This document discusses the history of languages in the Transoxiana region of Central Asia, now modern Uzbekistan. It examines how various tribes and languages, including Turkic languages, influenced the development of languages and culture in the region over centuries. Specifically, it explores how the Uzbek language formed out of earlier Turkic dialects between the 11th-13th centuries as the Uzbek people took shape. It also looks at other languages that have been dominant in the region like Persian and how scripts like Arabic were used to write local languages over time. The development of bilingualism is identified as an important factor for integration among nations in Transoxiana throughout its history.
Some Aspects of Teaching the Russian Language in Foreign Languages on the Exa...YogeshIJTSRD
The given article is devoted to different aspects of teaching the Russian language in foreign language groups in the Republic of Uzbekistan. Based on a brief overview of the linguistic situation and the language environment in the Republic and the special situation of the Russian language, the author singles out the features of teaching the Russian language in foreign language groups. Kurbaniyazova Dinora Saparbayevna "Some Aspects of Teaching the Russian Language in Foreign Languages on the Example of the Republic of Uzbekistan" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-3 , April 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd35805.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/35805/some-aspects-of-teaching-the-russian-language-in-foreign-languages-on-the-example-of-the-republic-of-uzbekistan/kurbaniyazova-dinora-saparbayevna
The article entitled Techniques and Gaps in Translation of Cultural Terms is an attempt to find out the techniques adopted in translates in cultural terms an observe gaps in the process of translation. The main purpose of this study has to evaluate the techniques of translation of cultural words and to find out the gaps. For this purpose, the researcher collected cultural terms as corpus of data for the study from Nepali cultural words and the corresponding translated words from the English language. They were categorized them into five different categories. Findings of the study shows that ten different techniques such as literal, addition, deletion, claque, back translation, borrowing, definition are to be found to have been employed in translating cultural words of the novel.
Some Aspects of Teaching the Russian Language in Foreign Languages on the Exa...YogeshIJTSRD
The given article is devoted to different aspects of teaching the Russian language in foreign language groups in the Republic of Uzbekistan. Based on a brief overview of the linguistic situation and the language environment in the Republic and the special situation of the Russian language, the author singles out the features of teaching the Russian language in foreign language groups. Kurbaniyazova Dinora Saparbayevna "Some Aspects of Teaching the Russian Language in Foreign Languages on the Example of the Republic of Uzbekistan" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-3 , April 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd35805.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/35805/some-aspects-of-teaching-the-russian-language-in-foreign-languages-on-the-example-of-the-republic-of-uzbekistan/kurbaniyazova-dinora-saparbayevna
The article entitled Techniques and Gaps in Translation of Cultural Terms is an attempt to find out the techniques adopted in translates in cultural terms an observe gaps in the process of translation. The main purpose of this study has to evaluate the techniques of translation of cultural words and to find out the gaps. For this purpose, the researcher collected cultural terms as corpus of data for the study from Nepali cultural words and the corresponding translated words from the English language. They were categorized them into five different categories. Findings of the study shows that ten different techniques such as literal, addition, deletion, claque, back translation, borrowing, definition are to be found to have been employed in translating cultural words of the novel.
Baysun dialekt corpus: Genesis (Baysun district is in the case of “J” dialect)SubmissionResearchpa
The article about the national corpus and Baysun vernacular of the local population expressed opinions about specific issues units computerize by Xolova Muyassar Abdulhakimovna 2020. Baysun dialekt corpus: Genesis (Baysun district is in the case of “J” dialect) . International Journal on Integrated Education. 3, 3 (Mar. 2020), 110-113. DOI:https://doi.org/10.31149/ijie.v3i3.124 https://journals.researchparks.org/index.php/IJIE/article/view/124/121 https://journals.researchparks.org/index.php/IJIE/article/view/124
Oikonyms as a Research Object of Linguoculturologyijtsrd
In the article, the development of linguoculturology in the linguistics, its researchers, the importance of learning the toponyms, including oikonyms in a lingucultural orientation were mentioned. Also, the study of oikonyms in Russian and Turkish linguistics in a linguocultural, ethno cultural orientation by linguists, and the discussion of related opinions were analyzed. The service of the oikonyms as a unit that radiates cultural knowledge, history, and social relations of the ethnos has been revealed. Kurbanov Mukhtar Dauletbaevich "Oikonyms as a Research Object of Linguoculturology" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-6 | Issue-6 , October 2022, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd52214.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/other/52214/oikonyms-as-a-research-object-of-linguoculturology/kurbanov-mukhtar-dauletbaevich
Ethnolinguistics Emergence, Development and Theoretical Researchijtsrd
Modern linguistics has been widely adopted by anthropologists who operate on the basis of deep knowledge and deep thinking in various fields, from historical and descriptive studies to semantics and a variety of social orientations. Most of the work of scientists conducting research in this paradigm is devoted to well defined scientific problems their theoretical foundations are firmly established, their methodology is well established, and their results are clearly visible. Ethnolinguistics anthropological linguistics in world linguistics is an independent branch of science called “cultural anthropology” lat. anthropos man language, folklore, ethnography, history, cultural studies, fiction, psychology and other humanitarian sciences. Davronov Dilshod Ismoilovich | Nurova Yulduz Ubaydullaevna "Ethnolinguistics: Emergence, Development and Theoretical Research" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-6 | Issue-6 , October 2022, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd52117.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/52117/ethnolinguistics-emergence-development-and-theoretical-research/davronov-dilshod-ismoilovich
The Influence of the Arabic Language: The Muwashshah of Ibn Sahl Al-Andalusi ...AJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT: The muwashahat were the product of the popular Arabic literary tradition, but their progress is associated with social factors in the Andalusi setting. This article is an attempt to study the inspiration of the Arabic language focusing on a literary genre like the Arabic Andalusian Muwashshah as a legacy of the graceful language. The paper constitutes an endeavor to assess the motivation and influence of the Arabic tongue on the literary practice of Andalusia with reference to the muwashshah particularly a piece of poetry of the same genre by a leading poet, Ibrahim Ibn Sahl Al-Ishbili Andalusi. The researcher, in this paper, undertakes to show the perspicacity of some verses of Ibn Sahl as a case of the elegance of the Arabic tongue. Ibn Sahl‟s muwashshah is worthy of being not given enough attention principally his poetry as a legacy of the dignified Arabic tongue in a part of the European continent.As a suitable approach, the researcher applies the descriptive-analysis. The article commences with a succinct exploratory framework on the importance of the Arabic language and its bond with poetry because poetry is thejewelry of Knowledge. The next point gives a justified illustration on the Muwashshah as an impact of Arab Muslims. Then, it moves progressively to present some crucial notions on the poet Ibn Sahl Al Andalusi. After that, the study attempts to give an analysis on one of the muwashshah, trying to probe the depth of the language the poet applied. Through this portion, the researcher tries to find out the influence of the Arabic tongue and to exemplify the aptitudes of Ibn Sahl through lyrics. The article finishes with a concise conclusion précising the complete analysis and commenting on the recommendations if the researcher may recommend.
