The document provides information on pain management. It begins with an introduction that defines pain and discusses its prevalence. It then classifies pain as either acute or chronic, and further divides chronic pain into malignant and non-malignant. The document describes different types of pain including somatic, visceral, bone, and neuropathic pain. It also discusses pain assessment tools and treatment approaches, including pharmacological and non-pharmacological options. The goals of pain management therapy and WHO pain management ladder are also summarized.
The document discusses pain assessment and management in elderly patients. It outlines common misconceptions about pain in elderly patients held by patients and nurses. It also summarizes the pathophysiology of pain and different pain management approaches including pharmacological interventions following the WHO analgesic ladder and alternative therapies that can help close the gate control system and reduce pain. Effective pain assessment and regular reassessment using a pain scale is important to properly treat pain.
This document discusses pain management. It defines pain and different types of pain such as acute and chronic. It also discusses opioid analgesics, their side effects and ways to prevent side effects. Non-opioid analgesics and the WHO analgesic ladder for treating different levels of pain are covered. Methods of pain assessment and routes of opioid administration are summarized.
Pain is an unpleasant sensory experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage. It serves an important protective function but can limit functions. Pain is classified based on location, type, duration and origin, and is assessed through patient reports and observations. Management involves non-drug approaches like repositioning and relaxation, as well as drug therapies ranging from over-the-counter drugs for mild pain to opioids for severe pain. Ongoing reassessment is needed to adjust the pain management plan effectively over time.
A complete study material for a good presentation for the subject advance nursing practice in MSc Nursing level. It is presented by Angelina samuel lal.
This document summarizes a workshop on addressing the palliative and end-of-life care needs of people with dementia in hospitals. The workshop covered challenges in caring for people with dementia, communication strategies, recognizing dementia as a life-limiting illness, assessing pain and symptoms, the role of multidisciplinary teams, and available resources from the Irish Hospice Foundation. The presentation emphasized taking a person-centered approach, advance care planning, continuity of care, and the importance of staff training to meet the complex needs of people with dementia at the end of life.
The use of restraints at WCMC increased significantly over the previous year. Restraints are primarily used in the CCU and are only applied after alternative methods have been tried or considered. Only trained staff can apply restraints and they must be documented thoroughly. Alternative methods and guidelines for different types of restraints are also outlined.
pathophysiology and therapeutics of pain .pptxSamuel Nimoh
The document defines acute and chronic pain and classifies pain types as nociceptive and neuropathic. It describes the pathophysiology of acute pain, involving transduction, transmission, perception, and modulation of pain signals in the nervous system. Chronic pain may involve central sensitization and wind-up phenomena in the spinal cord. Pain assessment involves history, examination, and investigations. Management follows the WHO analgesic ladder using non-opioids, weak opioids like codeine, and strong opioids like morphine. Non-opioid options include paracetamol and NSAIDs like ibuprofen.
The document discusses pain assessment and management in elderly patients. It outlines common misconceptions about pain in elderly patients held by patients and nurses. It also summarizes the pathophysiology of pain and different pain management approaches including pharmacological interventions following the WHO analgesic ladder and alternative therapies that can help close the gate control system and reduce pain. Effective pain assessment and regular reassessment using a pain scale is important to properly treat pain.
This document discusses pain management. It defines pain and different types of pain such as acute and chronic. It also discusses opioid analgesics, their side effects and ways to prevent side effects. Non-opioid analgesics and the WHO analgesic ladder for treating different levels of pain are covered. Methods of pain assessment and routes of opioid administration are summarized.
Pain is an unpleasant sensory experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage. It serves an important protective function but can limit functions. Pain is classified based on location, type, duration and origin, and is assessed through patient reports and observations. Management involves non-drug approaches like repositioning and relaxation, as well as drug therapies ranging from over-the-counter drugs for mild pain to opioids for severe pain. Ongoing reassessment is needed to adjust the pain management plan effectively over time.
A complete study material for a good presentation for the subject advance nursing practice in MSc Nursing level. It is presented by Angelina samuel lal.
This document summarizes a workshop on addressing the palliative and end-of-life care needs of people with dementia in hospitals. The workshop covered challenges in caring for people with dementia, communication strategies, recognizing dementia as a life-limiting illness, assessing pain and symptoms, the role of multidisciplinary teams, and available resources from the Irish Hospice Foundation. The presentation emphasized taking a person-centered approach, advance care planning, continuity of care, and the importance of staff training to meet the complex needs of people with dementia at the end of life.
