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- Hamartia refers to a character's tragic flaw or error of judgment that ultimately leads to their downfall. It was first defined by Aristotle in Poetics to describe the mistake that causes a reversal of fortune for the protagonist. - Examples of hamartia discussed include Oedipus' pride and ignorance leading him to unknowingly kill his father and marry his mother, Hamlet's indecision causing his own destruction, and Frankenstein's hubris in creating life against nature's laws. - Hamartia is a key element of Greek tragedy that makes the characters' downfalls seem plausible and elicits pity from the audience rather than accusation, thus achieving catharsis.
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![Introduction
• Name:- Ekta Jayswal
• Class:- M.A. Sem: 1
• Roll No:- 13
• Topic:- A literary Term- "Hamartia"
• Paper No:- 3 [Literary Theory & Criticism]
• Enrolment No:- PG 2069108420180027
• Year:- 2017/19
• Email ID:-ektajayswal12@gmail.com
• Submitted to:- Dr. Dilip Barad
S.B.Gardi English Department .
M.K.B.U.](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/qfb0ypgq6inyfbezjdjh-signature-c5a64c554617bc2163686f6709e9376364c5adc63a7ae196a0958cac8db660f3-poli-171113115213/85/Paper-no-3-1-320.jpg)
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This document analyzes Hamlet and Othello as tragic characters in Shakespearean plays. It discusses how Hamlet deals with his mother Gertrude's marriage to his uncle Claudius after his father's death. It also examines Othello, a Moorish general in the Venetian army who is manipulated into believing his wife Desdemona has been unfaithful by Iago, leading to tragic consequences. The document explores the tragic flaws of both characters that bring about their downfalls, such as Hamlet's inaction and Othello's jealousy and self-centered nature.
Hamlet and Samson Agonist as a tragedy
The document presents information about English authors William Shakespeare and John Milton. It discusses Shakespeare's plays including Hamlet and tragedies featuring tragic heroes who meet a dignified yet unfortunate end, bringing catharsis to the audience. It also summarizes Milton's epic poem Paradise Lost and notes he was called the greatest English author. The document then analyzes the tragedies Hamlet and Samson Agonistes, noting both heroes meet their end due to actions of women who reveal secrets.
Othello Intro
Othello was written by William Shakespeare around 1603-1604, based on an Italian short story. It follows the tragic downfall of Othello, a Moorish general in the Venetian army, who is tricked into believing his wife Desdemona has been unfaithful by his ensign Iago. Key themes include dehumanization, internalized oppression, dramatic irony, and the significance of character names. Othello's race is a prominent theme, exploring English stereotypes of Moors and Africans in the early 1600s.
My Long Form
This document provides a summary of William Shakespeare's play "The Tragedy of Hamlet, Prince of Denmark" in 17 categories. It summarizes the author and his times, noting Shakespeare's unknown background and rise to fame as a playwright. It describes the plot, which involves Hamlet avenging his father's murder by his uncle. It also summarizes the characters, setting, language, themes, and significance of the title. Key quotes and Hamlet's psychological state are also mentioned.
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This presentation is my academic presentation , The Renaissance Literature and i submitted to Mk Bhavanagar University ,Pro Dr Dilip Barad.
Paper2Topic Analyze the intricate workings of hamartia peripety.docx
Paper2
Topic: Analyze the intricate workings of hamartia peripety and catastrophe in one of the following: Oedipus Rex
The tragedy of Oedipus is only caused by his fate? If it is destined to kill his father and marry his mother, this is not only a fact, also is a avoidless tragedy. First read "Oedipus Rex," I just was overawed, holding the book sat for a long time. Maybe I'm ignorant. The plays in China, I have never met such a shocking tragedy works. It has long been known, but still worth becoming a member of the plot, but it is so taken for granted that the inevitable fate, that delightfully lively and thought-provoking language ...... all the rings seem to have gathered together, they had to let me see again and again, and each go over to the addition of more than one point of emotion."Oedipus Rex" tragedy can also be said that the human tragedy -Aristotle poetic and rid of this sphinx help show how Oedipus Rex a human tragedy.
"Oedipus Rex" is definitely the Aristotelian model tragedy, so first on Aristotle's point of view to talk about the "Oedipus Rex" drama plot and character.