The first stages of formation communication means in KhorezmSubmissionResearchpa
In this article, there was highlighted the appearance and formation of communication service in human history, especially, in Khorezm the history of development of communication system dates back to early ancient. Appearance, formation and development processes of it in Khorezm oasis covers several thousand years. In the early periods, the population of the oasis had to use various ways to satisfy their requirements of communicating and relating with each other. by Yusupov Izzat Sultanovich 2020. The first stages of formation communication means in Khorezm. International Journal on Integrated Education. 2, 5 (Mar. 2020), 98-100. DOI:https://doi.org/10.31149/ijie.v2i5.182. https://journals.researchparks.org/index.php/IJIE/article/view/182/176 https://journals.researchparks.org/index.php/IJIE/article/view/182
Thu Al-Ausb’a Al-'Adwani: An Arabic Poet of Acuity with Eternal Arguments - ...Al Baha University
The Arabic poetry, particularly the poetry of pre-Islam age, with its valuable tradition, is one of the major influences of the Arabic world. Thu Al-Ausb’a Al-'Adwani is one of the great poets in the age prior to Islam. He is one of the supreme poets who brings to light erudite pictures of Arab’s traditions and conventions before Islam. This paper focuses on illustrating the profundity of some verses of Thu Al-Ausb’a Al-'Adwani as a case of the prominence of the Arabic language as a result of poetry. The poet, Thu Al-Ausb’a, has been scarcely studied. For this reason, he and his poetry deserve to be given enough attention particularly his verse as a legacy of the graceful language.
The paper harnesses the descriptive-analytical approach. It commences with a succinct introductory outline on the Arabic language and its link with poetry. Then, in its first part, it moves ahead shedding light on the life and some events of Thu Al-Ausb’a Al-'Adwani. The next main point to be followed deals with the perceptive analysis of the poet, his wisdom, and eternal notions with reference to selected verse lines of his poetry. Through this part, the paper attempts to ascertain the importance of the Arabic language and to exemplify the capacities of Thu Al-Ausb’a Al-'Adwani through poetry. The study is concluded with a brief summary of the whole analysis and it comments on the findings if there is any.
Issues of interference and foreign borrowings in the Uzbek languageSubmissionResearchpa
The problems of intercultural communication are becoming especially acute, within the framework of which contacts of speakers of different cultures and languages are considered, where language acts as the main attribute of identity. by Isakova Nodira Azzamovna 2020. Issues of interference and foreign borrowings in the Uzbek language. International Journal on Integrated Education. 2, 5 (Mar. 2020), 144-146. DOI:https://doi.org/10.31149/ijie.v2i5.192. https://journals.researchparks.org/index.php/IJIE/article/view/192/185 https://journals.researchparks.org/index.php/IJIE/article/view/192
Sujay the indo europeanization-of_the_world_from a central asian homelandSujay Rao Mandavilli
In this paper, we bring together the concepts put forth in our previous papers and throw new light on how the Indo-Europeanization of the world may have happened from the conventional Central Asian homeland and explain the same using maps and diagrams. We also propose the ‘Ten modes of linguistic transformations associated with Human migrations.’ With this, the significance of the proposed term ‘Base Indo-European’ in lieu of the old term ‘Proto Indo-European’ will become abundantly clear to most readers. The approaches presented in this paper are somewhat superior to existing approaches, and as such are expected to replace them in the longer run. Detailed maps and notes demonstrating and explaining how linguistic transformations might have taken place in South Asia are available in this paper as understood from our previous research papers, and scholars from other parts of the world are invited to develop similar paradigms with regard to their home countries as far as the available data or evidence will allow them. This will help piece together a gigantic jig-saw puzzle, and lead to a revolution of sorts in the field, leading to a ripple-effect that will strongly impact several other related fields of study as well. We also re-emphasize our epigrammatic catch-phrases ‘The Globalization of Science’ and ‘Scientific Progress at the Speed of Light’, and attempt to show how the former will inexorably lead to the latter. This is done in a respectable level of detail, as zany and theoretical concepts gain respectability only if corroborated with real-world data from across the world. The end-result will be a transformation and a revolution in human knowledge, with inevitable cascading changes in cultural and social paradigms and relationships across nationalities and cultures, and rich rewards for scholars and students of Indo-European studies across the world.
Suyav Bakhshis Creative Activity and its Role in the Development of Khorezm F...ijtsrd
The article examines the peculiar epic tradition of the bakhshi of the Khorezm storytelling school, as well as the creative activity of Suyav bakhshi, popular among the Uzbeks, Karakalpaks and Turkmen in the Khorezm oasis, and his role in the Khorezm epic traditions. Imomnazarova Shahodatkhon Khabitovna "Suyav Bakhshi's Creative Activity and its Role in the Development of Khorezm Folk Tale Traditions" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-6 | Issue-6 , October 2022, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd52076.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/52076/suyav-bakhshis-creative-activity-and-its-role-in-the-development-of-khorezm-folk-tale-traditions/imomnazarova-shahodatkhon-khabitovna
Foreigners take interest in Turkish language due to its 1500-year comprehensive history and its prevalence. However, despite its history and common usage, Turkish is one of the less commonly taught languages in the world. The historical development of teaching the Turkish language in Poland will be discussed. The primary purpose of this study is to describe and analyze the teaching of the Turkish language at Polish universities; Jagiellonian University, Warsaw University and Adam Mickiewicz University.
Program of 2nd International Symposium on Endangered Iranian Languages (ISEIL...Encyclopaedia Iranica
Organizers:
Saloumeh Gholami
Johann Wolfgang Goethe-Universität
Institut für Empirische Sprachwissenschaft
Frankfurt am Main
Pollet Samvelian
Université Sorbonne nouvelle
Paris
For more information, see: http://www.iseil.org/
Harmony between society and personality, and its influence on the phenomenon ...SubmissionResearchpa
This article deals with the phenomenon of happiness as a socio-anthropological phenomenon that requires consideration in harmony between social reality and a person, society and personality with their dreams, desires, experiences and ideas. A person, although he thinks about happiness alone, although he considers happiness as a phenomenon that concerns only his life, this does not mean that happiness manifests itself according to his absolute will and absolutely touches and obeys his desires. Society influences the happy or unhappy life of a person not only by established rules, but also by careful contributions and traditions by Eshonkulova Nurjakhon Abdujabborovna 2020. Harmony between society and personality, and its influence on the phenomenon of happiness. International Journal on Integrated Education. 3, 12 (Dec. 2020), 87-88. DOI:https://doi.org/10.31149/ijie.v3i12.925 https://journals.researchparks.org/index.php/IJIE/article/view/925/873 https://journals.researchparks.org/index.php/IJIE/article/view/925
Establishment of the Institute and Waqf aspects of its development in Central...SubmissionResearchpa
The article describes the essence of waqf institution and some aspects of its development in Central Asia. The importance of the endowment institution not only as a philanthropist, but also as a social institution that embodies many functions in society is highlighted by Nargiza Ismatova 2020. Establishment of the Institute and Waqf aspects of its development in Central Asia (until the second half of the 19th century). International Journal on Integrated Education. 3, 12 (Dec. 2020), 71-75. DOI:https://doi.org/10.31149/ijie.v3i12.916 https://journals.researchparks.org/index.php/IJIE/article/view/916/864 https://journals.researchparks.org/index.php/IJIE/article/view/916
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The Influence of the Arabic Language: The Muwashshah of Ibn Sahl Al-Andalusi ...AJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT: The muwashahat were the product of the popular Arabic literary tradition, but their progress is associated with social factors in the Andalusi setting. This article is an attempt to study the inspiration of the Arabic language focusing on a literary genre like the Arabic Andalusian Muwashshah as a legacy of the graceful language. The paper constitutes an endeavor to assess the motivation and influence of the Arabic tongue on the literary practice of Andalusia with reference to the muwashshah particularly a piece of poetry of the same genre by a leading poet, Ibrahim Ibn Sahl Al-Ishbili Andalusi. The researcher, in this paper, undertakes to show the perspicacity of some verses of Ibn Sahl as a case of the elegance of the Arabic tongue. Ibn Sahl‟s muwashshah is worthy of being not given enough attention principally his poetry as a legacy of the dignified Arabic tongue in a part of the European continent.As a suitable approach, the researcher applies the descriptive-analysis. The article commences with a succinct exploratory framework on the importance of the Arabic language and its bond with poetry because poetry is thejewelry of Knowledge. The next point gives a justified illustration on the Muwashshah as an impact of Arab Muslims. Then, it moves progressively to present some crucial notions on the poet Ibn Sahl Al Andalusi. After that, the study attempts to give an analysis on one of the muwashshah, trying to probe the depth of the language the poet applied. Through this portion, the researcher tries to find out the influence of the Arabic tongue and to exemplify the aptitudes of Ibn Sahl through lyrics. The article finishes with a concise conclusion précising the complete analysis and commenting on the recommendations if the researcher may recommend.
