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PAC 2.5 Efficiency is Attainable, What are you Waiting for?
- 1. 1 PAC 2.5 Efficiency is Attainable, What are you Waiting for? Steven Carlini & Victor Avelar
- 2. 2 Data Center World – Certified Vendor Neutral Each presenter is required to certify that their presentation will be vendor-neutral. As an attendee you have a right to enforce this policy of having no sales pitch within a session by alerting the speaker if you feel the session is not being presented in a vendor neutral fashion. If the issue continues to be a problem, please alert Data Center World staff after the session is complete.
- 3. 3 Agenda- Possible ways to Increase Efficiency • Basics - case study using Trade-off Tool • Size power and cooling to your current load • Turn up the IT inlet temperature • Virtualize your servers • Deploy hot or cold aisle containment • Use DCIM: Energy Efficiency • Free Cooling – air side economizers • Services - supply side energy procurement service, energy efficiency assessment , Optimization White Papers
- 4. 4 Data center power and cooling infrastructure worldwide wastes more than 60,000,000 megawatt-hours per year of electricity that does no useful work powering IT equipment
- 5. 5 Where Does the Power Go in a 2N Data Cener? Power flow in a typical 2N data center at 50% load =
- 6. 6 Case Study with Trade-Off Tool
- 7. 7 • High-level planning tools •Show actual implications of various deployment decisions •Accurately calculate potential impacts on a data center Data Center Efficiency Calculator: TradeOff Tools
- 8. 8
- 9. 9
- 10. 10 Efficiency gain is greatest at lighter loads. High-efficiency UPS to Improve Power Efficiency LBNL report on UPS efficiency: http://hightech.lbl.gov/documents/UPS/Final_UPS_Report.pdf, Figure 17, page 23.
- 11. 11
- 13. 13 Variable-speed Drives on Pumps and Chillers to Improve Cooling Efficiency Chillers and pumps with fixed-speed motors are configured for maximum expected load and worst case (hot) conditions, and therefore spend much of their operating time with their motors working harder than necessary. Pumps and chillers equipped with variable-speed drives (VFDs) and appropriate controls can reduce their speed and energy consumption to match the current IT load and outdoor conditions. The energy improvement varies, but can be as large as 10% or more.
- 14. 14 ADD … ● Chiller VFDs Close-coupled cooling™ PUE 1.49 * *
- 15. 15
- 16. 16
- 17. 17
- 18. 18
- 19. 19
- 20. 20 Size to Your Current Load
- 21. 21 Scaled Buildout: Right-sizing benefits over a 10-year data center lifetime 4.0 3.5 3.0 2.5 1.5 2.0 UPFRONT buildout – day one SCALED buildout – as needed 1 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 102 PUE
- 23. 23 Class Temperature Humidity A1 – A4 64.4 – 80.6F 41.9F DP – 60% RH & 59 F Class Temperature Humidity A1 59 – 89.6F 20% - 80% RH A2 50 - 95F 20% - 80% RH A3 41 - 104F 10.4F and 8% RH – 85% RH A4 41 - 113F 10.4F and 8% RH – 90% RH Environmental Specifications (F) Recommended Allowable
- 24. 24
- 26. 26 Virtualized - Spread out the load • No new power and cooling equipment requiredEasy . . . But . . . • Takes up valuable floor space • Relies on existing unpredictable cooling architecture • No power/cooling efficiency benefit What about Phase #2? Rack space you can not use…
- 27. 27 Spread the load- PUE gets worse!
- 30. 30 Virtualization PUE gets better when you update power and cooling 118 White paper
- 31. 31
- 32. 32 Hot and Cold Aisle Containment Blanking panels Supplemental cooling InRow™ cooling Dynamic Rear Air containment Aisle containment Quick, least expensive Best efficiency
- 33. 33 Containment increases cooling effectiveness 135 White Paper
- 34. 34 Data Center Operation: Energy Efficiency
- 35. 35
- 36. 36 Subsystem breakdown of energy cost
- 37. 37 Free Cooling - air side economizers
- 38. 38 Free Cooling
- 39. 39 Air-Side Economization ECO-BreezeTM located outside the data center Optional ground or roof placement Turn-key solution Set it in place Run power & water to the unit Duct it to the space
- 40. 40 Services
- 41. 41 Energy Efficiency Assessments Comprehensive analysis of your data center with recommendations to maximize availability and improve energy efficiency
- 42. 42 Energy Procurement Strategic sourcing, alternative energy strategies, risk manage-ment, rate & tariff analysis and demand response
- 43. 43 Data Center Optimization Comprehensive, step-by-step program that results in optimal performance and improved efficiency
- 44. 44 White papers WP118: Virtualization and Cloud Computing: Optimized Power, Cooling and Management Maximizes Benefits WP135: Impact of Hot and Cold Aisle Containment on Data Center Temperature and Efficiency WP143: Data Center Projects: Growth Model WP153: Implementing Hot and Cold Air Containment in Existing Data Centers TradeOff Tools TT6: Data Center Efficiency Calculator TT5: UPS Efficiency Comparison Calculator TT11: Cooling Economizer Mode PUE Calculator TT9: Virtualization Energy Cost Calculator Resources
- 45. 45 3 Key Things You Have Learned During this Session 1. . 2. . 3. .
