This study examines masculinity in Pashto folk poetry, specifically the genre of "Gharra", through analysis of folk poetry and interviews. Two case studies of tribal conflicts are presented. Both began from small disputes but escalated as each side sought to avenge losses and defend their honor. Folk poetry such as "Gharra" played a role in fueling passions for revenge and asserting bravery. The study finds masculinity and defending one's honor are core aspects of Pashtun identity and tribalism that folk poetry has traditionally reinforced during conflicts. However, oral traditions are weakening with modern influences, though much cultural history remains preserved in folk genres.
This document analyzes the poem "Heydar Babaya Salam" by Muhammad Hussein Shahriar. It discusses how the poem reflects both mythical and folklore elements of the poet's world. While written in a literary form, the poem draws heavily from folklore in its language, style, and content. The poem became hugely popular and helped establish Shahriar's reputation as a poet writing in the native Azerbaijani language. It is seen as exemplifying his skill in adapting folklore traditions to modern poetry.
Iqbal, jinnah and india's partition an intimate relationshipAqib Javid
This document provides a summary and analysis of the political relationship between Muhammad Iqbal and Muhammad Ali Jinnah and their roles in the Pakistan movement. It discusses how Iqbal's poetry and writings show the evolution of his thinking from advocating Hindu-Muslim unity to increasingly supporting Muslim separatism and the idea of an independent Muslim state. The relationship between Iqbal and Jinnah in the 1930s is described as highly influential, as Jinnah appropriated Iqbal's political-philosophical vision to forge the Muslim League's demand for a separate nation. The relationship had far-reaching consequences in shaping the partition of British India along religious lines.
Making power point presentation for research papersShakuntalagawde
This presentation gives do's and dont's for presentation in seminars or conferences. Research papers are presented in seminar of conferences by authors. Many presentation create bad impression due to minor mistakes done in ppts. This presentation gives examples of good as well as bad presentation. It explains very basic things like backgrounds, fonts, colours to be used in ppts.
The passage summarizes the saga of the Chaudhuri siblings, scions of a Brahmin landowning family from Bharenga, Bangladesh. It describes their backgrounds, careers, and relationships. The eldest sibling Sachin Chaudhuri became a renowned intellectual and editor. Younger siblings pursued various paths including the arts, politics, business, and film. Despite pursuing different lives, the siblings remained closely knit and supported each other through challenges.
IRJET- Thematic Concept in Select Poems of Robin Singh NgangomIRJET Journal
This document provides an abstract for a paper analyzing the thematic concepts in select poems of Robin Singh Ngangom. It discusses how Ngangom's poetry initially focused on romantic or sacred themes but later addressed social and political issues in Manipur in the 20th century. His mature poems reflect an atmosphere of unrest, violence, and the search for identity in his homeland. The paper aims to examine Ngangom's poems and discern his major thematic concerns of expressing indignation at the violence in the region or indifference in its face while internalizing its complex conflicts.
Introducing the literary and linguistic excellence of the qur’anAbdullah Bin Ahmad
This document discusses the immense impact of the Quran on global politics and billions of individuals throughout history. It argues that the Quran presents a unique paradigm of social and political thought that was previously unknown. The document also highlights the Quran's literary excellence, describing it as a new genre of speech that was able to transform disparate Arab tribes into a unified civilization. It provides perspectives from various scholars on the Quran's sublime rhetoric, richly varied rhythms, and ability to convey concepts in a profound and inimitable way.
A short history of pakistan M.D.Zaffar 1985B.H. Hashmi
This document provides a short history of Pakistan from its origins as part of British India to the 1980s. It begins with an introduction to the arrival and spread of Islam in South Asia and the establishment of Muslim rule. It then discusses the freedom movement of Muslims under British rule and the eventual establishment of Pakistan in 1947. The document outlines the challenges of partition and the leadership of Muhammad Ali Jinnah as first Governor-General. It also summarizes the political developments and leadership under subsequent governors-general and military regimes up until the 1980s. The document aims to interpret the historical, socio-economic and political evolution of Pakistan from its founding to its ongoing progress and goals.
This document analyzes the poem "Heydar Babaya Salam" by Muhammad Hussein Shahriar. It discusses how the poem reflects both mythical and folklore elements of the poet's world. While written in a literary form, the poem draws heavily from folklore in its language, style, and content. The poem became hugely popular and helped establish Shahriar's reputation as a poet writing in the native Azerbaijani language. It is seen as exemplifying his skill in adapting folklore traditions to modern poetry.
Iqbal, jinnah and india's partition an intimate relationshipAqib Javid
This document provides a summary and analysis of the political relationship between Muhammad Iqbal and Muhammad Ali Jinnah and their roles in the Pakistan movement. It discusses how Iqbal's poetry and writings show the evolution of his thinking from advocating Hindu-Muslim unity to increasingly supporting Muslim separatism and the idea of an independent Muslim state. The relationship between Iqbal and Jinnah in the 1930s is described as highly influential, as Jinnah appropriated Iqbal's political-philosophical vision to forge the Muslim League's demand for a separate nation. The relationship had far-reaching consequences in shaping the partition of British India along religious lines.
Making power point presentation for research papersShakuntalagawde
This presentation gives do's and dont's for presentation in seminars or conferences. Research papers are presented in seminar of conferences by authors. Many presentation create bad impression due to minor mistakes done in ppts. This presentation gives examples of good as well as bad presentation. It explains very basic things like backgrounds, fonts, colours to be used in ppts.
The passage summarizes the saga of the Chaudhuri siblings, scions of a Brahmin landowning family from Bharenga, Bangladesh. It describes their backgrounds, careers, and relationships. The eldest sibling Sachin Chaudhuri became a renowned intellectual and editor. Younger siblings pursued various paths including the arts, politics, business, and film. Despite pursuing different lives, the siblings remained closely knit and supported each other through challenges.