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Despite the rapid development of dentistry and advances in the prevention of diseases of the maxillofacial region, implantology, and the treatment of dental diseases, the number of patients who need prosthetics with removable orthopedic structures of dentures remains high, and only increases with age, due to the increasing rate of aging. society of the planet (M.Yu. Ogorodnikov, 2007; V.I.Shemonaev, 2012; E.S. Kalivradzhiyan, 2013; E.A.Zholudev, 2014; CE. Bragin, 2014; L.D. Veisheim, 2014). Among the reasons for the high demand for orthopedic treatment with removable dentures, the leading position is still held by insufficient sanitation of the oral cavity, untimely access of patients to the dentist. In addition, an important role is played by the problem of imperfection of materials and technologies used for the manufacture of dentures, leading to a deterioration in the condition of the dentition by A.Kh. Zhumaev 2020. Of partial defects of the dental rows of dynamic study of the state of the mucosa of the oral cavity in the new conditions of functioning. International Journal on Integrated Education. 3, 12 (Dec. 2020), 61-63. DOI:https://doi.org/10.31149/ijie.v3i12.913 https://journals.researchparks.org/index.php/IJIE/article/view/913/861 https://journals.researchparks.org/index.php/IJIE/article/view/913
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Socio-cultural activity as a process of active development, dissemination and creation of cultural values is ultimately focused on the formation of the cultural environment of human life, the elaboration of mechanisms for its socialization, enculturation and self-realization, the creation of methodological directions for the development of spiritual interests and requirements of people in order to realize the essential forces and capabilities of each person by Ahimbetova Gulbahar Kanatbaevna 2020. The essence and specifics of modern social and cultural activities in Karakalpakstan. International Journal on Integrated Education. 3, 12 (Dec. 2020), 56-60. DOI:https://doi.org/10.31149/ijie.v3i12.912 https://journals.researchparks.org/index.php/IJIE/article/view/912/860 https://journals.researchparks.org/index.php/IJIE/article/view/912
International commercial arbitration in Uzbekistan: current state and develop...SubmissionResearchpa
This article is devoted to a number of issues relating to the functioning of international commercial arbitration as a non-State mechanism for the settlement of international commercial disputes in the Republic of Uzbekistan. In article also found a brief introduction on the history of arbitration in Uzbekistan since its independence. Special attention is paid to the rules introduced since the entry into force of the Law of the Republic of Uzbekistan “On international commercial arbitration”. Moreover, the author highlights some problematic issues and inconsistencies that exist in the legislation on legal proceedings in arbitration courts. The author also addresses several issues regarding the recognition and enforcement of arbitral awards by Ziyoda Boratova 2020. International commercial arbitration in Uzbekistan: current state and development prospects . International Journal on Integrated Education. 3, 12 (Dec. 2020), 47-49. DOI:https://doi.org/10.31149/ijie.v3i12.911 https://journals.researchparks.org/index.php/IJIE/article/view/911/859 https://journals.researchparks.org/index.php/IJIE/article/view/911
Obtaining higher fatty alcohols based on low molecular polyethylene and their...SubmissionResearchpa
One of the ways to change the physicochemical properties of diesel fuels is to add so-called additives to it. The purpose of this work is to obtain higher fatty alcohols and the use of qualitatively new imported - substituted additives, synthesized on the basis of the use of local secondary raw materials, which is increases their efficiency by Fozilov Hasan Sadriddin Ugli 2020. Obtaining higher fatty alcohols based on low molecular polyethylene and their useage as lubricating additives for diesel fuels. International Journal on Integrated Education. 3, 12 (Dec. 2020), 44-46. DOI:https://doi.org/10.31149/ijie.v3i12.910 https://journals.researchparks.org/index.php/IJIE/article/view/910/858 https://journals.researchparks.org/index.php/IJIE/article/view/910
Re-positioning adult education for development to thrive in NigeriaSubmissionResearchpa
The paper examines adult education practice in agriculture-led development strategy from pedagogical perspective. The paper believes that adult education has the potentialities for development but argues that there are missing elements in the adult education practice that are critical if sustained agricultural growth will be achieved. Instead of andragogy, transformative learning and liberatory method should be embraced. Also, instead of focusing on scientific knowledge systems alone, indigenous practices should be encouraged by Ephraim Wordu 2020. Re-positioning adult education for development to thrive in Nigeria . International Journal on Integrated Education. 3, 12 (Dec. 2020), 1-6. DOI:https://doi.org/10.31149/ijie.v3i12.902 https://journals.researchparks.org/index.php/IJIE/article/view/902/853 https://journals.researchparks.org/index.php/IJIE/article/view/902
This study examines adult basic education in the 21st century world. The study identifies a new paradigm in response to global changes particularly concerning employment. Preparation for additional training as the basis for basic education for adults in the 21st century. The study also indicates that there is relationship between literacy, environment and development by Ephraim Wordu 2020. Re-thinking adult basic education in the 21st century . International Journal on Integrated Education. 3, 11 (Nov. 2020), 227-230. DOI:https://doi.org/10.31149/ijie.v3i11.1041. https://journals.researchparks.org/index.php/IJIE/article/view/1041/989 https://journals.researchparks.org/index.php/IJIE/article/view/1041
This article provides valuable information about the genres of Uyghur folk singing. The article also provides a detailed overview of the Uyghur musical heritage, which speaks to the ancient history of Uygur music culture. by Muyassarkhon Achildiyeva and Dilafruz Madalieva 2020. Uyghur folk singing genre. International Journal on Integrated Education. 3, 11 (Dec. 2020), 222-226. DOI:https://doi.org/10.31149/ijie.v3i11.923. https://journals.researchparks.org/index.php/IJIE/article/view/923/871 https://journals.researchparks.org/index.php/IJIE/article/view/923
The term cerebral palsy has been around for more than a century, and the disease itself has probably existed without a name throughout human history. However, despite its long history, there is still no unity in views on this issue. by O. E. Idiev 2020. Infantile cerebral palsy and dental anomalies. International Journal on Integrated Education. 3, 11 (Dec. 2020), 212-215. DOI:https://doi.org/10.31149/ijie.v3i12.921. https://journals.researchparks.org/index.php/IJIE/article/view/921/869 https://journals.researchparks.org/index.php/IJIE/article/view/921
An innovative mechanisms to increase the effectiveness of independent educati...SubmissionResearchpa
This article provides recommendations for the organization of methodological services based on innovative approaches that affect the quality of education in general and special education institutions. by Mahmudova Madinahon Sobirkhonovna 2020. An innovative mechanisms to increase the effectiveness of independent education of future defectologists. International Journal on Integrated Education. 3, 11 (Dec. 2020), 210-211. DOI:https://doi.org/10.31149/ijie.v3i12.920. https://journals.researchparks.org/index.php/IJIE/article/view/920/868 https://journals.researchparks.org/index.php/IJIE/article/view/920
