This document provides information about the Oyrat tribe, a Mongol tribe that played an important role in the Mongol Empire under Genghis Khan and his family. It discusses the tribe's origins and settlement areas between the Onon River and Lake Baikal in Siberia. It also examines the tribe's submission to Genghis Khan in 1203 AD and its participation in military campaigns. The document highlights the strong social and marital relations between the Oyrat tribe and Genghis Khan's family, with several of Genghis Khan's wives and descendants marrying Oyrat women to strengthen ties.
A Contribution to the Study of Hmong (Miao) Migrations and .docxaryan532920
A Contribution to the Study of Hmong (Miao) Migrations and History
Author(s): CHRISTIAN CULAS and JEAN MICRAUD
Source: Bijdragen tot de Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde, Deel 153, 2de Afl. (1997), pp. 211-243
Published by: Brill
Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/27864832
Accessed: 09-09-2016 16:15 UTC
JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted
digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about
JSTOR, please contact [email protected]
Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of the Terms & Conditions of Use, available at
http://about.jstor.org/terms
Brill is collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to Bijdragen tot de Taal-, Land-
en Volkenkunde
This content downloaded from 192.231.160.6 on Fri, 09 Sep 2016 16:15:52 UTC
All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms
CHRISTIAN CULAS and JEAN MICHAUD*
A Contribution to the Study of Hmong
(Miao) Migrations and History1
I. Introduction
There are dozens of mountain tribes inhabiting the northern parts of
Burma, Thailand, Laos and Vietnam, as well as Southwest China. The
whole of this region forms a geographical entity generally known as the
Southeast Asian Massif. Its highland plains and mountains for centuries
have provided a refuge for relatively small societies trying to keep out of
lowland disputes and the fierce competition between powerful foes
fighting for control over fertile land and vital trading routes. For centuries
the Lolo, or Yi, the Miao and the Chung-chia, or Pu-yi - to name but the
most numerous of these groups - criss-crossed the Massif, fleeing from
stronger aggressors or simply seeking better opportunities elsewhere; their
settlements today are scattered all over these remote mountain ranges.
1 This survey of the history of Hmong migrations is part of a project of research on
the ethno-history of the Miao/Hmong in Southeast Asia conducted by the same
authors. An earlier phase of the research resulted in another, French-language,
publication (Michaud and Culas 1997), of which the present article is a revised,
updated and expanded version. The authors would like to take this opportunity to
thank the British Academy (South-East Asia Committee) for its financial support in
the final stage of their research. We are grateful also to Terry King and Jean-Pierre
Hassoun for their constructive criticism, as well as the referees of BK1 whose well
considered comments definitely contributed to an improvement of this paper.
CHRISTIAN CULAS took his Ph.D. at the University of Provence, where he is currently
a research associate, and has specialized in cultural anthropology and ethnohistory.
He is also the author of 'Les usages de l'opium chez les Hmong en Asie du Sud-Est',
in: P. Le Failler and A. Hubert (e ...
Bilingualism As A Main Communication Factor For Integration Among Nations In ...SubmissionResearchpa
As we learn the history of language the national language requires understanding of the terms of fluent and linguistic methodology. Every language is primarily a historical necessity which changes the communication system. This information system is regulated or naturally will be developing by ages. Historically changes in Transoxiana region, modern Uzbekistan influenced in different forms and styles. In this paper work authors studied historical reformation of languages in this region. By centuries formation of the languages and their affect to the local communication and literature are studied. Moreover, authors clarified development of the Turkic language in Transoxiana and current reforms in education system which directed knowledge’s recognized internationally. by Dilnoza Sharipova, Nargiza Xushboqova, Mavjuda Eshpo’latova, Mukhabbat Toshmurodova, Dilfuza Shakirova and Dildora Toshova 2020. Bilingualism As A Main Communication Factor For Integration Among Nations In Transoxiana, Modern Uzbekistan. International Journal on Integrated Education. 2, 2 (Mar. 2020), 15-23. DOI:https://doi.org/10.31149/ijie.v2i2.258. https://journals.researchparks.org/index.php/IJIE/article/view/258/251 https://journals.researchparks.org/index.php/IJIE/article/view/258
A Contribution to the Study of Hmong (Miao) Migrations and .docxaryan532920
A Contribution to the Study of Hmong (Miao) Migrations and History
Author(s): CHRISTIAN CULAS and JEAN MICRAUD
Source: Bijdragen tot de Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde, Deel 153, 2de Afl. (1997), pp. 211-243
Published by: Brill
Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/27864832
Accessed: 09-09-2016 16:15 UTC
JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted
digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about
JSTOR, please contact [email protected]
Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of the Terms & Conditions of Use, available at
http://about.jstor.org/terms
Brill is collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to Bijdragen tot de Taal-, Land-
en Volkenkunde
This content downloaded from 192.231.160.6 on Fri, 09 Sep 2016 16:15:52 UTC
All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms
CHRISTIAN CULAS and JEAN MICHAUD*
A Contribution to the Study of Hmong
(Miao) Migrations and History1
I. Introduction
There are dozens of mountain tribes inhabiting the northern parts of
Burma, Thailand, Laos and Vietnam, as well as Southwest China. The
whole of this region forms a geographical entity generally known as the
Southeast Asian Massif. Its highland plains and mountains for centuries
have provided a refuge for relatively small societies trying to keep out of
lowland disputes and the fierce competition between powerful foes
fighting for control over fertile land and vital trading routes. For centuries
the Lolo, or Yi, the Miao and the Chung-chia, or Pu-yi - to name but the
most numerous of these groups - criss-crossed the Massif, fleeing from
stronger aggressors or simply seeking better opportunities elsewhere; their
settlements today are scattered all over these remote mountain ranges.