IRJET- Thematic Concept in Select Poems of Robin Singh NgangomIRJET Journal
This document provides an abstract for a paper analyzing the thematic concepts in select poems of Robin Singh Ngangom. It discusses how Ngangom's poetry initially focused on romantic or sacred themes but later addressed social and political issues in Manipur in the 20th century. His mature poems reflect an atmosphere of unrest, violence, and the search for identity in his homeland. The paper aims to examine Ngangom's poems and discern his major thematic concerns of expressing indignation at the violence in the region or indifference in its face while internalizing its complex conflicts.
Introducing the literary and linguistic excellence of the qur’anAbdullah Bin Ahmad
This document discusses the immense impact of the Quran on global politics and billions of individuals throughout history. It argues that the Quran presents a unique paradigm of social and political thought that was previously unknown. The document also highlights the Quran's literary excellence, describing it as a new genre of speech that was able to transform disparate Arab tribes into a unified civilization. It provides perspectives from various scholars on the Quran's sublime rhetoric, richly varied rhythms, and ability to convey concepts in a profound and inimitable way.
A short history of pakistan M.D.Zaffar 1985B.H. Hashmi
This document provides a short history of Pakistan from its origins as part of British India to the 1980s. It begins with an introduction to the arrival and spread of Islam in South Asia and the establishment of Muslim rule. It then discusses the freedom movement of Muslims under British rule and the eventual establishment of Pakistan in 1947. The document outlines the challenges of partition and the leadership of Muhammad Ali Jinnah as first Governor-General. It also summarizes the political developments and leadership under subsequent governors-general and military regimes up until the 1980s. The document aims to interpret the historical, socio-economic and political evolution of Pakistan from its founding to its ongoing progress and goals.
This presentation is all about the epic singers of kalahandi who were the caste genealogists of many land lords and myth maker of many caste and tribes. Now they earn their livelihood by manual labor and migration. Still they have not forgotten the culture they have created in past.This is the critical analysis of the epic singers of a land where the collective life and togetherness is maintained by the singers.
Mahendra Kumar Mishra
mkmfolk@gmail.com
Arabic Fairy-tales: An Analysis of Hatim Tai’s Story within Propp’s ModelBahram Kazemian
The document analyzes the Arabic folktale "Hatim Tai" using Propp's model of 31 narrative functions. It finds that the story contains all of Propp's proposed functions, with some repeating more than once. The tale is about the generosity and morality of Hatim and deals with themes of ethics. The research aims to investigate the narrative structure of the story, highlight common features of Arabic folktales, and assess the applicability of Propp's model to this cultural context. Analyzing the story according to Propp's functions reveals a consistent format involving absentation, delivery of information, reconnaissance, trickery by the villain, mediation of the problem, prohibitions and their violation, counteractions, difficult tasks
Caste in Sri Lanka-From Ancient Times to the Present DayLuckyMatrimony
This document provides an introduction to caste systems in Sri Lanka from ancient times to the present day. It defines caste and discusses how casteism originated in India with the arrival of the Aryans around 2000 BC and was later introduced to Sri Lanka. The document notes that caste exists among the Sinhalese, Tamils and the solitary Osta caste among Moors. It provides context on the Indian origins of casteism and the original social divisions among the Aryan and Iranian peoples who migrated to South Asia.
This document analyzes the integration of Urdu lexicon into English language usage in Pakistan. It presents data collected from Pakistani publications over 7 years, analyzing borrowing in categories like articles, descriptive labels, edibles, law/order terms, marriages and more. It finds borrowing occurs to fill lexical gaps and convey local atmosphere. Writers deliberately use Urdu terms and integrate them into English through italicization, quotation marks, capitalization or underlining. Grammatical aspects like noun pluralization and adjectives functioning as nouns also reflect Urdu influence on Pakistani English.
An Intersectionality Essay On Noha Culture In Shi A CommunitiesAndrea Porter
This document summarizes three papers that analyze noha, a type of non-liturgical chant in Shi'a communities, using different methodological approaches in ethnomusicology. The first paper by Kamran Aghaie explores how symbols and rituals surrounding the Battle of Karbala have evolved in modern Iran. The second paper by Thomas Reckord analyzes characteristics of religious chant genres in Iran, including context, terminology, rhythm and mode. The third paper by Regula Qureshi examines Shi'a mourning rituals of Moharram in India. The document argues that a holistic understanding of noha requires considering all these different perspectives.
Beliefs prasticed by the tribes of naga landyoonshweyee
The Sema tribe of India between the hills of assam and Burma. The sema, like all other Naga tribe, probably contain elements from all these migrations. The account of the Semas given in this dessertation had been compiled at Kohima. An attempt has been made to depict the life, language, culture, tradition and most importantly the belifs of Sumi Nagas.
This document summarizes a research article analyzing the influence of the medieval Persian poet Hafiz on modern Iranian society and culture. It discusses how Hafiz's poetry has been deeply influential in Iran for centuries, viewed as encapsulating Iran's national spirit. It explores how Hafiz remains profoundly meaningful to Iranians of all backgrounds due to his symbolic and enigmatic language allowing for varied interpretations. The consistency of Persian literature and culture, including the ongoing prominence of Hafiz's works, has provided stability throughout Iran's history amid political changes.
This document provides information about the Oyrat tribe, a Mongol tribe that played an important role in the Mongol Empire under Genghis Khan and his family. It discusses the tribe's origins and settlement areas between the Onon River and Lake Baikal in Siberia. It also examines the tribe's submission to Genghis Khan in 1203 AD and its participation in military campaigns. The document highlights the strong social and marital relations between the Oyrat tribe and Genghis Khan's family, with several of Genghis Khan's wives and descendants marrying Oyrat women to strengthen ties.