Read through the play is easy to see, this is a typical Greek tragedy locking structure, it write a story from the crisis, suffer from Intuit Thebes disaster, people begging for rescue from Oedipus. Omitting the antecedent-- the reason of how the disaster happen, through flashbacks way, step by step unlock secrets. This reflects the characteristics of latching structure, but also the biggest advantage of this structure: focus. Closed structure strictly abide by day, a place and a plot requirement. "Oedipus Rex" script is the "three unities" of the perfect embodiment of the play action takes place in a single day time, place and always in the front yard of the palace of Thebes, Oedipus plot is found in his personal life secret. Although only one plot, but it does not mean be simple plot, on the contrary, "Russia's" plot is the complicated plot drama Aristotle favorite. What is complicated plot? Refers to the plot contains sudden turn and find that they are "the tragedy of the two most deeply moving components" that play the third and fourth field in the "sudden turn" and "Find".
Aristotle's "Poetics" that "sudden turn" "refers to development actions go in one direction from the opposite direction ...... such a change must be consistent with the principles of natural or inevitable." "Oedipus Rex," the third chapter, the arrival of the messenger who is to inform the Polybus king's death, dispel fear psychological patricide Oedipus married mother prophecy fulfilled, to make him happy, but, tells of his life in the post-it leads to the opposite result, that is sudden turn. The "discovery" is "means the transition from ignorance to knowledge, even if exposure to the environment or habitat favoring defeat against the characters know each other that their own loved ones or enemies." The play of "discovery" in the messenger arrived, Queen Jocasta found Oedipus is her .
Semuel Beckett's Waiting for Godot
This document discusses Samuel Beckett and his play Waiting for Godot. It provides background on Beckett, describing him as an Irish writer who took part in the French Resistance during World War 2 and wrote in both English and French. It characterizes Waiting for Godot as an absurdist play, noting that it has a minimal plot, loosely constructed characters, and an ambiguous ending. The document also analyzes how the play uses both tragic and comic elements to portray the absurdity and meaninglessness of human existence.
Shakespeare's The Tempest as a Tragicomedy
The document discusses Shakespeare's play The Tempest and analyzes it as a tragicomedy. It notes that the play contains elements of both tragedy and comedy, with tragic scenes being immediately followed by comic ones and vice versa. It provides examples of tragic scenes involving shipwreck, betrayal, and characters in servitude, as well as comic scenes involving drunken antics and love plots. The document argues that by blending these tragic and comic elements throughout the play, Shakespeare created a tragicomedy, a genre that contains aspects of both tragedy and comedy and has a happy ending. It analyzes how The Tempest fits the definition of a tragicomedy through its serious themes, balanced with lighter romantic and humorous subplots, ultimately
Elit 46 c class 9
This summary provides background information on the poem "If" by Rudyard Kipling. It states that Kipling was an English writer best known for his stories and poems celebrating British imperialism and soldiers in India. The summary also notes that two of his most famous works are the novels Kim and The Jungle Book.
Aristotle concept of tragedy and relate it to with novel Things Fall A Part
This document summarizes Aristotle's concept of tragedy and the tragic hero, using the character of Okonkwo from Things Fall Apart as an example. It explains that according to Aristotle, tragedy elicits pity and fear in the audience and features a noble protagonist with a tragic flaw who meets a downfall. For Okonkwo, his hamartia is excessive pride and fear of being seen as weak, which ultimately leads to his death when he kills a messenger from the colonizers in defiance.
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Paper2Topic Analyze the intricate workings of hamartia peripety.docx
Paper2Topic Analyze the intricate workings of hamartia peripety.docx
Aristotle concept of tragedy and relate it to with novel Things Fall A Part
Aristotle concept of tragedy and relate it to with novel Things Fall A Part
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P no. 14 african lit. 1
This document provides background information on the poem "Telephone Conversation" by Nigerian author Wole Soyinka. It discusses that the poem was inspired by Soyinka's experiences with racism while looking for housing in England in the 1960s. It analyzes the structure, tone, literary devices, and theme of the poem, which uses irony to highlight the absurdity and harmful effects of racism through the lens of a telephone conversation. The poem has just one stanza in free verse and employs techniques like repetition, alliteration, and irony to emphasize the shock, anger, and confusion caused by the landlady's discriminatory questions to the caller about his skin color.
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This document contains a student's paper submission on mass communication and media studies. It includes the student's identifying information, the class details, and a paper analyzing various aspects of advertising such as definitions, techniques, effects, and examples. The paper discusses the positives and negatives of advertising, and provides humor examples and critiques of advertisements for deodorant, toothpaste, fairness cream, and dairy milk.