- 46. 46 Thank you Steven Carlini Contact info
Editor's Notes
- When do companies want to discuss energy efficiency? For the most part only during cost savings planning and also when they run out of utility power.
- This presentation covers ways to increase efficiency. From what I call the basics to more advanced techniques and then through services that are available. Many of these are covered through individual white papers and presentations. However I wanted to bring together these topics under one presentation
- Data center power and cooling infrastructure worldwide wastes more than 60,000,000 megawatt-hours per year of electricity that does no useful work powering IT equipment. This represents an enormous financial burden on industry, and is a significant public policy environmental issue. This presentation describes the principles of a new, commercially available data center architecture that can be implemented today to dramatically improve the electrical efficiency of data centers.
- The energy flow through a typical 2N data center (at 50% load) is shown in this illustration. Power enters the data center as electrical energy, and virtually all power (99.99%+) leaves the data center as heat. The rest is converted to computing by the IT equipment. Note that in this example 47% of the electrical power entering the facility actually powers the IT load (called USEFUL power in the figure on the previous slide), and the rest is consumed – converted to heat – by power, cooling, and lighting equipment. An insignificant amount of power goes to the fire protection and physical security systems, and is not shown in this breakdown. This data center is currently showing an estimated annual Power Usage Effectiveness (PUE) of 2.13. Therefore, 53% of the input power is not doing the “useful work” of the data center (powering the IT loads) and is therefore considered to be data center inefficiency (or “waste,” in the terminology of an efficiency model).
- Tradeoff tools are high-level planning tools, or online calculators, that quantify how different planning decisions would affect a data center. These precisely formulated calculators apply unique configurations to specific data center designs or plans to show the actual implications of various deployment decisions. Current APC TradeOff Tools include: Data Center Carbon Calculator Data Center Efficiency Calculator Data Center Capital Cost Calculator Virtualization Energy Cost Calculator Data Center Power Sizing Calculator Data Center AC vs. DC Calculator Data Center InRow® Containment Selector These tools allow customers to accurately calculate the impact that new equipment, server virtualization, design changes, or different heat containment strategies will have on their facility; these tools also codify data center best practices. TradeOff tools help customers shift from having efficiency as a conceptual ideal to something they can predict, plan, and implement. SPEAKER NOTE: Select data center efficiency calculator and discuss its usefulness for customers.
- We are going to walk through an example of the “basics” for raising efficiency in a data center using a trade off tool
- Technologies are now available that substantially increase the efficiency obtainable by UPS systems. The chart shown here compares efficiencies of a recently introduced high-efficiency UPS to UPS efficiency data published by Lawrence Berkley National Labs. This figure shows that the efficiency of the latest UPS systems is significantly higher for any IT load, and the efficiency gain is greatest at lighter loads. For example, at 30% load the newest UPS systems pick up over 10% in efficiency when compared to the average of currently installed UPS systems. In this case the actual wattage losses of the UPS can be shown to be reduced by 65%. It is important to note that UPS losses (heat) must also be cooled by the air conditioner, creating further power consumption. Some newer UPS systems offer an “economy” mode of operation that allows the UPS manufacturer to claim higher efficiency. However, this mode does not provide complete isolation from utility-mains power quality problems and is not recommended for data center use. The high-efficiency UPS and the efficiency data used in the architecture described in this paper and shown in Figure 8 are for a double conversion on-line UPS with complete isolation from input power irregularities. NOTE: Chart is plotting UPS efficiency
- Use the UPS Eff Comparison tool to compare the efficiency of a different UPS models.