The role of radiation diagnostic methods in pathological changes of the hip j...SubmissionResearchpa
Endoprosthesis replacement-operational treatment of diseases and damages of hip joint. The problem of prevention of complications and their negative effects is extremely actual today. However the role of different beam techniques in identification of adverse effects and complications of endoprosthesis replacement of joints is studied insufficiently. Results of clinic and diagnostic and beam researches of 40 patients with pathology of hip joint are analyzed. The used beam methods of research - roentgenography, multispiral computed tomography. At presurgical stage the main objective was detection of pathology of joint, definition of indications and planning of operative measure. Situation and relationship of components of endoprosthesis, condition of bone tissue, and also bone cement round cup and leg of prosthesis were key parameters of radiological assessment of outcomes of endoprosthesis replacement. Complex use of radiological techniques (roentgenography and spiral computed tomography) allows to specify and add semiotics of changes of bone tissue at the level of acetabular hollow and proximal department of femur after endoprosthesis replacement. by Janibekov J. J 2020. The role of radiation diagnostic methods in pathological changes of the hip joint before and after endoprosthetics. International Journal on Integrated Education. 3, 11 (Dec. 2020), 203-205. DOI:https://doi.org/10.31149/ijie.v3i12.918. https://journals.researchparks.org/index.php/IJIE/article/view/918/866 https://journals.researchparks.org/index.php/IJIE/article/view/918
Proverbs are one of the oldest popular genres of Uzbek folklore, which reflects the worldview, attitude to society and moral norms of the people. In this article, spiritual and idealistic features of proverbs are elucidated and salient examples from masterpieces are given. by Kodirova Saodat Abdurakhimovna 2020. Idealistic study of proverbs. International Journal on Integrated Education. 3, 11 (Nov. 2020), 201-202. DOI:https://doi.org/10.31149/ijie.v3i11.888. https://journals.researchparks.org/index.php/IJIE/article/view/888/843 https://journals.researchparks.org/index.php/IJIE/article/view/888
Positive and negative features of mythological images in the epics “Beowulf” ...SubmissionResearchpa
At the time of what is considered primitive today, our ancestors were a hundred times more poets than we are. Thousands of years ago, the way of thinking of our ancestors was in the form of “poetic observation”: they accepted their life and everything in nature as a symbol of their imaginary concepts. At that time it was understood that the sky, water, greenery, sun, moon, light and darkness had a soul; the day was replaced by night, and the struggle between good and evil was thought to be over. by More Citation Formats https://journals.researchparks.org/index.php/IJIE/article/view/887/842 https://journals.researchparks.org/index.php/IJIE/article/view/887
This article discusses theoretical considerations about the production and sale process in the automotive industry. On this way, the way makes analyses both theorirical and practical analyses as the whole. In conlcusion, this makes emphesis on outcomes and shortcomings of the processes of production and implementation. by Nabiev Muzaffar Abdumalikovich 2020. Special three processes of production and implementation. International Journal on Integrated Education. 3, 11 (Nov. 2020), 190-191. DOI:https://doi.org/10.31149/ijie.v3i11.885. https://journals.researchparks.org/index.php/IJIE/article/view/885/841 https://journals.researchparks.org/index.php/IJIE/article/view/885
This research corresponds to the priority of the development of science and technology of the republic. "Spiritual and moral, cultural development of a democratic and legal society, the formation of an innovative economy." The research is carried out within the framework of the research plan of the Navoi State Pedagogical Institute. The main results of the study will be tested in the activities of pedagogical institutes, including students of Navoi State Pedagogical Institute, as well as in the 1st academic lyceum in Navoi and the 2nd academic lyceum under Navoi State Mining Institute. by Usmonova Lola Mallaevna 2020. Improving traditional methods of teaching chemistry. International Journal on Integrated Education. 3, 11 (Nov. 2020), 187-190. DOI:https://doi.org/10.31149/ijie.v3i11.883. https://journals.researchparks.org/index.php/IJIE/article/view/883/840 https://journals.researchparks.org/index.php/IJIE/article/view/883
The artistic interpretation of the human spirit in a work of art is analyzed on the example of the works of later years. The article focuses on the analysis of the heartache, the contradictions in the inner world, based on the story of the fugitive Norqobil, which describes the realities of the Afghan war. During the analysis, the influence of time and environment on the occurrence of conflicts in the human heart was highlighted. by Nasirov Azimiddin Normamatovich 2020. Expression of spiritual experiences in art. International Journal on Integrated Education. 3, 11 (Nov. 2020), 181-182. DOI:https://doi.org/10.31149/ijie.v3i11.881. https://journals.researchparks.org/index.php/IJIE/article/view/881/838 https://journals.researchparks.org/index.php/IJIE/article/view/881
Natural disasters are casualties that occur outside of human consciousness and activity. They can occur quickly or gradually. These are events that end with the disappearance. Natural disasters: landslides, floods, strong winds, fires, droughts, landslides, avalanches, rain. Some natural emergencies lead to the development of man-made emergencies. The causes of earthquakes are divided into: - Tectonic earthquakes; - volcanic earthquake; by Ravshanova Inoyatkhon Erkinovna and Shermatova Yoqutkhon Sobirovna 2020. Natural emergencies. International Journal on Integrated Education. 3, 11 (Nov. 2020), 170-171. DOI:https://doi.org/10.31149/ijie.v3i11.878. https://journals.researchparks.org/index.php/IJIE/article/view/878/835 https://journals.researchparks.org/index.php/IJIE/article/view/878
Due to intolerance of dental materials used for therapeutic treatmentSubmissionResearchpa
Long-term clinical observations show that widely used dentures made of metals and their alloys are not indifferent, cause a number of diseases of the oral mucosa, and have social and medical consequences in the form of intolerance to dental prosthesis materials[1,2]. Currently, ceramic materials, plastics, stainless steels, cobalt-chromium, silver-palladium alloys, gold-based alloys, platinum, etc. are used for orthopedic treatment. these alloys include the following metals: iron, chromium, Nickel, titanium, manganese, silicon, molybdenum, cobalt, palladium, zinc, silver, gold, etc. Signs of intolerance may occur when placing dentures and filling materials in the oral cavity. Intolerance to prosthetic materials can be caused by different reasons that have different mechanisms of pathology development. Solving problems with intolerance to dental materials in each patient requires analysis together with a dentist, an immunologist, and an immunological laboratory [1-4]. by O. A. Razhabov, Khaуitova M. A and Usmonov N. U. 2020. Due to intolerance of dental materials used for therapeutic treatment. International Journal on Integrated Education. 3, 11 (Nov. 2020), 160-162. DOI:https://doi.org/10.31149/ijie.v3i11.876. https://journals.researchparks.org/index.php/IJIE/article/view/876/833 https://journals.researchparks.org/index.php/IJIE/article/view/876
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
Dive into the world of AI! Experts Jon Hill and Tareq Monaur will guide you through AI's role in enhancing nonprofit websites and basic marketing strategies, making it easy to understand and apply.
