The digestive system breaks down food into nutrients which are absorbed and distributed throughout the body. There are four main stages of digestion: ingestion, digestion, absorption, and egestion. The digestive system includes the mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, liver, pancreas, and gallbladder. Food is broken down mechanically and chemically at each stage to extract nutrients for the body to use.
The digestive system is used for breaking down food into nutrients which then pass into the circulatory system and are taken to where they are needed in the body. Ingest food
Break down food into nutrient molecules
Absorb molecules into the bloodstream
Rid the body of indigestible remains
There are four stages to food processing:
Ingestion: taking in food
Digestion: breaking down food into nutrients
Absorption: taking in nutrients by cells
Egestion: removing any leftover wastes
Teeth: Grinds your food.
Salivary Glands: Produce the saliva in your mouth.
Tongue: Helps to push food into your esophagus.
The digestive system is used for breaking down food into nutrients which then pass into the circulatory system and are taken to where they are needed in the body. Ingest food
Break down food into nutrient molecules
Absorb molecules into the bloodstream
Rid the body of indigestible remains
There are four stages to food processing:
Ingestion: taking in food
Digestion: breaking down food into nutrients
Absorption: taking in nutrients by cells
Egestion: removing any leftover wastes
Teeth: Grinds your food.
Salivary Glands: Produce the saliva in your mouth.
Tongue: Helps to push food into your esophagus.
Physiology and Anatomy of Human Digestive System at a GlanceDilip Kumar Mahto
Human Digestive System is one of the very important system of human body. This presentation was prepared during class session of WASH to make them understand briefly.
Digestive System of the Human Body.
Detailed explaination.
According to ICSE syllabus for grade 9.
This Presentation includes: The alimentary canal, organs and their functions, secretions, processes and definitions.
Based on selina publishers- Biology Part 1 grade 9.
anatomy: Human digestive system and its partsdrparul6375
Your digestive system is a network of organs that help you digest and absorb nutrition from your food. It includes your gastrointestinal (GI) tract and your biliary system. Your GI tract is a series of hollow organs that are all connected to each other, leading from your mouth to your anus. Your biliary system is a network of three organs that deliver bile and enzymes through to your GI tract your bile ducts.
In this slide you will get to know about nutrition in animals:
What is nutrition and feeding?
Processes involved in nutrition in animals
Nutrition in amoeba, hydra, frog, paramecium, spider, mosquito
Human digestive system- digestion in the mouth, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, assimilation and egestion
Ruminants
Physiology and Anatomy of Human Digestive System at a GlanceDilip Kumar Mahto
Human Digestive System is one of the very important system of human body. This presentation was prepared during class session of WASH to make them understand briefly.
Digestive System of the Human Body.
Detailed explaination.
According to ICSE syllabus for grade 9.
This Presentation includes: The alimentary canal, organs and their functions, secretions, processes and definitions.
Based on selina publishers- Biology Part 1 grade 9.
anatomy: Human digestive system and its partsdrparul6375
Your digestive system is a network of organs that help you digest and absorb nutrition from your food. It includes your gastrointestinal (GI) tract and your biliary system. Your GI tract is a series of hollow organs that are all connected to each other, leading from your mouth to your anus. Your biliary system is a network of three organs that deliver bile and enzymes through to your GI tract your bile ducts.
In this slide you will get to know about nutrition in animals:
What is nutrition and feeding?
Processes involved in nutrition in animals
Nutrition in amoeba, hydra, frog, paramecium, spider, mosquito
Human digestive system- digestion in the mouth, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, assimilation and egestion
Ruminants
The ability to recreate computational results with minimal effort and actionable metrics provides a solid foundation for scientific research and software development. When people can replicate an analysis at the touch of a button using open-source software, open data, and methods to assess and compare proposals, it significantly eases verification of results, engagement with a diverse range of contributors, and progress. However, we have yet to fully achieve this; there are still many sociotechnical frictions.
Inspired by David Donoho's vision, this talk aims to revisit the three crucial pillars of frictionless reproducibility (data sharing, code sharing, and competitive challenges) with the perspective of deep software variability.
Our observation is that multiple layers — hardware, operating systems, third-party libraries, software versions, input data, compile-time options, and parameters — are subject to variability that exacerbates frictions but is also essential for achieving robust, generalizable results and fostering innovation. I will first review the literature, providing evidence of how the complex variability interactions across these layers affect qualitative and quantitative software properties, thereby complicating the reproduction and replication of scientific studies in various fields.
I will then present some software engineering and AI techniques that can support the strategic exploration of variability spaces. These include the use of abstractions and models (e.g., feature models), sampling strategies (e.g., uniform, random), cost-effective measurements (e.g., incremental build of software configurations), and dimensionality reduction methods (e.g., transfer learning, feature selection, software debloating).
