Ghana has a stake in international climate change negotiations from Bali to Copenhagen due to the impacts of climate change on poverty, development, food and water security, health, and its economy. Effective participation requires an informed understanding of the complex issues and positions of different countries and groups in the negotiations.
International and national responses to climate change include agreements like the Kyoto Protocol and Copenhagen Conference. The Kyoto Protocol, agreed in 1997, set binding emissions reduction targets for developed countries and allowed for carbon trading mechanisms. While some countries met their Kyoto targets, emissions still increased globally due to nonparticipation of major emitters. The 2009 Copenhagen Conference aimed to improve on Kyoto but lacked concrete plans and its non-binding agreement was not adopted by all countries.
Global warming is being accelerated by human activity through interrupting the carbon cycle. The primary international response is the Kyoto Protocol, which sets emissions limits and was established by the UNFCCC. The Kyoto Protocol's goals are evaluated by the IPCC, whose "Hockey Stick Graph" indicates current warming trends are unprecedented. National and international policy responses aim to reduce emissions through agreements to limit greenhouse gases.
climate change preparation for Glasgow 2021Felix Dodds
This document discusses the upcoming UN climate change conference (COP26) in Glasgow and strategies for engagement. It provides background on the UNFCCC process and outlines key meetings and goals. These include all countries submitting more ambitious emissions reduction targets and committing to net zero emissions. It also discusses focusing campaigning efforts on clean energy, transport, adaptation/resilience and financing. The document advises stakeholders on effective engagement techniques such as understanding the negotiation process and allies/adversaries.
The document discusses recent conventions on climate change, including COP25 in Madrid in 2019 and the upcoming COP26 in Glasgow in 2021. COP25 aimed to increase commitments to limit global warming to 1.5°C as outlined in the Paris Agreement, but results were disappointing. The conference achieved some progress on technology and support for developing countries, but more ambitious action is needed. COP26 was postponed to 2021 due to the COVID-19 pandemic and is an important opportunity for countries to submit strengthened climate plans.
Presentation By Shri Mahesh Pandya, Director, Paryavaranmitra shown at The institution of Engineers, Gujarat State Center, Ahmedabad
Note: Views expressed by the author are his own. Placing this presentation here does not mean IEI GSC is in agreement with the same.
UN Climate Change Conference concluded on the 13th of November 2021 with nearly 200 counties agreeing to the Glasgow Climate Pact. It will take combined effort, increased ambition, and action for progress to be made in keeping 1.5 °C within reach and tackling climate change.
Global Road Technology takes a contrarian approach by looking at the questions that remain after the Glasgow Climate Pact
The Kyoto Protocol is an international agreement linked to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. It aims to reduce greenhouse gas emissions to fight global warming. Under the protocol, 37 industrialized countries commit to reducing emissions of greenhouse gases. The US has not ratified the treaty due to concerns about developing countries not having emissions commitments.
International and national responses to climate change include agreements like the Kyoto Protocol and Copenhagen Conference. The Kyoto Protocol, agreed in 1997, set binding emissions reduction targets for developed countries and allowed for carbon trading mechanisms. While some countries met their Kyoto targets, emissions still increased globally due to nonparticipation of major emitters. The 2009 Copenhagen Conference aimed to improve on Kyoto but lacked concrete plans and its non-binding agreement was not adopted by all countries.
Global warming is being accelerated by human activity through interrupting the carbon cycle. The primary international response is the Kyoto Protocol, which sets emissions limits and was established by the UNFCCC. The Kyoto Protocol's goals are evaluated by the IPCC, whose "Hockey Stick Graph" indicates current warming trends are unprecedented. National and international policy responses aim to reduce emissions through agreements to limit greenhouse gases.
climate change preparation for Glasgow 2021Felix Dodds
This document discusses the upcoming UN climate change conference (COP26) in Glasgow and strategies for engagement. It provides background on the UNFCCC process and outlines key meetings and goals. These include all countries submitting more ambitious emissions reduction targets and committing to net zero emissions. It also discusses focusing campaigning efforts on clean energy, transport, adaptation/resilience and financing. The document advises stakeholders on effective engagement techniques such as understanding the negotiation process and allies/adversaries.
