Charles Darwin was passionate about both biology and geology. As a young man, he studied with leading geologists and served as secretary of the Geological Society of London. His opportunity to travel aboard the HMS Beagle as a naturalist allowed him to extensively explore and make important geological observations around the world, though some phenomena remained unexplained given the knowledge of his time. During the voyage, Darwin amassed geological evidence that would later contribute to his theory of evolution by natural selection.
John A Chapman mining the moon 20060723John Chapman
NASA has announced a schedule and plan for the creation of a lunar base within 16 years as a precursor to establishing a base on Mars. Space agencies from Europe, Japan, India and China have expressed support for the NASA plan and/or their separate plans for a lunar base. This plan to explore and inhabit the Moon and then Mars is driven by the triple goals of scientific research, lunar/asteroid resource extraction and saving the earthbound human species from eventual extinction by asteroid/comet impact or super-volcano eruption. This paper proposes the application, on the Moon, of equipment and mining methods already well proven on Earth in very cold and dusty environments. The authors present an innovative combination of existing technologies for exploration and mining, including: mobile equipment, spare parts, sample analysis, remote controls, semi-autonomous controls, remote equipment "health" monitoring, real-time precision location and guidance, and the use of broadband WiMAX for communication to and from the proposed lunar base and Earth's Internet.
John A Chapman mining the moon 20060723John Chapman
NASA has announced a schedule and plan for the creation of a lunar base within 16 years as a precursor to establishing a base on Mars. Space agencies from Europe, Japan, India and China have expressed support for the NASA plan and/or their separate plans for a lunar base. This plan to explore and inhabit the Moon and then Mars is driven by the triple goals of scientific research, lunar/asteroid resource extraction and saving the earthbound human species from eventual extinction by asteroid/comet impact or super-volcano eruption. This paper proposes the application, on the Moon, of equipment and mining methods already well proven on Earth in very cold and dusty environments. The authors present an innovative combination of existing technologies for exploration and mining, including: mobile equipment, spare parts, sample analysis, remote controls, semi-autonomous controls, remote equipment "health" monitoring, real-time precision location and guidance, and the use of broadband WiMAX for communication to and from the proposed lunar base and Earth's Internet.
Venusian Habitable Climate Scenarios: Modeling Venus Through Time and Applica...Sérgio Sacani
One popular view of Venus' climate history describes a world that has spent much of its life
with surface liquid water, plate tectonics, and a stable temperate climate. Part of the basis for this
optimistic scenario is the high deuterium to hydrogen ratio from the Pioneer Venus mission that was
interpreted to imply Venus had a shallow ocean's worth of water throughout much of its history. Another
view is that Venus had a long-lived (∼100 million years) primordial magma ocean with a CO2 and steam
atmosphere. Venus' long-lived steam atmosphere would sufficient time to dissociate most of the water
vapor, allow significant hydrogen escape, and oxidize the magma ocean. A third scenario is that Venus had
surface water and habitable conditions early in its history for a short period of time (<1 Gyr), but that a
moist/runaway greenhouse took effect because of a gradually warming Sun, leaving the planet desiccated
ever since. Using a general circulation model, we demonstrate the viability of the first scenario using the
few observational constraints available.We further speculate that large igneous provinces and the global
resurfacing hundreds of millions of years ago played key roles in ending the clement period in its history
and presenting the Venus we see today. The results have implications for what astronomers term “the
habitable zone,” and if Venus-like exoplanets exist with clement conditions akin to modern Earth, we
propose to place them in what we term the “optimistic Venus zone.”
Terminal Pleistocene Lithic Technology and Use of Space in Central Chile
Tecnología Lítica y Uso del Espacio del Pleistoceno Terminal en el Centro de Chile
César Méndez and Donald Jackson
Plate tectonics the oceans part iiic no textWilliam Szary
Introduction to Global Plate Tectonics Part IIIC continues the ocean basins geologic histories with a presentation on the Philipine Plate, Indian Ocean, and the Wharton Basin. This is the third and final part of a three part series on the geologic history of the oceans. Parts III A & B were previously posted on Slideshare.com.