1 This survey of the history of Hmong migrations is part of a project of research on
the ethno-history of the Miao/Hmong in Southeast Asia conducted by the same
authors. An earlier phase of the research resulted in another, French-language,
publication (Michaud and Culas 1997), of which the present article is a revised,
updated and expanded version. The authors would like to take this opportunity to
thank the British Academy (South-East Asia Committee) for its financial support in
the final stage of their research. We are grateful also to Terry King and Jean-Pierre
Hassoun for their constructive criticism, as well as the referees of BK1 whose well
considered comments definitely contributed to an improvement of this paper.
CHRISTIAN CULAS took his Ph.D. at the University of Provence, where he is currently
a research associate, and has specialized in cultural anthropology and ethnohistory.
He is also the author of 'Les usages de l'opium chez les Hmong en Asie du Sud-Est',
in: P. Le Failler and A. Hubert (e ...
Bilingualism As A Main Communication Factor For Integration Among Nations In ...SubmissionResearchpa
As we learn the history of language the national language requires understanding of the terms of fluent and linguistic methodology. Every language is primarily a historical necessity which changes the communication system. This information system is regulated or naturally will be developing by ages. Historically changes in Transoxiana region, modern Uzbekistan influenced in different forms and styles. In this paper work authors studied historical reformation of languages in this region. By centuries formation of the languages and their affect to the local communication and literature are studied. Moreover, authors clarified development of the Turkic language in Transoxiana and current reforms in education system which directed knowledge’s recognized internationally. by Dilnoza Sharipova, Nargiza Xushboqova, Mavjuda Eshpo’latova, Mukhabbat Toshmurodova, Dilfuza Shakirova and Dildora Toshova 2020. Bilingualism As A Main Communication Factor For Integration Among Nations In Transoxiana, Modern Uzbekistan. International Journal on Integrated Education. 2, 2 (Mar. 2020), 15-23. DOI:https://doi.org/10.31149/ijie.v2i2.258. https://journals.researchparks.org/index.php/IJIE/article/view/258/251 https://journals.researchparks.org/index.php/IJIE/article/view/258
Sujay the indo europeanization-of_the_world_from a central asian homelandSujay Rao Mandavilli
In this paper, we bring together the concepts put forth in our previous papers and throw new light on how the Indo-Europeanization of the world may have happened from the conventional Central Asian homeland and explain the same using maps and diagrams. We also propose the ‘Ten modes of linguistic transformations associated with Human migrations.’ With this, the significance of the proposed term ‘Base Indo-European’ in lieu of the old term ‘Proto Indo-European’ will become abundantly clear to most readers. The approaches presented in this paper are somewhat superior to existing approaches, and as such are expected to replace them in the longer run. Detailed maps and notes demonstrating and explaining how linguistic transformations might have taken place in South Asia are available in this paper as understood from our previous research papers, and scholars from other parts of the world are invited to develop similar paradigms with regard to their home countries as far as the available data or evidence will allow them. This will help piece together a gigantic jig-saw puzzle, and lead to a revolution of sorts in the field, leading to a ripple-effect that will strongly impact several other related fields of study as well. We also re-emphasize our epigrammatic catch-phrases ‘The Globalization of Science’ and ‘Scientific Progress at the Speed of Light’, and attempt to show how the former will inexorably lead to the latter. This is done in a respectable level of detail, as zany and theoretical concepts gain respectability only if corroborated with real-world data from across the world. The end-result will be a transformation and a revolution in human knowledge, with inevitable cascading changes in cultural and social paradigms and relationships across nationalities and cultures, and rich rewards for scholars and students of Indo-European studies across the world.
The Quest For the Origins of Vedic Culture: The Indo-Aryan Migration Debate,...Sadanand Patwardhan
Edwin Bryant surveys the evidence [linguistic, philological, archaeological, carbon dating, etc.] and interpretations put forward on the highly contested and vexatious debate about the Original Homeland of the Rig Vedic people, who called themselves Aryan. The allied theme of movement of Aryans -whether into Indian subcontinent or out of Sapta-Sindhu area [between Indus and Saraswati rivers]- is also explored.
Contribution of Tribal Leaders of Malkangiri in Freedom Movement of Indiaijtsrd
Malkangiri is one of the most tribal dominated district of Odisha where their number is about 58 . Far from the urban glitz, these pure hearted creatures are the man of the movement. They won’t worry about their future. That phrase of Charbak, “Jabet Jibet Sukhim Bhabet, Rinam Kruttwa Ghruttam Pibet’’ still survives in their civilization. Primitive tribes like Bonda, Didayi and comparatively mainstream communities like Bhumia, Koya, Kandha, Paraja, Gadaba and all most all the 62 types tribes with small population are found in Malkangiri and Undivided Koraput districts. In this paper there is a humble attempt to discuss about the participation of Malkangiri in Freedom movement of India and various rebellions associated with this district. Mr. Arun Kumar Tripathy | Mrs. GVV Ranjitha "Contribution of Tribal Leaders of Malkangiri in Freedom Movement of India" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-6 | Issue-5 , August 2022, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd50678.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/economics/other/50678/contribution-of-tribal-leaders-of-malkangiri-in-freedom-movement-of-india/mr-arun-kumar-tripathy
Some of the information and source came in Afro-Asian book and other sources like the internet, but the design to make the audience feel like they are in India came from me. (source like gif and pictures is from the internet.)
