The document discusses a case study on automation strategies at Volkswagen. It analyzes assembly lines for the Golf A5 and Touran models at production sites in Germany and the Golf A5 line in South Africa. Matrices are created to determine different levels of automation for each assembly part based on the level of automation used. Analyses are then conducted considering manufacturing costs, quality indices, and productivity indices to determine the optimal level of automation for each production site based on factors like costs, productivity, quality and flexibility. The goal is to recommend whether parts of the assembly processes should be automated or de-automated based on the local context at each plant location.
You have been called in as a consultant to set up a kanban control systemramuaa130
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1.
Which of the following is a measure of operations and supply management efficiency used by Wall Street?
Dividend payout ratio
Receivable turnover
Current ratio
Financial leverage
Earnings per share growth
Bba501 & production and operations managementsmumbahelp
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You have been called in as a consultant to set up a kanban control systemramuaa130
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1.
Which of the following is a measure of operations and supply management efficiency used by Wall Street?
Dividend payout ratio
Receivable turnover
Current ratio
Financial leverage
Earnings per share growth
Bba501 & production and operations managementsmumbahelp
Dear students get fully solved assignments
Send your semester & Specialization name to our mail id :
help.mbaassignments@gmail.com
or
call us at : 08263069601
International Journal of Business and Management Invention (IJBMI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Business and Management. IJBMI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Business and Management, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Ops 571 final exam guide (new, 2018) you have been called in as a consultant ...never1239
For more course tutorials visit
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1.
Which of the following is a measure of operations and supply management efficiency used by Wall Street?
Dividend payout ratio
Receivable turnover
Current ratio
Financial leverage
Earnings per share growth
Ops 571 final exam guide (new, 2018) you have been called in as a consultant ...ramuaa124
For more classes visit
www.snaptutorial.com
1.
Which of the following is a measure of operations and supply management efficiency used by Wall Street?
Dividend payout ratio
Receivable turnover
Current ratio
Financial leverage
Earnings per share growth
THE EFFECTS OF OVERHEAD COST IN THE SELLING PRICE OF A PRODUCT. Alex Raji
Abstract
www.projectworld.com.ng
This study aims to examine the effects of overhead cost in the selling of a product determination in the Nigeria automobile manufacturing industry. Specifically, the study looks at the treatment of overhead costs apportionment from the perspective of the profit making effort of automobile manufacturing firms. The methodology used is interview with staff of one automobile manufacturing company in Nigeria taken as a case study: that is innoson vehicle manufacturing co. ltd in Nnewi Anambra State. The findings of this study show that overhead costs apportionment has significant effect on the determination of “true and fair” selling price of an automobile manufacturing firm, especially as service centres are considered in primary apportionment before their shares are re-apportioned to production centres, using an appropriate method. This study, therefore, recommends that automobile manufacturing firms in Nigeria should adopt the activity based costing method of overhead costs apportionment as it considers service centres of the company together with production centres in fair apportionment of overhead costs, taking into account the percentage of services enjoyed by the production centres from the service centres. This would allow room for fairly accurate determination of total cost per unit of their products, which would ultimately lead to effective pricing decision.
Keywords: Overhead costs, Cost apportionment, Activity Based Costing, Selling Price, and Automobile Manufacturing Industry.
A company's production process has an 80 percent learning curve rateyearstart1
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1.
Which of the following is a measure of operations and supply management efficiency used by Wall Street?
Dividend payout ratio
Receivable turnover
Current ratio
Financial leverage
Earnings per share growth
A company's production process has an 80 percent learning curve rateramuaa124
For more course tutorials visit
Uophelp is now newtonhelp.com
www.newtonhelp.com
1.
Which of the following is a measure of operations and supply management efficiency used by Wall Street?
Dividend payout ratio
Receivable turnover
Current ratio
Financial leverage
Earnings per share growth
International Journal of Business and Management Invention (IJBMI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Business and Management Invention (IJBMI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Business and Management. IJBMI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Business and Management, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online
FOR MORE CLASSES VISIT
www.ops571genius.com
1. Which of the following is a measure of operations and supply management efficiency used by Wall Street? Dividend payout ratio Receivable turnover Current ratio Financial leverage Earnings per share growth
Your tasks will be to answer questions based on the indicators that .docxbunyansaturnina
Your tasks will be to answer questions based on the indicators that you have selected. Next, based on your research, (1) describe the current state of the city; (2) evaluate the current state of the city; and (3) prescribe changes for local conditions that are determined to be detrimental to residents of the city.
This assignment will require you to be resourceful in order to gather data to complete the assignment. You may have to gather data (via the Internet) from a variety of sources, including local planning agencies, political and economic institutions, health/medical institutions, financial institutions.
Be sure to use the proper citations and format when documenting your sources.
.
Your taskYou must identify a specific, local problem (eithe.docxbunyansaturnina
Your task:
You must identify a specific,
local
problem (either in Arizona or in your hometown) that you have personally experienced or witnessed. Your argument will take the form of a narrative that highlights how you have in some way been affected by an important societal issue, with further elaboration on the issue to help the audience understand its importance. The problem must be specific enough that your argument is something new and original coming from you, and broad enough that you can eventually research it in more depth and address it in a problem-solution proposal paper.
Some examples of topics:
A local public health issue that has affected members of your family
A problem in city infrastructure (e.g., lack of public transportation, or unsustainable forms of energy production) that has personally affected your life
A personal experience of discrimination that has made you or others close to you feel threatened
.
More Related Content
Similar to Paper Assignment based on Pueblo Revolt of 16961. Theme Under .docx
International Journal of Business and Management Invention (IJBMI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Business and Management. IJBMI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Business and Management, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Ops 571 final exam guide (new, 2018) you have been called in as a consultant ...never1239
For more course tutorials visit
www.tutorialrank.com
1.
Which of the following is a measure of operations and supply management efficiency used by Wall Street?
Dividend payout ratio
Receivable turnover
Current ratio
Financial leverage
Earnings per share growth
Ops 571 final exam guide (new, 2018) you have been called in as a consultant ...ramuaa124
For more classes visit
www.snaptutorial.com
1.
Which of the following is a measure of operations and supply management efficiency used by Wall Street?
Dividend payout ratio
Receivable turnover
Current ratio
Financial leverage
Earnings per share growth
THE EFFECTS OF OVERHEAD COST IN THE SELLING PRICE OF A PRODUCT. Alex Raji
Abstract
www.projectworld.com.ng
This study aims to examine the effects of overhead cost in the selling of a product determination in the Nigeria automobile manufacturing industry. Specifically, the study looks at the treatment of overhead costs apportionment from the perspective of the profit making effort of automobile manufacturing firms. The methodology used is interview with staff of one automobile manufacturing company in Nigeria taken as a case study: that is innoson vehicle manufacturing co. ltd in Nnewi Anambra State. The findings of this study show that overhead costs apportionment has significant effect on the determination of “true and fair” selling price of an automobile manufacturing firm, especially as service centres are considered in primary apportionment before their shares are re-apportioned to production centres, using an appropriate method. This study, therefore, recommends that automobile manufacturing firms in Nigeria should adopt the activity based costing method of overhead costs apportionment as it considers service centres of the company together with production centres in fair apportionment of overhead costs, taking into account the percentage of services enjoyed by the production centres from the service centres. This would allow room for fairly accurate determination of total cost per unit of their products, which would ultimately lead to effective pricing decision.