The use of restraints at WCMC increased significantly over the previous year. Restraints are primarily used in the CCU and are only applied after alternative methods have been tried or considered. Only trained staff can apply restraints and they must be documented thoroughly. Alternative methods and guidelines for different types of restraints are also outlined.
pathophysiology and therapeutics of pain .pptxSamuel Nimoh
The document defines acute and chronic pain and classifies pain types as nociceptive and neuropathic. It describes the pathophysiology of acute pain, involving transduction, transmission, perception, and modulation of pain signals in the nervous system. Chronic pain may involve central sensitization and wind-up phenomena in the spinal cord. Pain assessment involves history, examination, and investigations. Management follows the WHO analgesic ladder using non-opioids, weak opioids like codeine, and strong opioids like morphine. Non-opioid options include paracetamol and NSAIDs like ibuprofen.
vitals sign is the basic parameter used for all the patients to know the vital and general parameter for the patients and any changes in this parameter can cause the life threatening condition for the patients or clients life the proper technique and its alternatives assessment knowledge can help the nurses to improve academic performance and can be apply this knowledge in their clinical practices
This document discusses pain management and pharmacology. It provides classifications of analgesics, describes pain pathways and nociceptor activation, lists various pain management medications and their mechanisms of action, and outlines the nursing process for pain assessment and treatment. The key points are that analgesics should relieve pain without side effects, classifications include opioids and NSAIDs, pain is transmitted via nociceptors and pathways in the CNS, and nursing focuses on thorough assessment, nonpharmacological interventions, medication administration, and education.
This document provides information about intradermal injections including:
- Definition: Administration of an injection into the dermis layer of the skin.
- Purpose: Used for testing procedures like tuberculosis screening and allergy tests as well as testing antibody formation.
- Precautions: It is a painful procedure using small amounts of solution. The needle must be inserted into the epidermis, not subcutaneously, and follow rights must be followed.
- Procedure: Explains the steps for administering an intradermal injection including preparing equipment, positioning the patient, inserting the needle, injecting a small amount of medication, and marking the injection site.
Dr. Sandeep's document discusses the assessment of pain through various methods. It defines pain and outlines the importance of assessing pain to diagnose, monitor progress, and modify treatment. Several pain assessment tools are described, including unidimensional self-report scales like verbal descriptor scales, numeric rating scales, and visual analog scales. Multidimensional instruments like the McGill Pain Questionnaire and Brief Pain Inventory are also summarized. A thorough pain assessment involves taking a detailed history, performing a physical exam, and evaluating psychological factors to fully understand a patient's experience of pain.
This document discusses pain management. It defines different types of pain and outlines objectives for learners to understand pain pathophysiology, assessment, and treatment methods. Pain is categorized as acute, chronic, or cancer-related. Factors influencing pain responses are described. Pharmacological interventions like opioids and NSAIDs are compared with non-pharmacological options. The nursing role in a pain management plan utilizing the nursing process is also summarized.
Heat and cold applications are used for local and systemic effects. Heat promotes healing, reduces swelling and pain by increasing blood flow. It can increase inflammation and risk of burns. Cold decreases temperature, constricts blood vessels, reduces inflammation and acts as a local anesthetic but can cause pain, burns or cyanosis. Various methods deliver heat or cold including hot packs, electrical pads, ice, compresses and baths. Care must be taken with certain patients and conditions.
Craving is a powerful desire to use drugs that involves thoughts, feelings, and physiological components. Drugs activate the brain's reward circuit including the nucleus accumbens, amygdala, and prefrontal cortex. Craving involves a cycle of triggers, craving thoughts and feelings, and drug-seeking behaviors. Medications like naltrexone and buprenorphine work to reduce craving by blocking opioid receptors, while baclofen and antalarmin target GABA and CRF systems respectively.
Pain is an unpleasant sensory experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage. It serves an important protective function but can limit functions. Pain is classified based on location, type, duration and origin, and is assessed through patient reports and observations. Management involves non-drug approaches like repositioning and relaxation as well as drug therapies ranging from over-the-counter drugs for mild pain to opioids for severe pain. Proper pain assessment and ongoing reevaluation are important for effective management.
This document discusses health communication and education. It defines health communication as an approach that aims to change behaviors in a target audience regarding a specific health problem within a set timeframe. Effective health communication has clear objectives, targets a specific audience, addresses a defined problem, and establishes a timeframe. It uses strategies from various disciplines like diffusion theory, social marketing, behavior analysis, and anthropology to promote health behaviors and status through information, education, and communication activities targeted at audiences.
1. Cancer pain is prevalent, with up to 90% of patients with advanced cancer experiencing pain. However, 1 in 3 cancer patients do not receive adequate pain medication.
2. Cancer pain has multiple causes and can be somatic, visceral, neuropathic or sympathetically maintained. A thorough assessment including pain history and physical exam is important.
3. The WHO analgesic ladder provides guidelines for cancer pain management, starting with non-opioids and progressing to mild and strong opioids as needed. Adjunct treatments including antidepressants, corticosteroids, and interventional techniques can also help manage cancer pain.
Pain is a distressing feeling often caused by intense or damaging stimuli. The International Association for the Study of Pain's widely used definition defines pain as "an unpleasant sensory and emotional experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage, or described in terms of such damage"
This document discusses pain management in a prehospital setting. It covers the pathophysiology and types of pain, assessment techniques including using pain scales, and treatment options. For treatment, it describes both non-medicated approaches like distraction and repositioning as well as pharmacological options like morphine, fentanyl, and nitrous oxide. Effective pain management requires comprehensive assessment, consideration of both non-drug and drug therapies, and reassessment of the patient's status.
