The topic of this paragraph is the advantages of birds roosting in communities or flocks. Some key details are that birds in flocks stay warmer, save energy, are more likely to find food and detect danger, and can more easily escape attack if alerted. The implied main idea is that roosting or eating in flocks provides birds safety and survival benefits.

2. GROUP MEMBERS

3. PARAGRAPH WRITTING

4. THE PARAGRAPHIS A SERIESOF SENTENCES OF DEVELOPINGONE TOPIC

5. THE REST OFTHE PARAGRAPH CONSIST OF SENTENCES
THAT DEVELOP OR EXPLAINTHE MAIN IDEA
THE TOPIC OF A PARAGRAPH IS
STATED IN ONE SENTENCE

6. Decide what the main topic of the
paragraph is going to be?

7. Before you begin writing your paragraph, you
must have a clear idea of what the paragraph is
going to be about. This is because a paragraph is
essentially a collection of sentences that all relate
to one

8. In order to pin down the exact topic of your
paragraph, you should ask yourself a number of
questions:
CENTRAL
TOPIC

9. Title Layout
Which charity do
you choose and
why?"
. What are the main ideas or issues that
I need to address?
What is the prompt I
have been given?

10. If you are writing a paragraph as a response or answer to a
particular prompt, such as "You have decided to donate
money to charity.
What is the prompt I have
been given?

11. Which charity do you choose and
why?"
," you will need to think carefully about that
prompt and make sure you are directly
addressing it, rather than going off topic.

12. What are the main ideas or issues
that I need to address?
Think about the topic you are being asked or have decided to
write about and consider what the most relevant ideas or
issues relating to that topic are. As paragraphs are usually
relatively short, it is important that you try to hit on all of the
main ideas, without going off topic.

13. Figure out how you want to structure your
paragraph.
Now that all of your thoughts, ideas, facts and figures are laid out
clearly in front of you, you can start to think about how you want to
structure your paragraph. Consider each of the points you wish to
address and try to arrange them in a logical order - this will make
your paragraph more coherent and easier to read.

14. This new order may be chronological, may put the most important
information first, or may just make the paragraph easier and more
interesting to read - it all depends on the topic and style of the
paragraph you wish to write.
o Once you have decided where you want everything to go,
you can rewrite your points according to this new structure -
this will help to make the writing process a lot faster and
more straightforward.

15. The first paragraph is called the Introduction.The introduction paragraph has two main purposes:
1. It introduces the topic to prepare the reader for what you will be writing.
2. It hooks the reader so that they will be interested in reading more.
The Introduction Paragraph

16. How do you begin to write
an introduction
paragraph?
General
statement
Supporting
detail
Thesis
statement
Hook

17. 1:
Most essays begin with a general statement (generalization). This sentence typically
acts as the topic sentence for the paragraph.
2:
Next, the supporting detail sentences are written to narrow the topic.
3:
In this first paragraph the writer must introduce the topic by making a thesis
statement. A thesis statement is similar to a topic sentence. It is a general statement
that tells the reader what you will be writing about.
4:
The introduction should also hook the reader. This means that the introduction should
draw the reader in. It should make the reader want to read more of the essay.

18. These 4 elements which makes the
paragraph writing effective:
unity order coherence completeness

19. 1: Unity.
Unity in a paragraph begins with the topic sentence. Every paragraph has one
single, controlling idea that is expressed in its topic sentence, which is typically the
first sentence of the paragraph. A paragraph is unified around this main idea, with
the supporting sentences providing detail and discussion. In order to write a good
topic sentence, think about your theme and all the points you want to make. Decide
which point drives the rest, and then write it as your topic sentence.

20. 2: Order.
Order refers to the way you organize your supporting sentences. Whether you
choose chronological order, order of importance, or another logical presentation of
detail, a solid paragraph always has a definite organization. In a well-ordered
paragraph, the reader follows along easily, aided by the pattern you’ve established.
Order helps the reader grasp your meaning and avoid confusion.

21. 3: Coherence.
coherence is the quality that makes your writing understandable. Sentences within
a paragraph need to connect to each other and work together as a whole. One of the
best ways to achieve coherency is to use transition words.These words create
bridges from one sentence to the next.You can use transition words that show order
(first, second, third); spatial relationships (above, below) or logic (furthermore, in
addition, in fact). Also, in writing a paragraph, using a consistent verb tense and
point of view are important ingredients for coherency.