Keywords: Overhead costs, Cost apportionment, Activity Based Costing, Selling Price, and Automobile Manufacturing Industry.
A company's production process has an 80 percent learning curve rateyearstart1
For more course tutorials visit
Uophelp is now newtonhelp.com
www.newtonhelp.com
1.
Which of the following is a measure of operations and supply management efficiency used by Wall Street?
Dividend payout ratio
Receivable turnover
Current ratio
Financial leverage
Earnings per share growth
A company's production process has an 80 percent learning curve rateramuaa124
For more course tutorials visit
Uophelp is now newtonhelp.com
www.newtonhelp.com
1.
Which of the following is a measure of operations and supply management efficiency used by Wall Street?
Dividend payout ratio
Receivable turnover
Current ratio
Financial leverage
Earnings per share growth
International Journal of Business and Management Invention (IJBMI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Business and Management Invention (IJBMI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Business and Management. IJBMI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Business and Management, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online
FOR MORE CLASSES VISIT
www.ops571genius.com
1. Which of the following is a measure of operations and supply management efficiency used by Wall Street? Dividend payout ratio Receivable turnover Current ratio Financial leverage Earnings per share growth
Your tasks will be to answer questions based on the indicators that .docxbunyansaturnina
Your tasks will be to answer questions based on the indicators that you have selected. Next, based on your research, (1) describe the current state of the city; (2) evaluate the current state of the city; and (3) prescribe changes for local conditions that are determined to be detrimental to residents of the city.
This assignment will require you to be resourceful in order to gather data to complete the assignment. You may have to gather data (via the Internet) from a variety of sources, including local planning agencies, political and economic institutions, health/medical institutions, financial institutions.
Be sure to use the proper citations and format when documenting your sources.
.
Your taskYou must identify a specific, local problem (eithe.docxbunyansaturnina
Your task:
You must identify a specific,
local
problem (either in Arizona or in your hometown) that you have personally experienced or witnessed. Your argument will take the form of a narrative that highlights how you have in some way been affected by an important societal issue, with further elaboration on the issue to help the audience understand its importance. The problem must be specific enough that your argument is something new and original coming from you, and broad enough that you can eventually research it in more depth and address it in a problem-solution proposal paper.
Some examples of topics:
A local public health issue that has affected members of your family
A problem in city infrastructure (e.g., lack of public transportation, or unsustainable forms of energy production) that has personally affected your life
A personal experience of discrimination that has made you or others close to you feel threatened
.
Your taskis to analyze and evaluate how various types of medi.docxbunyansaturnina
Your task:
is to analyze and evaluate how various types of media affect change, influence perception, or otherwise drive the narrative related to a specific topic of your choice.
Create an example that shows how you could use social or other media to influence public opinion or play a significant role in the public conversation. This could be a paper, a video/Prezi, or possibly a newspaper or magazine format.
Requirements:
Identify a topic that you think has been influenced by characteristics or use of the media. Consider whether various media, or media use, have:
Played a role in framing the key arguments related to the topic, and/or
Influenced how key arguments are (or were) discussed/debated, and/or
Shaped audience perception and interpretation or information, and/or
Affected particular actions or policies.
Analyze information gathered from multiple sources, being aware of the author’s intent, perspectives, audiences, biases, and credibility.
Write a clear thesis statement regarding your analysis of how the media characteristics and choices influenced the discourse.
Present well-reasoned arguments that support your thesis.
Support your analysis with compelling evidence.
Describe how you could use 21st century media to exert influence on the issues you discuss.
Provide a minimum or ten sources including at least two scholarly sources and a variety of media such as newspaper, radio, television, twitter, blogs, Ted Talk, You Tube, etc.
Format for a Written Paper:
280 points. Rough draft is worth 40 pts reviewed by peer/family
Paragraph #1 (25 pts) identification of your topic, abstract and thesis
Paragraph #2 (25 pts) How has your topic played a role in shaping audience perception/interpretation of information. What connections, wonderment and questions do you have concerning the media’s over or under involvement?
Paragraph #3 (40 pts) first scholarly source (author(s), titles of articles, background, claims, evidence, discussion/debates, and reasoning.
Paragraph #4 (40 pts) second scholarly source (author(s), title of the article, background/expertise of the scholar, claim, evidence, discussion/debates and reasoning)
Paragraph #5 (40 pts) one media source (author’s/speakers, titles or topics discussed, claims, evidence and reasoning, written/produced for what groups and why?
Paragraph #6 (40 pts) second media source (author’s/speakers, titles or topics discussed, claims, evidence and reasoning, written/produced for what groups and why?
Paragraph #7 (25 pts) What particular actions or policies are these authors/media trying to initiate or delineate and how successful are they? Do you agree or disagree and why?
Paragraph #8 (25 pts) Conclusion – how is 21st media used to exert influence on your topic and the views of society today? Is the media beneficial, or demonstrative in its coverage and what type of public policy do you believe needs to be invoked to provide “honest media for the future?
APA .
Your task this week is to check the internet and the Common Vulner.docxbunyansaturnina
Your task this week is to check the internet and the
Common Vulnerabilities and Exposures (CVE) List
for networked IoT or IoMT devices with publicly known problems identified in the past six months.
Select two devices related that might be relevant to the organization setting and review what is known about the vulnerabilities of these devices.
For each device, include background information about the device, a description of the vulnerability, possible solutions that have been identified to fix the vulnerability, and your recommendation on whether the organization should avoid the product.
Use this
Memo Template
to record your work.
.
Your task is to take unit I Will Survive Ecosystems and Adaptations.docxbunyansaturnina
Your task is to take unit I Will Survive: Ecosystems and Adaptations,to create a 10-15 minute with PPT as a visual aid ( pictures and words) explaining the scientific concepts as they relate to one of the case studies presented. The case studies will be found inside the module.
–Summarize case study and point out observations. State how the major scientific concepts answer the question above (2 mins)
–Explanation of scientific concepts that build the framework for your answer (8-9 mins)
–Tie in specific elements of the scientific concepts to the answer to the question (1-2 mins)
.
Your task is to perform and document encryption of Thunderbird Email.docxbunyansaturnina
Your task is to perform and document encryption of Thunderbird Email. You will describe each step in the process and provide screenshots of the email involved.
The requirements for your work are:
Install Thunderbird Mail.
Use any Gmail account to encrypt an email message.
Capture each significant action in separate Word documents, including the following in each:
A screenshot of the unencrypted item.
A screenshot of the item encrypted.
A description of the steps performed.
Submit all of the files as a .zip file
.
Your task is to explain the process of the juvenile justice system a.docxbunyansaturnina
Your task is to explain the process of the juvenile justice system and possible dispositional outcomes and to address the adult court waiver process.
Earlier in the week, you reviewed the key procedures in the juvenile justice system.
Click here to learn about the structure and process of the juvenile justice system. The site gives a detailed view of the differentiation among the conferences, adjudication hearings, dispositional hearings, and dispositions.
Now, consider the following scenario:
Tom Jones is a sixteen-year-old repeat juvenile offender who has just been detained by the police for attempted murder.