The document discusses recent conventions on climate change, including COP25 in Madrid in 2019 and the upcoming COP26 in Glasgow in 2021. COP25 aimed to increase commitments to limit global warming to 1.5°C as outlined in the Paris Agreement, but results were disappointing. The conference achieved some progress on technology and support for developing countries, but more ambitious action is needed. COP26 was postponed to 2021 due to the COVID-19 pandemic and is an important opportunity for countries to submit strengthened climate plans.
Presentation By Shri Mahesh Pandya, Director, Paryavaranmitra shown at The institution of Engineers, Gujarat State Center, Ahmedabad
Note: Views expressed by the author are his own. Placing this presentation here does not mean IEI GSC is in agreement with the same.
UN Climate Change Conference concluded on the 13th of November 2021 with nearly 200 counties agreeing to the Glasgow Climate Pact. It will take combined effort, increased ambition, and action for progress to be made in keeping 1.5 °C within reach and tackling climate change.
Global Road Technology takes a contrarian approach by looking at the questions that remain after the Glasgow Climate Pact
The Kyoto Protocol is an international agreement linked to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. It aims to reduce greenhouse gas emissions to fight global warming. Under the protocol, 37 industrialized countries commit to reducing emissions of greenhouse gases. The US has not ratified the treaty due to concerns about developing countries not having emissions commitments.
The Kyoto Protocol is an agreement made under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. It commits developed countries to reduce their emissions to 10% below 1990 levels between 2008-2012. Key mechanisms to help countries meet their targets include international emissions trading, the Clean Development Mechanism between developed and developing countries, and Joint Implementation between developed countries. While many countries have ratified the protocol, major emitters like the US have not. Developing countries like China and India are not required to reduce emissions under the agreement.
The Kyoto Protocol is an international agreement linked to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. It commits industrialized nations to reduce greenhouse gas emissions to combat global warming. Key points of the Kyoto Protocol include binding emissions reduction targets for 37 industrialized nations, flexible mechanisms to lower compliance costs, and excluding developing countries from emissions limits. While most industrialized nations support it, the United States has withdrawn support. Malaysia has no emissions targets but supports efforts under the UNFCCC framework.
- The Kyoto Protocol is an international agreement linked to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change that sets binding targets for reducing greenhouse gas emissions for industrialized countries.
- The goal is to reduce emissions of greenhouse gases to help prevent dangerous climate change. Countries agreed on average reductions of 5.2% from 1990 levels by 2012.
- The United States signed but later withdrew from the agreement in 2001, citing negative economic impacts. Many other countries have ratified it but it faces challenges in comprehensively addressing long-term climate change.
The Kyoto Protocol is an international agreement linked to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, which commits state parties to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. The Protocol set binding emission reduction targets for 37 industrialized countries and the European community but did not include binding targets for developing countries like China and India. While some parties achieved their targets, overall global emissions continued to rise significantly during the Protocol's first commitment period from 2008-2012. The Protocol has faced criticisms around its flexibility mechanisms, lack of participation from major emitters, and difficulty enforcing compliance. In 2012, an amendment extended the Protocol with a second commitment period through 2020 but with fewer participating parties.
Report on Copenhagen COP15 is a summary of events that transpired in Dec. 2009 at the UNFCCC Conference of the Parties (COP15) including drafting of the Copenhagen Accord and subsequent public discourse.
Its all about How environmental issues were raised and how world nation ended up signing for this Paris agreement.
Then there are impacts of America's withdrawal plus role of China and India.
The presentation summarized the history and key aspects of the Kyoto Protocol, an international agreement linked to the UNFCCC aimed at fighting global warming. It discussed how the protocol was adopted in 1997 and entered into force in 2005, committing industrialized countries to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. The presentation outlined the emission reduction targets and trading programs established by the protocol, as well as future meetings planned to regulate violators. It concluded by stating the protocol was an important first step, but further negotiations are needed to deliver stronger emission reductions to address climate change.
This presentation created and addressed by Ana Fornells (OECC) in the intensive three day course from the BC3, Basque Centre for Climate Change and UPV/EHU (University of the Basque Country) on Climate Change in the Uda Ikastaroak Framework.
The objective of the BC3 Summer School is to offer an updated and multidisciplinary view of the ongoing trends in climate change research. The BC3 Summer School is organized in collaboration with the University of the Basque Country and is a high quality and excellent summer course gathering leading experts in the field and students from top universities and research centres worldwide.