This document summarizes a paper that analyzes the performance genre of Kobigaan, which involves musical contests between groups of poet-singers in rural India and Bangladesh. It discusses how these performances are connected to local communities' agricultural calendars and highlight issues of livelihood and social behavior. The paper examines Kobigaan and other related genres to see if performance can be used as a method to study socio-cultural aspects of these communities. It provides examples from fieldwork observing Kobigaan performances and discusses some of the methodological approaches that can be taken to analyze such performance practices.
1) The document discusses the development of Hindu nationalism and the quest to trace Indian national identity back to ancient times.
2) It argues that notions of India as a single nation or the idea that Hinduism has always defined Indian civilization have no basis in history and are attempts to promote Hindu cultural nationalism.
3) The geographical scope of early Vedic civilization was limited to northwest India and the idea of India or Bharata as a unified nation did not emerge until several centuries later, through interactions with other groups and in response to Western imperialism.
This document provides a summary of the novel "Kanthapura" by Raja Rao. It discusses the social background of villages in South India during the time period, including the caste system that divided people into Brahmins, Pariahs, potters, and weavers. The villages were orthodox, superstitious, and women and Dalits faced poor treatment. Religion and mythology played a central role in village life, and people celebrated various festivals while holding strong beliefs in local deities. Raja Rao's novel effectively portrayed the traditional social and cultural aspects of Indian villages.
This document provides a summary of the novel "Kanthapura" by Raja Rao. It discusses the social background of villages in South India during the time period, including the caste system that divided people into Brahmins, Pariahs, potters, and weavers. The villages were orthodox, superstitious, and women and Dalits faced poor treatment. The social background also involved beliefs in mythology, poverty, and religion centered around festivals and gods/goddesses. Raja Rao depicts this traditional Indian social culture through the novel.
Womens Desire Portrayed in Bhawaiya Folksong in Northern Bangladeshijtsrd
Music is called a powerful medium of expression. It is Music which is a conscious effort done to represent the human thoughts and emotion. Human cultures, societies, and stages of evolution are mirrored in the variety of music. A researcher’s interest to study music as an issue which is the manifestation of human life combining family, love, conflict etc. can be derived from the perception of life events along with the assimilation of social environment she he belongs to. Music is certainly the strongest outcome of any culture. The folksong as a discipline associated with folk’s life and experiences qualifies it to be a worthy area of interest with its evolutionary history and uniqueness. Folksong conveys the way of life, the cultural milieu is the outcome of the relationship between human and his her perception of different aspects of life Khan 1987 .Thus there is scope to concentrate on how women and their feeling of desire, separation, sorrows etc. are portrayed in the Bhawaiya folksong. Attributes and kinds of the desire are reflected very saliently through the songs. Bhawaiya is that kind of folksong of Bangladesh which is sung by men about women’s experience. Prominent folklorist Dr. Ashraf Siddiqui identifies it as a ” ˜song of women sung by men’. Bangladeshi folksongs, especially Bhawaiya display a picturesque amour which is the main attribute of the songs. This amour in the folksongs is awfully spread in different directions. The universal love is sometimes moonstruck awful affection and sometimes it is encumbered in deep melancholy. Abdullah Zahid Osmani "Women’s Desire Portrayed in Bhawaiya Folksong in Northern Bangladesh" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-1 , December 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd38088.pdf Paper URL : https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/38088/women’s-desire-portrayed-in-bhawaiya-folksong-in-northern-bangladesh/abdullah-zahid-osmani
This document discusses the Qashqai people, a Turkic-speaking nomadic tribe living mainly in southern Iran. It provides background on the Qashqai's origins, history, and culture. The Qashqai traditionally engaged in pastoral nomadism, migrating between summer and winter pastures in the Zagros Mountains. However, in recent decades many have become more settled. The document explores the Qashqai's music, traditions, rituals and beliefs, as well as their political tendencies. It also examines their integration of other ethnic groups and ongoing connection to traditional ways of life despite modern influences. Videos are included showing Qashqai cultural practices and life in their mountain regions of Iran.
1. The document discusses the history and evolution of the Rajbangshi people in South Dinajpur district of West Bengal, India.
2. It mentions that various scholars have proposed different theories about the origins of the Rajbangshi people, including them having Mongolian or Dravidian ancestry. However, there is no conclusive evidence for any single theory.
3. The document also notes that the Rajbangshi people developed a hybrid culture influenced by both Aryan and local ethnic groups in North Bengal, and their history is not well documented in historical texts that focus on South Bengal.
The Culture of Sindh (Sindhi: سنڌ جي ثقافت,Urdu: سندھ کی ثقافت) has its roots in the Indus Valley Civilization. Sindh has been shaped by the largely desert region, the natural resources it had available, and continuous foreign influence. ... The Sindhi culture is also practiced by the Sindhi diaspora.
This document summarizes a research article that analyzes the short story "Zemindar's Wife" by Qaisra Shahraz through the theoretical lens of Subaltern Studies. The story focuses on the experiences of poor villagers in Punjab under feudal rule. It highlights their oppression and alternative narratives that challenge the landlord Sarfraz. The study argues that Shahraz aims to dismantle the feudal system through the character of Noor, who empowers the villagers, especially women, to speak up for their rights. Overall, the research aims to show how the story delivers Shahraz's message of hope for human equality under a more favorable socioeconomic context, as proposed by theorist Young.