Jennifer Smith is a fifteen-year-old first-time offender who has just been detained by the police for vandalism.
create a 4- to 6-page overview in a Microsoft Word document based on the aforementioned scenario.
In your overview, address the following aspects of the juvenile justice system:
Explain the juvenile court process for both Jones and Smith from the processing of the cases to the dispositions.
Provide a detailed dispositional recommendation for both Smith and Jones. Take into account the treatment options available for both offenders within the juvenile justice system.
Explain why there is a possibility that Jones could be waived to the adult court system.
Justify in detail whether Jones should or should not be waived to the adult court system for his current offense.
Submission Details:
Support your responses with examples.
Cite any sources in APA format.
.
Your task is to create a journalistic profile that focuses on a .docxbunyansaturnina
Your task is to create a journalistic profile that focuses on a leader in your chosen profession.
Your profile should include all of the following elements:
An attractive cover page that indicates your name, the course and the date. Include a graphic as well.
Three, double-spaced pages.
Indent all paragraphs.
You may insert photos as long as they are aligned with the text.
.
Your task is to evaluate the available evidence on the social, emoti.docxbunyansaturnina
Your task is to evaluate the available evidence on the social, emotional, psychological, biological, and
behavioural changes that occur during adolescence and emerging adulthood that may explain their
increased vulnerability to specific problems and/or behaviour choices.
Of course, not all adolescents engage in problematic behaviour or make unwise life-style choices,
therefore, when discussing the possible causes of change occurring in this age group you should
consider any distinctive cultural practices or cultural beliefs that may act as protective mechanisms for
young people. Arnett (2018) argues that an interrogation of cultural beliefs and their influence is
necessary in order to gain a fuller understanding of developmental changes in adolescents and emerging
adults.
1 page
APA
2 Sources
.
Your task is to conduct research on the ways that universities p.docxbunyansaturnina
Your task is to conduct research on the ways that universities presents themselves as it relates to diversity and equity. Examining websites, brochures, and other materials of at least 5 different universities and colleges (including WSU), answer the following questions
What percentage of the images are of students of color? How does that compare to the numbers of faculty and staff of color (look at data)?
What percentage of the images are of faculty and staff of color? How does that compare to the numbers of faculty and staff of color (when available, you should look at data on the university website)?
How is the university represented in terms of diversity, equity, and justice? What sorts of programs, resources, and information are highlighted; what is not included? What are the messages provided regarded diversity and equity?
How does the image and message provided by the university compare with news reports, social media, and other forms of commentary regarding diversity at the university?
How do your findings fit within larger body of research?
Your task is to present both qualitative and quantitative information regarding each university in a systematic way.
Grading breakdown is as follows:
15 points – Answering of each question for at minimum 5 universities/colleges (3 points for each)
2 point – Overall Effort
Awesome Screenshot
.
Your task is to compare and contrast two artworks given Below.docxbunyansaturnina
Your task is to compare and contrast
two
artworks given Below:
#1 Night fishing at Antibes by Pablo Picasso.
#2 Bacchus and Ariadne by Titian
(the Artworks are attached below or you can just search it in google)
Consider using the visual elements and the principles of art to Analyse and contrast the Artwork.
This is a very standard compare and contrast paper and it should include
correct grammar and spelling.
The length of the paper needs to be 3 pages (minimum) of writing , maximum of 4 pages, 12pt Times Font, no greater than 1-inch margins-top,bottom, left, right .
Your paper needs to address the listed portions of the handout Below.
**The paper should be in a MS Word document format (.docx or .doc)
****OUTSIDE SOURCES need to be cited, either in the document or in a works cited page. --Information that is taken from the placard from the museum also needs to be cited.
HANDOUT
Follow the instructions below as an outline for your paper
.
Use this handout as a guide for recording information and composing your paper. Do not submit this form as your written assignment.
INCLUDE A COVER PAGE OF YOUR INFORMATION AND IMAGES OF THE TWO WORKS (IF AVAILABLE)
Thesis Statement should address compare/contrast of:
ARTIST #1_______________________________ TITLE_____________________________________ MEDIUM_________________________________ DATE_____________________________________ SIZE (INCHES)__________________________ LOCATION_______________________________
ARTIST #2_______________________________ TITLE_____________________________________ MEDIUM_________________________________ DATE_____________________________________ SIZE (INCHES)__________________________ LOCATION_______________________________
Body Paragraph(s) #1 of your paper should address:
VISUAL ELEMENTS:
Analyze the way the artists use the various visual elements in the work. Try to be specific. Is the color naturalistic or exaggerated? Are lines, colors or shapes used? Is the work characteristic of a particular region, style or culture? Note: Not all of the elements listed will apply to all artworks.
Do not include any opinions in this section. Opinions go in the conclusion.
SUBJECT: Who or what is represented? Artist#1________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________ Artist#2_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________
COMPOSITION: Describe the arrangements of the elements/principles. (Some of theses will apply: Line, Light, Color, Texture, Shape, Space, Emphasis, Scale Proportion, Rhythm, Unity, .
Your task is to create a personal essay that focuses on your per.docxbunyansaturnina
Your task is to create a personal essay that focuses on your personal attributes, strengths and desires in your chosen profession.
Your essay should include all of the following elements:
·
An attractive cover page that indicates your name, the course and the date. Include a graphic as well.
·
Three, double-spaced pages
·
Indent all paragraphs
·
You may insert photos as long as they are aligned with the text.
REMEMBER to create and submit your outline as well.
.
Your Task is to Carry out an independent research study (.docxbunyansaturnina
Your Task is to:
Carry out an
independent research study
(experiment)
written up as a four-page paper
using the template on Blackboard This research paper should include: ✓ A succinct abstract ✓ Introduction / Background literature (circa half a page with between 5 and
10 references) ✓ Research design ✓ Consideration of sampling, experimental design, the use of data ✓ Results ✓ Discussion ✓ Conclusion ✓ References You are encouraged to refer to the notes from Scott MacKenzie on writing up a research paper which are on the Blackboard pages
You will hand in
a four-page paper
as outlined above
.
Your Research Project is due this week. It must consist of1. 5 .docxbunyansaturnina
Your Research Project is due this week. It must consist of:
1. 5 source annotated bibliography
2. slide presentation with 12 or more slides
3. Summary or Abstract containing at least 750 words.
The topic must be appropriate for graduate level. Find a topic that we covered in the course and dig deeper or find something that will help you in your work or in a subject area of interest related to the course topic.
Use the
Research Databases available from the Danforth Library
not Google.
.
Your supervisor wants the staff to understand the importance of.docxbunyansaturnina
Your supervisor wants the staff to understand the importance of the legal issues related to business dealing in which an agent acts on behalf of a principal. To ensure that everyone comes prepared for the meeting your supervisor has e-mail each staff member the topics that will be discussed at the meeting. You are responsible for leading the discussion on the topics that you were e-mailed. To prepare for the meeting you decide to write down your thoughts and ideas on the topics that you were assigned. You include referenced information to substantiate your thoughts on the topics. The topics you were assigned to lead discussion on during the meeting include the following:
1.) Identify and discuss the 3 types of principals that can exist ( disclosed, undisclosed, and partially disclosed principals). Include a hypothetical example of situations that would include each type of principal.
2.) Identify and discuss some of the duties that an agent owes to the principal.
