Paediatric Rntcp
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TB programme of the government of india. this part is related to management of ped patients having TB
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1) The flu vaccine does not cause the flu and is the best way to build antibodies against the virus, though it takes 2 weeks to take full effect. Many people mistakenly think they got the flu from the vaccine if they get sick before full protection kicks in.
2) Antibiotics do not work against the flu or common cold since they are viral illnesses rather than bacterial.
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- Bacteriological evidence is preferred for diagnosis but alternative specimens can be used if needed. The optimal strength of the tuberculin skin test was updated.
- Diagnostic algorithms were provided for pulmonary and lymph node TB. Daily dosing recommendations for anti-TB drugs were included.
- New case definitions and only two treatment categories (new cases and previously treated) are recommended. Preventive therapy guidelines were also updated.
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The National guidelines on Pediatric TB diagnosis and treatment were updated based on recent evidence. Key changes include:
1. A new diagnostic algorithm focuses on demonstrating bacteriological evidence and alternative specimens if sputum is unavailable. Tuberculin skin tests and inaccurate diagnostics are not recommended.
2. Seriously ill children may receive daily therapy in the hospital then switch to thrice weekly DOT. New case definitions and six weight bands to determine drug dosages were introduced.
3. Treatment regimens were simplified to two categories. Extensions to intensive and continuation phases were recommended for specific disease types or delayed response. TB preventive therapy dosage increased to 10mg/kg daily for 6 months.
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The document provides recommendations for the management of pediatric tuberculosis. It discusses the need to revise guidelines given new evidence on appropriate drug dosages in children. The key recommendations are:
1) Dosage amounts for common antituberculosis drugs like isoniazid, rifampicin, and pyrazinamide.
2) A four-drug regimen for 2 months followed by a two-drug regimen for 4 months is recommended for children in high HIV/drug resistance settings or those with extensive lung disease.
3) A three-drug regimen for 2 months followed by a two-drug regimen for 4 months can be used for other children with suspected pulmonary TB or lymph node TB and low HIV/drug
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The summary includes:
1) It is the 4th edition of Bangladesh's national guideline for clinically managing dengue syndrome.
2) It was published in 2018 by the National Malaria Elimination & Aedes Transmitted Disease Control Program under the Directorate General of Health Services.
3) The guideline was updated based on the latest WHO/SEARO guidelines and provides evidence-based recommendations for the clinical diagnosis and management of dengue to standardize care across Bangladesh.
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- Diagnostic algorithms were provided for pulmonary and lymph node TB. Daily dosing recommendations for anti-TB drugs were included.
- New case definitions and only two treatment categories (new cases and previously treated) are recommended. Preventive therapy guidelines were also updated.
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This document discusses tuberculosis (TB) control in India under the Revised National Tuberculosis Control Programme (RNTCP). It provides background on the evolution of TB control in India from the 1950s to the present day RNTCP program. It describes the objectives, components, and scientific basis of the DOTS strategy used by RNTCP to diagnose and treat TB cases. It also addresses drug-resistant TB, the link between TB and HIV, and recent updates to RNTCP guidelines.
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The National guidelines on Pediatric TB diagnosis and treatment were updated based on recent evidence. Key changes include:
1. A new diagnostic algorithm focuses on demonstrating bacteriological evidence and alternative specimens if sputum is unavailable. Tuberculin skin tests and inaccurate diagnostics are not recommended.
2. Seriously ill children may receive daily therapy in the hospital then switch to thrice weekly DOT. New case definitions and six weight bands to determine drug dosages were introduced.
3. Treatment regimens were simplified to two categories. Extensions to intensive and continuation phases were recommended for specific disease types or delayed response. TB preventive therapy dosage increased to 10mg/kg daily for 6 months.
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This document discusses tuberculosis (TB) in children, including epidemiology, diagnosis, treatment recommendations, and prevention strategies. It provides statistics on pediatric TB globally and in India. It summarizes guidelines for diagnosing TB in children based on symptoms, tests, and imaging. Treatment recommendations include regimens, dosages based on weight, and considerations for special cases like TB meningitis. It also covers strategies to improve diagnosis and treatment adherence, including replacing injections with oral medications when possible.