The UNFCCC is an international treaty negotiated in 1992 aimed at stabilizing greenhouse gas concentrations to prevent dangerous climate change. It provides a framework but no binding emissions limits. The Kyoto Protocol, adopted in 1997, implemented the UNFCCC by requiring reductions in emissions by developed countries. Subsequent agreements including the Copenhagen Accord and Cancun Agreements aimed to further strengthen climate actions and support for developing countries.
Carbon markets in a future climate agreement: the road to 2020 and beyondUNFCCC
This document discusses the role of carbon markets in a future climate agreement. It argues that carbon markets are crucial because they can scale up mitigation efforts at the lowest cost, create a price on carbon globally, and encourage action across international boundaries. The document notes that negotiations indicate carbon markets will continue playing an important role by catalyzing cost-effective emissions reductions. Specifically, it emphasizes that linked carbon markets across regions can increase trading opportunities, set a global carbon price, and stimulate greater climate ambition over time. The Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) is highlighted as providing experience and reducing uncertainty, though new market mechanisms may also be part of the future framework.
The Copenhagen Agreement is a document that delegates at the 15th session of the Conference of Parties (COP 15) to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change agreed to "take note of" at the final plenary on 18 December 2009.
The Accord, drafted by, on the one hand, the United States and on the other, in a united position as the BASIC countries (China, India, South Africa, and Brazil), is not legally binding and does not commit countries to agree to a binding successor to the Kyoto Protocol, whose round ended in 2012.
21. Climate Change: The Paris Climate AgreementAdam Briggle
The document discusses the history and key elements of the Paris Climate Agreement. It outlines that the UNFCCC was formed in 1992 to stabilize greenhouse gas emissions and avoid dangerous climate change. Major milestones include the 1997 Kyoto Protocol and 2015 Paris Agreement, where countries agreed to limit warming to 1.5-2°C. The Paris Agreement established long-term temperature goals, national emissions reduction plans, frameworks for finance/support, and transparency measures, but current country pledges are still insufficient to meet its targets. In 2019, the US withdrew from the agreement.
The document discusses various measures and mechanisms within the Kyoto Protocol to reduce carbon emissions. It describes carbon credits which allow countries to produce a certain amount of emissions that can be traded if the full allowance is not used. It outlines mechanisms such as emissions trading, joint implementation, and the clean development mechanism which allow countries and organizations to meet emissions reduction requirements through projects in other countries. It also discusses monitoring of transactions and reporting of emissions inventories, as well as financing for adaptation projects in developing countries.
The document discusses carbon credits, India's INDC, and climate change commitments. It provides background on carbon credits and their role in mitigating greenhouse gas emissions. It then explains that countries committed to creating a new international climate agreement and outlined post-2020 climate actions through Intended Nationally Determined Contributions (INDCs). The document outlines key aspects of India's INDC, including commitments to reduce emissions intensity, increase forest cover to create carbon sinks, adapt to climate impacts, and generate 40% of power from non-fossil fuel sources by 2030.
The Kyoto Protocol is an international agreement linked to the UNFCCC aimed at fighting global warming. It commits industrialized nations to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. The major distinction between the Protocol and the Convention is that the Convention encouraged emissions reductions while the Protocol commits countries to do so. The Protocol was negotiated in 1997 and entered into force in 2005 after Russia ratified it. It sets emissions reduction targets for 37 Annex I countries and allows flexible mechanisms like emissions trading to lower costs of achieving targets.
Kyoto and Beyond: The Evolution of Multilateral Agreements on Climate ChangeISCIENCES, L.L.C.
The document provides an overview of the evolution of multilateral agreements on climate change from the 1970s to present day, with a focus on the Kyoto Protocol. It describes several important early agreements and conventions in the 1970s-1980s that helped bring international attention to environmental issues. It then outlines the key developments in the 1990s that led to the drafting of the Kyoto Protocol in 1997. The document discusses the Kyoto Protocol period from 2005-2008 and challenges faced by countries in meeting emissions targets. It concludes by looking at climate change discussions and agreements after 2009, including negotiations on the future of the Protocol.
This presentation contains detail about the Paris Agreement, India's efforts for reducing emissions through its initiatives like 175GW ambitious project, Cess on Coal energy etc.