3.) Discuss your opinion on wheather you believe it is fair to the third party to have a situation in which there is an undisclosed principal and the third party believes he or she is dealing directly with the prinicpal party rather than a agent. Be sure to provide supportive reasoning for your opinion.
400-600 words and references.
.
Your supervisor has asked you to create a new entity-relationship di.docxbunyansaturnina
Your supervisor has asked you to create a new entity-relationship diagram for a company called Moonlight Distributors for what would be a customized shipment tracking system. Use the information below to develop the diagram.
Conceptual Model
Pickup Manifest
Customer information
Pickup details
Consignee information
Payment methods
Delivery Truck Details
Route number
Driver's name
Employee ID
Time logged out
List of delivery manifests
Delivery Manifest
Consignee information
Delivery details
Payment methods
Condition of goods delivered
Date of delivery
Consignee signature
Problems with delivery
Assignment Guidelines
Create an entity-relationship diagram using the conceptual data model located in the assignment description.
Paste your ER diagram into a Word document, and save it as U1A1LastName.
Your submitted assignment must include the following:
A Word document containing your entity-relationship diagram named U1A1LastName.
Deliverable Length:
1-2-page Word document
.
Your supervisor asks you to lead a team of paralegals in the office .docxbunyansaturnina
Your supervisor asks you to lead a team of paralegals in the office in a project to prepare a public service PowerPoint presentation to the community explaining the differences between each of the following court systems and its role in the government or the difference between courts:
criminal
civil
trial
appeals
courts of last resort
courts of general jurisdiction
courts of specific jurisdiction
Assignment Guidelines:
Each student should prepare 8–10 PowerPoint slides (including speakers notes) covering all of the topics above for inclusion in the presentation.
Please note that your “cover” slide and the slide containing your list of references do not counted in the 8-10 PowerPoint slides deliverable
Do not forget to include APA citation and references for your contribution.
.
Your research paper final must be written using APA style and incl.docxbunyansaturnina
Your research paper final must be written using APA style and include the following:
A Title Page
Main Body Pages (3 - 5 pages, not including Title Page and Reference Page)
A Reference Page
APA recommends using 12-point Times New Roman font and double-spacing throughout the entire paper.
.
Your submission should be a PowerPoint slide presentation with 1.docxbunyansaturnina
Your submission should be a PowerPoint slide presentation with 12-15 slides(Title and Reference pages are separate) with very comprehensive speaker notes for each slide.
The presentation should include all relevant information, including data analyses (charts, graphs), decision criteria, changes needed, and so forth.
.
your research must includeExecutive summaryAbstractP.docxbunyansaturnina
your research must include:
Executive summary/Abstract
Purpose of the Study
Significance of the Study
Problem Statement
Literature Review / Background of the study
Benefits of the study
Data: you have to make a table with all research you used in your literature review and show data frequency used (daily, weekly, monthly), data time span, data description.
Methodology; you have to make a table with all research you used in your literature review and show methodology.
Conclusion.
Recommendations.
Your work must be genuine and you have to use APA style in your referencing and citation.
.
Delivering Micro-Credentials in Technical and Vocational Education and TrainingAG2 Design
Explore how micro-credentials are transforming Technical and Vocational Education and Training (TVET) with this comprehensive slide deck. Discover what micro-credentials are, their importance in TVET, the advantages they offer, and the insights from industry experts. Additionally, learn about the top software applications available for creating and managing micro-credentials. This presentation also includes valuable resources and a discussion on the future of these specialised certifications.
For more detailed information on delivering micro-credentials in TVET, visit this https://tvettrainer.com/delivering-micro-credentials-in-tvet/
How to Build a Module in Odoo 17 Using the Scaffold MethodCeline George
Odoo provides an option for creating a module by using a single line command. By using this command the user can make a whole structure of a module. It is very easy for a beginner to make a module. There is no need to make each file manually. This slide will show how to create a module using the scaffold method.
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
Dive into the world of AI! Experts Jon Hill and Tareq Monaur will guide you through AI's role in enhancing nonprofit websites and basic marketing strategies, making it easy to understand and apply.
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
This slide is special for master students (MIBS & MIFB) in UUM. Also useful for readers who are interested in the topic of contemporary Islamic banking.
This presentation includes basic of PCOS their pathology and treatment and also Ayurveda correlation of PCOS and Ayurvedic line of treatment mentioned in classics.
Acetabularia Information For Class 9 .docxvaibhavrinwa19
Acetabularia acetabulum is a single-celled green alga that in its vegetative state is morphologically differentiated into a basal rhizoid and an axially elongated stalk, which bears whorls of branching hairs. The single diploid nucleus resides in the rhizoid.
Thinking of getting a dog? Be aware that breeds like Pit Bulls, Rottweilers, and German Shepherds can be loyal and dangerous. Proper training and socialization are crucial to preventing aggressive behaviors. Ensure safety by understanding their needs and always supervising interactions. Stay safe, and enjoy your furry friends!
Safalta Digital marketing institute in Noida, provide complete applications that encompass a huge range of virtual advertising and marketing additives, which includes search engine optimization, virtual communication advertising, pay-per-click on marketing, content material advertising, internet analytics, and greater. These university courses are designed for students who possess a comprehensive understanding of virtual marketing strategies and attributes.Safalta Digital Marketing Institute in Noida is a first choice for young individuals or students who are looking to start their careers in the field of digital advertising. The institute gives specialized courses designed and certification.
for beginners, providing thorough training in areas such as SEO, digital communication marketing, and PPC training in Noida. After finishing the program, students receive the certifications recognised by top different universitie, setting a strong foundation for a successful career in digital marketing.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Normal Labour/ Stages of Labour/ Mechanism of LabourWasim Ak
Normal labor is also termed spontaneous labor, defined as the natural physiological process through which the fetus, placenta, and membranes are expelled from the uterus through the birth canal at term (37 to 42 weeks
Paper Assignment based on Pueblo Revolt of 16961. Theme Under .docx
1. Paper Assignment based on Pueblo Revolt of 1696
1. Theme: Under the leadership of Diego de Vargas, the
Spanish returned to New Mexico in the early 1690s. Upon their
return, the Spanish re-established their authority and the
Catholic religion in New Mexico. However, many of the Pueblo
people would remain resentful of the Spanish and in 1696,
another revolt would be in the making.
1. Content:Choose 11 letters (i.e. documents) plus the
introductory chapter from
‘The Pueblo Revolt of 1696 and the Franciscan Missions in New
Mexico’ by J. Manuel Espinosa and then answer the following
questions:
1. In what ways did the Spanish exert control over the Pueblo
peoples before the Pueblo Revolt of 1696? Consider economics,
religion, political power (use the introductory chapter here
(pp’3-58)
Respond to this question in a minimum of 500 words.
1. Using three letters (i.e. documents) and in a minimum of 500
words, what warnings did the Franciscan friars—beginning in
December 1695—convey to Governor Vargas about an
impending revolt and what did they want from the governor?
3. In a minimum of 250 words, what was the governor’s
response to these warnings and concerns of the Franciscan friars
before the 1696 revolt. (Use one document)
1. Using four letters (i.e. documents) and in a minimum of 500
words, discuss the Franciscans’ experience during the Pueblo
Revolt of 1696!