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This document discusses various diagnostic tests for tuberculosis in children. It notes that bacteriological diagnosis is difficult in children due to their inability to produce sputum and the often extra-pulmonary and paucibacillary nature of the disease in children. It reviews sputum induction methods, as well as microscopy, culture, nucleic acid amplification tests, and interferon-gamma release assays as diagnostic tools and their limitations in pediatric populations. It emphasizes the need for improved diagnostics that are feasible and effective for use in children.
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The document provides recommendations for the management of pediatric tuberculosis. It discusses the need to revise guidelines given new evidence on appropriate drug dosages in children. The key recommendations are:
1) Dosage amounts for common antituberculosis drugs like isoniazid, rifampicin, and pyrazinamide.
2) A four-drug regimen for 2 months followed by a two-drug regimen for 4 months is recommended for children in high HIV/drug resistance settings or those with extensive lung disease.
3) A three-drug regimen for 2 months followed by a two-drug regimen for 4 months can be used for other children with suspected pulmonary TB or lymph node TB and low HIV/drug
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1) It is the 4th edition of Bangladesh's national guideline for clinically managing dengue syndrome.
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3) The guideline was updated based on the latest WHO/SEARO guidelines and provides evidence-based recommendations for the clinical diagnosis and management of dengue to standardize care across Bangladesh.
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This document discusses the epidemiology of tuberculosis. It begins by introducing TB as an infectious disease caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis, which commonly affects the lungs and is transmitted between people through respiratory droplets. Globally, the prevalence of TB was 159 per 100,000 people in 2013, with an incidence of 80 per 100,000. India has the highest TB burden in the world, accounting for 20% of global cases. Key risk factors for TB include age, sex, heredity, nutrition, immunity, poverty, overcrowding, and lack of awareness. The document then covers clinical features, types of TB, prevention methods like BCG vaccination, and India's Revised National TB Control Programme. Despite
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A single low-cost 2.5mg dose of vitamin D was found to boost the immune system's ability to fight tuberculosis (TB) for at least 6 weeks in a randomized controlled trial. Over 90% of TB patients studied in London hospitals had vitamin D deficiency. While vitamin D supplements were commonly used to treat TB before antibiotics, this is the first study to show that vitamin D supplementation can enhance immunity against mycobacteria that cause TB. A single large dose of vitamin D was found to enhance immunity at low cost and with no safety risks, suggesting vitamin D supplements could significantly impact people most at risk for TB.
Bangladesh
The CDC has collaborated with organizations in Bangladesh for over 40 years to strengthen the country's ability to detect and respond to infectious disease outbreaks. Key activities include conducting disease surveillance, outbreak investigations, and training over 1,000 public health professionals. The CDC works on priority health issues for Bangladesh such as influenza, tuberculosis, zoonotic diseases, and improving water and sanitation. A new Field Epidemiology Training Program will help build epidemiology expertise within the Bangladesh Ministry of Health.
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This document summarizes guidelines for antibiotic treatment and prevention of rheumatic fever and rheumatic heart disease in children. It finds that benzathine benzylpenicillin, phenoxymethylpenicillin, and erythromycin are the preferred antibiotics and are already included on the WHO EMLc. While these remain the mainstay for treatment and secondary prevention, the document notes there is still debate around optimal dosing and administration schedules that requires further clinical trials to clarify.
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Interest in the epidemiology of TB was triggered by the re-emergence of tuberculosis in the early 1990’s with the advent of HIV and falling economic status of many people which subjected them to poverty. The dual lethal combination of HIV and poverty triggered an unprecedented TB epidemic. In this study, we focused on the period 2000-2013 and all the notified data in Kenya was included. Data on estimates of TB incidence, prevalence and mortality was extracted from the WHO global Tuberculosis database. Data was analysed to produce trends for each of the years and descriptive statistics were calculated. The results showed that there was an average decline of 5% over the last 8 years with the highest decline being reported in the year 2012/13. TB continues to disproportionately affect the male gender with 58% being male and 42% being female. Kenya has made significant efforts to address the burden of HIV among TB patients with cotrimoxazole preventive therapy (CPT) uptake reaching 98% AND ART at 74% by the end of 2013. Kenya’s TB epidemic has evolved over time and it has been characterised by a period where there was increase in the TB cases reaching a peak in the year 2007 after which there was a decline which began to accelerate in the year 2011. The gains in the decline of TB could be attributed in part to the outcomes of integrating TB and HIV services and these gains should be sustained. What is equally notable is the clear epidemiologic shift in age indicating reduced transmission in the younger age groups.