The correct response is to c) call the anesthesiologist for pain assessment. If the epidural is not providing adequate pain relief over time, the anesthesiologist needs to be notified to assess the epidural and make adjustments if needed. Comforting the patient without addressing the increasing pain is not appropriate care.
This document discusses the management of violent patients in the emergency department. It notes that violence can result from medical conditions like intoxication, withdrawal, or trauma. To prevent violence, staff should be aware of signs of escalation like aggression or challenges to authority. If a patient becomes violent, staff should try verbal de-escalation and improving the patient's comfort. If that does not work, physical or chemical restraints may be needed. The document provides guidance on appropriate chemical restraint medications and protocols. It also recommends ways for hospitals to reduce violence risks, such as limiting access points, using security screening, and having emergency response plans.
definition of pain - classification - categories and different clinical types of pain - assessment of pain and how to manage using pharmacological and non-pharmacological intervention
This document outlines a training module for doctors and nurses on implementing pain as the 5th vital sign. The objectives are to train them on pain assessment and management. It discusses how pain is inadequately treated worldwide and provides standards from 2001 to record pain as the 5th vital sign. It also covers pain physiology, types of pain, effects of unmanaged pain, factors affecting pain perception, and barriers to effective pain management.
1 adequate therapy for chronic non cancer painPuya Arash
This document discusses chronic non-cancer pain (CNCP) and barriers to its treatment. It reviews the prevalence of CNCP, affecting over 25% of the population. Current therapeutic approaches include non-pharmacological measures, analgesics like opioids and tramadol, and invasive interventions. However, barriers remain for physicians, patients, and the healthcare system. The document calls for a multidisciplinary approach and changes to improve CNCP management.
Pain is a very complex condition and each person is affected differently. It has many physical and psychological components and individuals can experience fatigue, anxiety, mood changes and depression.
vitals sign is the basic parameter used for all the patients to know the vital and general parameter for the patients and any changes in this parameter can cause the life threatening condition for the patients or clients life the proper technique and its alternatives assessment knowledge can help the nurses to improve academic performance and can be apply this knowledge in their clinical practices
This document discusses pain management and pharmacology. It provides classifications of analgesics, describes pain pathways and nociceptor activation, lists various pain management medications and their mechanisms of action, and outlines the nursing process for pain assessment and treatment. The key points are that analgesics should relieve pain without side effects, classifications include opioids and NSAIDs, pain is transmitted via nociceptors and pathways in the CNS, and nursing focuses on thorough assessment, nonpharmacological interventions, medication administration, and education.
This document provides information about intradermal injections including:
- Definition: Administration of an injection into the dermis layer of the skin.
- Purpose: Used for testing procedures like tuberculosis screening and allergy tests as well as testing antibody formation.
- Precautions: It is a painful procedure using small amounts of solution. The needle must be inserted into the epidermis, not subcutaneously, and follow rights must be followed.
- Procedure: Explains the steps for administering an intradermal injection including preparing equipment, positioning the patient, inserting the needle, injecting a small amount of medication, and marking the injection site.
Dr. Sandeep's document discusses the assessment of pain through various methods. It defines pain and outlines the importance of assessing pain to diagnose, monitor progress, and modify treatment. Several pain assessment tools are described, including unidimensional self-report scales like verbal descriptor scales, numeric rating scales, and visual analog scales. Multidimensional instruments like the McGill Pain Questionnaire and Brief Pain Inventory are also summarized. A thorough pain assessment involves taking a detailed history, performing a physical exam, and evaluating psychological factors to fully understand a patient's experience of pain.
This document discusses pain management. It defines different types of pain and outlines objectives for learners to understand pain pathophysiology, assessment, and treatment methods. Pain is categorized as acute, chronic, or cancer-related. Factors influencing pain responses are described. Pharmacological interventions like opioids and NSAIDs are compared with non-pharmacological options. The nursing role in a pain management plan utilizing the nursing process is also summarized.
Heat and cold applications are used for local and systemic effects. Heat promotes healing, reduces swelling and pain by increasing blood flow. It can increase inflammation and risk of burns. Cold decreases temperature, constricts blood vessels, reduces inflammation and acts as a local anesthetic but can cause pain, burns or cyanosis. Various methods deliver heat or cold including hot packs, electrical pads, ice, compresses and baths. Care must be taken with certain patients and conditions.
Craving is a powerful desire to use drugs that involves thoughts, feelings, and physiological components. Drugs activate the brain's reward circuit including the nucleus accumbens, amygdala, and prefrontal cortex. Craving involves a cycle of triggers, craving thoughts and feelings, and drug-seeking behaviors. Medications like naltrexone and buprenorphine work to reduce craving by blocking opioid receptors, while baclofen and antalarmin target GABA and CRF systems respectively.