Ethnolinguistics Emergence, Development and Theoretical Researchijtsrd
Modern linguistics has been widely adopted by anthropologists who operate on the basis of deep knowledge and deep thinking in various fields, from historical and descriptive studies to semantics and a variety of social orientations. Most of the work of scientists conducting research in this paradigm is devoted to well defined scientific problems their theoretical foundations are firmly established, their methodology is well established, and their results are clearly visible. Ethnolinguistics anthropological linguistics in world linguistics is an independent branch of science called “cultural anthropology” lat. anthropos man language, folklore, ethnography, history, cultural studies, fiction, psychology and other humanitarian sciences. Davronov Dilshod Ismoilovich | Nurova Yulduz Ubaydullaevna "Ethnolinguistics: Emergence, Development and Theoretical Research" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-6 | Issue-6 , October 2022, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd52117.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/52117/ethnolinguistics-emergence-development-and-theoretical-research/davronov-dilshod-ismoilovich
Modern Poetic Trends of Odisha versus the Neoteric Strives of Guruprasadijtsrd
"This paper tries to bring out the literary trends of Odia
literature from nineteenth century to the last part of
twentieth century. With reference to the long literary
passage of some 175 years attempts have be
to introduce Guruprasad Mohanty and churn out the
specialty by the by of his poetry. How the passage
runs, with what level of frequency and with what
newness- all these things are discussed here in this
article. What was the need of the modern lite
and why it is so- everything in this regard has been
discussed along with various proofs. The real and
underneath reasons of complexity of this post
independence literature or the attitude and nature of
this literature (especially poetry) are brough
Especially, here efforts have been taken to
differentiate between the pre-independence and post
independence literature. Again, in one of the sections,
there is a sketch of influences, inspirations and
impacts of T.S. Eliot, his life, literatur
style and personal doctrines. Further, how he has
influences Guruprasad Mohanty has also been
discussed with ample examples. Overall an
assessment has been made on the originality of
Guruprasad’s literature as well of the attempts of
some other contemporary poets of this period."
Sujay the indo europeanization-of_the_world_from a central asian homelandSujay Rao Mandavilli
In this paper, we bring together the concepts put forth in our previous papers and throw new light on how the Indo-Europeanization of the world may have happened from the conventional Central Asian homeland and explain the same using maps and diagrams. We also propose the ‘Ten modes of linguistic transformations associated with Human migrations.’ With this, the significance of the proposed term ‘Base Indo-European’ in lieu of the old term ‘Proto Indo-European’ will become abundantly clear to most readers. The approaches presented in this paper are somewhat superior to existing approaches, and as such are expected to replace them in the longer run. Detailed maps and notes demonstrating and explaining how linguistic transformations might have taken place in South Asia are available in this paper as understood from our previous research papers, and scholars from other parts of the world are invited to develop similar paradigms with regard to their home countries as far as the available data or evidence will allow them. This will help piece together a gigantic jig-saw puzzle, and lead to a revolution of sorts in the field, leading to a ripple-effect that will strongly impact several other related fields of study as well. We also re-emphasize our epigrammatic catch-phrases ‘The Globalization of Science’ and ‘Scientific Progress at the Speed of Light’, and attempt to show how the former will inexorably lead to the latter. This is done in a respectable level of detail, as zany and theoretical concepts gain respectability only if corroborated with real-world data from across the world. The end-result will be a transformation and a revolution in human knowledge, with inevitable cascading changes in cultural and social paradigms and relationships across nationalities and cultures, and rich rewards for scholars and students of Indo-European studies across the world.
The Quest For the Origins of Vedic Culture: The Indo-Aryan Migration Debate,...Sadanand Patwardhan
Edwin Bryant surveys the evidence [linguistic, philological, archaeological, carbon dating, etc.] and interpretations put forward on the highly contested and vexatious debate about the Original Homeland of the Rig Vedic people, who called themselves Aryan. The allied theme of movement of Aryans -whether into Indian subcontinent or out of Sapta-Sindhu area [between Indus and Saraswati rivers]- is also explored.
Contribution of Tribal Leaders of Malkangiri in Freedom Movement of Indiaijtsrd
Malkangiri is one of the most tribal dominated district of Odisha where their number is about 58 . Far from the urban glitz, these pure hearted creatures are the man of the movement. They won’t worry about their future. That phrase of Charbak, “Jabet Jibet Sukhim Bhabet, Rinam Kruttwa Ghruttam Pibet’’ still survives in their civilization. Primitive tribes like Bonda, Didayi and comparatively mainstream communities like Bhumia, Koya, Kandha, Paraja, Gadaba and all most all the 62 types tribes with small population are found in Malkangiri and Undivided Koraput districts. In this paper there is a humble attempt to discuss about the participation of Malkangiri in Freedom movement of India and various rebellions associated with this district. Mr. Arun Kumar Tripathy | Mrs. GVV Ranjitha "Contribution of Tribal Leaders of Malkangiri in Freedom Movement of India" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-6 | Issue-5 , August 2022, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd50678.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/economics/other/50678/contribution-of-tribal-leaders-of-malkangiri-in-freedom-movement-of-india/mr-arun-kumar-tripathy
Some of the information and source came in Afro-Asian book and other sources like the internet, but the design to make the audience feel like they are in India came from me. (source like gif and pictures is from the internet.)