1. Using three letters (i.e. documents) and in a minimum of 500
2. words--What did the Pueblo people gain or lose by the Pueblo
Revolt of 1696?
1. List the documents you used on the tenth page of the paper.
III.Length and Format: (Students will be penalized if not
adhering to the following):
0. Total length of pages for this exercise is 10 pages.
0. Do not repeat the instructions. I know the instructions.
0. Do not use a title page.
0. Do not use quotations; use your own words.
IV. Proofread: Proofread your papers for spelling and
grammar errors. Your grade on the paper will be lowered due to
inadequate editing.
V.Grade: Your grade for this exercise will be determined by:
1. How you structured responses to instructions.
1. How you adhered to Length and Format instructions.
c. Correct grammar.
Case Study: Automation Strategies at
Volkswagen
I.A. Gorlach, O. Wessel
In the global automotive industry, for decades, vehicle
manufacturers have continually increased the level of
automation of production systems in order to be competitive.
3. However, there is a new trend to decrease the level of
automation, especially in final car assembly, for the reasons of
flexibility and economy. With the increasingly competitive
automotive market, corporations often must make a choice of
a plant location for production of certain vehicle models. The
plant location is linked to the level of automation as it has a
direct impact on the quality and cost of a product, but also
depends on the level of skills and the availability of labour
resources in a particular region.
In this case study, Volkswagen AG (VW) production sites
in Germany and South Africa are analysed in order to obtain
the best level of automation based on cost, productivity,
quality and flexibility, for a particular plant location. The
result of the analysis indicates that the highest level of
automation is not necessarily the best in terms of cost and
quality, and some de-automation is required. On the other
hand, the analysis also shows that a low automation level is
the main reason for poor product quality and low
productivity. Hence, the best automation strategy is
formulated on the basis of the analysis of all the aspects of the
process in the local context, such as productivity, costs,
quality and flexibility.
Index Terms—Automation, assembly, competitiveness
I. INTRODUCTION
Today, the automotive industry is the epitome of mass
production, mass marketing and mass consumption.
Production technology becomes more significant due to the
ever-growing number of suppliers and competitors in the
market. Increasing globalisation causes stronger
competition among the producing companies. Markets
4. convert from sales to consumer markets. Hence, an urge
for progressive automation arose in the past, since it
seemed to be the only strategy to be competitive. However,
a high level of automation can lead to less flexible
automation systems and the products are difficult to
customise or to extremely complex automation systems,
which are expensive. Therefore, the choice of level of
automation of a production system is an important
management decision.
The VW procedure for introducing a new vehicle is
represented in Fig. 1 showing that plant location plays an
important role in process planning and preparation. The
choice of plant location depends, among others, on the
personnel and energy costs, the level of education, skills
and motivation of personnel, and the market conditions. On
the other hand, the plant location determines the level of
automation of assembly lines.
Part I
Vehicle
Part II
Location
Part III
Process
Design
Vehicle Planning
Construction
Choice of location
5. Cost Quality Quantity
Education
Motivation
Market
Fluctuation
Chosen location
Designing an Assembly Line
(Level of Automation)
Personnel
Energy
Fig. 1. General procedure for introducing a new vehicle
The analysis of the assembly lines of VW at the three
production sites was done in order to determine the
automation/de-automation strategies by combining
aspects of manufacturing systems such as costs,
productivity, quality and flexibility. The sites studied in
this research are the Golf A5 assembly line at the mother
plant in Wolfsburg, the Touran assembly line at the
Auto5000 GmbH in Wolfsburg and the Golf A5
assembly line in Uitenhage, South Africa. The aim of
the analysis is to determine optimal levels of automation
at the three production sites in order to make
recommendations to automate or de-automate particular
sections of the assembly processes.
II. BACKGROUND
6. A. Level of Automation
The level of automation represents the portion of
automated functions of a system in relation to the
complete function of the system. The more functions of
a system are automated, the higher the level of
automation. The level of automation can be represented
by a ratio of the number of automated functions to the
total of all functions [1]. However, this requires that all
functions be equally matched otherwise weighting
factors should be incorporated.
B. Manufacturing Costs
The total cost per unit as dependant on the level of
automation can be represented graphically as shown in
Fig. 2 [2]. As can be seen, the personnel costs decrease
proportionally to the growing level of automation. At a
low automation level, simple and economically
justifiable operations are automated, therefore the
automation cost increase almost linearly. Further on, the
Proceedings of the World Congress on Engineering 2007 Vol II
WCE 2007, July 2 - 4, 2007, London, U.K.
ISBN:978-988-98671-2-6 WCE 2007
expenditure increases over-proportionally because of the
rising complexity of the system. Hence, reaching complete
automation causes the automation cost to increase
exponentially while the personnel costs decrease only
linearly, indicating a higher total cost.
7. 0 % 100 %
OptimumAutom
ation costs
Personnel costs
Tota
l co
sts
Level of automation
C
os
t p
er
u
ni
t
0 % 100 %
OptimumAutom
ation costs
Personnel costs
Tota
l co
8. sts
Level of automation
C
os
t p
er
u
ni
t
Fig. 2. Graph of cost versus level of automation
For the costs calculations, the relevant cost approach is
used, where only the costs that make the largest
contribution are taken into account [3].
The following cost types are necessary for the realisation
of the assembly process:
• Personnel (all carrying out and planning activities in
the assembly process; personnel costs consist of wages
or rather salary and social costs; they essentially
depend on personnel qualification)
• Operating material (installations for assembly and
transport; operating material costs include all costs for
running the operating material)
9. • Material (only consumables are relevant)
• Information (software and hardware; already included
in operating material)
C. Quality Indices
Quality is a top priority competition factor that should
be integrated into all the processes of a company. Quality
is characterised by the index system, which is defined as a
compilation of quantitative variables, in which individual
indices belong to each other, are supplementary to each
other or explain each other in an objective and practical
way. Thus, all these collected factors are focused on one
common paramount target. An index is formed by the
following elements: character of information, ability to
quantify facts, and specific form of information [4]. All the
information in the index should be adequately defined to
avoid ambiguity.
For manufacturing and assembly processes, the quality
standards are specified by the output quality indices, which
are as follows:
• The quota of quality defects that does not meet
the quality requirements in production
immediately, i.e. the ratio of the defects to the
whole production volume.
• The indices concerning the number of rejects
and the rectification of rejects as well as their
prevailing share of the whole production
volume that shows the developing trend.
10. • The indices with regard to the
individual/different types of defects in their
relation to the total number of defects in the
production.
• The indices referred to as customer
complaints that are an indication of quality
defects which have remained undiscovered
in the production process.
• Audit-Notes, which are determined and
assessed separately as indices by a company.
D. Productivity Indices
The productivity indices are determined from the
number of quantitative aspects, such as ‘hard’ facts and
‘soft’ facts. ‘Hard’ facts are:
• The number of units that are planned to be
built, the so-called scheduled number of
units.
• The number of units that have actually been
built.
• Times like the cycle times, manufacturing
times, downtimes and total working times.
• Number of employees involved in the
production process.
These are set in relation to:
• The availability of a production system with
11. respect to the amount of standstill losses.
• The decreasing degree of performance with
respect to loss of speed.
• The degree of quality depending on the
number of parts which are produced with
defects.