22. 4: Completeness.
Completeness means a paragraph is well-developed. If all sentences clearly and
sufficiently support the main idea, then your paragraph is complete. If there are not
enough sentences or enough information to prove your thesis, then the paragraph
is incomplete. Usually three supporting sentences, in addition to a topic sentence
and concluding sentence, are needed for a paragraph to be complete.The
concluding sentence or last sentence of the paragraph should summarize your main
idea by reinforcing your topic sentence.

23. when you start a paragraph 5 weak words you should
avoid, when u start a writing keep in mind not use that
weak words which destroy the power of your work.
REALLY
THINGS
I BELIVE / ITHINK / I FEEL
WAS/IS/ARE/AM
VERY

24. Types of Paragraphs……

25. There are three main types of
paragraphs:
Narrative Descriptive Expository

26. The Narrative Paragraph
This type of paragraph describes one primary topic and narrates or tells
its story
This topic usually involves one main event, adventure, scene, or
happening

27. 1. Start with a topic sentence that grabs the reader's attention.
2. Write events in the order in which they occurred.
3. Use plenty of interesting details.
The paragraph provides lots of detail but stays on topic.
Tips for Writing a Narrative
Paragraph

28. Start your narrative paragraph with a strong topic
sentence and beginning
"This past weekend I had the time of my
life. First, Friday night, I had my
best friend over and we made a
delicious, mouth-watering pizza. After
we ate, we had a friendly video game
competition."
When talking about the weekend, the
paragraph starts with the first day.

29. Use transition words to move
from event to event:
"On Saturday, my dad took us out on the
boat. The weather was perfect and the
water was warm. It was a great day to go
for a swim. Later that night, we went to
the movies. We saw an action-packed
thriller and ate a lot of popcorn."
Do you see how the bolded words move the
narrative naturally from one thing to the next-

30. End your detailed description with a
good concluding sentence:
"Finally, on Sunday, we rode our bikes all
over town. By the end of the day, my legs were
very tired. I only hope that next weekend can
be as fun as this one."
This paragraph keeps everything in order
and gives lots of detail about one thing: the
weekend.

31. The Descriptive Paragraph
When writing this type of paragraph, you describe something with
words that allow your reader almost to "see" what you're
describing.

32. Use strong verbs and colorful adjectives
in a Descriptive Paragraph
Verb Examples (action words):
run, leap, shout, fly
Adjective Examples (describe nouns):
smelly, disgusting, gorgeous,
radiant, brilliant, and gigantic

33. "The petite young girl merrily skipped around
the blossoming, fragrant bushes."
"A strong, putrid odor flowed through the musty air
outside the garbage dumpster."
Each sentence lets the reader see (and smell!) what
is being described.
Sample Sentences with strong verbs
and colorful adjectives:

34. When writing this type of paragraph, you provide
information. You write it in a logical sequence so
your reader can follow the ideas.
The Expository Paragraph

35. The topic sentence in an Expository
Paragraph:
This states the main idea, or what you
are going to write about.
Example: "Going to college can be
expensive."
Your reader knows this paragraph will be
about the costs of going to college.

36. End with an appropriate concluding sentence:
Example: "The fees required to attend
college never seem to end."
This sentence ties back to the topic sentence,
often by rephrasing it.
The sentence shows you where the sequence
of information finally leads you.

37. Paragraphs
• Compare and contrast
• Problem and solution
• Cause and effect

38. Overview OfTopics
Topic vs. Main
Idea
Topic vs. Main
Idea vs.
Supporting Detail
Controlling Ideas Thesis Statement
Implied Main Idea
Statements in
Paragraphs

39. Topic vs. Main Idea
First, it is very important to recognize the difference between the
topic of a reading selection and the main idea. The topic of a
selection is the subject matter, what it is about. It usually is expressed
in a word or phrase.

40. EXAMPLE:
The topic of the movie Titanic is this : a love story of two lovers on
the Titanic. The main idea would be what the author says about the
topic, a complete sentence: The film describes the story of Jack and
Rose, two lovers from radically different circumstances, who fall in
love during the maiden voyage of the ship Titanic and who tragically
sink with the ship.

41. Here is an example using a
book you have probably
read.
The topic of Harry Potter and the Sorcerer’s Stone is
this: a boy with special skills entering a school
for wizards.