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Palestine last event orientationfvgnh .pptxRaedMohamed3
An EFL lesson about the current events in Palestine. It is intended to be for intermediate students who wish to increase their listening skills through a short lesson in power point.
Embracing GenAI - A Strategic ImperativePeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
Phyto-Pharmacological Screening, New Strategies for evaluating
Natural Products, In vitro evaluation techniques for Antioxidants, Antimicrobial and Anticancer drugs. In vivo evaluation techniques
for Anti-inflammatory, Antiulcer, Anticancer, Wound healing, Antidiabetic, Hepatoprotective, Cardio protective, Diuretics and
Antifertility, Toxicity studies as per OECD guidelines
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
Bilingualism As A Main Communication Factor For Integration Among Nations In Transoxiana, Modern Uzbekistan
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Bilingualism As A Main Communication Factor For
Integration Among Nations In Transoxiana, Modern
Uzbekistan
Dilnoza Sharipova1
, Nargiza Xushboqova2
, Mavjuda Eshpo’latova3
,
Mukhabbat Toshmurodova4
, Dilfuza Shakirova5
, Dildora Toshova6
1
Department of Interfaculty Foreign Languages, Bukhara State University, sharipova_d@umail.uz
2
British School of Tashkent, Tashkent city
3
Secondary School 2, Gijduvan, Bukhara region
4
Department of English Language, Tashkent State University of Economics
5
Department of English Language, Tashkent State University of Economics
6
Secondary School 56, Gijduvan, Bukhara region
ABSTRACT
As we learn the history of language the national language requires understanding of the terms of fluent and
linguistic methodology. Every language is primarily a historical necessity which changes the communication
system. This information system is regulated or naturally will be developing by ages. Historically changes in
Transoxiana region, modern Uzbekistan influenced in different forms and styles. In this paper work authors
studied historical reformation of languages in this region. By centuries formation of the languages and their
affect to the local communication and literature are studied. Moreover, authors clarified development of the
Turkic language in Transoxiana and current reforms in education system which directed knowledge’s
recognized internationally.
Keywords: Transoxiana, language, bilingualism, tribes, Turkic, civilization era, Uzbek, international relations,
reforms .
1. INTRODUCTION
Language is a great social phenomenon, which has a great importance in the honor of every nation
and country serves for its historical well-being and universal progress, consolidation of the country and
self-awareness. It was said that the language is a great treasure that embodies the history, cultural
heritage, lifestyle, traditions and traditions of the nation, its own language and its development represent
the spiritual essence of the nation. Adoption of the national language as a state language is spoken
language, but the phonetic and grammatical style is a nation-wide means of communication that embodies
the best features of those folk slogans that are embodied, understood and understood by everyone.
Transoxiana region was very attractive location due to it is situated between two river. For various
intervention and wars to this region directly affected local culture even language.
According to the Oxford dictionary language is the method of human communication, either
spoken or written, consisting of the use of words in a structured and conventional way.
According to the Webster dictionary language is the words, their pronunciation, and the methods
of combining them used and understood by a community.
According to the Oxford dictionary bilingualism is fluency in or use of two languages.
According to the Webster dictionary bilingualism is the ability to speak two languages or political,
institutional recognition of two languages.
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Transoxania, also spelled Transoxiana, Arabic Mā Warāʾ al-Nahr, (“That Which Lies Beyond
the River”), historical region of Turkistan in Central Asia east of the Amu Darya(Oxus River) and west of
the Syr Darya (Jaxartes River), roughly corresponding to present-day Uzbekistan and parts
of Turkmenistan, Tajikistan, and Kazakhstan. A great centre of Muslim civilization during the European
Middle Ages, Transoxania was the centre of the Timurid empire in the 15th century, and its cities
(e.g., Bukhara and Samarkand) were known worldwide. The region came under Russian occupation in the
19th century [1].
Transoxiana (also spelled Transoxania), known in Arabic sources as Mā Warāʾ an-Nahr (Arabic: وراء ما
النهر Arabic pronunciation: [ˈmaː waˈraːʔ anˈnahr] – '[what is] beyond the Oxus [river]') and in Persian as
Farārūd (Persian: فرارود, Persian pronunciation: [fæɾɒːɾuːd]—'beyond the [Amudarya] river), is the
ancient name used for the portion of Central Asia corresponding approximately with modern-day
Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, southern Kyrgyzstan, and southwest Kazakhstan. Geographically, it is the region
between the Amu Darya (Ancient Greek: Ώξος Ốxos) and Syr Darya rivers.[2] The area had been known
to the ancient Iranians as Turan, a term used in the Persian national epic Shahnameh,[3] and to the
Romans as Transoxania (Land beyond the Oxus). The Arabic term Mā warāʼ an-Nahr (Land Beyond the
River) passed into Persian literary usage and stayed on until post-Mongol times [4].
2. MAIN PART
In this paper work it is used qualitative historical method by collecting secondary data form ethnographic
and case study ways.
3. LITERATURE REVIEW
This research previously studied by following scholars: A.Askarov "Peoples of Uzbekistan History,
Tursunov U., Orinboev B., Aliev A, History of the Uzbek language of literature, Mukhtarov A.,
Sanakulov U., History of Uzbek Literature, Abdurakhmanov G, Shukurov Sh. Historical grammar of the
Uzbek language, Abduraxmanov G., Ethnogenesis of the Uzbek people and the emergence of the Uzbek
language, Tursunov U., Mukhtarov J., Rakhmatullayev Sh., Current Uzbek Literature,Tashkent.
4. RESULTS
In Uzbek roughly two main dialect groups can be distinguished. One includes the southern, or
Iranized, dialects (Tashkent, Bukhara, Samarkand) and the semi-Iranized dialects (Fergana, Kokand),
which, owing to the influence of the Tajik language, have modified the typical Turkic feature of vowel
harmony. The other group comprises the northern Uzbek dialects in southern Kazakhstan and several
dialects in the region of Khiva. These dialects show much less Iranian influence. (Kipchak-Uzbek is
practically a dialect of the Kazak language.) In the creation of a new literary language after the Russian
Revolution of 1917, a dominant role was first played by the northern dialects and later by the southern
dialects. The latter serve as the basis of the current literary language. Uzbek has been written in the
Arabic, Latin, and Cyrillic scripts. In 1993 the government of Uzbekistan officially reinstated a
modified Latin alphabet for the Uzbek language [1].
Turkic languages, group of closely related languages that form a subfamily of the Altaic
languages. The Turkic languages show close similarities to each other in phonology, morphology,
and syntax, though Chuvash, Khalaj, and Sakha differ considerably from the rest. The earliest linguistic
records are Old Turkic inscriptions, found near the Orhon River in Mongolia and the Yenisey River
valley in south-central Russia, which date from the 8th century CE [2].
Figure 1. Geographic location of Turkic speakers
Source: https://www.google.com/search?q=turkic+languages&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X
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That's how long the Uzbek language is a predictions and assumptions. Uzbek language belongs to
Turkic languages group and its past is associated with these languages is connected. Current Turkologists
or Turkic languages the language originated from Gonca Adding a dream. This statement has been proven
enough. Common history for all Turkic languages Ancient Turkic language, considered as an official
source according to Altaic theory. Oltoy languages Ural languages: ugor, fin and Covenants of the
Covenants there are counters. However, this assumption is not substantiated [3].