• The effectiveness of equipment as a whole
with respect to the availability of production,
the degree of performance and quality.
• Productivity which refers to the average
number of vehicles built by one employee
during a specified period of time and the
number of vehicles built by all employees
per hour.
‘Soft’ facts include:
• Flexibility to manufacture different units.
• The degree of complexity and its
dependence on the different range of vehicle
models compared to the basic model.
• Flexibility with regard to the possibility of
producing many variations of a product on
one line.
All the cost, quality and productivity aspects are used
for determining the best level of automation of the
assembly processes at the three production sites as
shown in the following section.
12. III. ANALYSES OF THE ASSEMBLY PROCESSES
A. Levels of Automation
The analysis was done for the final assembly of the
Golf A5 and Touran models in Germany and the Golf
A5 model in South Africa. The assembly processes are
implemented at different levels of automation providing
the possibility of comparing and determining the best
Proceedings of the World Congress on Engineering 2007 Vol II
WCE 2007, July 2 - 4, 2007, London, U.K.
ISBN:978-988-98671-2-6 WCE 2007
automation strategy for the particular plant location. The
final assembly consists of three main processes called
Assembly Parts. Each Assembly Part in turn can be divided
into Assembly Operations or Stations. Assembly Part 1
consists of five Assembly Stations and includes roll
forming of the tailgate and doors and the fitting of a
cockpit. Assembly Part 2 also consists of five Assembly
Stations and includes mainly the fitting of a power train
and glasses. Assembly Part 3 includes seven Assembly
Stations, which are typically the fitting of trim panels, a
cross member, a bumper, a front end, wheels and a battery.
To determine the level of automation, the Assembly
Parts are placed in a matrix with Assembly Stations shown
in columns and different manufacturing methods in rows
according to the level of automation from the highest to the
lowest (Table 1). The starting point of creating the levels
of automation begins at the assembly of the Golf A5 model
13. at Wolfsburg because this process is the most automated
and therefore it is assigned the first level of automation. By
de-automating one station at a time, the level of automation
decreases. For example, Assembly Part 1 has five levels of
automation because it includes five Assembly Stations.
The same is true for Assembly Part 2, whereas Assembly
Part 3 has seven levels of automation due to seven
Assembly Stations. The last level of automation is manual
assembly, which is the way the Golf A5 model is
assembled in Uitenhage. In between, there is one level of
automation that represents how the Touran model is
assembled in Germany, which is a combination of the
automated and manual stations.
For all the stations of the Assembly Parts, the cycle
times and the number of personnel are determined based
on the available information from the three production
methods and their combinations. The results are matrices
with different levels of automation and the number of
necessary personnel for each station.
Table 1. Example of Assembly Part 1 Matrix
Manufacturing
stations
R
ollform
ing
tailg
ate
F
ittin
16. …
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
Level of automation 5
(Golf A5 SA)
manual
(handrollfor-
ming device
tM: 1,07 min)
tQCC: 0,28 min
manual
(electrical screw-
driver and jigs
tM: 2,55 min)
tQCC: 0,14 min
17. manual
(handrollfor-
ming device
tM: 2,4 min)
tQCC: 0,28 min
manual
(tM: 2,81 min)
tQCC: 0,14 min
manual
(tM: 2,81 min)
tQCC: 0,14 min
………
Level of
automation
After establishing the matrices, the basis for further
analysis of each production site is created. Then separate
analyses of each production site can start.
B. Manufacturing Costs
If every created level of automation (in the matrices) is
provided with costs, the result will be the representation of
all relevant costs that are differentiated to resources
depending on the different levels of automation. By
adding up the different costs of all stations, the most
economical solution and with it, the most economical
level of automation of each matrix can be determined.
18. By adding up all the total costs per unit of each
Assembly Station, the total costs per unit of the whole
Assembly Part for a specified level of automation is
determined for each production site. Due to differences
in labour and running costs, each production site will
have different total costs for the same Assembly Part.
The total costs per unit for assembly of the Golf A5
model in Germany are shown in Table 2. The actual
costs have been changed for confidentiality.
Table 2. Unit costs of the assembly stations of Golf A5
in Germany
Level of
automation Assembly Part 1 Assembly Part 2 Assembly Part 3
1 1,00 € 1,20 € 1,20 €
2 1,10 € 1,30 € 1,10 €
3 1,20 € 1,10 € 1,10 €
4 1,30 € 1,00 € 1,00 €
5 1,40 € 1,40 € 1,30 €
6 1,40 €
7 1,50 €
As can be seen for Assembly Part 1, the first level of
automation is the optimal level of automation because
this level has the lowest costs. This level also
predominates in practice (dotted fields). Therefore
Assembly Part 1 is designed optimally. The workers and
the investment costs constitute the highest share of the
total costs per unit. The cockpit fitment is the most
expensive station in this Assembly Part. With a
decreasing level of automation, the other workers and
19. investment costs take a smaller and smaller part but
costs for direct workers in the line increase accordingly.
This is the main reason why even the second level of
automation is already more expensive than the first. The
other types of cost only take a small part of the total
costs per unit.
In Assembly Part 2, the fourth level of automation is
optimal. The costs of workers in the line increase,
whereas, on the other hand, the costs for all the other
workers as well as investment in equipment do not
increase in the same way. Thus, in order to reach the
optimal level of automation, the stations stamping
vehicle identity numbers, fitting the gearshift, closing
the bonnet and fitting all the windows have to work in
the same way as in the assembly line of the Auto5000
GmbH.
In Assembly Part 3, the fourth level of automation is
also optimal. On the first level, the investment costs
constitute the highest part of the total costs per unit,
followed by the personnel costs for maintenance,
reworkers and other workers. As in Assembly Part 2, the
costs for workers in the line increase with decreasing
automation, while costs for reworkers, other workers
and maintenance decrease until the cost optimum is
reached in level 4. After that the costs for workers in the
line increase accordingly, which makes every further de-
automation uneconomical. In order to put level 4 as an
optimal level of automation into practice, the stations
opening the bonnet, putting in and fitting the trim panel,
Proceedings of the World Congress on Engineering 2007 Vol II
WCE 2007, July 2 - 4, 2007, London, U.K.
ISBN:978-988-98671-2-6 WCE 2007
20. putting in and fitting a battery, fitting a cross member as
well as a rear bumper have to be designed as in the
Auto5000 GmbH. The total costs per unit for the assembly
operations of the Touran model at the Auto5000 GmbH are
shown in Table 3.
Table 3. Unit costs of the assembly stations of Touran in
Germany
Level of
automation Assembly Part 1 Assembly Part 2 Assembly Part 3
1 1,30 € 1,20 € 1,30 €
2 1,20 € 1,30 € 1,20 €
3 1,00 € 1,10 € 1,10 €
4 1,10 € 1,00 € 1,00 €
5 1,40 € 1,40 € 1,40 €
6 1,50 €
7 1,60 €
As can be seen, for Assembly Part 1, the third level of
automation is optimal. At this level, the highest costs per
unit are the workers on the line, followed by the
investment costs. But in practice, the actual automation
level is level 4 (dotted fields). To reach the optimal level,
the stations fitting cockpit location brackets and cockpit
fitting 1 and 2 have to be designed to be fully automatic as
is the case with the Golf A5 model assembly line.