42. 1. Smoking has been proven dangerous to people’s health,
yet many continue to smoke for various reasons. For young
people, smoking often represents maturity and individuality.
Many smoke as a way to reduce tension. In addition, the
regular smoker becomes addicted psychologically and
physically to the nicotine in cigarettes
Main Idea: a. Smoking has been proven dangerous to people’s health in
various ways. b. Regular smokers become addicted to nicotine. c. Although
smoking is dangerous, people continue doing it for various reasons. d.
Nicotine is what smokers become addicted to, both psychologically and
physically

43. Did you get the correct answer?
The topic is b, Smoking.
The main idea is c: Although smoking is
dangerous, people continue doing it for
various reasons.

44. There is some evidence that colors affect you physiologically. For example, when subjects are
exposed to red light respiratory movements increase; exposure to blue decreases respiratory
movements. Similarly, eye blinks increase in frequency when eyes are exposed to red light and
decrease when exposed to blue.This seems consistent with intuitive feelings about blue being more
soothing and red being more arousing. After changing a school’s walls from orange and white to
blue, the blood pressure of the students decreased while their academic performance improved.
What is the topic? What is the main idea? What are the
details?
Main Idea vs. Supporting
Detail

45. The topic is colours
There is some evidence that colors affect you physiologically (main idea).
For example, when subjects are exposed to red light respiratory movements increase;
exposure to blue decreases respiratory movements. Similarly, eye blinks increase in
frequency when eyes are exposed to red light and decrease when exposed to blue.
This seems consistent with intuitive feelings about blue being more soothing and red
being more arousing. After changing a school’s walls from orange and white to blue,
the blood pressure of the students decreased while their academic performance
improved. (supporting details)

46. Where are Useful Places to Look for the
Main Idea Statement?
Topic sentence
Supporting detail
Supporting detail
Supporting detail
Americans even differ in their preferences for
“munchies.”
The average consumer eats 21 pounds of snack
foods in a year (hopefully not all at one sitting), but
people in the West Central part of the country
consume the most (24 pounds per person)
whereas those in the Pacific and Southeast
regions eat only 19 pounds per person

47. However, topic sentences are not always the first sentence in a paragraph. Sometimes, a topic sentence may be in the
middle. Here is an example of main idea in the middle:
Unlike people in the United States, who believe that different individuals have different abilities, the Japanese believe
that all students have much the same innate ability and that differences in academic performance must be due to
differences in effort. Therefore, the key to superior performance is hard work, which begins at an early age.
Before most Japanese children even enroll in school, their parents—usually their mothers—have taught them
numbers, the alphabet, and some art skills. By age four, more than 90% of Japanese children are attending preschool
in order to receive a head start on their education. The typical Japanese student spends six to seven hours a day in
school, five full days a week and a half-day on Sunday.

48. Sometimes a topic sentence may be at
the end of a paragraph as represented
in this type of structure:
Supporting
detail
Supporting detail
Supporting detail

49. Here is an example:
We can measure the radioactivity of plants and animals today and compare this with the radioactivity
of ancient organic matter. If we extract a small, but precise, quantity of carbon from an ancient wooden
ax handle, for example, and find it has one-half as much radioactivity as an equal quantity of carbon
extracted from a living tree, then the old wood must have come from a tree that was cut down or made
from a log that died 5730 years ago. In this way, we can probe into the past as much as 50,000 years
to find out such things as the age of ancient civilizations or the times of the ice ages that
covered the earth

50. Sometimes, a writer may start a paragraph with a topic sentence and
restate the main idea at the end as well.
The study of prehistoric humans is, of necessity, the study of fossil remains. To begin to understand who
our ancestors were and what they were like, we must be able to interpret the fragments of them that are
coming to the surface in increasing numbers. Given fairly reliable methods to determine their age, we
can now turn with more confidence to primate fossils for an answer to the all-important question: How
do we tell monkeys, apes, and humans apart? For present-day species this is no problem; all have
evolved sufficiently so that they no longer resemble one another. But since they all have a common
ancestor, the farther back we go in time, the more similar their fossils begin to look. There finally comes
a point when they are indistinguishable. The construction of a primate fossil family tree is
essential if we are ever going to discover the line of descent from early hominid to modern
human.

51. Controlling Ideas
A controlling idea limits the subject.
It can express an opinion.
It may suggest a list.
It can provide focus by answering a
question.

52. EXAMPLE:
If you want to Createhigh quality Ice-Cream, you must be aware of several
Precautions.
The subject is “ making ice-cream”
The controlling idea is “Precautions”
“The Paragraph will talk about taking precautions when making Ice-Cream, the subject is
controlled by precautions”

53. There are two ways to make an Ice-Cream at
home.
The subject is “making ice-cream”
The controlling idea is “ways to do it”
“This time the paragraph will talk about the
ways of making your own Ice-Cream.The subject
is controlled by ways.”