Google's Web Design Evolution:
Slide 2: The initial concept of Google was dubbed ‘BackRub’ - 1996
Slide 3: Google's design - 1997
Slide 4: Google's design - 1999
Slide 5: Google's design - 2013
Slide 6: Google's design - 2015
For more information check out the blog at http://studio-culture.com.au/facebook-google-web-design-evolution/
Images from Gizmodo
Venusian Habitable Climate Scenarios: Modeling Venus Through Time and Applica...Sérgio Sacani
One popular view of Venus' climate history describes a world that has spent much of its life
with surface liquid water, plate tectonics, and a stable temperate climate. Part of the basis for this
optimistic scenario is the high deuterium to hydrogen ratio from the Pioneer Venus mission that was
interpreted to imply Venus had a shallow ocean's worth of water throughout much of its history. Another
view is that Venus had a long-lived (∼100 million years) primordial magma ocean with a CO2 and steam
atmosphere. Venus' long-lived steam atmosphere would sufficient time to dissociate most of the water
vapor, allow significant hydrogen escape, and oxidize the magma ocean. A third scenario is that Venus had
surface water and habitable conditions early in its history for a short period of time (<1 Gyr), but that a
moist/runaway greenhouse took effect because of a gradually warming Sun, leaving the planet desiccated
ever since. Using a general circulation model, we demonstrate the viability of the first scenario using the
few observational constraints available.We further speculate that large igneous provinces and the global
resurfacing hundreds of millions of years ago played key roles in ending the clement period in its history
and presenting the Venus we see today. The results have implications for what astronomers term “the
habitable zone,” and if Venus-like exoplanets exist with clement conditions akin to modern Earth, we
propose to place them in what we term the “optimistic Venus zone.”
Terminal Pleistocene Lithic Technology and Use of Space in Central Chile
Tecnología Lítica y Uso del Espacio del Pleistoceno Terminal en el Centro de Chile
César Méndez and Donald Jackson
Plate tectonics the oceans part iiic no textWilliam Szary
Introduction to Global Plate Tectonics Part IIIC continues the ocean basins geologic histories with a presentation on the Philipine Plate, Indian Ocean, and the Wharton Basin. This is the third and final part of a three part series on the geologic history of the oceans. Parts III A & B were previously posted on Slideshare.com.
Google's Web Design Evolution:
Slide 2: The initial concept of Google was dubbed ‘BackRub’ - 1996
Slide 3: Google's design - 1997
Slide 4: Google's design - 1999
Slide 5: Google's design - 2013
Slide 6: Google's design - 2015
For more information check out the blog at http://studio-culture.com.au/facebook-google-web-design-evolution/
Images from Gizmodo
Apple's evolving web design over the past decadesStudio Culture
Apple's Web Design Evolution:
Slide 2: Apple's design - 1997
Slide 3: Apple's design - 1998
Slide 4: Apple's design - 2002
Slide 5: Apple's design - 2014
Slide 6: Apple's design - 2015
For more information check it out at http://studio-culture.com.au/facebook-google-web-design-evolution/
Images taken from Apple
How to succeed at Kickstarter and Crowdfunding PRHeather Delaney
Based on experience of raising more than $9 million funding on crowdfunding platforms such as Kickstarter and Indiegogo, Heather Delaney, Head of Kickstarter and Consumer Tech at Dynamo PR shares top tips on how not #fundingfail and instead how to be #fullyfunded.
This presentation was first given at Mobicamp in Bern, Switzerland on November 6th, 2014.
For more information visit http://www.dynamopr.com
I make this activity sheet for students who were absent during the lesson so they can make it at home.Please seach LP and PPT for these topic which I also uploaded
Page 65 4.1 InTroduCTIonIn chapter one, we reviewed th.docxalfred4lewis58146
Page | 65
4.1 InTroduCTIon
In chapter one, we reviewed the scientific method and the exact meaning of a
theory, which is a well-supported explanation for a natural phenomenon that still
cannot be completely proven. A Grand Unifying Theory is a set of ideas that
is central and essential to a field of study such as the theory of gravity in physics
or the theory of evolution in biology. The Grand Unifying Theory of geology is the
theory of Plate Tectonics, which defines the outer portion of the earth as a brit-
tle outer layer that is broken into moving pieces called tectonic plates. This the-
ory is supported by many lines of evidence including the shape of the continents,
the distribution of fossils and rocks, the distribution of environmental indicators,
as well as the location of mountains, volcanoes, trenches, and earthquakes. The
movement of plates can be observed on human timescales and easily measured
using GPS satellites.