Ethnolinguistics Emergence, Development and Theoretical Researchijtsrd
Modern linguistics has been widely adopted by anthropologists who operate on the basis of deep knowledge and deep thinking in various fields, from historical and descriptive studies to semantics and a variety of social orientations. Most of the work of scientists conducting research in this paradigm is devoted to well defined scientific problems their theoretical foundations are firmly established, their methodology is well established, and their results are clearly visible. Ethnolinguistics anthropological linguistics in world linguistics is an independent branch of science called “cultural anthropology” lat. anthropos man language, folklore, ethnography, history, cultural studies, fiction, psychology and other humanitarian sciences. Davronov Dilshod Ismoilovich | Nurova Yulduz Ubaydullaevna "Ethnolinguistics: Emergence, Development and Theoretical Research" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-6 | Issue-6 , October 2022, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd52117.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/52117/ethnolinguistics-emergence-development-and-theoretical-research/davronov-dilshod-ismoilovich
Modern Poetic Trends of Odisha versus the Neoteric Strives of Guruprasadijtsrd
"This paper tries to bring out the literary trends of Odia
literature from nineteenth century to the last part of
twentieth century. With reference to the long literary
passage of some 175 years attempts have be
to introduce Guruprasad Mohanty and churn out the
specialty by the by of his poetry. How the passage
runs, with what level of frequency and with what
newness- all these things are discussed here in this
article. What was the need of the modern lite
and why it is so- everything in this regard has been
discussed along with various proofs. The real and
underneath reasons of complexity of this post
independence literature or the attitude and nature of
this literature (especially poetry) are brough
Especially, here efforts have been taken to
differentiate between the pre-independence and post
independence literature. Again, in one of the sections,
there is a sketch of influences, inspirations and
impacts of T.S. Eliot, his life, literatur
style and personal doctrines. Further, how he has
influences Guruprasad Mohanty has also been
discussed with ample examples. Overall an
assessment has been made on the originality of
Guruprasad’s literature as well of the attempts of
some other contemporary poets of this period."
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
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The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
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Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
Honest Reviews of Tim Han LMA Course Program.pptxtimhan337
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Embracing GenAI - A Strategic ImperativePeter Windle
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This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
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Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
1. Volume 3, Issue 5, May 2017 ISSN NO: 2454 - 9827
North Asian International
Research Journal Consortium
North Asian International Research Journal of
Social Science & Humanities
Chief Editor
Dr Rama Singh
Publisher Associate Editor
Dr. Bilal Ahmad Malik Dr. Nagendra Mani Trapathi
2. North Asian International Research Journal of Social Science & Humanities ISSN: 2454-9827 Vol. 3, Issue 5, May 2017
IRJIF IMPACT FACTOR: 3.015
North Asian International research Journal consortiums www.nairjc.com 2
Welcome to NAIRJC
ISSN NO: 2454 - 9827
North Asian International Research Journal Social Science and Humanities is a research journal, published monthly in
English, Hindi, Urdu all research papers submitted to the journal will be double-blind peer reviewed referred by members of
the editorial board. Readers will include investigator in Universities, Research Institutes Government and Industry with
research interest in the general subjects
Editorial Board
Address: -North Asian International Research Journal Consortium (NAIRJC) 221 Gangoo, Pulwama,
Jammu and Kashmir, India - 192301, Cell: 09086405302, 09906662570, Ph. No: 01933-212815,
Email: nairjc5@gmail.com , nairjc@nairjc.com , info@nairjc.com Website: www.nairjc.com
J.Anil Kumar
Head Geography University
of Thirvanathpuram
Sanjuket Das
Head Economics Samplpur University
Adgaonkar Ganesh
Dept. of Commerce B.S.A.U,
Aruganbad
Kiran Mishra
Dept. of Engligh,Ranchi University,
Jharkhand
Somanath Reddy
Dept. of Social Work, Gulbarga
University.
Rajpal Choudhary
Dept. Govt. Engg. College Bikaner
Rajasthan
R.D. Sharma
Head Commerce & Management Jammu
University
R.P. Pandday
Head Education Dr. C.V.Raman
University
Moinuddin Khan
Dept. of Botany SinghaniyaUniversity
Rajasthan.
Manish Mishra
Dept. of Engg, United College Ald.UPTU
Lucknow
K.M Bhandarkar
Praful Patel College of Education, Gondia
Ravi Kumar Pandey
Director, H.I.M.T, Allahabad
Tihar Pandit
Dept. of Environmental Science,
University of Kashmir.
Simnani
Dept. of Political Science, Govt. Degree
College Pulwama, University of Kashmir.
Ashok D. Wagh
Head PG. Dept. of Accountancy,
B.N.N.College, Bhiwandi, Thane,
Maharashtra.
Neelam Yaday
Head Exam. Mat.K..M .Patel College
Thakurli (E), Thane, Maharashtra
Nisar Hussain
Dept. of Medicine A.I. Medical College
(U.P) Kanpur University
M.C.P. Singh
Head Information Technology Dr C.V.
Rama University
Ashak Husssain
Head Pol-Science G.B, PG College Ald.
Kanpur University
Khagendra Nath Sethi
Head Dept. of History Sambalpur
University.
Rama Singh
Dept. of Political Science A.K.D
College, Ald.University of Allahabad
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OYRAT TRIBE STUDY IN HER HISTORIC ASSETS AND HER RELATIONSHIP
WITH GENGHIS KHAN FAMILY (600-663 A.H. / 1203-1264 A.D.)
PROF.DR. WALEED ABOOD MOHAMMED AL-ADULAIMI 1
&
PROF.DR. SUAAD HADI HASSAN AL-TAAI 2
1, 2
University of Baghdad/ College of Education Ibn Rushed for Humanities / Department of History
ABSTRACT
This study has included the historical assets of the most important Mongol tribes which are Oyrat tribe.