16 chapter 5 pharmaceutical formulation and its evaluationPCSIR
This document discusses the formulation and evaluation of herbal hair oils and creams. It describes the preparation methods for herbal hair oils using coconut oil as the base and ethyl acetate fractions of plant extracts. Four herbal hair oil formulations were prepared and evaluated for parameters like pH, viscosity, acid value, peroxide value and saponification value. An oil-in-water cream was also formulated using stearic acid as the emulsifier and plant extract fractions. The cream formulations were evaluated for properties like appearance, pH, viscosity and emulsion type. Stability studies including tests for globule size, phase separation and moisture absorption were also conducted on the cream formulations.
This document summarizes the history of education policy making in Pakistan and analyzes reasons for the failure of policy implementation. It discusses conventional explanations for failures, such as unclear goals, lack of political commitment, and issues with governance. It also argues that a neuro-cognitive perspective is needed to understand how individuals make sense of policies and the cognitive constraints on learning and behavior change. Accounting for both conventional factors and cognitive constraints could help formulate policies more likely to achieve desired outcomes. The document uses examples from Pakistan's education policies to support its analysis of challenges with policy implementation.
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This presentation is all about the epic singers of kalahandi who were the caste genealogists of many land lords and myth maker of many caste and tribes. Now they earn their livelihood by manual labor and migration. Still they have not forgotten the culture they have created in past.This is the critical analysis of the epic singers of a land where the collective life and togetherness is maintained by the singers.
Mahendra Kumar Mishra
mkmfolk@gmail.com
Arabic Fairy-tales: An Analysis of Hatim Tai’s Story within Propp’s ModelBahram Kazemian
The document analyzes the Arabic folktale "Hatim Tai" using Propp's model of 31 narrative functions. It finds that the story contains all of Propp's proposed functions, with some repeating more than once. The tale is about the generosity and morality of Hatim and deals with themes of ethics. The research aims to investigate the narrative structure of the story, highlight common features of Arabic folktales, and assess the applicability of Propp's model to this cultural context. Analyzing the story according to Propp's functions reveals a consistent format involving absentation, delivery of information, reconnaissance, trickery by the villain, mediation of the problem, prohibitions and their violation, counteractions, difficult tasks
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This document provides an introduction to caste systems in Sri Lanka from ancient times to the present day. It defines caste and discusses how casteism originated in India with the arrival of the Aryans around 2000 BC and was later introduced to Sri Lanka. The document notes that caste exists among the Sinhalese, Tamils and the solitary Osta caste among Moors. It provides context on the Indian origins of casteism and the original social divisions among the Aryan and Iranian peoples who migrated to South Asia.
This document analyzes the integration of Urdu lexicon into English language usage in Pakistan. It presents data collected from Pakistani publications over 7 years, analyzing borrowing in categories like articles, descriptive labels, edibles, law/order terms, marriages and more. It finds borrowing occurs to fill lexical gaps and convey local atmosphere. Writers deliberately use Urdu terms and integrate them into English through italicization, quotation marks, capitalization or underlining. Grammatical aspects like noun pluralization and adjectives functioning as nouns also reflect Urdu influence on Pakistani English.
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This document summarizes three papers that analyze noha, a type of non-liturgical chant in Shi'a communities, using different methodological approaches in ethnomusicology. The first paper by Kamran Aghaie explores how symbols and rituals surrounding the Battle of Karbala have evolved in modern Iran. The second paper by Thomas Reckord analyzes characteristics of religious chant genres in Iran, including context, terminology, rhythm and mode. The third paper by Regula Qureshi examines Shi'a mourning rituals of Moharram in India. The document argues that a holistic understanding of noha requires considering all these different perspectives.
Beliefs prasticed by the tribes of naga landyoonshweyee
The Sema tribe of India between the hills of assam and Burma. The sema, like all other Naga tribe, probably contain elements from all these migrations. The account of the Semas given in this dessertation had been compiled at Kohima. An attempt has been made to depict the life, language, culture, tradition and most importantly the belifs of Sumi Nagas.
This document summarizes a research article analyzing the influence of the medieval Persian poet Hafiz on modern Iranian society and culture. It discusses how Hafiz's poetry has been deeply influential in Iran for centuries, viewed as encapsulating Iran's national spirit. It explores how Hafiz remains profoundly meaningful to Iranians of all backgrounds due to his symbolic and enigmatic language allowing for varied interpretations. The consistency of Persian literature and culture, including the ongoing prominence of Hafiz's works, has provided stability throughout Iran's history amid political changes.
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1) The document discusses the development of Hindu nationalism and the quest to trace Indian national identity back to ancient times.
2) It argues that notions of India as a single nation or the idea that Hinduism has always defined Indian civilization have no basis in history and are attempts to promote Hindu cultural nationalism.
3) The geographical scope of early Vedic civilization was limited to northwest India and the idea of India or Bharata as a unified nation did not emerge until several centuries later, through interactions with other groups and in response to Western imperialism.
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This document provides a summary of the novel "Kanthapura" by Raja Rao. It discusses the social background of villages in South India during the time period, including the caste system that divided people into Brahmins, Pariahs, potters, and weavers. The villages were orthodox, superstitious, and women and Dalits faced poor treatment. The social background also involved beliefs in mythology, poverty, and religion centered around festivals and gods/goddesses. Raja Rao depicts this traditional Indian social culture through the novel.