Plate tectonics is integral to the study of geology because it aids in reconstruct-
ing earth’s history. This theory helps to explain how the first continents were built,
how oceans formed, and even helps inform hypotheses for the origin of life. The
theory also helps explain the geographic distribution of geologic features such as
mountains, volcanoes, rift valleys, and trenches. Finally, it helps us assess the po-
tential risks of geologic catastrophes such as earthquakes and volcanoes across
the earth. The power of this theory lies in its ability to create testable hypotheses
regarding Earth’s history as well as predictions regarding its future.
4.1.1 learning outcomes
After completing this chapter, you should be able to:
• Explain several lines of evidence supporting the movement of tectonic plates
• Accurately describe the movement of tectonic plates through time
• Describe the progression of a Hawaiian Island and how it relates to the
Theory of Plate Tectonics
4Plate TectonicsBradley Deline
Page | 66
Introductory GeoloGy Plate tectonIcs
• Describe the properties of tectonics plates and how that relates to the
proposed mechanisms driving plate tectonics
• Be able to describe and identify the features that occur at different plate
boundaries
4.1.2 Key Terms
4.2 evIdenCe of The movemenT of ConTInenTs
The idea that the continents appear to have been joined based on their shapes is
not new, in fact this idea first appeared in the writings of Sir Francis Bacon in 1620.
The resulting hypothesis from this observation is rather straightforward: the shapes
of the continents fit together because they were once connected and have since bro-
ken apart and moved. This hypothesis is discussing a historical event in the past and
cannot be directly tested without a time machine. Therefore, geoscientists reframed
the hypothesis by assuming the continents used to be connected and asking what
other patterns we would expect to find. This is exactly how turn of the century earth
scientists (.
Steps to Plate TectonicsStep 1 – Continental Driftwww.mat.docxdessiechisomjj4
Steps to Plate Tectonics:
Step 1 – Continental Drift
www.math.montana.edu / ~nmp / materials / ess / geosphere / inter / activities / plate_calc / pangaea_map.gif
The Continental Drift hypothesis published by Alfred Wegener in his 1915 book “ The Origin of Continents and Oceans”, although this was partially based on the work of earlier investigators.
Continental Drift = the continents were once connected in a single supercontinent called Pangaea. They have since drifted apart and are still moving today.
http://www.kidsgeo.com/geology-for-kids/0042-pangaea.php
Wegener’s hypothesis had several problems:
1) He had no power source – no way to make the continents move.
2) He thought the continents moved through the seafloor just like boats move through the ocean, but there was no evidence of this (no wake)
3) He was a meteorologist so many geologists didn’t take him seriously!
BUT Wegener had lots of evidence to show that the continents were once connected!
1) The jigsaw puzzle-like fit of the continents.
Figure 2.3 in text
Identical fossil assemblages on now widely spaced continents!
best about 250-200 MY ago
become increasingly dissimilar the closer to today we look!
Garrison, 2012, Essentials of Oceanography
3) Sequences of similar rock types on continents which do not now have the same geologic environment!
http://www.geology.ohio-state.edu/~vonfrese/gs100/lect25/index.html
4) Geologic structures (mountain ranges, faults, chains of volcanoes) which match up on either side of oceans but can not be found underwater.
5) Apparent polar wander – paleoclimatic evidence the continents had very different climates 250 MY ago than they do today.
either the continents moved or
the climate bands moved – which means the Earth’s poles of rotation moved.
Earth’s climate zones today are arranged symmetrically around the poles.
http://www.webquest.hawaii.edu/kahihi/sciencedictionary/C/climatezone.php
Paleoclimatic data from ˶300 MY ago, figure 2.5 in text
After Wegener died, his ideas were largely dismissed, until…
Post-Wegener evidence for drifting continents (and plate tectonics)…
6) Apparent Polar Wander – Paleomagnetic evidence.
Figure 2.7 showing that the Earth has a magnetic field very similar to that created by a bar magnet.
Directions of magnets parallel to Earth’s magnetic field lines.