This tribe got an important position for (Genghis Khan 603-624 A.H -1206-1226 A.D) and his family for in
the different historical stages for giving her individuals the loyalty and obedience to him before other
Mongol tribes and giving him a support by number of her individuals to eliminate some of his opposed from
other tribes as well. Besides, Oyrat tribe and also military role across various historical stages. At the top
was her participation in (Hulagu-also known as Hülegü or Hulegu-654-663 A.H/1256-1265 A.D)
expedition against Iran in (654 A.H/ 1256 A.D).
This research, tackles the first assets of naming Oyrat Tribe in Such name and the difference of
historians in its writing and spelling and the most important opinions mentioned about its meaning as well.
In this research, we mentioned the most important settlement areas of this tribe and its impact on her
general life and the most important adjoining Mongol and Turkish tribes and the impact of that on her
language and religion and her retaining of her identity despite her adjuring for these tribes.
As well research studied the reasons which allowed these tribes declare loyalty and obedience to
Genghis Khan and her reasons of caring Genghis Khan of her and honoring her individuals. Also the most
important marriages held between Genghis Khan and the individuals of this tribe whether in his era or in
the era of his sons and grandsons. This research also focuses on addressed the most important Genghis
Khan wives from women of this tribe and the marriage of his son (Oktay Khan in 606-639 AH /1228- 1241
A.D) and his grandson (Mongo Khan 649-658 A.H / 1251- 1259 A.D) and Hulagu from their women and
their most important positions in the state and they were her most prominent princes and dignitaries.
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INTRODUCTION:
The study of Mongol tribes is the most important and the hardest historical studies for what researcher faces
of the lack and rarely and lack of historical sources. Its importance is for the necessity of reaching to the truth of
historical assets for these tribes and to make sure of the rightness of her lineage for the discrepancy and variety
of opinions about them especially there was no clear and tangible role for these tribes through the successive
historical stages the Mongol empire passed through whether in the era of Genghis Khan or in the era of his sons
and grandsons.
Despite the shortage of historical sources we could get important information enriched the researcher which
included expanded study about Oyrat tribe which is the most important Mongol tribes. This research discussed
the early naming assets of this tribe and the spelling writing difference of historians about that and the most
important mentioned opinions about its meaning.
As well this research mentioned the most important settlement areas of this tribe and the most important
adjoining tribes which were adjoining her for both Turkish and Mongol tribes and the impact of that on her
language and religion. Also discussed the reason which let this tribe declare her obedience and loyalty to Genghis
khan and the reason which let Genghis Khan takes care of her and honoring her individuals. Besides discussed the
most important marriages held between Genghis Khan Family and the individuals of this tribe whether in this era
or in the era of his sons and grandsons.
THE HISTORICAL ASSETS FOR OYRAT TRIBE:
There is no doubt that giving vivid image about these historical assets for Oyrat tribe is the main and
important issue to get to know the fact about her history. Historians were differed about their writing to the name
of this tribe and that led to their difference in the way of spelling it. Some wrote its name Oyrat (1)
or Oyirad (2)
and other referred to it by the enunciation (Eirat) (3).
Others wrote it (Alorat) (4)
while others referred to it by the
enunciation (Ayratih) (5)
. But most historians almost agreed on one way of its writing and spelling by the
enunciation "Oyrat ". In Turkish language, Oirat means the gray hours (6)
which is the most important Mongol
tribes (7)
. As they were very large, so they crossed into several tribes (8),
this tribe is the Mongo Forestry tribe (9)
,
for this reason, the Orientalist and German historian (Bertold Spuler1911-1990 A.D) had referred to this tribe as a
very primitive tribe (10)
. Though this fact, they had a king response to his orders(11)
, every folks of Mongol and
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their tribes had a king head them principally. He was called "khan" (12)
and he had leaders called them the little
Baki or Baki or Beke. The leader of Oyrat tribe was famous this title(13).
Oyrat tribe settled down in the area between Onon River and Baikal Lake located in southern Siberia (14)
. Some
historian pointed out that they settled particularly on the western coast of Baikal Lake (15)
. While other historical
sources pointed out that Oirat tribe was called in Yenisei River springs area or (Sacesnoran) which means the
eight rivers and it adjoined many Turkish and Mongol tribes (16)
.
Oyrat tribe was the neighbor of Nayman (17)
tribe from north (18)
to the south; the Markit tribes (19)
which were
the most important Mongol tribes (20)
lived adjoining Oyrat tribe. That means Oyrat tribe was stabilizing to the
west of Markit tribes (21)
, while the Kyrgyz (22)
Turkish tribes were settled to the north of Oyrat tribe (23)
. As for
their language, it was a little bit different from other adjoining Mongol tribe's language (24)
. While Bertold pointed
out that the inhabitants of this tribe were talking the Mongol language (25)
. Bertold gave his opinion by saying:
"There was an overlap between the Turkish and Mongolian tongues in the area where the Oyrat was settled,
Called the Sources of Yenisei" (26)
.
The word sakezmorn is a Mongol Turkish word which means the eight rivers as we mentioned before. This
word has two syllables, the first one is Turkish which is (Sakez) which in Turkish language means eight and the
word (morn) which is Mongol means (27).
From this came the mingling and consolidation between the two
languages. The main reason for this intermingles is the adjoining of this tribe to Mongol tribes from one hand and
for Turkish tribes from the other hand.
As for their religion, it was Heathen Shamanism religion (28)
which was the most important prevalent religions
in that time between Turkish and Mongol tribes (29)
. Bertold pointed out to this point saying "real shamans are
there among forests country inhabitants" (30)
.