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This document discusses tuberculosis (TB) and the co-infection of TB and HIV. It notes that globally about 15% of new TB cases occur in HIV positive individuals. In the South-East Asia region, countries like India, Myanmar, Nepal and Thailand have high burdens of TB/HIV co-infection. The study aims to assess knowledge, attitudes and practices regarding TB and TB/HIV co-infection in Nepal to establish a baseline and inform policy. It outlines the objectives, research questions, and definitions that will be used in the study.
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This document discusses recent advances in the management of bronchiolitis. It begins by defining bronchiolitis and describing the methods used to review literature on diagnosing, treating, and preventing bronchiolitis in children. The review finds that supportive care including oxygenation and hydration remain the mainstays of treatment. Several therapies like bronchodilators and corticosteroids have been found to lack efficacy for bronchiolitis. Some novel therapies like hypertonic saline, CPAP and surfactant show promising results warranting further research.
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This study aimed to calculate the incidence of pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB) among the Saharia tribal population in Madhya Pradesh, central India. Researchers conducted a prospective cohort study screening 9,756 individuals at baseline and following up 9,044 non-TB individuals after one year. They found a high overall PTB incidence of 1,504 per 100,000 population over one year. The incidence was higher in males (2,259 per 100,000) than females (807 per 100,000). These findings indicate a high TB burden in this tribal community, highlighting the need for intensified TB control efforts to achieve elimination goals.
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Pattern and Outcome of Paediatric Admissions in a Tertiary Hospital in The N...
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Incidence of Tuberculosis in HIV Sero-positive Patients at HIV Clinic at Kamp...
Incidence of Tuberculosis in HIV Sero-positive Patients at HIV Clinic at Kampala International University Teaching Hospital, Bushenyi District
Okello, Andrew
School of Allied Health Sciences Kampala International University-Western Campus
________________________________________
ABSTRACT
This study on the prevalence of TB among HIV sero-positive was carried at the HIV CLINIC of Kampala International University Teaching Hospital (KIUTH), Ishaka Bushenyi district. A retrospective cross-sectional study design was used to conduct this research. The study targeted all patients attending KIUTH HIV/TB clinic. A standard structured and semi-structured questionnaires were designed and pre-tested for validity and reliability at Kampala International University Teaching Hospital HIV/Tuberculosis clinic before being used for data collection. Data collection started by recruitment of qualified research assistants, appropriate training and orientation of the interviewers before the survey for example when reading the questions. Quantitative methods of data analysis was used in which data was presented in form of bar charts, graphs and tables. The prevalence of TB among HIV sero-positive patients attending HIV clinic at KIUTH stands at 8.06 per 100 participants. The study found that generally, people are aware about the modes of transmission of TB but there is still need for more awareness. Many patients are still not certain whether TB is curable in HIV patients. As seen from the above study, most of the people are not yet aware whether HIV goes hand in hand with tuberculosis. The prevalence of TB in HIV sero-positive attending HIV clinic at KIUTH is high. Generally, TB is affecting patients of all ages and most patients are still not aware if TB in HIV is curable. Most patients have a perception that all TB patients have HIV. Health workers in HIV clinic of KIU-TH should teach patients the modes of transmission and prevention of TB. KIUTH also need to provide easy access to TB screening services to patients. There is need for financial support by the government to the unemployed patients and low-income earners in order to curb TB infections.
Keywords: Tuberculosis, HIV, Sero-positive, Bushenyi District
________________________________________
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