Womens Desire Portrayed in Bhawaiya Folksong in Northern Bangladeshijtsrd
Music is called a powerful medium of expression. It is Music which is a conscious effort done to represent the human thoughts and emotion. Human cultures, societies, and stages of evolution are mirrored in the variety of music. A researcher’s interest to study music as an issue which is the manifestation of human life combining family, love, conflict etc. can be derived from the perception of life events along with the assimilation of social environment she he belongs to. Music is certainly the strongest outcome of any culture. The folksong as a discipline associated with folk’s life and experiences qualifies it to be a worthy area of interest with its evolutionary history and uniqueness. Folksong conveys the way of life, the cultural milieu is the outcome of the relationship between human and his her perception of different aspects of life Khan 1987 .Thus there is scope to concentrate on how women and their feeling of desire, separation, sorrows etc. are portrayed in the Bhawaiya folksong. Attributes and kinds of the desire are reflected very saliently through the songs. Bhawaiya is that kind of folksong of Bangladesh which is sung by men about women’s experience. Prominent folklorist Dr. Ashraf Siddiqui identifies it as a ” ˜song of women sung by men’. Bangladeshi folksongs, especially Bhawaiya display a picturesque amour which is the main attribute of the songs. This amour in the folksongs is awfully spread in different directions. The universal love is sometimes moonstruck awful affection and sometimes it is encumbered in deep melancholy. Abdullah Zahid Osmani "Women’s Desire Portrayed in Bhawaiya Folksong in Northern Bangladesh" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-1 , December 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd38088.pdf Paper URL : https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/38088/women’s-desire-portrayed-in-bhawaiya-folksong-in-northern-bangladesh/abdullah-zahid-osmani
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1. The document discusses the history and evolution of the Rajbangshi people in South Dinajpur district of West Bengal, India.
2. It mentions that various scholars have proposed different theories about the origins of the Rajbangshi people, including them having Mongolian or Dravidian ancestry. However, there is no conclusive evidence for any single theory.
3. The document also notes that the Rajbangshi people developed a hybrid culture influenced by both Aryan and local ethnic groups in North Bengal, and their history is not well documented in historical texts that focus on South Bengal.
The Culture of Sindh (Sindhi: سنڌ جي ثقافت,Urdu: سندھ کی ثقافت) has its roots in the Indus Valley Civilization. Sindh has been shaped by the largely desert region, the natural resources it had available, and continuous foreign influence. ... The Sindhi culture is also practiced by the Sindhi diaspora.
This document summarizes a research article that analyzes the short story "Zemindar's Wife" by Qaisra Shahraz through the theoretical lens of Subaltern Studies. The story focuses on the experiences of poor villagers in Punjab under feudal rule. It highlights their oppression and alternative narratives that challenge the landlord Sarfraz. The study argues that Shahraz aims to dismantle the feudal system through the character of Noor, who empowers the villagers, especially women, to speak up for their rights. Overall, the research aims to show how the story delivers Shahraz's message of hope for human equality under a more favorable socioeconomic context, as proposed by theorist Young.
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1. Masculinity in Pashto Folk Poetry, A research study, Arsala Khan Kakar
A Study of Masculinity in Pashto Folk Poetry of
(Gharra, a genre of Pashto folk poetry)
Arsala Khan Kakar
2. Masculinity in Pashto Folk Poetry, A research study, Arsala Khan Kakar
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Project Title_______________________________________________________
Background ______________________________________________________
History of Pashtuns_________________________________________________
Pashtunwali_______________________________________________________
Objective of the Project______________________________________________
Project activities____________________________________________________
Data analysis________________________________________________________
Major outcomes and findings___________________________________________
Conclusion__________________________________________________________
Challenges faced_____________________________________________________
Case studies__________________________________________________________
Bibliography_________________________________________________________
3. Masculinity in Pashto Folk Poetry, A research study, Arsala Khan Kakar
PROJECT TITLE
Masculinity in Pashto Folk Poetry (Gharra, a genre of Pashto folk poetry)
ABSTRACT;
This research endeavour focuses the masculine features of the specific Pashtoon
Society that is reflected in the folklore (Folk Poetry) especially the poetic genres.
There are so many genres of Pashto Folk poetry like Kakarri Gharra, Tappa,
Chaghai/Angai/ Bulandai, Allah Khori and many more. Most of the folk poetry is
revolving Romanticism/Love, Peace, honour, and Tradition/culture but a very small
part of it is also utilized for Bravery, revenge and truant which fuel up the pre
existing conflicts or disputes. During various conflicts/disputes various type of folk
poetry is generated which fuel up the momentum of clash. Most of the folklore poetry
created by women and folklore is used as a prime source of social accountability.
Pashtun society revolves around “Peghor”, Honor (respect) and Revenge. The
Poetic Genere “Ghara” has played a vital role in reinforcing violent solutions to tribal
feuds. The oral traditions preserve as Paighor for more than a century. Previously all
the Folklore was just created and song by popular local singers. This was
memorized by the people of that time but later on the oral tradition of singing and
memorizing was changed into digitalized form. Than most of the folklore created was
used to sing and preserved in Audio and video cassettes and CDs. Only a few part
of it is preserved and documented in books shape and most of it needs to be
preserved and documented.
“Gharra” is one of the most prominent genre of Pashto folk poetry and this study is
mainly focussed on the masculine affects of “Gharra” specially created during tribal
disputes.
Literature Review
Pashtoonwali, The Ways of Pashtoons
Currently an Emphasis has though mainly been directed towards the political and
social implications of war, while cultural functions and expressions still
remain by and large unexplored. This is especially true as the Pashtun
community is considered. Research has suggested that revenge, included under the
Pashto concept of badal, is an essential element constituting Pashtun identity.
Badal, which is part of a larger set of unwritten tribal codes of honour called
Pashtunwali, does not apply to a neutral conception of revenge but is more related to
the ‘defence of honour’. Previous studies, as well as the media, have
often emphasised this idea rather incautiously, stressing desire of revenge
or vindictiveness to be a main characteristic of this group’s collective identity. Far
from being a static phenomenon, Pashtunwali displays great variation of observance
depending on both temporal and local context.
