Pakistani women face many barriers to political empowerment and participation. Culturally, women have a secondary status to men and are largely restricted to domestic spheres. Politically, women make up only a small percentage of seats in national parliaments globally and in Pakistan. Multiple interconnected factors influence women's participation, including economic conditions, education levels, domestic responsibilities, lack of political experience and training, gender norms restricting mobility and decision-making, and patriarchal traditions viewing politics as unsuitable for women. Prior experience, education, resources, and ambition can help women gain political power, but masculine political cultures within parties also constrain women's equal status and opportunities.

1. TOPIC:
Pakistani women and their political empowerment
GROUP MEMBERS:
BIBI MARYAM &
MAHNOOR NISAR

2. Pakistani culture ; According to lyon
 Gender segregation
 Asyemtirical relationship
 Collectivism
Women position in Pakistani culture
 In Pakistani society women have secondary position while
men have primary position ( NCSW , 2010: Bano, 2009)
 Public sphere is related to men and domestic sphere is linked
with women (3Cs)
 Women have lower position as compared to men .

3. Political system
Women are highly under-represented in the political arena
throughout the globe.
Women occupy only 18.5 percent of seats in national parliaments
which varies across the world.
There is variation in the percentage of women in parliament
across developed and developing countries. Women occupy only
18.5% of the seats in national parliments
around the world.(but regional averages varies from
developed to developing countries).

4. INTRODUCTION:
 Political empowerment and political participation is closely
interlinked.
 Political empowerment according to Ibraham: as the
autonomy of individuals to caste according to their consent,
content election, authority to present and take actions according
to their needs and priorities
 Sharma and Sharma highlights that women’s participation in
politics is affected by multiple interrelated factors that varies
across countries which include countries political history,
religious diversity, customs.
 Barriers to women effective political participation exist
throughout the globe.

5. Continue by :

6. A Case Study Of Kashmir.
Three political parties
 Muslim Conference
 Pakistan People’s party 150 Respondents
 Muslim League

7. Factors Affecting Women’s Participation In Politics

8. Structural factors
 Economic condition
 Education
 Dual roles conflict
 Less exposer of public life
 Lack of political capital

9. Political factors
 Masculine models
 Less opportunities
 Decision making
 Less access to training

10. Ideological and psychological
factors
 Gender segregation
 Strict Norms ( pardha and mobility)
 Patriarchal tradition
 Stereotype and Prejudice
 Not good profession for women

11. Prior political experience , education and
occupational background, ambition and resources
are important for access to political power in any
political system.
Norris (1997) and Matland ( 2005)

12.  Women don’t enjoy equal status in the parties due
to masculine political culture.
Bano (2009)and Bari (2005)
 Ideas about women’s status and role in society can
enhance or constrain women’s access to political
power even in the presence of favorable political
system.
Kunovich and Paxton(2005)