Pain is an unpleasant sensory experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage. It serves an important protective function but can limit functions. Pain is classified based on location, type, duration and origin, and is assessed through patient reports and observations. Management involves non-drug approaches like repositioning and relaxation as well as drug therapies ranging from over-the-counter drugs for mild pain to opioids for severe pain. Proper pain assessment and ongoing reevaluation are important for effective management.
This document discusses health communication and education. It defines health communication as an approach that aims to change behaviors in a target audience regarding a specific health problem within a set timeframe. Effective health communication has clear objectives, targets a specific audience, addresses a defined problem, and establishes a timeframe. It uses strategies from various disciplines like diffusion theory, social marketing, behavior analysis, and anthropology to promote health behaviors and status through information, education, and communication activities targeted at audiences.
1. Cancer pain is prevalent, with up to 90% of patients with advanced cancer experiencing pain. However, 1 in 3 cancer patients do not receive adequate pain medication.
2. Cancer pain has multiple causes and can be somatic, visceral, neuropathic or sympathetically maintained. A thorough assessment including pain history and physical exam is important.
3. The WHO analgesic ladder provides guidelines for cancer pain management, starting with non-opioids and progressing to mild and strong opioids as needed. Adjunct treatments including antidepressants, corticosteroids, and interventional techniques can also help manage cancer pain.
Pain is a distressing feeling often caused by intense or damaging stimuli. The International Association for the Study of Pain's widely used definition defines pain as "an unpleasant sensory and emotional experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage, or described in terms of such damage"
This document discusses pain management in a prehospital setting. It covers the pathophysiology and types of pain, assessment techniques including using pain scales, and treatment options. For treatment, it describes both non-medicated approaches like distraction and repositioning as well as pharmacological options like morphine, fentanyl, and nitrous oxide. Effective pain management requires comprehensive assessment, consideration of both non-drug and drug therapies, and reassessment of the patient's status.
The correct response is to c) call the anesthesiologist for pain assessment. If the epidural is not providing adequate pain relief over time, the anesthesiologist needs to be notified to assess the epidural and make adjustments if needed. Comforting the patient without addressing the increasing pain is not appropriate care.
This document discusses the management of violent patients in the emergency department. It notes that violence can result from medical conditions like intoxication, withdrawal, or trauma. To prevent violence, staff should be aware of signs of escalation like aggression or challenges to authority. If a patient becomes violent, staff should try verbal de-escalation and improving the patient's comfort. If that does not work, physical or chemical restraints may be needed. The document provides guidance on appropriate chemical restraint medications and protocols. It also recommends ways for hospitals to reduce violence risks, such as limiting access points, using security screening, and having emergency response plans.
definition of pain - classification - categories and different clinical types of pain - assessment of pain and how to manage using pharmacological and non-pharmacological intervention
This document outlines a training module for doctors and nurses on implementing pain as the 5th vital sign. The objectives are to train them on pain assessment and management. It discusses how pain is inadequately treated worldwide and provides standards from 2001 to record pain as the 5th vital sign. It also covers pain physiology, types of pain, effects of unmanaged pain, factors affecting pain perception, and barriers to effective pain management.
1 adequate therapy for chronic non cancer painPuya Arash
This document discusses chronic non-cancer pain (CNCP) and barriers to its treatment. It reviews the prevalence of CNCP, affecting over 25% of the population. Current therapeutic approaches include non-pharmacological measures, analgesics like opioids and tramadol, and invasive interventions. However, barriers remain for physicians, patients, and the healthcare system. The document calls for a multidisciplinary approach and changes to improve CNCP management.
Pain is a very complex condition and each person is affected differently. It has many physical and psychological components and individuals can experience fatigue, anxiety, mood changes and depression.
This document discusses pain management and theories of pain. It defines pain and describes different types such as acute and chronic pain. It discusses various pain assessment methods and management approaches for nociceptive and neuropathic pain. Theories of pain are also summarized, including specificity theory, pattern theory, gate control theory, neuromatrix theory, and endogenous opiates theory. Assessment involves understanding the patient experience, while management prioritizes complete relief through a stepped approach using medications like opioids and adjuvants.
The document discusses pain assessment and management in elderly patients. It outlines common misconceptions about pain in elderly patients held by patients and nurses. It then covers the pathophysiology of acute and chronic pain and different pain scales used for assessment. Finally, it discusses pharmacological and non-pharmacological pain management strategies including the WHO analgesic ladder and alternative therapies that may help close the "gate" of pain perception.
Trauma or injury causes the release of chemicals that stimulate nerve fibers, leading to pain signals being sent to the brain. The integration of these pain signals with cognitive, emotional, and environmental factors results in the perception of pain. When this balance is disturbed, chronic pain can develop. Chronic pain is defined as pain lasting beyond normal tissue healing time, typically three months. A multidisciplinary approach is often needed to treat chronic pain through non-pharmacological and pharmacological methods.