THE SUBMISSION OF OYRAT TRIBE TO GENGHIS KHAN’S AUTHORITY AND ITS MILITARY
ROLE:
Oyrat tribe has submitted to the authority of Genghis Khan within 600 A.H/ 1203 A.D after a short period of
resistance and soon it surrendered and offered him loyalty and obedience (31)
, where he sent his messengers to
these two tribes ordering them to follow him and be his princes and servants (32)
. this was mentioned in one of the
historical sources (there were two great tribes loving for him invitation, contended with his presidency, two tribes
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huge in number and readiness one is called Oyrat and the other is called Gunkorat (33)
. the Iraqi historian, lawyer
and writer (Abbas al- Azzawi 1890-1971 A.D ) pointed out that Genghis Khan when he decided to Catch up with
Kojlak Khan, the leader of Nayman tribe, and with Tukhtapek, from Markit tribe, he came across in his way to
them number of individuals from Oirat tribe and other tribes who declared their loyalty and fellowship to him
becoming his indicators in following Kojlak and Tukhtapek(34)
.
Oyrat tribe men practiced distinct military role for the favor Mongol court. This represented by
preparing military group consist of a large number of Oyrat tribe men by Mongol army. Her duty as to the
Mongol decree is to guard Ondor position which is the cemetery of Mongolia great leaders (35)
. For this, Genghis
Khan is used a decree states about its rights and care and preferring it to other Mongol tribes (36)
.
Oyrat Mongol tribe participated with Hulagu army when heading to dominate over Iran where he had
led the armies. His young brother Santayaghul accompanied him. Chichan Becky (Oyratah as we mentioned
previously) had sent her son Boga Timor accompanied by number of Oyrat soldiers (37)
. This asserts us of the
military participation of Oyrat tribe sons with Mongol army in some of his military expedition.
THE SOCIAL RELATIONS BETWEEN OYRAT TRIBE AND GENGHIS KHAN FAMILY:
Oyrat tribe had strong social relations with Genghis Khan Family. It was at the top of Mongol tribes
whom Genghis Khan got married of them (38)
, for this point Genghis Khan Sons’ uncles and grandsons belong to
them. The main reason of this belonging is that it was the vanguard of Mongol tribes who declared her
subordination to Genghis Khan after posing his domination over wide areas, so this tribe submitted him support
and empowering (39)
.
These social bonds and relations between this tribe and Genghis Khan Family were represented through the
marriage of a number of Oyrat tribe girls to princes of Mongol royal family. The lineage was strengthened
through these marriages. Genghis Khan was the first one who took this step through his marriage to Chichan Biki
(40)
who is the daughter of the biggest leader of this tribe. It was mentioned that one of his sons had married her
(41)
, where Al-Juini pointed out that Chichan is the second daughter of Genghis khan (42)
and there might be a
similarity in the name of Genghis khan and his daughter. Due to the narration of Al-Juini which says that Genghis
khan and his daughter was called Chichan Biki was married to Toralgi Kourkan, the son of one of Oyrat tribe
leaders where she sired him his son Boqatimor who died in (658 A.H / 1259 A.D). Whatever the matter is, this
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marriage was important reason. For the tending of most Mongol princes to choose their wives from the girls of
this tribe (43)
.
In the era of Oktay khan, it was rumored in Oyrat tribe which is one of Mongol tribes that the girls of
this tribe were engaged to some ones due to the decree and because of fear; they married most of these girls
among them and delivered the others (44)
. This news reached to Oktay khan who gave his orders to enquire to
know the rightness of this news and after finishing inquires, the truth was as he heard about it. For this he gave his
orders to gather most of Oyrat’s tribe girls who were over 17 years old and to divorce those who got married in
that year. So they brought four thousand girls, then Oktay khan gave his order to isolate princes girls. For the rest
of girls, they stood in two lines and those who were suitable to be in the palace were sent to join his seraglio and
gave some of them to leopards Tamers and offered others to each one of his retinue and some of them to inns and
protocol men. For who had left of them, he ordered Muslims and Mongol who were present to take them. What is
worth to mention is that matter happened in front the sight of the girls’ fathers, brothers, husbands and relatives
and no one dare to say one word or defend and oppose Oktay Khan Orders (45)
.
Through narrating this narration, it seems that this tribe girls were the Favorite for the Genghis khan family
and might be for the qualities and characteristics they have or might be their prettiness and monopolistic. They
were monopolized only for Genghis khan family and his retinue.
Genghis khan followed his method in the wedding of someone from Oyrat tribe. The historian
(Rashid-al-Din Fadl Allah al-Hamadāni 1247-1318 A.D) pointed out that (Mengo khan 649-558 A.H/ 1251-1259
A.D) had a wife from Oyrat tribe and from the ancestry of Qotoqh Biki called okol Qoemsh. She was Olgay
Khatun’s sister. This wife had a strong personality. In past she was his father’s fiancée Toloy khan the son of
Genghis khan. For this, okhoy was calling her husband (kobilay khan 658-693 A.H/1259-1293 A.D) and Hulagu
in the word (my son). She gain their respect and she did not sire male boys but she sired two girls, the old one was
called Shirin and the second girl was called Bechqa and she was called Kourkan also(46)
.
Hulagu married many women from Oirat tribe. They are respectively:
1- Queec khan who is the daughter of Toralji Kourkan and her mother, The daughter of Genghis khan who was
called Chichan whom is the first wife of Hulagu he married her in Mongolia. She gave birth to his second son
who was called Jumghur or Jumghar ogol who was born in Mongolia. He was left by Hulagu at the service of
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Mango khan when he headed to Iran in 654 A.H/ 1256 A.D with his guards despite his young age. She gave
birth to his first daughter who was called Bubo khan Agha (47)
.