Post-Wegener evidence for drifting continents (and plate tectonics)…
Figure 2.7b showing how magnets align to the Earth’s magnetic field when allowed to move freely.
Rocks containing the mineral magnetite (especially basalt) record the orientation of the Earth’s magnetic field at the time the rocks formed.
Figure 2.8a showing apparent polar wander paths for Europe and North America.
Figure 2.8b showing alignment of polar wander curves if the Atlantic Ocean is “closed”
The polar wander tracks for all the continents show great variation, suggesting it is the continents that moved!
If we put the continents “back to.
Were Most of Earth's Fossil-Bering Sedimentary Rock Layers Deposited by Noah'...Tim Helble
This presentation uses the Coconino Sandstone to evaluate the question of whether it is quantitatively reasonable for sedimentary formations to have been deposited by Noah's Flood.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
Honest Reviews of Tim Han LMA Course Program.pptxtimhan337
Personal development courses are widely available today, with each one promising life-changing outcomes. Tim Han’s Life Mastery Achievers (LMA) Course has drawn a lot of interest. In addition to offering my frank assessment of Success Insider’s LMA Course, this piece examines the course’s effects via a variety of Tim Han LMA course reviews and Success Insider comments.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
Palestine last event orientationfvgnh .pptxRaedMohamed3
An EFL lesson about the current events in Palestine. It is intended to be for intermediate students who wish to increase their listening skills through a short lesson in power point.
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
Phyto-Pharmacological Screening, New Strategies for evaluating
Natural Products, In vitro evaluation techniques for Antioxidants, Antimicrobial and Anticancer drugs. In vivo evaluation techniques
for Anti-inflammatory, Antiulcer, Anticancer, Wound healing, Antidiabetic, Hepatoprotective, Cardio protective, Diuretics and
Antifertility, Toxicity studies as per OECD guidelines
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
1. IESO 2014 – Study Case A. The Geological Journey of Charles Darwin – pg. 1
Charles Darwin was a modern naturalist with a passion for Geology, even if most people would think of him as a
biologist. He believed in the words of Alexander von Humboldt: “It is by isolating facts that travellers (…) have given
birth to so many false ideas (…). The great geological phenomena are subject to the same laws, as well as the forms
of plants and animals”. He studied with some of the first scientific geologists, like John Stevens Henslow, Adam
Sedwick (the Geology Museum of Cambridge University is devoted to this man that took Darwin to his fieldtrips)
and Charles Lyell (who insisted upon Darwin the importance and urgency of publishing his Origin of Species). In
fact, the only paid job in Darwin’s life was the position of Secretary of the Geological Society of London.
The offer of Captain Fitzroy to travel with him, onboard HMS Beagle, gave Darwin an opportunity to explore the
Earth. When Darwin chose a little bunch of books for his luggage, he took Lyell’s Principles of Geology where he read:
“A sketch of the progress of Geology is the history of a constant and violent struggle between new opinions and
ancient doctrines…” When the Beagle set sail from Davenport on 27 December 1831, he wanted to play a role on
this history. Moreover, when he arrived to Falmouth 2 October 1836, almost five years later, he had done even more:
his contributions to Geology, being important, where to be shadowed by his contributions to Biology.
During the Beagle expedition, Darwin made many important geological observations and interpretations –some still
accepted. However, he also passed across geological phenomena impossible to understand with the knowledge and
tools of the day. Therefore, following Charles Darwin and the Beagle is still a trip of geological exploration.