According to this theory, the Turkish language the name of the Uzbek language altaic languages
starting from the ancient times of the Altai era, one of the ancient languages. Ordinary this is because of
the lack of historical documents the time limit for the period is unknown. Altay grandfather tongue
originally tungus-manchjur and Turkish-Mongolian their language; that’s right Turkish Languages
History of the Hellenic period (from the III century BC) until the fourth century AD).
Turkic languages were divided into two branches: the East diet and the Western diet. History of
Turkic languages From the Central Asia to the Eastern Europe The Khun khanate, which occupied the
region, was later divided into two parts is taken as a basis. After the Dynasty, the Old Turkic language era
began. This period is for Turkish languages the origin and development of the common Turkic language.
Turk early written scripts of the same language. Turkic languages are genetically closely related to each
other with the population of about 300 million people in the world [4].
The Uzbek people and their language have also been called with different terms at different times.
Historical and linguistic literature about the formation of the Uzbek scholars as following information is
presented: "Nowadays, the nation called Uzbek is definitely a regional one in the boundary, in the
economic, cultural linguistic origin of the XI-XII centuries." It is similar in the book "From the history of
the Uzbek language of literature" by A. Aliev and Q. Sodiqov The idea is that in the end of XI and XII
centuries the composition of the aging tribal dialect is distorted, arguments, as well as tribal dialects, such
as the mud, formed the union of karluk tribes and herds. The Uzbek language was formed on the basis of
this blond vocabulary. Language of Uzbek language and the traces of the tongue were significant. But in
this period Uzbek was not popular as a strong tribe and its language [5]
Figure 2. The total number of Turkic speakers in the world
Source: http://www.languagesgulper.com/eng/Turkic.html
G. Abdirahmanov states that Uzbek people have been living in ancient Central Asia, Sak,
Massaget, Kango, Khorezm and other ethnic groups. On the basis of the Association of Turkish Seeds and
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Siberian Associates subsequently formed. The formation of this nation was completed in XIII century.
Formation of the Uzbek language process of separation from other Turkic languages includes the XI-XIII
centuries. Find shaped the people are primarily Turkic people. But other Turkish people and languages
"Central Asia Turkic", Uzbek or Chagatay language, to distinguish it. In fact after the formation of the
people, the "Uzbek" began to be used in the first half of the 15th century.
So, based on these ideas, the process of formation of the Uzbek people and the Uzbek language
XI-XIII centuries. Now the name of this nation and its language after its well-known Uzbek people are
first called Turkic. However, this term has been used as a sugd before the formation of the Uzbek people.
VII-VIII Centuries-old Urhun-Enasoy manuscripts, such as "Turk-bodun", "Kurtkurk" as the people's
name give clear understanding of early Turks.
There are different opinions about the origin of Turks. The Chinese Turks they are the descendants
of the dung. The Turks are the descendants of one of the centers of the Hunt. The word Turkish means
"power" and "force" it does not refer to the name of any tribe or knyaz [6].
The term "Turk" is a combination of several tribal peoples without ethnic origin S.Tolstoy, a term
known as "Turk", is a "young, unlucky warrior" which means that the word "tribal clans" and finally
political the common name of the united nations. " In the textbook "The history of the Uzbek language of
literature", extensively to the etymology of the Turkish term passed away. From the historians V.V.
Bartol'd, S. Tolstov, A.N.Bernshtam, Ohrhun-Enasoy , which means the word "tribal association" based
on the Turkish term. In the Chinese Chronicles, this word is the oldest known group of warriors in the
meaning of the headquarters of Iranian soldiers, in the works of Alisher Navoi "Uzbek people". In
summarizing these thoughts, the Turkish word is formed in the 6th century.
Central Asia has been used for a large-scale tribal association then it was the name of the nation
and its language. In the 11th-13th centuries it was the people began to shatter and many nations emerged
on its base, after which Turkish expansions. The most commonly used ethnic group in Turkic terms is
Uzbeks. From the 16th century the place of Turks was replaced by Turkish. At present, the term Turkish
is used as an ethnonym in Central Asia from XI century to Anatolia. The descendants of the Seljuks, who
are the descendants of the present Turkish people in modern Turkey.
The most important Turkish scripts are memories of Turkish tribe tombstones are considered. In
addition to these stones, gold, silver, bone, grease, ceramic are also samples of articles: souvenirs from
East Turkestan also found. Depending on language specifications and geographical locations, rhythmic
monuments are divided into three groups breaks down:
1.Monuments of Enasoy
2.Talas monuments
3. Monuments of Urhun
Enasoy monuments include the surrounding Enasey River, Tuva, Altay, Khakassia, Krasnoyarsk
regions are included. They are mainly rocks and, silver, gold. This group scripts are not very large: the
largest are 10-15, and the small ones are one, two, three pages. Monuments of Enasoy, the ancient
ancestor of the Renaissance of V-VII AD. These monuments are now Red, Minisinsk, Abakan,
Krasnoyarsk, Moscow, Nearly 150 are kept in museums of Helsinki and St. Petersburg [7].
One of the ancient monuments of the ancient Turkish era is a proper inscription. This post formed
in the 6th-7th centuries AD in the Turkic language and has served as the main script of the people.
Famous scientist Muhammad Kashgary writes in his "Devonu Lugatat Turk" in his work as "Turkic
writing" and it is reported. Memorandum is an Arabic letter from the Middle Asian Turks to the end of
the 15th century he used to be together. It is possible to conclude that Rhenium monuments are old In the
case of the Turkish Dervish, the sought-after writing is the period of monuments are widely used in
ancient Turkic (V-X), Old Turkic (XI-XIV) and even Old English (XV) period. Most of the monuments
in this letter are related to the 6th century BC. There are many written monuments, among them are the
Eastern Turkish cultural environment .
Spiritualty philosophical era
Religious philosophical works belonging to the ancient Turkish era are divided into three groups:
Buddha, monumental and Christian monuments. Among them Buddha monuments are
moredistributed.One of Buddha's monuments is the Chinese version of the Sanskrit word
"Suvarnaprabhasa" Turkish translation. His Turkic name is "The Legend of Yutryglyg." (The Greatest
Book of The Biggest Color of The Golden Light). Turkic language we are briefly called "Oltinyor". This
work is in the Xcentury Singquin Soli, who lived in Beshbaliq, was translated into Chinese. Ten is the
workhas a manuscript. The relatively complete handwritten handwriting was written at the end of the
XVII century. Current at the time the Saint-Petersburg department of the Institute of Oriental Studies of
the Russian Academy of Sciences [8].
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Persian era
Persian language is widespread in the cities of Bukhara and Samarkand because of their relatively
large population of ethnic Tajiks (official 1,5 million, non-official scholarly estimates are 8–11
million).[14] It is also found in large pockets in Kasansay, Chust, Rishtan and Sokh in Ferghana Valley,
as well as in Burchmulla, Ahangaran, Baghistan in the middle Syr Darya district, and finally in,
Shahrisabz, Qarshi, Kitab and the river valleys of Kafiringan and Chaganian, forming altogether,
approximately 10–15% of the population of Uzbekistan.
Arab era
The Arabic language, which is rich in Turkic languages, including its Uzbek language, has its richness it
has a significant impact. The influence of Arabic in the languages of indigenous peoples is directly related
to the VIII century the occupation of Central Asia by the Arabs, the beginning of the Arabian Caliphate
and the beginning of the Arabian Caliphate it is connected with the acceptance of the people of Islam here
and the Islamic religion. The Arabic language is written in the language of science. Khorazmiy, Abu
Rayhon Beruniy, Farobi, M.Koshgaryi as well as scholars writing their works in the language.