Ghana Nat CC committee retreat - development & CC overview2 picsDr Seán Doolan, MBA
This document discusses strategies for developing an effective national climate change response in Ghana. It notes the need for a comprehensive approach that facilitates coordination across stakeholders from different levels and sectors of government as well as civil society. Developing climate strategies will require identifying champions, framing issues to attract political support, and mainstreaming climate considerations into development planning and budgeting processes. The document also emphasizes the importance of establishing clear governance structures and engaging multiple stakeholders, as well as developing capacity and accessing adequate financing through national and international mechanisms.
Climate Change and Development - Updates from COP18UNDP Eurasia
The document discusses several topics related to climate change including:
1. The need to cut global CO2 emissions in half by 2050 to keep warming below 2 degrees Celsius.
2. The challenges posed by a growing world population expected to reach 9 billion by 2050, which will place greater pressure on resource systems.
3. The importance of transitioning to a green economy through significant emissions mitigation and generating funding for climate actions.
The Kyoto Protocol is an agreement made under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. It commits developed countries to reduce their emissions to 10% below 1990 levels between 2008-2012. Key mechanisms to help countries meet their targets include international emissions trading, the Clean Development Mechanism between developed and developing countries, and Joint Implementation between developed countries. While many countries have ratified the protocol, major emitters like the US have not. Developing countries like China and India are not required to reduce emissions under the agreement.
The Kyoto Protocol is an international agreement linked to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. It commits industrialized nations to reduce greenhouse gas emissions to combat global warming. Key points of the Kyoto Protocol include binding emissions reduction targets for 37 industrialized nations, flexible mechanisms to lower compliance costs, and excluding developing countries from emissions limits. While most industrialized nations support it, the United States has withdrawn support. Malaysia has no emissions targets but supports efforts under the UNFCCC framework.
- The Kyoto Protocol is an international agreement linked to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change that sets binding targets for reducing greenhouse gas emissions for industrialized countries.
- The goal is to reduce emissions of greenhouse gases to help prevent dangerous climate change. Countries agreed on average reductions of 5.2% from 1990 levels by 2012.
- The United States signed but later withdrew from the agreement in 2001, citing negative economic impacts. Many other countries have ratified it but it faces challenges in comprehensively addressing long-term climate change.
The Kyoto Protocol is an international agreement linked to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, which commits state parties to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. The Protocol set binding emission reduction targets for 37 industrialized countries and the European community but did not include binding targets for developing countries like China and India. While some parties achieved their targets, overall global emissions continued to rise significantly during the Protocol's first commitment period from 2008-2012. The Protocol has faced criticisms around its flexibility mechanisms, lack of participation from major emitters, and difficulty enforcing compliance. In 2012, an amendment extended the Protocol with a second commitment period through 2020 but with fewer participating parties.
Report on Copenhagen COP15 is a summary of events that transpired in Dec. 2009 at the UNFCCC Conference of the Parties (COP15) including drafting of the Copenhagen Accord and subsequent public discourse.
Its all about How environmental issues were raised and how world nation ended up signing for this Paris agreement.
Then there are impacts of America's withdrawal plus role of China and India.
The presentation summarized the history and key aspects of the Kyoto Protocol, an international agreement linked to the UNFCCC aimed at fighting global warming. It discussed how the protocol was adopted in 1997 and entered into force in 2005, committing industrialized countries to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. The presentation outlined the emission reduction targets and trading programs established by the protocol, as well as future meetings planned to regulate violators. It concluded by stating the protocol was an important first step, but further negotiations are needed to deliver stronger emission reductions to address climate change.
This presentation created and addressed by Ana Fornells (OECC) in the intensive three day course from the BC3, Basque Centre for Climate Change and UPV/EHU (University of the Basque Country) on Climate Change in the Uda Ikastaroak Framework.
The objective of the BC3 Summer School is to offer an updated and multidisciplinary view of the ongoing trends in climate change research. The BC3 Summer School is organized in collaboration with the University of the Basque Country and is a high quality and excellent summer course gathering leading experts in the field and students from top universities and research centres worldwide.