54. Main Idea in Paragraphs Main Idea in Essays
 Topic sentence may be first sentence.
 Topic sentence may be last sentence.
 Topic sentence may be first sentence and also at
the end.
 Topic sentence may be in the middle.
 There may not be a topic sentence. Main idea is
implied
Thesis often is in the introductory paragraph.
 Thesis may be presented at end.
 Thesis may be stated in beginning of essay and also
restated at the end.
 Thesis may be in the middle of the essay.
 There may not be a thesis. Main idea is implied

55. Implied Main Idea
It is important to recognize that you may not always find a topic sentence in each
paragraph. Sometimes the main idea is implied. What this means is that there is
not an explicitly stated main idea sentence but one that you, as a reader, must
figure out.

56. How Do You Understand An Implied Main Idea?
 First, identify the topic of the paragraph. What is this paragraph about?
  Then read carefully all the supporting details. What does the writer want you to know about the
topic?
 How do the details connect? What larger idea do they explain?
 Express this idea in your own words. The implied main idea sentence must be broad enough to cover all
the details in the paragraph but must not be too narrow so that some details are left out.

57. Let us look at an example.
Birds that roost in communities keep warmer and save more energy than
those who roost separately. Another advantage to staying in flocks is that
many birds are more likely to find food and detect danger than a solitary
bird—several pairs of eyes are better than one. In addition, birds that eat
on the ground with their flock can more easily escape attack because at
least one member of the flock will alert the others. Then, when all the
birds fly upward to escape together, they cause confusion, turning a
predator’s interest away from any one individual. Several small birds may
even act together to “mob” a larger intruder and drive it away.

58. What is the implied main idea?

59. The texas spirit of fun nd hospitality lights up paseo del rio the san
Antonio Riverwalk this festive and popular travel destination shimmers
with color and light along the left bank two lines of brightly colored
café umbrellas tropical red cancun blue emerald green lemon yellow
shelter outdoor diners and adorn the cobblestone walk above the
rainbow rows of umbrellas white light strung between oak trees along
the walking path glimmer softly in the dusk miniature white lights rim
the eaves and roofs of the buildings behind the diners and illuminate
the graceful drape of the oak branches bending over them diners can
stay warm on cool damp evenings with spicy fajitas and salty
margaritas as they watch the lights of the Riverwalk and the sunset
glimmer upon the water
EXERCISE
FINDTHE MAIN IDEA

60. EDUCATION IS CONSIDEREDASDTHE BASIC RIGHT OF EVERY INDIVISUAL POVERTY ISA BIG
PROBLEM IN OUR SOCIETY DUETOWHICH CHILDEREN REMAIN DEPRIVEDOF EDUCATION
POVERTY BADLYAFFECTSTHE FUTURE OFTHE CHILDEREN FIRST IT INCREASESTHE
ILLETRERACY RATE CHILDREN DON’T GET EDUCATION FROMTHE SCHOOL SOTHE ILLETRA CY
RATE IS RISING SECOND MOSTLY PEOPLEARE UNEMPOLYEDTHEY CANNOT SENDTHEIR
CHILDERENTO SCHOOL BECAUSETHEY CANNOT PAYTHE FEE OFTHEIR STUDIESTHEY
CANNOT GET ANY JOB ANDTHEY REMAIN UNEMPLOYED FOR A LONGTIMETHIRDTHE COST
OF EDUCATION ISVERY HIGH BECAUSE PEOPLECANNOT AFFORDTHE EXPENSIVESOFTHE
SCHOOLS.THE STANDARDOFTHE EDUCATION OFTRHE PRIVATE SCHOOL IS BETTERTHAN
GOVERNMENT SCHOOL BUTTHE EXPENSIVESAREVERY HIGHTHAT A POOR ,MAN CANNOT
AFFORDTHEM IFTHEY SENDTHEIR CHILDERENTOTHE GOVERNMENT SCHOOLSTHEY FAILED
TO PROVIDE BETTER EDUCATIONTHE FUTUREOFTHE CHIDREN IS BASED ONTHE EDUCATION
BUTTHEY CANNOT GET ITAND IT AFFECTSTHE LIFE OFTHE CHILDRENANDALSOTHEIR
FUTURE
EXERCISE
FIND CAUSE AND EFFECT