I will finally argue that deep variability is both the problem and solution of frictionless reproducibility, calling the software science community to develop new methods and tools to manage variability and foster reproducibility in software systems.
Exposé invité Journées Nationales du GDR GPL 2024
This presentation explores a brief idea about the structural and functional attributes of nucleotides, the structure and function of genetic materials along with the impact of UV rays and pH upon them.
DERIVATION OF MODIFIED BERNOULLI EQUATION WITH VISCOUS EFFECTS AND TERMINAL V...Wasswaderrick3
In this book, we use conservation of energy techniques on a fluid element to derive the Modified Bernoulli equation of flow with viscous or friction effects. We derive the general equation of flow/ velocity and then from this we derive the Pouiselle flow equation, the transition flow equation and the turbulent flow equation. In the situations where there are no viscous effects , the equation reduces to the Bernoulli equation. From experimental results, we are able to include other terms in the Bernoulli equation. We also look at cases where pressure gradients exist. We use the Modified Bernoulli equation to derive equations of flow rate for pipes of different cross sectional areas connected together. We also extend our techniques of energy conservation to a sphere falling in a viscous medium under the effect of gravity. We demonstrate Stokes equation of terminal velocity and turbulent flow equation. We look at a way of calculating the time taken for a body to fall in a viscous medium. We also look at the general equation of terminal velocity.
Richard's aventures in two entangled wonderlandsRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
Earliest Galaxies in the JADES Origins Field: Luminosity Function and Cosmic ...Sérgio Sacani
We characterize the earliest galaxy population in the JADES Origins Field (JOF), the deepest
imaging field observed with JWST. We make use of the ancillary Hubble optical images (5 filters
spanning 0.4−0.9µm) and novel JWST images with 14 filters spanning 0.8−5µm, including 7 mediumband filters, and reaching total exposure times of up to 46 hours per filter. We combine all our data
at > 2.3µm to construct an ultradeep image, reaching as deep as ≈ 31.4 AB mag in the stack and
30.3-31.0 AB mag (5σ, r = 0.1” circular aperture) in individual filters. We measure photometric
redshifts and use robust selection criteria to identify a sample of eight galaxy candidates at redshifts
z = 11.5 − 15. These objects show compact half-light radii of R1/2 ∼ 50 − 200pc, stellar masses of
M⋆ ∼ 107−108M⊙, and star-formation rates of SFR ∼ 0.1−1 M⊙ yr−1
. Our search finds no candidates
at 15 < z < 20, placing upper limits at these redshifts. We develop a forward modeling approach to
infer the properties of the evolving luminosity function without binning in redshift or luminosity that
marginalizes over the photometric redshift uncertainty of our candidate galaxies and incorporates the
impact of non-detections. We find a z = 12 luminosity function in good agreement with prior results,
and that the luminosity function normalization and UV luminosity density decline by a factor of ∼ 2.5
from z = 12 to z = 14. We discuss the possible implications of our results in the context of theoretical
models for evolution of the dark matter halo mass function.
Toxic effects of heavy metals : Lead and Arsenicsanjana502982
Heavy metals are naturally occuring metallic chemical elements that have relatively high density, and are toxic at even low concentrations. All toxic metals are termed as heavy metals irrespective of their atomic mass and density, eg. arsenic, lead, mercury, cadmium, thallium, chromium, etc.
Slide 1: Title Slide
Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Slide 2: Introduction to Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Definition: Extrachromosomal inheritance refers to the transmission of genetic material that is not found within the nucleus.
Key Components: Involves genes located in mitochondria, chloroplasts, and plasmids.
Slide 3: Mitochondrial Inheritance
Mitochondria: Organelles responsible for energy production.
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in mitochondria.
Inheritance Pattern: Maternally inherited, meaning it is passed from mothers to all their offspring.
Diseases: Examples include Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) and mitochondrial myopathy.
Slide 4: Chloroplast Inheritance
Chloroplasts: Organelles responsible for photosynthesis in plants.
Chloroplast DNA (cpDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in chloroplasts.
Inheritance Pattern: Often maternally inherited in most plants, but can vary in some species.
Examples: Variegation in plants, where leaf color patterns are determined by chloroplast DNA.
Slide 5: Plasmid Inheritance
Plasmids: Small, circular DNA molecules found in bacteria and some eukaryotes.
Features: Can carry antibiotic resistance genes and can be transferred between cells through processes like conjugation.
Significance: Important in biotechnology for gene cloning and genetic engineering.
Slide 6: Mechanisms of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Non-Mendelian Patterns: Do not follow Mendel’s laws of inheritance.
Cytoplasmic Segregation: During cell division, organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts are randomly distributed to daughter cells.
Heteroplasmy: Presence of more than one type of organellar genome within a cell, leading to variation in expression.
Slide 7: Examples of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Four O’clock Plant (Mirabilis jalapa): Shows variegated leaves due to different cpDNA in leaf cells.