The UNFCCC is an international treaty negotiated in 1992 aimed at stabilizing greenhouse gas concentrations to prevent dangerous climate change. It provides a framework but no binding emissions limits. The Kyoto Protocol, adopted in 1997, implemented the UNFCCC by requiring reductions in emissions by developed countries. Subsequent agreements including the Copenhagen Accord and Cancun Agreements aimed to further strengthen climate actions and support for developing countries.
Carbon markets in a future climate agreement: the road to 2020 and beyondUNFCCC
This document discusses the role of carbon markets in a future climate agreement. It argues that carbon markets are crucial because they can scale up mitigation efforts at the lowest cost, create a price on carbon globally, and encourage action across international boundaries. The document notes that negotiations indicate carbon markets will continue playing an important role by catalyzing cost-effective emissions reductions. Specifically, it emphasizes that linked carbon markets across regions can increase trading opportunities, set a global carbon price, and stimulate greater climate ambition over time. The Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) is highlighted as providing experience and reducing uncertainty, though new market mechanisms may also be part of the future framework.
The Copenhagen Agreement is a document that delegates at the 15th session of the Conference of Parties (COP 15) to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change agreed to "take note of" at the final plenary on 18 December 2009.
The Accord, drafted by, on the one hand, the United States and on the other, in a united position as the BASIC countries (China, India, South Africa, and Brazil), is not legally binding and does not commit countries to agree to a binding successor to the Kyoto Protocol, whose round ended in 2012.
21. Climate Change: The Paris Climate AgreementAdam Briggle
The document discusses the history and key elements of the Paris Climate Agreement. It outlines that the UNFCCC was formed in 1992 to stabilize greenhouse gas emissions and avoid dangerous climate change. Major milestones include the 1997 Kyoto Protocol and 2015 Paris Agreement, where countries agreed to limit warming to 1.5-2°C. The Paris Agreement established long-term temperature goals, national emissions reduction plans, frameworks for finance/support, and transparency measures, but current country pledges are still insufficient to meet its targets. In 2019, the US withdrew from the agreement.
The document discusses various measures and mechanisms within the Kyoto Protocol to reduce carbon emissions. It describes carbon credits which allow countries to produce a certain amount of emissions that can be traded if the full allowance is not used. It outlines mechanisms such as emissions trading, joint implementation, and the clean development mechanism which allow countries and organizations to meet emissions reduction requirements through projects in other countries. It also discusses monitoring of transactions and reporting of emissions inventories, as well as financing for adaptation projects in developing countries.
The document discusses carbon credits, India's INDC, and climate change commitments. It provides background on carbon credits and their role in mitigating greenhouse gas emissions. It then explains that countries committed to creating a new international climate agreement and outlined post-2020 climate actions through Intended Nationally Determined Contributions (INDCs). The document outlines key aspects of India's INDC, including commitments to reduce emissions intensity, increase forest cover to create carbon sinks, adapt to climate impacts, and generate 40% of power from non-fossil fuel sources by 2030.
The Kyoto Protocol is an international agreement linked to the UNFCCC aimed at fighting global warming. It commits industrialized nations to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. The major distinction between the Protocol and the Convention is that the Convention encouraged emissions reductions while the Protocol commits countries to do so. The Protocol was negotiated in 1997 and entered into force in 2005 after Russia ratified it. It sets emissions reduction targets for 37 Annex I countries and allows flexible mechanisms like emissions trading to lower costs of achieving targets.
Kyoto and Beyond: The Evolution of Multilateral Agreements on Climate ChangeISCIENCES, L.L.C.
The document provides an overview of the evolution of multilateral agreements on climate change from the 1970s to present day, with a focus on the Kyoto Protocol. It describes several important early agreements and conventions in the 1970s-1980s that helped bring international attention to environmental issues. It then outlines the key developments in the 1990s that led to the drafting of the Kyoto Protocol in 1997. The document discusses the Kyoto Protocol period from 2005-2008 and challenges faced by countries in meeting emissions targets. It concludes by looking at climate change discussions and agreements after 2009, including negotiations on the future of the Protocol.
This presentation contains detail about the Paris Agreement, India's efforts for reducing emissions through its initiatives like 175GW ambitious project, Cess on Coal energy etc.