The white tiger p no. 13
The document summarizes the novel The White Tiger by Aravind Adiga. It discusses the plot, themes, and characters of the novel. Specifically, it describes Balram's journey from being a poor village boy in India to becoming a successful entrepreneur in the city, which required him to reconcile incompatible events in his life, such as sacrificing his family and committing immoral acts due to living in an oppressive environment.
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This document discusses the role of an English language teacher. It notes that English is an important global language and outlines the four key skills - listening, speaking, reading, and writing - that teachers should help students develop. An effective teacher motivates students, creates opportunities for practice, and utilizes various activities like debates and role plays. They also provide feedback to sharpen communication skills and overcome challenges in learning a new language.
Paper no. 11
Frantz Fanon's book "Black Skin, White Masks" analyzes the psychological experience of black people in white-dominated societies. Fanon explores how racist societies encourage black people to want to become white in order to feel worthy, which can lead to serious psychological problems. A key argument is that black people are made to feel inferior by racist societies, not that they naturally feel that way. Fanon's goal is to achieve freedom by valuing action over knowledge.
paper no. 10
This document contains a student's paper submission on various psychological aspects depicted in films. It discusses concepts like id, ego, and superego and how they are represented in films like Dil Chahta Hai. It also analyzes themes of mental conflict, guilt, insanity, fear and how films like Bhool Bhulaiya, Darr and Spyder portray these. It examines the attempt and acceptance of crime as shown in movies like Drishyam about a man who goes to great lengths to protect his family.
Paper no 9..
This document compares the female characters of Virginia Woolf's novel "To the Lighthouse" and the 2016 Indian film "Lipstick Under My Burkha". It summarizes the main character Mrs. Ramsay from the novel as a traditional woman who believes in marriage and dedicates her life to her husband, in contrast to the four female characters in the film who desire freedom and independence. The film portrays modern women who strive to define their own identities separate from patriarchal expectations.
Paper no 9
This document compares the female characters of Virginia Woolf's novel "To the Lighthouse" and the 2016 Indian film "Lipstick Under My Burkha". It summarizes the main character Mrs. Ramsay from the novel as a traditional woman who believes in marriage and dedicates her life to her husband, in contrast to the four female characters in the film who desire freedom and independence. The film portrays modern women who strive to express their identity and sexuality despite living in a conservative society, while Mrs. Ramsay accepts the restrictive gender roles and Victorian mindset of her time.
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Jacques Derrida was a French philosopher who introduced the theory of deconstruction in 1967. Deconstruction is a critical reading of a text to uncover assumptions and contradictions. It questions the relationship between language and meaning by analyzing binary oppositions in language. Derrida was influenced by thinkers like Nietzsche, Freud, and Heidegger. Deconstruction aims to expose power dynamics and how language constructs reality rather than reflects a stable truth. It has been applied to literature, philosophy and other cultural texts.
Paper No. 8
This document provides information about queer theory and homosexuality in Indian culture. It defines queer theory as challenging dominant social norms around sexuality and gender. It discusses key thinkers like Judith Butler who argued that gender is socially constructed. It also outlines how homosexuality has been viewed in India, including how Section 377 criminalized same-sex acts. Finally, it discusses some Bollywood films and books that have explored queer themes in Indian society.
Paper No. 5
John Keats was a famous English poet from the Romantic era. He composed six famous Odes in 1819, including "Ode to a Nightingale" and "Ode on a Grecian Urn", which explored themes of beauty, nature, emotion, and the imagination. The Odes represented Keats' attempt to create a new form of short lyrical poem that influenced later generations of poets.
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This document provides biographical information about Charles Dickens and analyzes some of his most famous novels. It notes that Dickens came from a poor family in England and had to leave school at a young age to work in a factory. As a journalist, he began writing stories that brought attention to social injustices faced by the poor. Novels like Oliver Twist criticized England's treatment of orphans and workhouses. The document examines Dickens' portrayal of childhood, poverty, and the classes in Victorian society through his novels.
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This document summarizes a play called "The Purpose" which compares the characters of Arjuna and Eklavya from the Mahabharata. It discusses how the play portrays Arjuna as ambitious but selfish, while Eklavya learns archery through perseverance and dedication in order to protect animals. In the end, Eklavya proves himself a superior archer to Arjuna but is forced to cut off his thumb by their teacher Drona as punishment for surpassing Arjuna's skills.