Petite Mutants in Yeast: Result from mutations in mitochondrial DNA affecting respiration.
Slide 8: Importance of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Evolution: Provides insight into the evolution of eukaryotic cells.
Medicine: Understanding mitochondrial inheritance helps in diagnosing and treating mitochondrial diseases.
Agriculture: Chloroplast inheritance can be used in plant breeding and genetic modification.
Slide 9: Recent Research and Advances
Gene Editing: Techniques like CRISPR-Cas9 are being used to edit mitochondrial and chloroplast DNA.
Therapies: Development of mitochondrial replacement therapy (MRT) for preventing mitochondrial diseases.
Slide 10: Conclusion
Summary: Extrachromosomal inheritance involves the transmission of genetic material outside the nucleus and plays a crucial role in genetics, medicine, and biotechnology.
Future Directions: Continued research and technological advancements hold promise for new treatments and applications.
Slide 11: Questions and Discussion
Invite Audience: Open the floor for any questions or further discussion on the topic.
3. Introduction
The digestive system is
used for breaking down
food into nutrients
which then pass intothe
circulatory system and
are taken to where they
are needed in the body.
4. Functionsof the DigestiveSystem
Ingest food
Break down food into nutrient molecules
Absorb molecules into the bloodstream
Rid the body of indigestibleremains
5. Introduction
There are four stagesto
food processing:
1.Ingestion: taking in food
2.Digestion: breaking down
food into nutrients
3.Absorption: taking in
nutrients by cells
4.Egestion: removing any
leftover wastes
6. T
Me
e
t
oh
um
tec
hhanically
break down food into
small pieces. Tongue
mixes food with saliva
(contains amylase,
which helps break
down starch).
Epiglottis is a flap-like
structure at the back of
the throat that closes
over the trachea
preventing food from
entering it.
7. Partsof the DigestiveSystem
Teeth: Grinds your
food.
Salivary Glands:
Produce the salivain
your mouth.
Tongue: Helps to
push food into your
esophagus.
10. The tongue is not only one muscle.
It is a group of muscles, and it is
also what we use to taste food with.
11. Canyoureally “swallow” your
tongue? Explain.
No you can not. The reason is because of the thin
layer of tissue that connect your tongue to the bottom
of your mouth called the frenulum. Your tongue is
also attached to the front and sides of the pharynx.
15. When you look at your tongue in the
mirror you can seeraised areasor
“bumps”. What are these raised
areas called?
These raised
areas are called
papillae.
16. 8.Nameanddescribethe3
different types of papillae.
The 3 different types of
papillae are:
fungiform which are the
larger ones located in the
front of the tongue;
filiform which are the
smaller ones in the front;
vallate which are the large
ones in the back, there are
only 8 to 10of these.
18. So,canyouactually seetaste budswith the nakedeye?
Explain.
No, you see the papillae, and within the papillae are
the
taste bubs, and
about 100 receptors
or “taste” cells make
up each taste bud,
so you actually see
many in one papillae.
19. TheHumanDigestiveSystem
The tongue pushes food around
until it forms a ball called a bolus.
The bolus is passed to the pharynx
(throat) and the epiglottis makes
sure the bolus passes into the
esophagus and not down the
windpipe!
24. To enter the stomach,
the bolus must pass
through the esophageal
sphincter, a tight muscle
that keeps stomach acid
out of the esophagus.
25. TheHumanDigestiveSystem
The stomach has folds
called and is a big
muscular pouch which
turns the bolus and
mixes it with gastric
juice, a mixture of
stomach acid, mucus
and enzymes.
26. TheHumanDigestiveSystem
The acid kills off any
invading bacteria or
viruses.
The enzymes help break
down proteins and
lipids.
The mucus protects the
lining of the stomach
from being eaten away
by the acid.
27. TheHumanDigestiveSystem
The stomach does do
some absorption too.
Some medicines (i.e.
aspirin), water and
alcohol are all absorbed
through the stomach.
The digested bolus is
now called chyme and it
leaves the stomach by
passing through the
pyloric sphincter.
28. TheHumanDigestiveSystem
Chyme is now in the small
intestine.
90% of absorption occurs
here.
The liver and pancreas
help the small intestineto
maximize absorption.
The small intestine is
broken down into three
parts:
32. Bile, produced in the liver
but stored in the gall
bladder, breaks down fats.
The pancreas secretes a
juice to reduce the acidity
of the chyme.
33.
34. TheHumanDigestiveSystem
The large intestine (or
colon) is used to absorb
water from the waste
material leftover and to
produce vitamin Kand
some Bvitamins using
the helpful bacteria that
live here.
35. TheHumanDigestiveSystem
All leftover waste is
compacted and stored at
the end of the large
intestine called the
rectum.
When full, the anal
sphincter loosens and
the waste passes outof
the body .