Ghana Nat CC committee retreat - development & CC overview2 picsDr Seán Doolan, MBA
This document discusses strategies for developing an effective national climate change response in Ghana. It notes the need for a comprehensive approach that facilitates coordination across stakeholders from different levels and sectors of government as well as civil society. Developing climate strategies will require identifying champions, framing issues to attract political support, and mainstreaming climate considerations into development planning and budgeting processes. The document also emphasizes the importance of establishing clear governance structures and engaging multiple stakeholders, as well as developing capacity and accessing adequate financing through national and international mechanisms.
Climate Change and Development - Updates from COP18UNDP Eurasia
The document discusses several topics related to climate change including:
1. The need to cut global CO2 emissions in half by 2050 to keep warming below 2 degrees Celsius.
2. The challenges posed by a growing world population expected to reach 9 billion by 2050, which will place greater pressure on resource systems.
3. The importance of transitioning to a green economy through significant emissions mitigation and generating funding for climate actions.
This document discusses climate change and development in Ghana. It notes that Ghana needs a comprehensive vision and cross-government approach to address opportunities and challenges from climate change. While technical capacity is limited, climate change could significantly impact Ghana's agriculture, energy, infrastructure, and coastal areas. The document calls for Ghana to develop climate compatible growth plans that integrate adaptation, mitigation, and development over both long and short term time horizons with support from both domestic and international partners.
This document summarizes Dr. Patrick Verkooijen's presentation on multilevel governance and climate change. It discusses three key actions to tackle climate change: 1) Catalyze a globally-networked carbon market to establish carbon pricing; 2) Support the removal of harmful fossil fuel subsidies totaling $1.9 trillion annually; 3) Create climate-resilient cities through low-carbon development. The World Bank's new climate action plan aims to enhance resilience, support low-carbon transitions, scale up climate finance, and integrate climate considerations into policies and investments.
This document summarizes Dr. Patrick Verkooijen's presentation on multilevel governance and climate change. It discusses three key actions to tackle climate change: 1) Catalyze a globally-networked carbon market to establish carbon pricing; 2) Support the removal of harmful fossil fuel subsidies totaling $1.9 trillion annually; 3) Create climate-resilient cities through low-carbon development. The World Bank's new climate action plan aims to enhance resilience, support low-carbon transitions, scale up climate finance, and integrate climate considerations into policies and investments.
This document discusses a webinar on multilevel governance and climate change. It introduces the speaker, Dr. Patrick Verkooijen from the World Bank, who will discuss how bold action is needed to tackle climate change in order to end poverty and build shared prosperity. The webinar will cover a proposed World Bank climate change action plan to enhance resilience to climate change, support a low carbon transition, scale up climate finance, and integrate climate considerations into World Bank policies and investments.
1) Climate change is having significant impacts in Ghana and negotiations are ongoing at the international level through the UNFCCC to establish a post-2012 framework to address climate change.
2) An economics of adaptation study is being conducted in Ghana to identify cost-effective adaptation strategies and inform the development of adaptation financing mechanisms.
3) The study will assess climate change impacts and adaptation pathways across key economic sectors in Ghana, with the aim of integrating adaptation into development policies and planning at national and sector levels.
On May 21, 2021, ICLR conducted a Friday Forum webinar titled 'Climate Disclosure, Litigation and Finance'"Climate Disclosure, Litigation and Finance' is a forthcoming chapter in 'Canada in a Changing Climate: National Issues'. In this webinar, chapter authors Paul Kovacs, Gordon McBean, Gordon Beal, Maryam Golnaraghi, Pat Koval and Bohan Li examined the evolving climate risks for businesses and governments.
Climate change is now widely regarded as an environmental and an economic issue. While the policy discussion about climate change emphasizes the urgent need to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and adapt to better cope with the impact of extreme events, the business community is increasingly focused on the physical and transition risks and opportunities presented by climate change. The research team will discuss how managing the risks and opportunities associated with climate change affect a company’s ability to access capital, deliver products and services, hire and retain employees and achieve positive financial performance.
Paul Kovacs is the Executive Director of the Institute for Catastrophic Loss Reduction.
Professor Emeritus Gordon McBean is with the ICLR and Department of Geography and Environment, Western University and the past President of the International Council for Science and former ADM of the atmospheric component of Environment Canada.
Gordon Beal, CPA, CA, M.Ed., is the Vice President of Research Guidance and Support for Chartered Professional Accountants Canada and a member of Canada’s National Climate Change Adaptation Platform Plenary.