Figure1.Voyage of the Beagle. Key : 1 Plymouth - 2 Tenerife - 3 Cape Verde - 4 Bahia - 5 Rio de Janeiro - 6 Montevideo - 7 Falkland
Islands - 8 Valparaiso - 9 Callao / Lima - 10 Galapagos - 11 Tahiti - 12 New Zealand - 13 Sydney - 14 Hobart - 15 King Sound –
16 Cocos (Keeling) Islands - 17 Mauritius - 18 Cape Town - 19 Bahia - 20 Azores
Paper 1
The Geological Journey of
Charles Darwin
2. IESO 2014 – Study Case A. The Geological Journey of Charles Darwin – pg. 2
1. The Beagle main target was mapping. To take precise measures it carries some 28 precision chronographs
(the best then manufactured). Watches (= pengukur waktu/jam) were essential (and still are useful) to
measure…
a) Navigation distance
b) Geographic Latitude
c) Geographic Longitude
d) Tide amplitude
e) Coastal drift
f) Sea Altitude
g) Relative Humidity
h) Atmospheric pressure
2. Mark ALL the tectonic plates that the Beagle crossed in its route…
a) African
b) Antarctic
c) Arabian
d) Atlantic
e) Australian
f) Cocos
g) Eurasian
h) Indian
i) Nazca
j) North-American
k) Pacific
l) South-American
3. Between the voyages of Christopher Columbus (1492-1493) and Charles Darwin (1831-1832) had passed
some 350 years. Assuming that tectonic activity (pergerakan lempeng) has remained constant, Darwin found
an Atlantic Ocean approximately…
a) 300 m wider
b) 100 m wider
c) 10 m wider
d) Equal in width
e) 10 m narrower
f) 100 m narrower
g) 300 m narrower
h) Impossible to know even today
Modern ocean navigation gets
important information from
meteorological agencies and
models. For instance, many
institutions, using different
physical and mathematical
models, predict the trajectory of
hurricanes. A common way to
ensemble the diversity of
predictions is a Spaghetti Plot
(figure 2). Each individual
forecasts is represented by one
line, and merged into one image.
4. The purpose of a spaghetti plot is
to give the user some idea of the…
a) Width of the hurricane
b) Reliability of the prediction
c) Straightness of trajectories
d) Time of arrival of hurricanes
e) Area affected by hurricane
5. Which of the three areas
marked (ditandai dengan huruf besar)
in figure 2 provides the shortest
term prediction within this
diagram
a) A
b) B
c) C
d) None
A
B
C
Figure2. Spaghetti plot for tropical storm Irene, August 2011
3. IESO 2014 – Study Case A. The Geological Journey of Charles Darwin – pg. 3
After a visit to Cape Verde Islands, the Beagle
sailed across the Atlantic Ocean and that included
the visit to St. Paul’s Rocks (figure 3). St.Paul’s
Rocks (Brazil) is uninhabited set or rocky islets in
the Atlantic Ocean, very close to the equator
(00º55' N 29º20). The Beagle docked on the islets
on 16 February 1832 and Darwin set to explore a
place that was to challenge his geological
knowledge. Darwin wrote “Is not this the first
Island in the Atlantic which has been shown not
to be of volcanic origin?” and “unlike anything
which I have met with”. Late in 20th century the
samples that Darwin had taken in the spot where
identified as “mylonited amphibole-rich
peridotites”. Mylonites were defined in the 1880s,
peridotites in the 1840s and plate tectonics did not
arrive until the 20th century. Hence, we can feel like the astonished Darwin.
6. According with General Atmosphere Circulation models, which wind direction should dominate in St. Pauls
Rocks?
a) Northward
b) Eastward
c) Southward
d) Westward
7. Given the composition of a peridotite, an igneous rock rich in olivine, and given the setting of St. Paul’s Rocks,
the most likely origin of them must be a fragment of…
a) South-America or Africa continental lithosphere, trapped during the first phases of splitting.
b) Some old subduction zone in the Atlantic coast, when the ocean was narrower.
c) Mantle brought to the surface during the splitting of Africa and America.
d) The Earth’s outer core brought to the surface by deep convection.
8. Mylonites are metamorphic rocks produced by friction and pressure. These rocks can be related to…
a) Ocean ridge volcanism
b) Transform fault movement
c) Subduction friction
d) A triple point between three plates
On 22 August 1832, the Beagle was sailing from Montevideo to Bahia, North of Cape St Antonio (approx. 36º S 56º
W).
9. Given the Earth radius is 6371 km and the sky was very similar to present, how far should the Beagle travel
to see both Ursae Polaris (the Northern Star) and Octantis (very close to the Southern Cross)?
a) 6371 km northwards
b) 4000 km northwards
c) 2000 km northwards
d) 6371 km westwards
e) 4000 km eastwards
f) 2000 km southwards
g) 4000 km southwards
h) 6371 km southwards
The Beagle arrived in Buenos Aires (Argentina) 311 days after its departure from Britain, on 2 Nov 1832. Until
January 1833, Darwin had countless occasions to explore the Atlantic Argentina coast, the Pampa and the Patagonian
regions. This rather flat area, covered by loess, hides a complex geologic history and structure. Study the following
idealized profile and answer the following questions (figure 4).