2- Olgay Khatun's was also the daughter of Toralji Kourkan which means she is Goick Khatun's sister. His
daughters of her were his third daughter who was called Hami Mingokan and his seventh daughter who was
called Baba (48)
. it was worth mentioning that Olgay khaton had accompanied her husband Hulagu through his
journey to Iran in 651 A.H/ 1253 A.D(49)
one of the historians mentioned that Hulagu took with him in his
journey three of his wives(50)
. After the death of her husband Hulagu in 663 A.H/ 1264 A.D, Olgay khaton
married his son Abaka khan as to the Mongol habits and tradition which state on the marriage of son to his
father’s widow (51)
.
3- Arikak Eikaji is the daughter of Tinkar Kourkan from Oirat tribe was living in kotoy khan’s camp. When
Hulagu headed to Iran, he appointed her the head of most of his camps and this was for his high trust of her.
His most important son of her was his eighth son Ajay. Arkikak Ikajay died ten days. After the death of her
husband Hulagu in 663 A.H/ 1264 A.D (52)
.
CONCLUSION:
Oyrat is the most important Mongol tribes. The word Oyrat means grey horse in Turkish language. Despite its
affect by the religion and the language of those who were settled near to her represented by Turkish tribes, it
remained maintained on her first assets where Oyrat tribe adjoined Nayman tribe northward and Market tribe
southward.
This study reached to the point that Oyrat tribe had a king implement his orders and she is in front of
Mongol tribes who declared their loyalty and obedience to Genghis Khan despite the little resistance showed by
some of her individuals towards him. Her individuals proved their sincerity to Genghis Khan through helping him
to eliminate his opposed of other tribes like Krayit and Nayman tribes. A number of her individuals participated
in Hulagu expedition against Iran in 654A.H1256A.D which confirms the continuation of loyalty of this family
to Genghis Khan’s family in various historical stages.
For this reason, Genghis Khan wanted to honor her individuals by marrying them. This became
mores followed by his sons and grandsons after him and for that the uncles of Genghis Khan and grandsons
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belong to it. This marriage added a great prestige to her individuals and they had great status in most Mongol
places.
FOOTNOTE AND SOURCES:
1- Fouad Abdul-Muti al-Sayad, Mangol history , (al-Nahdha AL-Arabiya publishing house , Beirut , N.D) , P. 29
; Mohammed Salah Dawood al- Kazzaz, political life in Iraq in the Mongol domination era ,( alkadhaa
printing house , al-Najaf , 1970 ), P. 5.
2- al-Sayad., Op.Cit., P. 29.
3- Bertold Spuler, Mongol in history, translated from French: Yousif Shilib al-Sham, 1ST
.ed., (Tlas house for
studies publishing and Translation, Damascus, 1989), P. 11.
4- Ibn Khaldûn's, Abdul Rahman Bin Mohammed (d.808AH1405 AD), al-ʻIbar wa-Dīwān al-Mubtadaʼ wa-l-
Khabar fī Taʼrīkh al-ʻArab wa-l-Barbar wa-Man ʻĀṣarahum min Dhawī ash-Shaʼn al-Akbār, vol.5, (house
revival of Arab, Beirut, N.D), pp. 526-527.
5- Abbas Iqbal, History of Iran after Islam since the beginning of Tahirid state till the end of the Qajar state (205
AH820 AD1343 AH1995 AD , transferred from Persian by Mohammed Aladdin Mansour , (culture
publishing and Distribution House , Cairo , 1989 ) , p. 346 .
6- Arminius Vambrey, History of Bukhara since the oldest ages till present age, translated by Ahmed Mahmoud
al-Sadati, (al- alsharqiya press company , Cairo , N.D ), P. 162 .
7- Alaa al - Din Ata Malik bin Bahaa al- Din Mohammed bin Mohammed al - Juwaini (681 AH 1282 AD),
Jhanckshay history, transfered from Pairsan by Mohammed al-Tongi ,vol.1, 1ST
.ed., (al-Malah printing and
publishing house , 1985), p. 140 ; al- alSayid al-Baz al-Arini , Mongol ,( al-Nahdha al-Arabiya printing and
publishing house , Beirut , 1986), pp. 13-14 .
8- Al-Sayad., Op.Cit., p. 29; Abdul Salam Abdul Aziz Fahmi, History of the Mongol State in Iran, 1ST.ed., ( Dar
al Ma'arif , Cairo, 1981),p.14.
9- Al-Araini. , Op.Cit., p. 38.
10- Spuler. Op.Cit., p. 11.
11- Al-Sayad., Op.Cit., p. 29 ; Fahmi., Op.Cit., p.14.
12- Al-Araini. , Op.Cit., p. 38.
13- Fasili Vladimirovich Partold, Turkstan , from Arab conquest until Mangol invasion , translated by Salah al -
Din Ottoman Hashim, (Arab in heritage department , National Council for culture and Arts, Kuwait , 1981) ,
p. 560 ; al-Araini. , Op.Cit., p. 38.
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14- al-Sayad., Op.Cit., p. 29; Abbas Iqbal, history of Mongol since the Expedition of Genghis Khan till the
establishing of Timurid state, translated by Abdul Wahab Alub , (cultural complex , Abu Dhabi , 2000 ), p.
48.
15- Al-Araini., Op.Cit., p. 34 .
16- Spuler. Op.Cit., p. 152 , Fahmi., Op.Cit., p. 13 .