In Assembly Part 2, the fourth level of automation is the
21. optimal level. This level also predominates in practice.
Therefore, Assembly Part 2 is designed optimally. The
most expensive station of this Assembly Part is fitting the
complete power train combined with all under bodywork.
In Assembly Part 3, the fourth level of automation also
represents the optimum but in practice level 6
predominates, which again requires a higher level of
automation in the assembly line of the Touran model at the
Auto5000 GmbH. On level 6, the fitting of the front end is
the most expensive station because of the high personnel
costs for workers in the line. The second most expensive
station is the pre-mounting and fitting of wheels. Both of
the stations have high investment costs as well. Therefore,
both of these stations and the station placing the spare
wheel in the boot should work fully automatically as it is
done in the Golf A5 model assembly line at the same
location.
For the Golf A5 model produced in South Africa (Table
4), most of the manual levels of automation reach the
optimal level, and manual levels are currently implemented.
Therefore, in this step of the analysis, no changes of
stations or other operations are necessary. In Assembly
Part 1, the most expensive station is fitting the cockpit. It
takes nearly half of the total costs per unit. In Assembly
Part 2, fitting the power train combined with the whole
under bodywork takes the highest costs per unit, which is
even more than half of the total costs per unit. In Assembly
Part 3, pre-mounting and fitting of wheels show the highest
part of the total costs. It is possible that the costs can be
reduced further by reducing the level of automation at the
production site in South Africa. However, there are no data
available about manufacturing times and costs for facilities
with even less automation. Also, further de-automation
could lead to bad quality.
22. Table 4. Unit costs of the assembly stations of Golf A5 in
Uitenhage
Level of
automation Assembly Part 1 Assembly Part 2 Assembly Part 3
1 1,40 € 1,40 € 1,60 €
2 1,30 € 1,30 € 1,50 €
3 1,20 € 1,20 € 1,30 €
4 1,10 € 1,10 € 1,20 €
5 1,00 € 1,00 € 1,10 €
6 1,40 €
7 1,00 €
C. Quality
The quality indices for the three production sites are
put in one table as shown in Table 5. These include
Field data, Audit data of vehicle and process, Vehicle
Preparation Centre (VPC) data and Direct Runner
Rates (DRR). Field data show the quality of vehicles
from a customer’s point of view with the recordings of
trouble cases (TC) per vehicle. Vehicle auditing is an
element of the Quality Assurance System, which judges
the effectiveness of the Quality Management System on
the basis of quality delivered in a snapshot. The Vehicle
Preparation Centre, located in Japan, records defects in
vehicles delivered from Wolfsburg and Uitenhage in a
100% control. DRR is an index by which each plant is
measured. It indicates the number of vehicles which at
the final checkpoint (CP8) of the production process get
an o.k.-status. DRR is also included on CP7 to show
23. how many o.k.-vehicles have been released from the
assembly. The effectiveness of the Quality Management
Systems is judged by the Process Audits expressed as a
percentage.
Table 5. Matrix of quality data
Manufactu-
ring stations
FIS
eQ
S
A
ssem
bly P
art 1
FIS
eQ
S
A
ssem
bly P
art 2
FIS
eQ
S
A
24. ssem
bly P
art 3
Field D
ata
A
udit
Ist (Target)
V
P
C
P
rocess A
udit
0,01345 0,02796 0,00465 0,05432 80 (90) 2,44 58 / 62 94
T.C./veh. T.C./veh. T.C./veh. T.C./veh. Audit Points T.C./veh.
%
0,03872 0,01235 0,01987 0,01076 82 (90) 0.87 69 / 95 91
T.C./veh. T.C./veh. T.C./veh. T.C./veh. Audit Points T.C./veh.
%
0,10984 0,03561 0,96543 0,02345 92 (90) 2,23 81 / 89 92
25. T.C./veh. T.C./veh. T.C./veh. T.C./veh. Audit Points T.C./veh.
%
Level of automation
(Golf A5 SA)
Level of automation
(Golf A5 WOB)
Level of automation
(Auto5000 WOB)
D
irect R
unners
C
P
7 / C
P
8
%
%
%
Level of
automation
The next step is the investigation into finding the
26. optimal level of automation regarding quality. All other
quality factors can only be concluded from these results,
because the data are assigned to the whole examined
assembly area. All the above quality indices values are
assessed as follows:
1. The ranking of all values in comparison to each
other (best, second best and worst) is done.
2. Allocation of points to each status: The best gets 3
points, the second best gets 2 points and the worst
gets 1 point.
3. Attach importance to each value: the most
convincing values are the assembly TC; they get the
highest weight and are multiplied by a factor of 3.
4. The best existing level of automation has the most
points.
The results of the analysis show that the Auto5000
GmbH Wolfsburg manufactures are best according to all
the quality indices. The second part of the task is to find
the theoretical optimal automation level. Each Assembly
Part which delivers the fewest trouble cases per vehicle,
Proceedings of the World Congress on Engineering 2007 Vol II
WCE 2007, July 2 - 4, 2007, London, U.K.
ISBN:978-988-98671-2-6 WCE 2007
is investigated. These collected data are summarized in one
27. theoretical optimal level of automation. The results of the
analysis confirm the assumption that different fictitious
levels of automation will create fewer defects and that a
combination of automation levels will bring about a much
better result than the existing methods.
D. Productivity and Flexibility
On the basis of the above described matrices, the
productivity figures are examined in relation to the number
of workers. These workers are later seen in relation to the
vehicles built and the time needed for such. These relations
are the indices of productivity taken into consideration in
this analysis. The result of this analysis leads to the
assumption that a highly automated method of
manufacturing is also highly productive when taking into
account that the smallest number of employees produces
the highest number of vehicles as can be seen from the
comparison shown in Fig. 3. On the other hand, the
calculation of effectiveness shows that the availability of
the high-automated production is susceptible to faults and
trouble cases because of its complexity. On account of this,
a high number of faultless units can only be reached when
produced at a lower automated level, which includes the
integration of highly skilled employees.
7148
4029
1200
0
2000
28. 4000
6000
8000
VW Main
Plant
Auto5000 VW South
Africa
Number of vehicles per employee
Fig. 3. Annual production quantities per employee
Flexibility of production equipment is difficult to
quantify in financial terms. Also, product variations cannot
be considered in this case since the automotive production
equipment is specifically designed for a range of vehicle
models. Nevertheless, the production equipment should
have a sufficient capacity to accommodate a limited
increase in production quantities. Therefore, in determining
the levels of flexibility of Assembly Parts, the focus is on
two aspects: the variation of production quantities and the
number of workers required. From this point of view, the
most flexible is the production system that has to change
the least to cope with the increase/decrease of production
quantities, i.e. a minimum variation in the number of
workers. A variation of ±20% of production quantities was
used in the analysis.
29. IV. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The levels of automation of the assembly processes with
regard to the three main aspects such as costs, quality and
quantity are compared to obtain the optimal levels for each
production site. If the different optima correspond with
each other, the total optimum for the individual
Assembly Part is already found. Otherwise, if the
optima show differences in a certain Assembly Part, a
further examination has to be carried out. In the
combination of the optima, the optimal levels of costs
are defined as the basis. Both of the other aspects are
compared with the optimal level of costs to find a total
solution for each production site. The results are shown
in Table 6.