4. Masculinity in Pashto Folk Poetry, A research study, Arsala Khan Kakar
OBJECTIVE/S OF THE PROJECT AND PROJECT AREA
As approved in the project
To understand and articulate the inherent masculine features of Pashtoon Socieity
reflected and reinforced in the Folklore of the selected research locale with reference
to the tribal and social feuds.
RESEARCH METHOD:
The study mainly relies on the folklore that is present within the research locale in
the form of oral tradition. The books published on the specific genre “Kakarai Ghaari”
have been studied and analyzed (Annex B). 10 In-depth Interviews and 3 Group
Discussions have been carried out especially with the male respondents of the
research locale. List of the Key Informants with their brief introduction is annexed as
(C). The audio cassettes have been used as vital source in which the histories of
almost 100 years have been preserved in these cassettes. List of cassettes is
annexed as D. Zhob-Loralai region has been the research locale, the 2-case studies
identified through data pertains to the mentioned region. The peculiar cultural and
social context and the folklore analysed for this study is also from the mentioned
region.
The study was designed in the result of formal mentorship; details regarding
mentorship are listed in the annex E. As researcher got severs injuries and was
hospitalised for two months, therefore services of an external persons was hired. In
order to complete the report a professional researcher was hired especially for
triangulating data and generating research report.
Constraints:
1) One of the major constraints was unavailability of the female respondents
2) Time has been one of the major constraints.
3) My health situation remained inconsistent due to an accident.
4) Scope of the study limited.
5) It was not easy for the informants to share and refer the particular incidents of
rivalry that are reflected in the genre under study.
6) Due to the probable violent reaction from the relevant families, the case
studies will be shared in a limited sphere.
5. Masculinity in Pashto Folk Poetry, A research study, Arsala Khan Kakar
DATA ANALYSIS:
Data collected from books review, audio cassettes listening and through interviews
was analysed through thematic interpretation of findings. Data collected was shared
with mentor for getting guidance and recommendation. Data and finding put in
reporting format and was shared with ROZAN/SANAM after verification by mentor.
Khor da jaar sa thr pattki…. Pr hoda thl marragian mri
It is prove from history and practice that Masculinity is the key feature of Pashtun
Tribalism and the Pashtun society tends to pursue the defined standard of manliness
at all cost. Two case studies identified and explore during this research study of
various tribal conflict shows that the root cause of most of the conflicts and its fueling
is the concept of manliness or masculinity. Also a part of the genre of Pashto folk
poetry “Gharra” played its role to maximize the affect of masculinity and force the
men to be men (a sign of bravery in Pashtun society).
Along with “Gharra”, “Paighor” (taunt) has also played a vital influencing the male of
manliness and be masculine. Paghor is the key to influence the men to take
revenge.
Os da khwash dai sher ali………… stat thr motor veni razi
Pa khpall sr Ghafar balia……… soonda de pre si da lala (Sardar Akhtar..)
Kharsawall ba da mangian............... pa Spin Sardar swe Mago Khan
A BRIEF ABOUT CASE STUDIES:
Case Study 1:
For understanding the masculinity and role of folk poetry as fuelling the passion to
take revenge and be brave, three conflict cases were focussed and all interviews
were around it. A brief about that two conflict are as follows:
There were two friends in Zhob, named Shah wazir and Sardar Akhtar. They both
had trucks and the were smuggling of Chalia/supari between Pakistan and
Afghanistan. They were doing joint business/smuggling of Chalia. There was a clash
of Rs 3000/- between them for a supply. Shah wazir have to give 3000/- rupees to
Sardar Akhtar as per a business deal. Sardar Akhtar send messages to Shah wazir
many time to return him 3000 rupees and Shah wazir denied that not money is due
against him. Later on Sardar Akhtar send three of his brothers (khandad, mauladad
and Akhtar shah) to beat Shah wazir. During fight nephew of Shah wazir (who was
also working as driver with Shah wazir) was shooted/killed and Shah wazir was
6. Masculinity in Pashto Folk Poetry, A research study, Arsala Khan Kakar
injured. In this way the conflict get started between two families of Sardar Akhtar and
Shah wazir. Later on Shah wazir’s brother Meer wali and his uncle Mago killed
Akhtar Shah (elder brother of Sardar Akhtar) in Sharsoo street of Zhob...
When Mago khan killed Sardar Akhtar, then he was considered a brave man and few
of people were calling him as sardar for giving him honour.
Kharsawal ba da mangiaan..... pa spin sardar swe mago khan
Pa charsoo galai ki thle........... lka spedaar wa narrede
Than as a revenge of Sardar Akhtar, brother of Shah wazir “Meer wali” was killed by
the family of Sardar Akhtar. Meer wali was killed on 23rd of Ramazan-ul-mubarak
during his way to home from bazaar to home just before the AZAN of maghrib.
Sta paarond lia pra ve shpe.... rozamaath ma wrra da roze
Shah Wazir waarai sta........ Khandad akhastai dai lala
Then Shah wazir went to Punjab and killed Sardar Akhtar’s brother Mauladad (who
was driving truck) in Kota doo/Dera Ghazi Khan.
Da kot adoo morroona sra......... sardara khoi da dah leva
During a wedding program, Sardar Mauladad shooted three of his targets, then he
proudly said/preyed to have a conflict.
Later of Sardar Akhter’s sons Juma khan and Azad khan killed Shah wazirs brother
Khudai dost in Gossa. Khudai dost was killed on way to his home when was on his
way taking his sisters from in-laws to home. He was taken down from the truck and
shooted him in front of his sisters.