17- Nayman Tribe: Their assets belong to Turk but the Mongol Character overshadowed then. Despite the
name of Nayman Tribe which means eight, they were settling in the upper Basin of Orkhon River and
Naron River and Foothills of Altai Mountain. Also the were near the lakes located in Mongolia. Their
kings were entitled in the title of Kocalok Khan or Buerouk Khan. Their religion was Christianity. Their
language was Mongol language and Aalaoegorih religion as well. It submitted to the authority of
Genghis Khan after the death of leader Tayank Khan in 600 AH 1203 AD. Al - Juwaini., Op.Cit., pp.
69- 72 , 87 ; Rashid Aldin fadhil Allah al- Hamadāni, (718 AH/ 1318 AD) transferred to Arabic by
Fouad Abdul-Muti al-Sayad,1st
.ed., special part of Genghis khan successors history, (al- Nahdha al-
Arabia House for printing and publishing, Beirut, 1983), p. 309.
18-Bartold, History of the Turk in Central Asia. Ahmed El-Said Soliman, Reviewed by Ibrahim Sabri, the Anglo-
Egyptian Library, Cairo, N.D.) p. 152; Spuler., Op.Cit., p. 11.
19- Markit tribes : there are one of Mongol tribes who were stabilizing near the banks of yansi river to the south
of Baikal lake .they were adjoining Oirat Mongol tribe from south . They were strong people with great power
practicing hunting profession in forests. Their leaders were famous with the title Baki or Biki. This tribe had
received Nestorian preaching Christianity movement after professing shamanism religion and their language
was the Mongol language as well as for Uighur language. Ahmed bin Ali al-Qalqashandi (821 AH/ 1418 AD),
Sobh Alasah in the snaat Alancha, vol. 4 (ministry of culture and national Guidance, Egyptian establishment
for translation, publishing, printing and authoring, kostatsomas and his partners press, Cairo, N.D), p. 307;
partold., Op.Cit.,p. 54, 154- 155; al-Sayad.,Op.Cit., p. 29; al-Araini., Op.Cit., p. 35, 38.
20- al-Araini., Op.Cit., p. 34.
21- Spuler., Op.Cit., p. 11.
22- Kyrgyz: as to Turk country, Karghiz were settling in the Plain of Yantis River or (Yanisi). They had
worship house and Were good in writing. They had good speech, opinion and well Spoken words use them
when praying. Their flags had green color and they were glorifying Saturn and Venus planet. Musk had a
big value in their exports. Their prince was entitled as Kaghan. Bartold., Op.Cit., p. 9, 30, 32.
23- Ibid., p. 152.
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24- al-Sayad., Op.Cit., p. 29, Fahmi, Op.Cit., p. 13.
25- Bartold., Op.Cit., p.152.
26- Ibid.
27- Ibid.
28- Shamanism religion: shaman in Turkish language means (stood) and shaman means magician, poet or
spiritual doctor. Vicars were called by this word. This religion had spreader widely among Turks and Mongol.
It is one of the primitive religions which do not stand on real religious moral principled values. This religion
admitted great god where they were worshiping mummified goddess. Mongol was worshiping their
grandfathers’ spirits and everything cause fear to them. Among them were goddess of river, tress, mountain,
sun, moon, and other goddess. Bartold., Op.Cit., p. 11; 14, 68, 263; W. sert Arnold, invitation to Islam, a
research in spreading Islamic creed, translated by Hassan Ibrahim Hassan and Abdul Majed Abdin and
Ismaeel al-Nahrawi, (al- Nahdha al- Masriya library, al Subki press, Cairo, N.D), p 191.
29- Bartold., Op.Cit., p. 152.
30- Ibid.
31- al-Sayad, Op.Cit.,p. 29; Fahmi., Op.Cit., p. 14.
32- Al - Juwaini., Op.Cit., p. 71 .
33- Shihab Aldeen Abi al Abbas Ahmed Bin Yahya Ibn Fadhil Allah al Aumari (749 AH/ 1348 AD), Masalik
Al Absar in Mamalik al Ansar, Fulfilled by Mohamad Abdul Kadir Khraisat and Others, vol. 3,( Zayid
center for history and Heritage, Alain, 2001 ), P. 72.
34- Abbas al- Azzawi, history of Iraq between two occupations, Mongol government 656-738 AH/ 1258-1338
AD, vol.1,1st
.ed., (Baghdad press, Baghdad, 1953), p. 84.
35- Al- Hamadāni, Op.Cit., p. 309.
36- Al - Juwaini., Op.Cit., p. 140.
37- Ibid., 33.
38- Al-Sayad., Op.Cit., p. 29, Fahmi, Op.Cit., , p. 14.
39- Juwaini., Op.Cit., p. 140.
40- JiJan Biki: in Mongol language, it means small flower.
Jawini, Op.Cit., vol.2, pp. 140-150.
41- Ibid., p. 140.
42- Ibid.
43- Ibid., p. 140, 238.
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44- Ibid., p. 238.
45- Al-Hamathani., Op.Cit., pp. 92-93.
46- Ibid., pp. 193-196.
47- Ibid., vol.2, pp. 222- 223, 229, 244.
48- Ibid., p. 222, 230, 231.
49- Al Hamathani., vol. 2, p. 231; Ibin Al Ebri, Summary states
history, p. 213, al- Azawi .,vol.1 p.147; al- Sayad .,Op.Cit.,p. 27.
50- Al Auraini, Op.Cit., p. 208.
51- Al Hamathani., Op.Cit., vol. 2 , p. 222.
52- Ibid., p. 226.
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