The document provides an overview of pain management, defining pain, classifying different types of pain, discussing pain physiology and assessment tools, and outlining approaches for managing both acute and chronic pain, including non-pharmacological and pharmacological options following the WHO analgesic ladder. It emphasizes the importance of regular pain assessment and treatment according to the R-A-T framework of recognizing pain, assessing its cause and severity, and then treating it appropriately.
This document discusses optimizing pain management in cancer treatment. It provides an overview of concepts like total pain, the WHO analgesic ladder for treating pain with opioids, and the importance of proper pain assessment and documentation. The key points are:
1) Total pain includes physical, psychosocial, emotional, and spiritual suffering experienced by cancer patients.
2) The WHO analgesic ladder recommends treating mild pain with non-opioids like paracetamol, moderate pain with weak opioids like codeine, and severe pain with strong opioids like morphine.
3) Proper pain assessment involves documenting pain scores, characteristics, causes, and impact on function to effectively guide pain treatment decisions.
This document discusses optimizing pain management in cancer treatment. It provides an overview of concepts like total pain, the WHO analgesic ladder for treating pain with opioids, and the importance of proper pain assessment and documentation. The key points are:
1) Total pain includes physical, psychosocial, emotional, and spiritual suffering experienced by cancer patients.
2) The WHO analgesic ladder recommends treating mild pain with non-opioids like paracetamol, moderate pain with weak opioids like codeine, and severe pain with strong opioids like morphine.
3) Proper pain assessment involves documenting pain scores, characteristics, causes, and impact on function to effectively guide pain treatment decisions.
The document defines pain and its terminology, describes the pathophysiology and perception of pain, different types of pain syndromes and management approaches, including pharmacological treatments like analgesics and non-pharmacological options like cognitive behavioral therapy and various physical therapies. Pain is a complex, subjective experience influenced by physiological, psychological, social, and cultural factors.
Chronic pain management involves comprehensive evaluation and treatment of pain. The IASP defines chronic pain as pain persisting beyond normal tissue healing time, usually 3 months. It impacts function and well-being. Treatment includes pharmacotherapy like opioids, nonopioids, and adjuvant analgesics. Opioids require careful patient selection, dosing, monitoring, and side effect management. Adjuvant analgesics like anticonvulsants and antidepressants are effective for neuropathic pain. A multimodal approach balances analgesia and side effects for optimal chronic pain treatment.
This document discusses pain management in cancer patients. It covers the pathophysiology of pain, assessment strategies, drug and non-drug treatment options, managing special populations, patient education, and Joint Commission standards. The key aspects are conducting a comprehensive initial pain assessment, developing an individualized treatment plan using the WHO analgesic ladder as a guide, treating breakthrough pain, managing side effects, and employing multimodal therapies including pharmacological and nonpharmacological options.
This document provides information on pain assessment and management. It discusses:
- Common types of pain including acute, chronic, cancer, and breakthrough pain.
- Tools for assessing pain such as visual scales, verbal scales, and numeric rating scales from 0-10.
- Pharmacological approaches to pain management including the WHO analgesic ladder with steps from non-opioids to mild then strong opioids.
- Non-pharmacological approaches like relaxation, distraction, TENS, and hypnosis.
- Side effects of pain medications like constipation and risks of opioids like respiratory depression.
This document provides information about pain, including its definition, nature, components, types, categories, assessment, and management. It defines pain as a subjective experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage. Pain can be acute, lasting less than 6 months, or chronic, lasting more than 6 months. Assessment involves evaluating location, quality, severity, and other factors. Management includes both pharmacological interventions like analgesics and non-pharmacological methods such as heat/ice therapy, distraction, and massage.
Agents for fever, pain, cough, cold and allergic rhinitisHebaHammam
This document discusses fever, pain, cough and cold/allergies. It begins by defining fever and listing its potential causes. Signs and symptoms of fever are described. Methods for diagnosing and treating fever non-pharmacologically and pharmacologically are outlined. Pain is then defined and how it occurs via nociceptors and the central nervous system is explained. Types of pain and approaches for assessing and managing pain are covered. Cough is defined and its causes, classifications as wet vs dry, and management strategies are presented. Finally, common drugs used to treat cough are named and their usage is described.
This document discusses chronic pain management. It defines chronic pain as pain that lasts months or years in any part of the body and can lead to depression, anxiety, and sleep issues. Chronic pain differs from acute pain in that it continues long after an injury heals. The document describes three types of chronic pain - neuropathic, somatic, and visceral - and their characteristics. It discusses evaluating and measuring pain, as well as pharmacological, physical, psychological, and invasive treatment methods for managing chronic pain. The goal of chronic pain treatment is to improve daily functioning and quality of life by decreasing pain and suffering through a multidisciplinary approach.
