Web. 5 May 2014.
WEBSITE:
1. This is the title of the website, either from the top of the webpage or the title
shown by the browser.
2. Put the name of the website in “quotes.”
3. Capitalize all words except articles and prepositions, e.g. a, an, and, the, or,
in, etc.

56. MLA FORMAT
Basic Format: Author(s). “Website”. Organization, Creation
Date. Web. Access Date.
Corliss, Richard. “Audrey Hepburn: Still the Fairest Lady.”
Time, 20 Jan. 2007. Web. 5 May 2014.
ORGANIZATION:
1. This is the name of the organization responsible for the website.
2. If you can’t determine the organization responsible for the website, use
“N.p.” (i.e. no publisher)
3. Capitalize all words except articles and prepositions, e.g. a, an, and, the, or,
in, etc.

57. MLA FORMAT
Basic Format: Author(s). “Website”. Organization, Creation
Date. Web. Access Date.
Corliss, Richard. “Audrey Hepburn: Still the Fairest Lady.”
Time, 20 Jan. 2007. Web. 5 May 2014.
CREATION DATE:
1. The date when the webpage was created or last modified, usually near the
bottom.
2. Use the format DD Mon. YYYY, e.g. 14 Nov. 1936
3. If you can’t find a creation date, use “N.d.” (i.e. no date)

58. MLA FORMAT
Basic Format: Author(s). “Website”. Organization, Creation
Date. Web. Access Date.
Corliss, Richard. “Audrey Hepburn: Still the Fairest Lady.”
Time, 20 Jan. 2007. Web. 5 May 2014.
ACCESS DATE:
1. The date when you accessed the webpage (in case it changes after you
reference it).
2. Use the format DD Mon. YYYY, e.g. 03 Jun. 1932

59. APA FORMAT
Basic Format: Author(s). (Date). Website. Retrieved from
URL.
Dotti, L. (2013, May 1). My fair mother. Retrieved from
http://www.vanityfair.com/hollywood/2013/05/audrey-
hepburn

60. APA FORMAT
Basic Format: Author(s). (Date). Website. Retrieved from
URL.
Dotti, L. (2013, May 1). My fair mother. Retrieved from
http://www.vanityfair.com/hollywood/2013/05/audrey-
hepburn
AUTHORS:
1. For the first author, list the last name first, a comma, then the author’s
initials.
2. For subsequent authors, list the last name first, a comma, and then the
author’s initials. Use “&” before the last author’s name in a list of authors.
3. If the author is a corporation or association, use the corporation name as the
author. If you can’t determine any authors, place the website here instead.

61. APA FORMAT
Basic Format: Author(s). (Date). Website. Retrieved from
URL.
Dotti, L. (2013, May 1). My fair mother. Retrieved from
http://www.vanityfair.com/hollywood/2013/05/audrey-
hepburn
DATE:
1. The latest modification date listed on the webpage.
2. Use “n.d.” if there is no date.

62. APA FORMAT
Basic Format: Author(s). (Date). Website. Retrieved from
URL.
Dotti, L. (2013, May 1). My fair mother. Retrieved from
http://www.vanityfair.com/hollywood/2013/05/audrey-
Hepburn
WEBSITE:
1. This is the title of the website, either from the top of the webpage or the title
shown by the browser.
2. Put the name of the website in italics. Capitalize the first letter of the first
word.
3. All other words in the title should be lower-case, except proper names
(America) or acronyms (NASA).

63. APA FORMAT
Basic Format: Author(s). (Date). Website. Retrieved from
URL.
Dotti, L. (2013, May 1). My fair mother. Retrieved from
http://www.vanityfair.com/hollywood/2013/05/audrey-
hepburn
URL:
1. The URL of the webpage

64. CHICAGO STYLE
Basic Format: Last name, First name [if applicable]. “Title
of Webpage.” Website publisher [if indicated].
Month day, year [of publication, modification, or access].
URL.
For example:
Associated Press. “Planet X? 9th Planet, beyond Pluto, May
Exist, New Study Suggests.” Canadian Broadcasting
Corporation. Last modified January 21, 2016.
http://www.cbc.ca/news/technology/9th‐planet‐x‐1.3412070.

65. APA, MLA, and
Chicago Format
Journal

66. MLA FORMAT
Basic Format: Author(s). “Article Title”. Journal Name
Volume. Issue (Year): Pages. Print.
Kroner, Zina. “The Relationship Between Alzheimer’s Disease
and Diabetes: Type 3 Diabetes”. Alternative Medicine Review
14. 4 (2009): 373–379. Print.

67. MLA FORMAT
Basic Format: Author(s). “Article Title”. Journal Name
Volume. Issue (Year): Pages. Print.
Kroner, Zina. “The Relationship Between Alzheimer’s Disease
and Diabetes: Type 3 Diabetes”. Alternative Medicine Review
14. 4 (2009): 373–379. Print.
AUTHORS:
1. For the first author, list the last name first, a comma, then the first name.
2. For subsequent authors, list the first name, a space, and then the last name.
3. Use “and” before the last author’s name in a list of authors.
4. If the author is a corporation or association, use the corporation name as the
author.

68. MLA FORMAT
Basic Format: Author(s). “Article Title”. Journal Name
Volume. Issue (Year): Pages. Print.
Kroner, Zina. “The Relationship Between Alzheimer’s Disease
and Diabetes: Type 3 Diabetes”. Alternative Medicine Review
14. 4 (2009): 373–379. Print.
ARTICLE TITLES:
1. This is the name of the article, not the name of the journal.
2. Put the name of the article in “quotes.”
3. Capitalize all words except articles and prepositions, e.g. a, an, and, the, or,
in, etc.
4. If there is a subtitle, use a “:” between the main title and the subtitle.