Paper no 2
This document contains information about Daniel Defoe and his novel Robinson Crusoe. It discusses that Defoe was born in 1660 in London and is considered the founder of the English novel. Robinson Crusoe is about a shipwrecked man named Robinson Crusoe and is based on the true story of Alexander Selkirk. The novel focuses on Crusoe's independent spirit and his ability to survive on his own on a deserted island through self-reliance and keeping daily records. It explores the theme of individualism.
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Christopher Marlowe made significant contributions to English drama as one of the first great English dramatists of the Elizabethan era. He introduced blank verse and tragic drama to English literature with plays like Tamburlaine, The Jew of Malta, Doctor Faustus, and Edward II. Marlowe advanced the dramatic medium of tragedy by focusing on his heroes' passions and individual greatness. His works had a pictorial, ecstatic quality and vitalizing energy that influenced later playwrights, especially Shakespeare. Marlowe was truly innovative and helped pave the way for drama to become a major art form in England.
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Paper no....3..
- 1. Introduction • Name:- Ekta Jayswal • Class:- M.A. Sem: 1 • Roll No:- 13 • Topic:- A literary Term- "Hamartia" • Paper No:- 3 [Literary Theory & Criticism] • Enrolment No:- PG 2069108420180027 • Year:- 2017/19 • Email ID:-ektajayswal12@gmail.com • Submitted to:- Dr. Dilip Barad S.B.Gardi English Department . M.K.B.U.
- 2. About Hamartia.... - The word Hamartia is over two thousand years old..... - Hamartia derives from the Greek word meaning- "to miss the mark" or "to err"... - "Hamartia" may sound strange, but it actually has a simple meaning – It is simply the tragic flaw or fatal flaw of a character in literature or film. -It was first used by Aristotle in the Poetics, in tragedy...
- 3. * Aristotle argues that it is a powerful device to have a story begin with a rich and powerful hero,who then falls into misfortune by a mistake or error... *Aristotle claimed that the Hamartia must bring about the reversal of fortune for the tragic hero, and that this hero must be neither completely good nor completely bad so that the audience can identify with the character’s plight.
- 4. What's the Function of Hamartia in Literature? • In literature, drama, and film, hamartia is what creates tragic heroes. Further, it can lead to a critical discovery on the hero's part, and works to create complicated and relatable characters..... • Hamartia is used in tragic literature to propel the plot, deepen character and make thought - provoking stories....
- 6. Hamartia Puts the "Tragic" in Tragic Hero • Hamartia is the ingredient that makes tragic heroes tragic.... • When defining tragedy in Poetics, Aristotle claimed that tragedy involves a reversal of fortune— specifically, misfortune brought about not by external causes, but by the protagonist's own flaw or error.
- 7. Examples in Literature * Hamartia in Sophocles' Oedipus Rex* - In Sophocles' play Oedipus Rex, the protagonist Oedipus is an archetypal tragic hero: a Greek King..... - In The King Oedipus, a tragic situation possible when Mistaken identity allows Oedipus to kill his father Laius on the road to Thebes and subsequently to marry Jocasta, his mother; only later does he recognize his tragic error. - it leads his mother/wife commit suicide and Oedipus to blind himself... - However, because he commits the crime in ignorance and pays for it with remorse, self- mutilation, and exile, the plot reaches resolution or catharsis, and we pity him as a victim of ironic fate instead of accusing him of blood guilt. - It was tragic flow of Oedipus..
- 8. In Shakespeare's Hamlet.... - Hamlet, suffers from the tragic flaw of indecision. He hesitates to kill his cruel and villainous uncle, which leads to the ultimate tragedy of the play. By struggling with an inherent moral flaw, Hamlet brings about his own destruction. His hesitation, therefore, is the action to which the term hamartia is applied.
- 9. In Mary Shelly's Frankenstein..... - In the classical novel Frankenstein, the protagonist succeed in his life and he usurping the role of god and nature.. - Victor's hubris at believing himself capable of a godlike act.. -Victor's overwhelming ambition and urge to make revolutionary contribution to science,but ultimately doom him to be a victim of that same ambition. . -His own creation rebel aginst him and his failure to take responsibility for the monster he created...
- 10. *** To Wind Up... - This lack or deprivation is sin (hamartia)... - That is to say, the failure to attain and the falling away from what is fitting. - By sin it means, to take a metaphor from archery, the shot that misses the mark instead of hitting the target.