- So you can swap out the UPS and it may have a material change in your PUE However you should use the capital cost calculator to see your payback time before you make that change
- Pumps and chillers in the data center cooling plant traditionally operate with fixed speed motors. The motors in such arrangements must be configured for maximum expected load and worst case (hot) outdoor environmental conditions. However, data centers typically run at only part of their design capacity, and they spend most of their operating life with outdoor conditions cooler than worst-case. Therefore, chillers and pumps with fixed-speed motors spend much of their operating time with their motors working harder than necessary. Pumps and chillers equipped with variable-speed drives (VFDs) and appropriate controls can reduce their speed and energy consumption to match the current IT load and the current outdoor conditions. The energy improvement varies depending on conditions, but can be as large as 10% or more, especially for data centers that are not operating at full rated IT load, or for data centers with chiller or pump redundancy. Variable-speed drives on pumps and chillers can be considered a form of “automatic rightsizing.” Some of the efficiency gains of variable-speed drives can be obtained by stage-control or multiple fixed-speed pumps and chillers. However, these systems can require substantial engineering and typically deliver less than half of the gains of VFDs. Variable-speed drives on pumps and chillers are an additional cost, compared with fixed-speed devices. For some seasonal or intermittent applications the energy savings from this extra investment may have a poor return on Investment. However, for data centers that run 7 x 24 all times of the year the payback times can be as short as a few months, depending on the specific data center.
- So we saw significant increase in efficiency as the PUE dropped from 2.02 to 1.49
- Simply by raising you load to higher level of load typically increases efficiency. However the closer you are to capacity the higher risk you can expect in overloading power and cooling
- Cooling towers with chiller bypass are a popular solution. Depending on your climate and the temperature you are running will effect the benefit. Talk about using the cooling economizer tool to estimate the number of hours on economizer mode.
- You can use the Cooling Economizer Mode PUE Calculator to estimate the number of economizer hours in your region.
- Then the little nicknacks that will help blanking Planels – especuially if you are running hotaisle containment
- Allowable humidity of 20-80% RH is for A1 and A2 only. A4 = 8-90% RH Allowable maximum dewpoint for A1 = 62.6F and A4 = 75.2F Also, first column should say RH and DP
- It is intuitive to most IT managers to believe when they virtualized that heat load will go down in the data center because the number of servers goes down. Every project is different, but its fair to say that most virtualization projects can get away with a taking their original power, cooling and IT racks and spread around the physical servers. However, the consequences of doing this are – Lack of scalability – your data IT racks will have physical room, but there is inadequate power and cooling to add servers Less efficient cooling – 1) moving lots of air around, cooling profile has changed 2)more heat in a smaller
- Here you see graphically where you have a data center with existing power and cooling and you do not upgrade it when you do a virtualization project. You can see the actual IT load goes down from 65% to 45%. However how effective and efficient your data center is goes down. This is of course an unintended consequence.
- So lets discuss a tactic that’s best practice for virtualization of the IT servers to realize your total efficiency entitlement. Taking and consolidating your physical servers into fewer, higher density racks. When you do this you have to update your cooling to the new generation of CRAC’s and containment that is designed to work with high density loads. You will also most likely need to upgrade your power distribution to accommodate higher amperage power cords. So you need to plan this project in advance – but the benefits are Predictable high-density cooling Enables higher-efficiency cooling Optimized utilization of floor space
- So lets discuss a tactic that’s best practice for virtualization of the IT servers to realize your total efficiency entitlement. Taking and consolidating your physical servers into fewer, higher density racks. When you do this you have to update your cooling to the new generation of CRAC’s and containment that is designed to work with high density loads. You will also most likely need to upgrade your power distribution to accommodate higher amperage power cords. So you need to plan this project in advance – but the benefits are Predictable high-density cooling Enables higher-efficiency cooling Optimized utilization of floor space
- Here is a real world case study where a customer actually did a virtualization project. They spread out the IT load and maintained their current power and cooling. The result was an inefficiency in the data center for an electrical perspective and also a space use perspective. The reaction was to move the servers from 5 racks to 2 racks, and add new in- row computer room air conditioners. The PUE was then dramatically decreased.
- So there is always a question of funding for IT projects since there is the impression by many companies that IT functions are a cost so the budget approval process and ROI calculations are very beneficial and usually necessary. SE offers an on-line free tool that IT and data center managers can use to predict the beneficial effect on energy use for a virtualization project. You just need to know basic information about your utility billing price, the number of servers and the ratio of servers to virtualize. The tool gives you the result of actual $$ savings by consolidating servers and then gives you the actual $$ savings by rightsizing and upgrading your power and cooling. You can compare this yearly savings with the capital cost of doing the project and determine for yourself if it meets the ROI goals for a project.