Turkic languages and Uzbek literary language
Old Turkic written monuments are generally Turkic languages and Uzbek literary language It is
important to compare the verses each other. The note is based on the new word text and then applies He
moved to the fringes of the mongrels. Written note from the sixth century to the fifteenth century even
among the Turkish peoples and Buddhists until the XVIII century. Mahmud Koshgaryi calls him "Turkic
writing" in his work "Devonu lugatat turk" and writes his ancestry: "Books and writings of all the kagan
and sultans From the ancient times to the present day Kashqardan to Chingiz, this is the Turkish towns
written in writing.
"It is well known that in the year 960, Islam was officially adopted in the Karrakhan state. This is
the attitude The article was also popular. From that moment on, the Turks used both records. The Uyghur
letter later became famous in the Turkish world. The letter from XIII century [9]. From the letter of the
letter, the letter was written off. The golden states are strongly attentive to their letter was Timurids also
widely used this note in their public affairs. Especially, In the XIV-XV centuries in the cultural
environment of Movarounnahr and Khurasan the place of this writing was great. Memorandum was
written in the Arabian letters among Turkic peoples of Central Asia until the end of the XV century used
side by side. From the next century, Tamim became Arabic.
Central Asian in X-XII centuries
The X-XII centuries are a new place in the development of the culture of the Central Asian peoples
it's a stage. At this stage, Central Asia is a major and central development of world culture one of the pits.
Central Asian scientists are the world's top innovations in scientific discoveries his works, effectively
influenced his centuries-old development. During this period, the development of our people in the art of
word art became an important momentum. At the same time, rich and varied works of folk art were
created. At the same time, Persian-Tajik and Turkish literary languages were formed and written literature
in these languages was formed, artists and created valuable works.
The history of written literature is literary directions and their struggle history, literary relations,
the rise of various literary genres It's history. The literary literature of the Central Asian peoples is close
to the people of other nations has grown on the ground of communication. Scientists like their own works
in other CIS countries almost in Arabic. The 11th century was a big step in the development of Turkic
literary languages. This is all first of all Turkic peoples, including Uzbek, as well as the Kyrgyz,
Turkmen, and other peoples in the economic and political life and culture of the country with a bigger
role and a larger role. Middle of Turkic peoples and elites The arrival of Asia has grown over this period,
and the prevalence of the Turkish-speaking population increased [10].
Chigatay era
In the history of the Uzbek elite and its history, the beginning of the 12th century is a new era.
That period The literary language is based on the time of the Karakhanids, which is translated into
English language will go. This is because dialect "d" is in the language of tribes formed later in the
Chigatay state dominated by The Chigatay state is a Turkic-speaking tribe spoken in the Turkish language
living in the cultural area of Central Asia. Also in XII-XIV centuries The State of the Golden Horde,
which joined Khorezm, was created. Formation of the Uzbek language The main factor influencing the
development of the language is the enormous part of the rest of the nation relationships and
communication are growing stronger. In addition, the West of Movarounnahr (Transoxiana) the
northeastern and southern tribes of Uguz tribes increased. We know it is the most commonly used
languages are "y" characters [11].
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Mongolian era
If the Turkic languages come from the Mongolian language, it is their relative languages. Modern
Turkic, Mongolian, Tungus-Manchjur languages into the family of the Oltoy family. They consist of a
large number of seeds, alliance tribes, and each other close to the dials. The languages of the Altai
language family are still commonplace at that time it was. In the later periods of the development of the
Turkic languages, the two languages were separated from each other civilization. Also, there are some
phonetic differences between Turkic and Mongolian languages There are many similar words to each
other. These are Turkish-Mongolian or it is possible to call the mongolian-turkish word.
Alisher Navoiy era
The great thinker has done for the native language and independence of the scholar A. Navoi.
Another important aspect of the struggle is its academic theoretical struggle against language. As an
educated linguist, scholar wrote his famous book, "The Word of the Great Lighthouse". That's it
substantiating the literary language in the book, the creation of Uzbek literature, its development, and its
long history his work and his rich experiences, made profound scientific and technical conclusions. A.
Navoi's literary language, its relation to live communication and the Uzbek language The issues are quite
complex, and scientists have different opinions about it. The simplicity of language in literary language of
XIV-XVII century, struggle for all understandable would go. The struggle for the equality and simplicity
of Turkish language with Persian is Navoi and in his works of his contemporaries [12].
A. Navoi as a great scientist contributes to the formation and development of the Uzbek literary
language added. Moved it to the top. His multi-faceted work as a linguist, scientific theoretical
considerations of rare works. Linguistic and scientific heritage of Navoi The linguistic character of his
works, especially his poetry, requires a great deal of detailed study. The language of Navoi's poetry is a
high example of the Uzbek language of the 15th century.
Navoi is a very complex phenomenon both in terms of its historical and economic development
and its richness and diversity. In its works only Navoi specific language events are not only reflected in
individual creative traits. Maybe that's it along with his literary language, widely using the rich Uzbek
language and developed a variety of techniques in literature. In the XIII-XV centuries, in the Middle East,
many countries of the East, including science and religion Arabic had a strong position in the area. The
only place in Arabic is the art of creation it has become. From the time of the Samonists, as a state, in
cultural life, art literary "darii" or "farsi" language was widely accepted in the literature. The Persian
period before Navoi knowledge of the language and writing and writing in that language are the privilege
of the upper class of society and became a sign of knowledge. In such a complicated era, A. Navoi's own
language to fight for a position. Navoi's Turkic language protection activities can be shown in three
directions.
Zakhiriddin Muhammad Bobur era
Zahriddin Muhammad Bobur in the development of the Uzbek literary language of the XVI
century The importance of the language of Muhammad Soliq is significant. Zahriddin Muhammad Bobur
is a lyricist who created the great immune system of secular literature the poet and the outstanding
scientific and historical value, is the author of "Boburnoma". One of the positive aspects of Babur's works
is his simplicity. He has his own works simpler writing in the language and encouraging others to do so.
This is Babur's son letter to Khumayun differs from the summer. He criticized a letter he wrote in a
luxurious style , he writes: "It is clear that it is a great blessing, There is nothing to worry about. " Babur
requires a simple style and language to write, and that is his practice is a positive phenomenon. Babur is a
parallelism, a tale, a word, and a publication, an emotion, an exaggeration, and other methods. Through
the use of artistic language. He was well-versed in folklore, folk music, folk music. As a result, he used
the robust and polysemantic words and word talks, she created wonderful examples of the hive in Uzbek
[14].
Uzbek literary language
The depression in the political and cultural life of Central Asia was the end of the XVI century and
XVII at the beginning of the century. The feudal society is strong in the economic and political life crisis
situation. The Ashekharis who ruled after the Shaybanis are also common in this area peace, prosperity
and cultural development is a centralized government they did not. Central Asia was divided into three
khanates and several small capitals. That's among the khans bloody battles continued. The literary
language of that time developed on the basis of local dialects. XVII-XIX The study of the Uzbek literary
language of the centuries is based on the works of history, the main source of the poet's creativity.
Uzbek literary language between XIX-XX
Looking back at the second half of the 19th century and the literature of the 20th century, its
language we see important news stories. This is the Uzbek people the cause of social changes in the
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patient. From the second half of the 19th century, Russia began invading Central Asia. Uzbek literature in
the period of history and society in the life of the Uzbek people but also his language. New political
lexicon as a result of the revolutionary movement in Russia and Central Asia and the terminology
emerged; new grammatical devices appeared on the Russian language. It is well known that the level of
development of the literary language is respected in relation to the national language is shown in the
developmental process. Literary language acquires the richness of the folklore, and it is a regular one to
raise it to the higher pace. In the second half of the XIX century representatives of democratic literature
and educators have made a turning point in the Uzbek literary language.