Pain is a complex, multidimensional experience that is always subjective. It is defined as "an unpleasant sensory and emotional experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage." There are several types of pain including nociceptive, neuropathic, acute, chronic, and cancer pain. Pain should be assessed using scales like the numeric scale or Wong-Baker FACES scale to evaluate severity and impact. Unrelieved pain can have adverse effects physically, psychologically, and on quality of life. A multidimensional approach to pain management includes both pharmacological and non-pharmacological strategies to treat pain, maintain function, and enhance well-being.
This document provides an overview of pain management strategies presented by Dr. Jeff Higginbotham. It discusses the large number of Americans suffering from chronic non-cancer pain, costing billions in lost work and medical costs. Dr. Higginbotham outlines a multidisciplinary approach to pain management focusing on relieving suffering while preserving function through evidence-based strategies like medications, nerve blocks, rehabilitation, and coping techniques. The document also discusses challenges of treating chronic pain and the need for compassionate care, as well as new research targeting conditions like Complex Regional Pain Syndrome.
This document discusses understanding pain from a physical therapy perspective. It defines pain and describes how pain is processed in the body. It classifies pain as either acute or chronic and discusses different types of pain like somatic, visceral, bone, and neuropathic pain. Theories of pain like the specificity theory, pattern theory, and gate control theory are explained. Treatment models like the biomedical model and biopsychosocial model are introduced. The role of physical therapists in pain management is outlined.
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of the physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar lead (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
6. Describe the flow of current around the heart during the cardiac cycle
7. Discuss the placement and polarity of the leads of electrocardiograph
8. Describe the normal electrocardiograms recorded from the limb leads and explain the physiological basis of the different records that are obtained
9. Define mean electrical vector (axis) of the heart and give the normal range
10. Define the mean QRS vector
11. Describe the axes of leads (hexagonal reference system)
12. Comprehend the vectorial analysis of the normal ECG
13. Determine the mean electrical axis of the ventricular QRS and appreciate the mean axis deviation
14. Explain the concepts of current of injury, J point, and their significance
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. Chapter 3, Cardiology Explained, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK2214/
7. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
Local Advanced Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex Sys...Oleg Kshivets
Overall life span (LS) was 1671.7±1721.6 days and cumulative 5YS reached 62.4%, 10 years – 50.4%, 20 years – 44.6%. 94 LCP lived more than 5 years without cancer (LS=2958.6±1723.6 days), 22 – more than 10 years (LS=5571±1841.8 days). 67 LCP died because of LC (LS=471.9±344 days). AT significantly improved 5YS (68% vs. 53.7%) (P=0.028 by log-rank test). Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: N0-N12, T3-4, blood cell circuit, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells-CC and blood cells subpopulations), LC cell dynamics, recalcification time, heparin tolerance, prothrombin index, protein, AT, procedure type (P=0.000-0.031). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and N0-12 (rank=1), thrombocytes/CC (rank=2), segmented neutrophils/CC (3), eosinophils/CC (4), erythrocytes/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), stick neutrophils/CC (8), leucocytes/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (error=0.000; area under ROC curve=1.0).
Integrating Ayurveda into Parkinson’s Management: A Holistic ApproachAyurveda ForAll
Explore the benefits of combining Ayurveda with conventional Parkinson's treatments. Learn how a holistic approach can manage symptoms, enhance well-being, and balance body energies. Discover the steps to safely integrate Ayurvedic practices into your Parkinson’s care plan, including expert guidance on diet, herbal remedies, and lifestyle modifications.
8 Surprising Reasons To Meditate 40 Minutes A Day That Can Change Your Life.pptxHolistified Wellness
We’re talking about Vedic Meditation, a form of meditation that has been around for at least 5,000 years. Back then, the people who lived in the Indus Valley, now known as India and Pakistan, practised meditation as a fundamental part of daily life. This knowledge that has given us yoga and Ayurveda, was known as Veda, hence the name Vedic. And though there are some written records, the practice has been passed down verbally from generation to generation.
Rasamanikya is a excellent preparation in the field of Rasashastra, it is used in various Kushtha Roga, Shwasa, Vicharchika, Bhagandara, Vatarakta, and Phiranga Roga. In this article Preparation& Comparative analytical profile for both Formulationon i.e Rasamanikya prepared by Kushmanda swarasa & Churnodhaka Shodita Haratala. The study aims to provide insights into the comparative efficacy and analytical aspects of these formulations for enhanced therapeutic outcomes.