Cape Verde
St Paul Rocks, Brazil
Fernando de Norohna,
Brazil
Figure 3. The route of the Beagle across the Atlantic Ocean, with
indication of the islands that Darwin could explore.
Salvador de Bahia,
Brazil
4. IESO 2014 – Study Case A. The Geological Journey of Charles Darwin – pg. 4
10. Loess is a deposit that covers huge extensions of Patagonia. The thin dust is transported by the wind but it’s
produced from…
a) Settled volcanic ashes
b) Alluvial flooded plains
c) Glacial dust
d) Coastal plain dunes
11. The present concentration of a hypothetic radioactive isotope (xxGx) related to original concentration has been
measured in geological units 2, 8 and 9. The half-life (t½) of xxGx is 50 million years. The geological unit 2 was
formed… ago (1 Ma = 1 million years).
a) 10 Ma
b) 30 Ma
c) 50 Ma
d) 70 Ma
e) 90 Ma
f) 110 Ma
12. The origin of geological unit 2 is necessarily related to…
a) A sedimentary process
b) An intrusive process
c) A faulting process
d) A volcanic process
e) An edaphic process
f) A glacial process
g) An orthomagmatic dike
h) A plutonic process
13. Which of the three disconformities shown in Figure 4 could be an angular discordance?
a) A
b) B
c) C
d) None
Figure 4. LEFT: Schematic section of the geological units in a region of the Atlantic Coast of South America. Key: 1. Loess. 2. Igneous
rock with concentration of [xxGx]=70% of original. 3. Sandstone with rodents teeth and contact metamorphism on top.4. Nummulithic
Limestone. 5. Late Mesozoic Clay with Ammonites. 6. Limestone. 7. Folded Schist. 8. Granite ([xxGx]=4.42% of original). 9. Aplite
([xxGx]=6.25% of original). A, B and C. Disconformities. RIGHT: Blank disintegration diagram for isotope xxGx .
6
7
8
1
2
3
4
5
9
A
B
C
0 50 100 150 200 250
Time in millions of years (Ma)
ParentAtoms%
5. IESO 2014 – Study Case A. The Geological Journey of Charles Darwin – pg. 5
14. Which of the following pairs of units in Figure 4 show evidence of a marine regression? (Mark all the right
answers)
a) 9>8
b) 8>7
c) 7>6
d) 6>5
e) 5>4
f) 4>3
g) 3>2
h) 2>1
i) None
15. Referring to Figure 4, which of the following is closest to the age of the folding of unit 7? (You will need to
plot the graph)( Anda harus membuat grafik peluruhan atomnya terlebih dahulu )
a) 125-150 Ma
b) 150-175 Ma
c) 175-200 Ma
d) 200-225 Ma
e) 225-250 Ma
After exploring the Atlantic coast of South-America, the Beagle paid a second visit to Tierra del Fuego and sailed
toward the Pacific Ocean, across the Beagle Channel.
16. In this area, Darwin could have experienced the Antarctic Circumpolar Current (ACC) but could not suspect the
existence of the Antarctic Bottom Waters (AABW). Which of the following is most correct?
a. ACC is a valuable wind for sailing and AABW is dangerous due to the presence of icebergs
b. ACC was active in the times of Darwin and AABW is a recent current due to climate warming and Antarctic
ice melting.
c. ACC is very saline and AABW has a very low salinity
d. ACC is a wind driven current and AABW is a density driven current
17. The Beagle channel is a valley excavated by Pleistocene glaciers and consequently it can be described as…( Selat
Beagle pada awalnya adalah lembah yang terbentuk akibat gerusan glasier pada zaman Pleistocene dan karena itu dapat
digambarkan sebagai ….)
a. A glacial eroded horn
b. A fjord inundated by sea level rise
c. A periglacial environment
d. A fluvial invasion of glacial crevasses
e. An isostatic subsidence valley
On 20th February 1835 the Beagle was in Valdivia when an earthquake hit the region. Darwin wrote in his journal:
“This day has been remarkable in the annals of Valdivia for the most severe earthquake which the oldest inhabitants
remember”. By 5th March, he landed in Concepcion (Chile) 36º52' S 73º01' W and found "That not a house in
Concepcion or Talcuhano (the port) was standing, that seventy villages were destroyed, and that a great wave had
almost washed away the ruins of Talcuhano".