Dr. Maryam Golnaraghi is the Director of Climate Change and Environment at The Geneva Association, a platform of Group CEOs of largest insurance companies, a non-resident senior fellow at The Atlantic Council and serves on a number of boards and advisory councils in the US, Canada and the UK.
Patricia Koval, JD, is a Board Director of a number of companies in the United States and Canada, a former partner of a major Canadian law firm, and a member of the Ontario Advisory Panel on Climate Change.
Dr. Bohan Li is a research associate at the Institute for Catastrophic Loss Reduction.
Transitions in the context of Sustainable Developmentipcc-media
The document discusses transitions in the context of sustainable development from the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Working Group III. It notes that unless immediate deep emissions reductions occur across all sectors, limiting warming to 1.5°C will be impossible. Accelerating mitigation through transitions involves expediting the pace, quality, and scale of change. Transition decisions will have significant consequences for sustainable development. Ambitious mitigation pathways require large disruptive changes to economic structures and can strand fossil fuel infrastructure. Integrating sustainability into mitigation policies results in fewer trade-offs than narrow mitigation policies alone. There are also potential synergies between mitigation actions and achieving the UN Sustainable Development Goals.
The document summarizes the Philippine government's framework and strategy for addressing climate change. It establishes a Presidential Task Force on Climate Change to guide the national response. The task force will employ a holistic strategy involving communities across agencies and sectors. It will pursue mitigation and adaptation efforts, mobilize social and technological solutions, and advocate for international cooperation and financing to support local initiatives. The task force will facilitate the transfer of climate-friendly technologies and introduce new adaptation methods.
The document discusses developing South Africa's national climate change response policy. It summarizes the science showing climate change is unequivocally caused by human activity. It outlines South Africa's process of developing the Long Term Mitigation Scenarios, which identified options like improving energy efficiency and increasing renewable energy. It describes compiling a draft Green Paper that will set objectives, principles, policy directives and institutional framework for coordinating sectoral responses to climate change mitigation and adaptation.
Presentation Nasser Al Mohannadi & Olaf Sleijpen, WUN Congerence 4 April 2016Olaf Sleijpen
The carbon bubble – myth or reality?
Dr. Nasser S. Al-Mohannadi and Prof. Dr. Olaf C.H.M. Sleijpen presented on the potential carbon bubble and its implications. They discussed four possible scenarios for energy transition, from gradual to abrupt. An abrupt transition could cause stranded assets if climate policies change faster than expected. However, a gradual transition is most likely as fossil fuels remain important and international cooperation is still lacking. Financial institutions are increasingly considering climate risks but data gaps remain. Uniform standards are needed to properly measure exposures. Consistent government policies and international coordination could help facilitate the energy transition while managing financial stability risks.
Youba Sokona: Adaptation is development:Linking policy to practiceAfricaAdapt
This document summarizes the work of the African Climate Policy Centre (ACPC) in supporting Africa's response to climate change and development challenges. The ACPC aims to:
1) Generate and share knowledge on climate finance, adaptation, mitigation and technology transfer in Africa.
2) Advocate for African priorities in international climate negotiations and build awareness of climate issues.
3) Provide advisory services and technical support to strengthen African climate information systems and capacity.
Tourism and the Sustainable Development Goals Conference 2019, 24 - 25 January 2019, Massey University, Auckland https://tourism-sdg.nz
Opening address by conference convenor, Prof Regina Scheyvens
Similar to Overview UNFCCC negotiations - Tamale - Doolan (20)
The document provides an overview of theory of change (ToC) and how to develop a ToC model. It discusses key elements of a ToC including: identifying the problem and desired long-term goal; determining domains of change and causal pathways; and developing assumptions, indicators, and stakeholders. The document also compares ToC to logic models and discusses how ToC can complement other planning and evaluation tools.
The document discusses climate change challenges and opportunities in Ghana, and the need for climate finance. It notes that climate change affects Ghana's development prospects now by posing risks but also opportunities through new international support mechanisms. Ghana's climate policy addresses adapting to impacts and mitigating emissions through climate-resilient and low-carbon development. Effective response requires significant financial flows above what has been committed. The document outlines MoFEP's roles in mobilizing, locating, implementing, and tracking climate finance through the national budget and public financial management systems to build large-scale response and integrate funding into wider development planning and processes.