Adhd Medication Shortage Uk - trinexpharmacy.comreignlana06
The UK is currently facing a Adhd Medication Shortage Uk, which has left many patients and their families grappling with uncertainty and frustration. ADHD, or Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder, is a chronic condition that requires consistent medication to manage effectively. This shortage has highlighted the critical role these medications play in the daily lives of those affected by ADHD. Contact : +1 (747) 209 – 3649 E-mail : sales@trinexpharmacy.com
TEST BANK For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition by...Donc Test
TEST BANK For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition by Stamler, Verified Chapters 1 - 33, Complete Newest Version Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition by Stamler, Verified Chapters 1 - 33, Complete Newest Version Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition by Stamler Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition TEST BANK by Stamler Test Bank For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Pdf Chapters Download Test Bank For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Pdf Download Stuvia Test Bank For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Study Guide Test Bank For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Ebook Download Stuvia Test Bank For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Questions and Answers Quizlet Test Bank For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Studocu Test Bank For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Quizlet Test Bank For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Stuvia Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Pdf Chapters Download Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Pdf Download Course Hero Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Answers Quizlet Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Ebook Download Course hero Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Questions and Answers Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Studocu Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Quizlet Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Stuvia Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Test Bank Pdf Chapters Download Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Test Bank Pdf Download Stuvia Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Test Bank Study Guide Questions and Answers Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Test Bank Ebook Download Stuvia Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Test Bank Questions Quizlet Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Test Bank Studocu Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Test Bank Quizlet Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Test Bank Stuvia
4. 4
Introduction
Definition : An unpleasant sensory and
emotional experience associated with
actual or potential tissue damage.
Pain may not be directly proportional to
amount of tissue injury.
Highly subjective, leading to
undertreatment
5. 5
In cancer, the prevalence of pain in
advanced disease is 70-90%.
" In HIV disease, pain prevalence is
about 50%.
" Other illnesses may have significant
pain but no clear data.
8. 8
Injury, trauma, spasm or disease to skin, muscle, somatic
structures or viscera;
Perceived and communicated via peripheral mechanisms
(pathways)
Usually associated with autonomic response as well
(tachycardia, blood pressure, diaphoresis, pallor,
mydriasis (pupil dilation).
Acute Pain
9. 9
Usually subsides quickly as pain producing stimuli
decreases
Associated with anxiety-(decreases rapidly)
Can be understood or rationalized as part of the healing
process.
Cont.
10. 10
i. Non-malignant
Pain persists beyond the precipitating injury
Rarely accompanied by autonomic symptoms
Sufferers often fail to demonstrate objective
evidence of underlying pathology.
Characterized by location-visceral, myofacial, or
neurologic causes.
II. Chronic Pain
11. 11
ii. Malignant
Has characteristics of chronic pain as well as
symptoms of acute pain (breakthrough pain).
Has a definable cause, e.g. tumor recurrence
In treatment, narcotic habituation is generally
not a concern.
II. Chronic Pain
13. 13
Types of Pain
Somatic
Visceral
Bone
Neuropathic
Emotional/Spiritual
14. 14
I- Somatic Pain
Aching, often constant
May be dull or sharp
Often worse with movement
Well localized
Skin, Muscle, Joints, superficial or deep.
Eg:
o Bone & soft tissue
o chest wall
15. 15
II- Visceral Pain
Constant or crampy
Aching, burning
Poorly localized
Referred
Organs of Thorax & Abdominal Cavity.
Usually as a result of stretching, infiltration and
compression
Eg:
o Liver capsule distension
o Bowel obstruction
16. 16
Both Somatic & Visceral pain
travel along the same
pathways. Pain stimuli arising
from the viscera is perceived
as somatic in origin.
This can be confused by the
brain and is often described as
referred pain.
17. 17
III- Bone Pain
Poorly localized, aching, deep, burning.
Common with malignancy of Breast, Lung,
Prostate, Bladder, Cervical, Renal, Colon,
Stomach and Esophagus
Can lead to pathological fractures.
Vertebral Metastases can lead to cord
compression.
18. 18
IV- Neuropathic Pain
Caused by disturbance of function or pathological
changes in a nerve.
May arise from a lesion or trauma, infection,
compression or tumour invasion.
Described as burning, shooting, tingling.
Does not respond well to standard analgesics.
19. 19
Categories of Pain
Classified by inferred pathophysiology:
I. Nociceptive pain (stimuli from somatic and
visceral structures)
II. Neuropathic pain (stimuli abnormally
processed by the nervous system)
20. 20
I. Nociceptive:
Caused by invasion &/or destruction &/or pressure on
superficial somatic structures like skin, deeper skeletal
structures such as bone & muscle and visceral structures
and organs.
Types: superficial somatic, deep somatic, & visceral.
21. 21
II. Neuropathic:
Caused by pressure on &/or destruction of peripheral,
autonomic or central nervous system structures.
Radiation of pain along dermatomal or peripheral nerve
distributions.
Often described as burning and/or deep aching &
associated with dysesthesia or lancinating pain.
22. 22
Effects of pain
Sympathetic responses
o Pallor
o Increased blood pressure
o Increased pulse
o Increased respiration
o Skeletal muscle tension
o Diaphoresis
23. 23
Effects of pain
Parasympathetic responses
o Decreased blood pressure
o Decreased pulse
o Nausea & vomiting
o Weakness
o Pallor
o Loss of consciousness
25. 25
Pain History
The site of pain
Type of pain
Exacerbating & Relieving factors
How frequently
Impact on daily life
26. 26
Pain History
Other important additional questions to be asked.
o What is the response to past and current analgesic
therapy?
o Any kind of diary or record about the pain?
o Fears they have about analgesics?