18. Given the three seismograms and the provided map, choose the location of the epicentre.
[Choose a, b, c ,d or e in your answer sheet]
S2
S3
S1
a
d
b
c
e
Figure5.A. Map of a region of Chile, with the Pacific Ocean to the West and the Andes to the East. S1, S2 and S3 are three seismic stations.
The points a-e show possible epicenters of an earthquake. B. Seismograms registered in stations S1-S3, with indication of the arrival times of
P and S waves (in seconds).
6. IESO 2014 – Study Case A. The Geological Journey of Charles Darwin – pg. 6
Along the journey, the Beagle visited many kilometres of coast. Look at figure 6 to answer questions 19 and 20:
19. Which drawing is the best representation of the Atlantic coast of Santa Fe (Argentina)?
[Choose a, b, c or d in your answer sheet]
20. Which drawing is the best representation of the Pacific coast of Concepción (Chile)?
[Choose a, b, c or d in your answer sheet]
Galapagos Islands are a milestone for Darwin and any later
biologist. From an Earth Science point of view, they also
represent a rather special setting. The geological setting in
Galápagos is similar to Hawaii
21. Which of the following statements best describe the
Galápagos Geological setting?
a) They are on a Benioff plane
b) They are on a mantle plume
c) They are on a lithosphere isostasy rift
d) They are on one transform fault
22. The volcanism of Galapagos Islands is…
a) Of the same age in all the islands
b) Of random age in the archipelago
c) Older in the west
d) Younger in the west
e) Older in the east
f) Younger in the east
By the time the Beagle arrived in the Cocos-Keeling Islands, Darwin had observed a lot of evidence of uplifting
processes (seashells in mountains, volcanic islands, etc.) and he felt there must be evidence of subsidence somewhere
to guarantee some Earth equilibrium. In fact, The Structure and Distribution of Coral Reefs was published in 1842 as the
first part of the geology of the voyage of the Beagle. In his map of coral reefs he identified two main types of reefs:
“Red for active volcanoes and blue for fringing reefs”. In the Cocos-Keeling Islands, Fitzroy probed the reef and
produced a precise chart that remained the standard until World War II.
This precise survey and his observations allowed Darwin to develop an explanation of reef and atoll formation that
is still accepted.
Figure 6. Four simplified hypothetic types of coast profiles.
Figure 7. Simplified tectonic setting of Galapagos Islands.
Arrows show plate movement.
7. IESO 2014 – Study Case A. The Geological Journey of Charles Darwin – pg. 7
23. The red reefs (enclosed with dotted lines) of Darwin’s map are essentially related to
a) Subduction zones
b) Dorsal zones
c) Hot spots
d) Transforming faults
e) Continental lithosphere
24. The atolls are formed in…
a) Extinct volcanoes uplifted due to mantle plumes push
b) The crater of active volcanoes, producing atoll ring of corals
c) The slopes of extinct, subsiding volcanoes, with the corals growing to reach sun light
d) Active volcanoes of low temperature
e) Active explosive volcanoes
Along the trip, Darwin didn’t pay much attention to stars, but it’s sure
that Fitzroy did. On Sunday, 21 Aug 1836, the Beagle crossed the
Equator in his return trip to England. Along the trip, they could very
often observe the constellations of the celestial equator, such as
Orion. Among the stars of Orion, some are rather prominent stars, as
Betelgeuse and Rigel.
25. Identify Betelgeuse in the map.
[Choose a letter from A to H in your answer sheet]
26. Identify Rigel in the map.
[Choose a letter from A to H in your answer sheet]
Cocos – Keeling Islands
Figure 8. Darwin's map of coral reefs. Some of his "red" reefs, associated to active volcanoes, are enclosed with doted lines. Some of his "blue"
reefs, or fringe reefs, are enclosed with solid lines. Cocos-Keeling Islands are also marked.
Figure 9. Simplified stellar map of
constellation Orion