69. MLA FORMAT
Basic Format: Author(s). “Article Title”. Journal Name
Volume. Issue (Year): Pages. Print.
Kroner, Zina. “The Relationship Between Alzheimer’s Disease
and Diabetes: Type 3 Diabetes”. Alternative Medicine Review
14. 4 (2009): 373–379. Print.
JOURNAL NAME:
1. This is the name of the journal (magazine), not the name of the article.
2. Use italics for the journal name.
3. Capitalize all words except articles and prepositions, e.g. a, an, and, the, or,
in, etc.

70. MLA FORMAT
Basic Format: Author(s). “Article Title”. Journal Name
Volume. Issue (Year): Pages. Print.
Kroner, Zina. “The Relationship Between Alzheimer’s Disease
and Diabetes: Type 3 Diabetes”. Alternative Medicine Review
14. 4 (2009): 373–379. Print.
VOLUME:
1. The volume number of the journal, usually listed on the front of the journal.

71. MLA FORMAT
Basic Format: Author(s). “Article Title”. Journal Name
Volume. Issue (Year): Pages. Print.
Kroner, Zina. “The Relationship Between Alzheimer’s Disease
and Diabetes: Type 3 Diabetes”. Alternative Medicine Review
14. 4 (2009): 373–379. Print.
ISSUE AND YEAR:
1. The issue number of the journal, usually listed on the front of the journal.
2. The year of the journal, usually listed on the front of the journal.

72. MLA FORMAT
Basic Format: Author(s). “Article Title”. Journal Name
Volume. Issue (Year): Pages. Print.
Kroner, Zina. “The Relationship Between Alzheimer’s Disease
and Diabetes: Type 3 Diabetes”. Alternative Medicine Review
14. 4 (2009): 373–379. Print.
PAGES:
1. List the range of pages, with a hyphen (“-“) in between.

73. APA FORMAT
Basic Format: Author(s). (Year). Article title. Journal Name,
Volume (Issue), Pages.
Kroner, Z. (2009). The relationship between Alzheimer’s disease
and diabetes: Type 3 diabetes. Alternative Medicine Review,
14(4), 373–379.

74. APA FORMAT
Basic Format: Author(s). (Year). Article title. Journal Name,
Volume (Issue), Pages.
Kroner, Z. (2009). The relationship between Alzheimer’s disease
and diabetes: Type 3 diabetes. Alternative Medicine Review,
14(4), 373–379.
AUTHORS:
1. For the first author, list the last name first, a comma, then the author’s
initials.
2. For subsequent authors, list the last name first, a comma, and then the
author’s initials. Use “&” before the last author’s name in a list of authors.
3. If the author is a corporation or association, use the corporation name as the
author.

75. APA FORMAT
Basic Format: Author(s). (Year). Article title. Journal Name,
Volume (Issue), Pages.
Kroner, Z. (2009). The relationship between Alzheimer’s disease
and diabetes: Type 3 diabetes. Alternative Medicine Review,
14(4), 373–379.
YEAR:
1. The year of the journal, usually listed on the front of the journal.

76. APA FORMAT
Basic Format: Author(s). (Year). Article title. Journal Name,
Volume (Issue), Pages.
Kroner, Z. (2009). The relationship between Alzheimer’s disease
and diabetes: Type 3 diabetes. Alternative Medicine Review,
14(4), 373–379.
ARTICLE TITLE:
1. This is the name of the article, not the name of the journal
2. Capitalize the first letter of the first word, and the first letter of the first word
in the subtitle (if present). All other words in the title should be lower-case,
except proper names (America) or acronyms (NASA).
3. If there is a subtitle, use a “:” between the main title and the subtitle.

77. APA FORMAT
Basic Format: Author(s). (Year). Article title. Journal Name,
Volume (Issue), Pages.
Kroner, Z. (2009). The relationship between Alzheimer’s disease
and diabetes: Type 3 diabetes. Alternative Medicine Review,
14(4), 373–379.
JOURNAL NAME:
1. This is the name of the journal (magazine), not the name of the article.
2. Use italics for the journal name.
3. Capitalize all words except articles and prepositions, e.g. a, an, and, the, or,
in, etc.

78. APA FORMAT
Basic Format: Author(s). (Year). Article title. Journal Name,
Volume (Issue), Pages.
Kroner, Z. (2009). The relationship between Alzheimer’s disease
and diabetes: Type 3 diabetes. Alternative Medicine Review, 14
(4), 373–379.
VOLUME AND ISSUE:
1. The volume number of the journal, usually listed on the front of the journal.
2. Use italics for the volume number.
3. The issue number of the journal, usually listed on the front of the journal.
4. Do not use italics for the issue number, or the surrounding parentheses “(“
and “)”.

79. APA FORMAT
Basic Format: Author(s). (Year). Article title. Journal Name,
Volume (Issue), Pages.
Kroner, Z. (2009). The relationship between Alzheimer’s disease
and diabetes: Type 3 diabetes. Alternative Medicine Review,
14(4), 373–379.
PAGES:
1. List the range of pages, with a hyphen (“-“) in between.

80. CHICAGO STYLE
Basic Format: Last name, First name. “Title of Article.”
Journal volume, no. issue (year): page span. URL [when
online version is consulted].
For example:
Buck, Rex, Jr. and Wilson Wewa. “‘We Are Created from This
Land’: Washat Leaders Reflect on Place‐Based Spiritual
Beliefs.” Oregon Historical Quarterly 115, no. 3 (2014): 298‐323.
https://doi‐org.uml.idm.oclc.org/10.5403/oregonhistq.115.3.029
8.

81. Thank you!