- The reduction in IT load as a result of server consolidation offers a new opportunity to take advantage of modular, scalable power and cooling architecture. Until now, the usual argument in favor of scalable architecture has been the ability to start small and grow as needed, to avoid over-investment and wasted operational cost from infrastructure that may never be used. With virtualization, scalable architecture now allows scaling down to remove unneeded capacity at the time of initial virtualization, with the later option to re-grow as the new virtualized environment re-populates. Scaling up or scaling down, the idea is the same – power and cooling devices are less efficient at lower loading, so it is wasteful to be running more power or cooling than you need. “Right-sized” infrastructure keeps capacity at a level that is appropriate for the actual demand (taking into account whatever redundancy and safety margins are desired). Impact of virtualization over sizing Since vitalizing can significantly reduce load, over sizing is an important efficiency issue in a virtualized data center. Even without virtualization, over sizing has long been a primary contributor to data center inefficiency. Server consolidation and server power management, by reducing load even more, will shift efficiency further toward the low end of the efficiency curve, if power and cooling systems stay the same. While the electric bill will indeed go down because of the lower IT load and less air conditioning needed to cool it, the proportion of utility power that reaches the IT loads – in other words, efficiency – will drop, which signifies lost power that could be conserved to reduce energy consumption, and the electric bill, even more.
- Prevention of hot and cold air mixing is a key to all efficient data center cooling strategies. Both HACS and CACS offer improved power density and efficiency. A hot-aisle containment system (HACS) is a more efficient approach than a cold-aisle containment system (CACS) because it allows higher hot aisle temperatures and increased chilled water temperatures which results in increased economizer mode hours and significant electrical cost savings. Plus you can maintain a comfortable temperature in the uncontained area of the data center. In CACs the room become the hot air area. A SE white paper #135 shows that HACS can save 43% in the annual cooling system energy cost corresponding to 15% reduction in the annualized PUE compared to CACS. This paper concludes that all new data center designs should use HACS as the default containment strategy with a few exceptions. In cases where containment was not initially deployed or planned for. For existing raised floor data centers with a perimeter cooling unit layout, it may be easier and less costly to implement CACS.
- In your standard building you have 4 different domain management systems – power quality, Building comfort, Security, and Data Center This is a White Space Energy Efficiency Management software dashboard. Its a standard Web interface. You have your choice – use standard values that are prelloaded, Very simple. It gives you places to input values. You can measure these values and hand load. Or you can associate meters within you facility. Put in your measured loads. Monitor your meters automatically over your network – have your values in real time. You get your energy usage by category – power, cooling, lightinging, etc…..
- Where do your energy dollars go? This is a granular cost breakout screen. There a many checkboxes in these software packages. They are associated to the sub-systems. Or you can create new ones and add to make it custom. Once you establish your data center. You will get standard granularity of subsystems. Again you have your choice of preset values, measured values, and metered real time values. You can add granularity by picking additional devices under the subcategories. Very useful in identifying where your energy dollars are going and where to target improvements.
- What is free-cooling? Free-cooling is an economical method of using low external air temperatures to assist in chilling water, which can then be used for industrial process, or air conditioning systems in data centers. When the ambient air temperature drops to a set temperature, a modulating valve allows all or part of the chilled water to by-pass an existing chiller and run through the Free Cooling system, which uses less power and uses the lower ambient air temperature to cool the water in the system. (Source: Wikipedia) Air conditioning systems designed to take advantage of this technology have the potential to gain another 5-10% in overall data center efficiency, depending on geographic location. When combined with the expected incremental gains in the performance of air conditioning technology, this would allow the PUE to reach the range of 1.1, compared to 1.4 for the system architecture described in this paper.
- EcoBreeze™ is a modular indirect evaporative and air-to-air heat exchanger cooling solution. The EcoBreeze has the unique ability to switch automatically between air-to-air and indirect evaporative heat exchange to consistently provide cooling to data centers in the most efficient way. The design of the EcoBreeze is able to reduce energy consumption by leveraging temperature differences between outside ambient air compared to IT return air to provide economized cooling to the data center. The EcoBreeze not only provides multiple types of air economization, but its modular design allows the unit to adapt to the future cooling needs of the data center. These features, coupled with the fact that the unit uses outside air and is able to automatically switch to the most efficient of cooling modes really set the EcoBreeze apart from other cooling solutions. Note: The water connection is only for the operation of the evaporative cooling mode, and is not used as chilled water.