During killing of Akhter Shah earlier, a servant of Akhter shah was also killed and
now when khudai Dost was killed then they send the message through following
“Gharra”
Da kaka saarai ma bl.......Khudai dost ma marr kai pr nokar
(I have a target agains my beloved uncle “Akhter Shah”, Khudai dost is killed as
revenge of servant). A “Paghor” (taunt) in garra.....
After all this process/conflict, the numbers of killed person were equal from both
sides. Several years later, Jirga was made to settlement. Sardar Akhtar said to Jirga
that even after killing loosing so many lives from both sides, the agreement could
only be made if Shah wazir returns his 3000 rupees from which the conflict got
started. Shah wazir and the Jirga agreed to return the said amount and even they
gave 60000/- rupees to Sardar Akhter durin. Sardar Akhter took only 3000/- rupees
and return the rest of 57000/- rupees and said that “it was not the issue of amount
but it was all the issue of honour. I lose so many lives and killed so many people not
7. Masculinity in Pashto Folk Poetry, A research study, Arsala Khan Kakar
for getting money but is was the issue of honour for me that someone is not returning
my amount”............
Later on both Sardar Akhter and Shah wazir have seen several time in a car, in
wedding ceremonies, in Jirgars and several other functions like friends. Sardar
Akhter was died naturally and Shah wazir was killed by his cousins in another
conflict.
Case Study 2:
A female name Thotai belonging to sub cost of Shabozai was got engaged through a
tradition called arra1
On the same day someone came to inform Ibrahim and Jabar about the “Paghor” of
bride for the men of her own tribe. Jabar and Ibrahim requested the jailer of that time
to let them go for few hours on that night when the Nwab (Chief of Pashtun Trib) has
came from zhob to take Thotai on next day as a bride. They said to jailor that it is the
issue of honour not only of our tribe but also of our area in geographic context. The
jailor took the risk and let them go for a night against a promise (Pashto/zaban) that
by a man of his tribe named Ibrahim. Then the family of Thotai
was not agreeing to marrey Thotai with Ibrahim. As no one could dare to get marry
with thotai as Ibrahim has Arra her. Later on thotai was engaged with the Chief of
Pashtun Trib called Nwab named Nwab Mohammad Khan Jogezai. It was the time of
british era and at the day wedding ceremony, Ibrahim and his cousin Jabar were
arrested.
There is a genre of folk poetry called chaghai or Angai associated to females. In this
genre, the bride expresses her emotions or the friends of bride express their
emotions. Also women from groom family express their emotions through this genre.
Here, during the wedding of Thotai, she said the following chaghai....
Da spine khooni pr wra dodoona
Na pa kude ki sta sha marroona
Na pa shabo ki sta sha thrbroona
Nawabaan ghwarri da khwashai njoona
........
.......
(There is no any man (Brave man) in my tribe, that is why the Nwabs look the girls of
their choice)
1 1
A male fires in front of a girls home and calls loudly that …. Is mine. Than as per tradition, she must be
married to that man and concern man should pay to girl’s family any kind of amount or anything else
demanded…..
8. Masculinity in Pashto Folk Poetry, A research study, Arsala Khan Kakar
they will come back before arising of sun. In this way, Ibrahim and Jabar went to
their village and explore about the horse of Nwab sb (the Groome). They cut the ear
of Nwab/groom’s horse2i
MAJOR OUTCOMES AND FINDINGS
. On next day morning, Nwab sb and others came to know
about the incident of last night. In this way a friend of the Bride Thotai’s came and
sang the Chaghai/angai and said as under
Da spini khooni pr wra dodoona
Hm pa kude ki sta sha marroona
Hm pa shabo ki sta sha thrbroona
Wra da raghalgi da pa doloona
Aaspi da wlarre pa pre ghwazzona
............
...........
(There ARE men(Brave men) your tribe, your Marriage procession has come with
the beat of drums but going back with the cutted ears of horses)
On next day, the tribe or persons along with Nwab sb were much angry and few of
them suggested Nwab sb to shoot the horse. In response Nwab sb replied that I
even will not make my house the food of dogs of this area. They left for zhob with
bride and shoot that house where the area of Loralai ends and Zhob starts.
Later on when Jirga was set and elders requested Nwab sb for settlement. Nwab sb
demanded for 14 women against the cutting of ear of hours. Jabar replied that 14
women will not be given even if we have killed your father. There for, settlement
couldn’t took place and latter on Jabar was killed in Loralai be some rented killers
sent by Nwab sb against cutting ear of Bride.
• Manliness/Masculinity is the Key feature of Pashtun Tribalism.
• People in Pashtun society tend to pursue the defined standards of manliness
at all costs.
• Pashtun society revolves around “Peghor”. The Poetic Genre “Gharra” has
played a vital role in reinforcing violent solutions to tribal feuds.
• The “Gharra” and other folk genres used to be sung by popular singers in the
social spheres like Hujra, Baittak or workplace. It has been replaced by the
recorded cassettes listened in the different corners of the society
2
Cutting of ears of horse is considered as the most insulting even equal or more than the death of someone
9. Masculinity in Pashto Folk Poetry, A research study, Arsala Khan Kakar
• The oral tradition has been replaced by written stuff/literature, audio and video
recording that is automated and effective with reference to communication.
• Most of the cultural history is still recorded/preserved in this genre.
• The oral tradition is weakening day by day with the influence of schooling and
modern technology. But the messages of revenge, violent actions and so-
called bravery are still part of this folk genre.
• Along with the passage of time the creation of this kind of poetry has been
decreased. With a calculation of audio cassettes recording and selling, it has
decreased more than 70% within the last 20-30 years……
• Only 5-8 % of youth are interested in this kind of poetry while its percentage
was more than 30% only 20 years earlier…
•
CHALLENGES FACED DURING THE PROJECT IMPLEMENTATION
• It was a very difficult task to find relevant materials as no work has previously
done on the same area.