A. Production of the Golf A5 model in Wolfsburg
For Assembly Part 1, level 1 is the optimal
automation level from a cost point of view, which
represents actual assembling in practice. The
productivity indices show the same optimum. However,
the differences between the optimal level of costs and
quality have to be remedied. The difference between the
first and third level of automation from a quality point
of view is 0.005 trouble cases per vehicle. A more
detailed examination revealed that the assembly stations
of roll forming of tailgate as well as roll forming of
doors cause this difference. This is attributed to the
robotic station, which allows only a very small tolerance
for assembling. If this tolerance margin is not kept, the
robot is not able to react appropriately, because an
automatic station is not flexible enough to compensate
for abrupt variances of tolerances. In order to achieve a
30. better quality, an improvement of the adjustment of the
robot, a more appropriate maintenance of the robot or a
further development of the roll forming tool for robots
should be investigated.
Table 6. Optimal levels of automation
Index
Golf A5
Wolfsburg
Touran
Wolfsburg
Golf A5
Uitenhage
Assembly Parts
1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3
Cost 1 4 4 3 4 4 5 5 7
Quality 3 4 4 3 4 1 3 4 1
Productivity/Flexibility 1 2 4 2 3 4 4 4 6
Present Automation
Level
1 1 1 4 4 4 5 5 7
Proposed Automation
Level
1 4 4 3 4 3 5 5 7
31. For Assembly Part 2, the determination of the optimal
level of costs and quality deliver the same level of
automation as the optimal, which is level 4. However,
the actual level of automation is level 1 and in
productivity aspects, the levels 1 and 2 demonstrate the
best options. However, level 4 shows a rising
productivity with decreasing number of units. And,
additionally, it provides a better flexibility because the
operations are done manually and can be modified
easily. Therefore, the actual level of automation in
Assembly Part 2 has to be de-automated to reach the
total optimal level but improvement of the quantity
indices has to be considered.
For Assembly Part 3, the results of costs and quality
are also the same, which is level 4. To reach an optimal
Proceedings of the World Congress on Engineering 2007 Vol II
WCE 2007, July 2 - 4, 2007, London, U.K.
ISBN:978-988-98671-2-6 WCE 2007
quality level, the quality results have to be taken into closer
consideration. The quality difference of 0.021 trouble cases
per vehicle is caused by the assembly stations fitting a
battery as well as fitting a cross member and a rear
bumper. The assembly is performed automatically,
whereas at other locations it is done manually with better
quality results. However, for reaching a high quality
performance in manual assembly, workers have to be
32. adequately qualified, motivated and co-ordinated. The
quantity aspect shows that level 1 and 4 provide the best
flexibility. Level 1 also shows a better productivity. The
other possibility is level 4, which is preferred from the
point of view of costs and has the same flexibility as level
1, but provides better flexibility. In Assembly Part 3, the
actual level of automation should be de-automated to reach
the optimal level as well. The quality as well as the
modifications in quantity should be kept in mind.
B. Production of the Touran model at Auto5000 GmbH
For Assembly Part 1, level 3 is the optimal level with
regard to costs and also to quality, whereas the actual level
of automation is level 4 in the Auto5000 GmbH. Regarding
flexibility and productivity, level 1 is the optimal level for
Assembly Part 1. Level 2 is only partly recommendable
with respect to productivity because of its low level of
flexibility. Assembly Part 1 should be automated to level 3.
As for Assembly Part 1, the optimal levels of automation
regarding cost and quality correspond to each other for
Assembly Part 2 as well. But, for this Assembly Part, level
4 represents the actual level of automation. Between
flexibility and high productivity a compromise has to be
found. Regarding this aspect, the decision is made for level
4, because only small changes in the number of workers
and no changes in the assembly line need to be carried out
to realise a good productivity. As level of automation 4 is
the optimal and also the actual level of automation, this
Assembly Part is optimally designed.
For Assembly Part 3, the results of costs (level 4) and
quality (level 1) do not correspond, which is the main
33. concern. It appears that even with the highly extensive
training programme which takes place at the Auto5000
GmbH plant, consistent quality is not possible without
automation for this assembly process. Concerning
productivity, levels 3 or 4 could be the optimum. Based on
the results, Assembly Part 3 should be automated to level 3
to improve quality.
C. Production of the Golf A5 model in Uitenhage
In Assembly Part 1, the results of costs and quality differ
from each other, but, in this case, it is exactly the opposite.
The optimal level of automation regarding costs (level 5),
is more de-automated than the optimal level of automation
regarding quality (level 3). The above-mentioned argument
that manual assembly is as good as automatic assembly or
even better is not valid for the manufacturer in Uitenhage.
Within the assembly of roll forming of tailgate and doors,
differences with respect to quality occur again. These
stations are implemented in exactly the same manner as in
the manufacture of the Auto5000 GmbH, but they produce
0.101 more trouble cases per vehicle. This fact shows the
deficiency of the Golf A5 assembly in Uitenhage. The
leadership, training and qualification of workers are not
adequate. The Auto5000 GmbH assembly line illustrates
that a high quality assembly by workers is possible in
practice. Assuming that quality will improve, level 5
can be seen as the optimum. This level is just a little less
flexible than level 4. The advantage of level 5 is the
higher productivity. The present method should be kept,
improvements in quality are required.
In Assembly Part 2, the optimal levels of automation
with regard to costs (level 5) and quality (level 4) differ
again from each other. In this Assembly Part, the
34. differences are explainable by the above-mentioned
reasons, too. All aspects that relate to the workers would
have to be improved as described above. Level 4 is also
the optimal level from the point of view of quantity. The
advantages of level 5 are better availability as well as
lower complexity. Therefore, this Assembly Part is
optimally designed.
Similar to the previous processes, the optimal
automation levels of costs (level 7) and quality (level 1)
differ for the same reason of low skills and/or poor
motivation of workers. Quantitatively the levels 1 to 6
are all better than level 7. However, level 7 is the actual
level of automation in South Africa. Level 7 is only
partially recommendable with respect to quantity,
because this level shows poorer values for flexibility
and productivity compared with the other levels. The
main advantage of level 7 is that it requires only basic
equipment. Hence, the present method should be kept,
with improvements in quality.
V. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The authors thank the staff of VW in Wolfsburg and
Uitenhage, and in particular the department PWA-V
(launching and production process optimisation in
Wolfsburg), for providing the information used in this
research.
VI. REFERENCES
[1] Ross, P., 2002, Bestimmung des wirtschaftlichen
35. Automatisierungsgrades von Montage-Prozessen in
der frühen Phase der Montageplanung, p. 11
[2] Fichtmüller, N., 1996, Rationalisierung durch
flexible, hybride Montagesysteme, Heidelberg
[3] Hartmann, M. 1993, Entwicklung eines
Kostenmodells für die Montage – Ein Hilfsmittel
zur Montageanlagenplanung, Aachen.
[4] Tomys, A.K., 1995, Kostenorientiertes
Qualitätsmanagement, Qualitätscontrolling zur
ständigen Verbesserung der Unternehmensprozesse,
Munich.
Proceedings of the World Congress on Engineering 2007 Vol II
WCE 2007, July 2 - 4, 2007, London, U.K.
ISBN:978-988-98671-2-6 WCE 2007