Communication between languages that are not Turkic and Turkic, and the expansion of this
communication Some of the phonetic changes that emerged in the Turkic languages, such as M.
Koshgary, it has been explicitly stated. Together with the languages of another language, the Uzbek
language is primarily a Tajik language is one of the most important issues. This is not related to Uzbek
linguistics, but also a general theoretical subject of general linguistics.It is known that metatics
(interethnic intervention) and hybridization the problem of the language in the system) should be
addressed in the generalized Linguistic Plan. Uzbek and the Uzbek language of literary language without
determining the ethnic and linguistic ties of the Tajik people can not be determined. The ties of the Uzbek
people with the Tajik people have been centuries-long. There are several historical reasons and reasons
for this. The influence of Uzbek and Tajik languages on each other can be summed up by two major
events Prof. M.Andreev: 1. The ancient Tajik language, or the languages close to the Sattriks, until the
Arab occupation period; 2. Period of relations between Arabian occupation and Tajik and Uzbek
languages; The Uzbek people and the Tajik people are one of the oldest and most ancient peoples of
Central Asia.
That's it the living conditions of the two nations are the same or closer to each other They have
cooperated in various fields. This collaboration was reflected in the phonetics of the Uzbek and Tajik
languages, textile construction and grammar. Most of these One of the most important of these is the
Turkic dialect, which is directly influenced by the Tajik language language sounds that are not specific to
the language phonology system. Outside the effect of this additional factor on the occurrence of a
conventional linguistic identity. As a result, vocalism of Tashkent city dialect languages is Tajik language
approaching. This phenomenon is related to the reduction of singularism in the Uzbek language, in the
urban dialects slowly weakened and weakened.
Uzbek language at Soviet Union era
The Uzbek and Russian people are in the economic and cultural life before the October Revolution
has been treated. If we look at the XVI-XVII century with the Moscow state of the Central Asian
khanates and the various trade and diplomatic relations in the 19th century, ambassadors Let's look at the
historical and scientific documents, such as rhubarb, kneeca, put (pud), dujna (dyujina) such as green
(yachik), samovar, konfut, patnus, lamp, in Uzbek we see that the These are phonetics because they are
more commonly spoken under the laws of internal development of the Uzbek language. Relations
between the Uzbek and Russian peoples in the second half of the XIX century, ie, the Middle Asia was
widely celebrated after the Russian invasion. The result is Uzbek language text often began to be used for
words and terms in various fields.
Since the disintegration of the Soviet Union, the new states of Central Asia have been obliged to
adjust their institutions to new symbolic frontiers and to take into account the independence they achieved
in 1991. Both universities and Academies of Sciences have been called to reconsider their research
policies and to orient them in order to respond to emerging national issues. The building of national
narratives is a particularly relevant object of study in observing the various modes of legitimization of the
Central Asian states and the scientific instruments they deem necessary for their political validation. The
aim of this paper is to overcome the apparent, albeit actual, character of a number of changes that have
taken place in Uzbekistan since 1991, in order to demonstrate the continuity of personal, institutional, and
intellectual lines uniting contemporary research to that conducted during Soviet period. [15]
On October 21, 1989, the Law of the Republic of Uzbekistan "On the State Language" was
adopted on September 2, 1993, the Law "On the introduction of the Latin alphabet". This year marks the
20th anniversary of the adoption of the Law on the State Language. During this period a number of
cultural, spiritual-educational, ideological works, researches, scientific researchers have been carried out,
aimed at further beautification, artistic, historical and world-wide significance.
Modern era of Uzbek-Russian-English languages
After the Presidential Decree N-1875 “On measures to further improve of foreign language learning
system” (2012) a lot of projects have been done as an implementation of this significant document. We
can mention that from 2013/2014 academic year teaching of foreign languages, mainly English, started
from the first grade of the primary school in the format of games and informal conversation lessons and
since the second class schoolchildren learned the alphabet, studied grammar and developed speech skills.
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And regular training programs shown in the mass media are giving positive results not only in acquisition
of knowledge and skills, but also in motivating Uzbek children to foreign language learning.
Within this short period of time in any part of our country we can meet parents who are proud of
their children speaking English. Moreover, the necessary conditions for successful learning of foreign
languages at all grades are being created in the country. For realization of these tasks there operating
Coordinating Council in the country, which together with the ministries and departments, leading scholars
and experts is engaged in working out the new educational standards providing concrete criteria to the
level of knowledge on foreign languages at each grade, and also new curricula and programs for
comprehensive schools, secondary special and professional education and higher educational institutions.
In addition, a lot of language educational establishments, international schools and centers have
established and in the phase of competition they are trying to do their best, but public schools have lost its
value, even though children go to school, they are going to extra classes and clubs to get satisfactory
knowledge, pass exams or to enter entrance exams. Most of the pupils are going to public schools just for
getting the degree, as well as its compulsory. In order to solve this, issue the Governmental testing center
made compulsory language proficiency tests for school and college English teachers, however, getting the
Certificates just shows how they know a particular language, but for becoming a good teacher and
delivering a productive lesson it is not enough.
In today’s era being a teacher is so difficult and it demands a lot from the teachers. At the center of
the characteristics that make teachers more trustworthy in students’ eyes are two components that might
be described as teacher credibility and teacher authenticity. The teachers should have intellectual and
experiential credibility, so that students can trust and expect of their teachers. Currently, teacher training
courses and centers for English language teachers established to help them to improve their teaching skills
and strategies, such as UzTEA organization organizes events, conferences, workshops for teachers, also
International courses such as, TESOL, CELTA courses established, as well as, UZWLU has
Methodological Innovation center which helps English teachers to update their knowledge and enhance
teaching skills. International workshops like
Big Idea Challenge, Creative Spark by British Council are considerable cooperation of competitive youth
English proficiency at schools. QS, THE, Scopus, Elsevier, Sciencedirect, Web of science and etc. are the
main goal of integration of Uzbek higher education system in widely raising visibility among world class
universities. Nowadays there lots of foreign universities which education held totally in English language.
It gives to students more comfortable learning environment, self-confidence, modern learning and
teaching methodology of the top world class university curriculum and syllabus.
5. CONCLUSION
After the independence of Uzbekistan supported all youth learning and obtain knowledge
government supported with regional point of view applied various language education system. For
example, books and teaching materials delivered in Russian, Kazakh, Tajik, Turkmen, Karakalpak and
etc., due to ancient bilingual history of the population in Uzbekistan territory. This approach motivated at
schools and colleges of the country. As for the state language accepted Uzbek language business language
became our native language. For the integration of the education our previous experience showed that
lack of some Russian language opportunities.
By the end of 2nd
millennium cooperation with US in our country opened absolutely new academic era in
Uzbek foreign language history. ACCELS, Global Studies, International Business School and validated
accreditation of international test taking organization by ETS TOEFL was totally changes higher
education system of Uzbekistan. Local students began enchasing integrated in world class universities in
US, UK, Japan, Germany, Korea, China, and India and so on due to well studding of the English
language. Scholarships, fellowships, grants and other source of financing tuition fee for the Bachelors and
Masters programs helped for upgrading modern English proficiency of the Uzbek adults at that time..
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