28. 28
Factors to consider in choosing a
pain scale
1. Age of patient
2. Physical condition
3. Level of consciousness
4. Mental status
5. Ability to communicate
29. 29
Numeric Pain Rating Scale
Ask the patient to rate their pain intensity on a scale
of 0 (no pain) to 10 (the worst pain imaginable).
Some patients are unable to do this with only verbal
instructions, but may be able to look at a number
scale and point to the number that describes the
intensity of pain.
31. 31
Wong-Baker FACES Pain Rating
Scale
Can be used with young children (sometimes as young as 3 years
of age)
Works well for many older children and adults as well as for
those who speak a different language
Explain that each face represents a person who may have no
pain, some pain, or as much pain as imaginable. Point to the
appropriate face and say the appropriate description. e.g. “This
face hurts just a little bit”
32. 32
Wong-Baker FACES Pain Rating
Scale
Ask the patient to choose the face that best matches how she or
he feels or how much they hurt.
33. 33
Color Pain Rating Scale
Ask the patient to point to the area on the scale that shows their
level of pain from white (no pain) to dark red (worst possible
pain).
Obtain a number corresponding to the area where the patient
points.
34. 34
Severity Assessment
McGill Pain Questionnaire
Scale from 0 to 5
From None to Severe Pain
for children or adults who understand numerical
relationships.
37. 37
Goals of Pain Management Therapy
1) Decreased pain
2) Decreased healthcare utilization
o Decreased “shopping” for care
o Decreased emergency room visits
3) Improved functional status
o Increased ability to perform activities of daily living
o Return to employment
41. 41
Analgesics
Non-opioid
e.g. aspirin,paracetamol
Opioids
e.g. codeine, morphine
Adjuvant
e.g. muscle relaxant, antidepressant, anti-epileptic
42. 42
Choosing the Appropriate Analgesic
Match the severity of pain to the strength of the
analgesic i.e. strong analgesics for severe pain.
The WHO has developed 3-step model to guide
analgesic choice depending on the severity of the
patient’s pain.
45. 45
Analgesics(Non-opioids)
Used in full doses for the most part.
All have a ceiling effect to their analgesia ( a
maximum dose past which no further analgesia can
be expected).
COX-2 inhibitors may be associated with fewer
side-effects
46. 46
Analgesics(Non-opioids)
Use cytoprotection with NSAIDs only in patients
who have symptoms suggestive of GI distress or
who are at high risk of ulcer formation. For
cytoprotection use sulcrafate or misoprostol.
47. 47
Analgesics(Weak Opioids)
Useful drugs:
o Codeine & codeine combination products
o Oxycodone combination products.
DO NOT USE:
o Dextropropoxyphene
48. 48
Analgesics(Strong Opioids)
Useful drugs:
o Morphine , hydromorphone, fentanyl, oxycodone ,
methadone.
DO NOT USE:
o Meperidine , anileridine , pentazocine
49. 49
Opioid Dosing
Opioid analgesia is most effective when titrated to effect.
Effective doses are highly variable between patients.
“Standard” doses may be insufficient.
When used properly for analgesia addiction occurs in less
than 1% of patients.
50. 50
Opioid Side Effects
Constipation :
o need proactive laxative use
Nausea/vomiting:
o consider treating with dopamine antagonists and/or
prokinetics (metoclopramide, domperidone,
prochlorperazine, haloperidol)
Urinary retention
51. 51
Cont.
Itch/rash
o worse in children; may need low-dose naloxone infusion. May
try antihistamines, however not great success
Dry mouth
Respiratory depression
o uncommon when titrated in response to symptom
Neurotoxicity: delirium, myoclonus seizures.
Drug interactions
52. 52
Adjuvant analgesics (coanalgesics)
Are medications that when added to primary
analgesics, further improve pain control.
may themselves also be primary analgesics (e.g.
tricyclic antidepressant medications for postherpetic
neuralgia).
They can be added into the pain management plan at
any step in the WHO ladder.
53. 53
Adjuvants for Neuropathic Pain
When pain is neuropathic there is good evidence for
treating with adjuvant medication rapidly.
Always remember the potential of using radiotherapy,
chemotherapy and surgery as adjuvant modalities with
neuropathic pain but they should not replace drug adjuvants
completely.
An adequate trial of 2-4 weeks at full dosage should be
tried for each drug
54. 54
Adjuvants for Neuropathic Pain
Cyclic Antidepressants:
o Amitriptyline - desipramine - nortriptyline –maprotiline
Anticonvulsants:
o carbamazepine - valproic acid - gabapentin
Local Anesthetics:
o mexiletine - lidocaine
55. 55
Other modalities
Nerve blocks, epidural blocks and ablative
neurosurgical procedures may be effective in pain
management.
Such procedures may be associated with return of
pain after a number of months so that timing of
procedures may be important.