• Finding of audio cassettes and related folk poetry of audio cassettes with
specific disputes
• Informants hesitated to share details of the peculiar conflicts due to the
expected pressure from the tribes/families involved in the conflict.
• Affected families don’t wants to public the facts of dispute.
• Discussions and dissemination of literature may cause aggravating the
conflicts that are resolved are in the progress.
• I couldn’t find females for interview
New Insights/Recommendations:
• Much work need to be done in the same area
• This kind of researches need to be documented in Book shape
• Pashto Poets/writers and researchers are contented to work on the same
area
• Poets are needed to sanitized for their poetry in anti masculine lens
• Folk singers may be sanitized/advised for not singing the masculine folk
poetry
10. Masculinity in Pashto Folk Poetry, A research study, Arsala Khan Kakar
Follow up:
I will expand the work on the issue and deepen the study. I will also publish the
research in a book shape. As it is a very sensitive issue to work on, so along with my
professional life it will take much time to complete the study and deepen it. I could be
able to complete the study in a year.
Annex: A
Acknowledgement:
I acknowledge the support of Chairman Pashto Adabi Malgari Loralai Syed Khair
Mohammad Arif and whole members like Qari Jamal-u-din, Akbar Nigar, Rasheed
Haqmal, Malak Fazal Rahim Kakar for facilitation regarding material finding, guidance
of interview, finding audio cassettes and finalization of case studies. I am much
thankful to Hashim Khan Kibzai and Dad Khan Alizai for their valuable information
regarding identified case studies. I am much thankful to Mr. Barakat Shah Kakar and
Arif Tabassum for their technical support when ever needed. I am much thankful to
my respected Mentor, Mr. Raziq Faheem for their support, facilitation and guidance
at every stage of the research work.
11. Masculinity in Pashto Folk Poetry, A research study, Arsala Khan Kakar
ANNEX: B
Bibliography/works Cited:
Books reviewed:
1) Da Gharro Adabi Serrana, by Syed Khair Mohammad Arif
2) Zmoozz Ghazian ao Shaheedan, by Syed Khair Mohammad Arif
3) Da Attanrr Naare (a research study), by Syed Khair Mohammad Arif
4) Pashto Landai, Sulaiman Layaq
5) Foklori soghaat, by Syal Kakar
6) Foklori Jwahir, by Syal Kakar
7) Pashtun Culture, Abdul Qadoos Durani
8) Zmoozz zzwak, by Abdul Qadoos Durani
9) Pashtaana, by Dr. Habibulla Zzwaak
10) Kakari Gharri, by Mohammad Sadiq Zzarrak
11) Da Kabal Sultanate Bayan, by Mount Stewat Alfinstan
Translated by Mohammad Hassan Kakar and Nasrullah Sobman
12) Khushhal pa khpala Idal, by Mohammad Ismail Youn
13) Andial Khushhal, by Mohammad Ismail Youn
14) Da lwanoo Fasal, by Mohammad Ismail Youn
15) Da Nasaroo Tarekh, by Sherin Khan
12. Masculinity in Pashto Folk Poetry, A research study, Arsala Khan Kakar
ANNEX: C
Interviews were conducted with following person
1. Syed Khair Mohamad Arif: Arif sb is Pashto writer and researcher. He has a
very deep experience of exploring history and culture of Pashtun society. Arif sb
is the owner of …. Books and his most of research work are related to folk poetry
and history of independent fighters against the English rulers. He has much
information and knowledge of origin of poetry specially folk poetry.
2. Mr. Rasheed Haqmal: Haqmal is a Pashto writer and professionally a
government teacher. He belongs to sub branch of Kakar called Shabozai. As he
belongs to a deep rural community, that is why he has practical experience of
taking part in various tribal disputes in every dynamics.
3. Mohammad Hashim Kibzai: Hashim belongs to a deep tribal sub cost named
Kibzai. Most of Kibzai tribe is leaving in District Zhob some them have migrated
to District Loralai due to tribal clashes within their own tribe. Due to practical
participation in resolution of various disputes and belonging to concern family,
Hashim has much information about the disputes and role of Pashto folk poetry in
it.
4. Dad Khan Alizai: He belongs to Sub tribe of Kakar called Ali zai. He himself
participated in various activities related to local level disputes. He is a tribal chief
and remained a member of local Jirga system. He remained a part of that time
when local poetry were openely shared by females and song locally.
5. Akber Nigar: He is lecturer in Degree College Loralai, Pashto poet and belongs
to Nasar tribe. He has a very good opinion and research based analysis
regarding local and folk poetry.
13. Masculinity in Pashto Folk Poetry, A research study, Arsala Khan Kakar
ANNEX: D
Audio Cassettes as secondary source of data:
1. Da bazanoo Gharri, by Lale
2. Da Marro Gharri, by Lale cassette no 1
3. Da zmariano Gharri, by Lale
4. Da marro Gharri, By Lale cassette no 31
5. Kakarri Gharri, By Ibrahim Hamzazai volume 1
6. Ranga Rang Gharri, by Mohammad Usman volume 22
7. Da marro gharry, da zwanaano gharry, by Mohammad Usman volume 12
8. Da attanrr Gharri, by Mohammad Usman volume 16
9. Da zwananoo Gharri, by Akhtar Mohammad volume 17
10. Kakarri Gharri, by Noor Shah volume 5
11. Da Marro Gharri, Sahib jan barathkhel
12. Khwandawari Gharri,by Lale
13. Farmayashi Gharri, by Lale volume 19
14. Gharri la darya sra, by Mohammad Lal