The technical assistance package aims to support Ghana's transition to a low-carbon economy by developing analytical tools and building capacity. It includes four key elements: 1) Creating an initial marginal abatement cost curve to assess mitigation options. 2) Characterizing and prioritizing mitigation actions through stakeholder workshops. 3) Scoping the potential for a Climate Innovation Centre. 4) Providing input to Ghana's National Climate Change Policy Framework to support long-term low-carbon growth planning. The assistance is led by the Energy Research Centre of the Netherlands and intends to strengthen Ghana's technical and policy capabilities while informing its nationally determined climate policies and strategies.
IISD rpt PEP 2007 Country experiences in mainstreaming env into developmentDr Seán Doolan, MBA
The document summarizes the key discussions and presentations from the 10th meeting of the Poverty Environment Partnership (PEP-10). The meeting took place from 30 January to 1 February 2007 in Nairobi, Kenya and was hosted by UNEP and UNDP. Approximately 90 participants attended, including representatives from donor organizations, UN agencies, governments, NGOs, and research institutions. The meeting had two main objectives: to learn from country experiences mainstreaming environment into national development processes; and to advance harmonization among PEP member agencies in supporting environmental mainstreaming led by countries. Presentations were given by representatives from Tanzania, Kenya, and Rwanda on their national mainstreaming efforts. Participants also discussed scaling up poverty-
MDBS Climate change cross-cutting paper v6b Final - namesDr Seán Doolan, MBA
Climate change is already affecting Ghana's economic development and poses challenges to achieving development goals. It acts as a "stress-multiplier" exacerbating existing vulnerabilities. Both adaptation and mitigation efforts are needed, requiring leadership across sectors to build climate resilience. Climate change impacts different regions and populations in Ghana in varying ways, increasing risks for the most vulnerable groups. Responses are needed at national, sectoral, and local levels to safeguard development gains and pursue low-carbon growth opportunities in the face of a changing climate.
1) The document discusses using public policy and finance to leverage private sector investment in low-carbon projects.
2) It recommends structuring commercially viable low-carbon investments that reduce emissions and engaging groups like banks and pension funds to provide guidelines and lessons learned.
3) The key is attracting private capital through public-private partnerships that actively manage project risks.
This document discusses natural resource governance in Ghana. It notes that Ghana's economic growth depends on agriculture and private sector development, but environmental degradation costs approximately 10% of GDP annually. While donors previously provided project support, there is now a shift to general budget support. However, natural resources are not consistently considered in-country and engagement in policy support has disengaged. A 3-year process is establishing country environmental analysis and in-country dialogue to improve natural resource and environmental governance as a cross-cutting priority through budget support.
IDRC-RIPS AARC CC presentation final version shorter June 2011Dr Seán Doolan, MBA
This document discusses challenges and opportunities related to communicating climate change research to policymakers in Ghana. It emphasizes that climate change risks reversing development gains and weakening future options if not addressed. While there are uncertainties, the past is not a guide to the future. The document provides suggestions on translating research, engaging stakeholders, and informing policymakers in concise ways to help mainstream climate considerations into development policies and actions.
This document outlines key points about climate change, its impacts, and adaptation efforts in India and the UK. It discusses:
1) Key findings from the IPCC on the impacts of climate change globally and for India, including increased temperatures, sea level rise, and more extreme weather events.
2) How climate change threatens achievement of the UN Millennium Development Goals and endangers India's development by worsening issues like water scarcity, food insecurity, and health impacts.
3) The UK and India's commitments and leadership on international climate agreements like the UNFCCC and Kyoto Protocol, as well as domestic policies and research on adaptation.
India Healthcare RCH2 - Sean Doolan & Ruma Tavorath, Oct 2004Dr Seán Doolan, MBA
This document discusses plans for integrating environmental screening and infection management into India's Reproductive and Child Health Program Phase 2 (RCH2). Key points include:
1) RCH2 is a large nationwide health program involving many partners aiming to improve health outcomes, especially for vulnerable groups.
2) Environmental degradation and poor infection control practices negatively impact health in India. The document outlines strategies for addressing these issues under RCH2.
3) Methods proposed include using WHO tools to conduct environmental assessments, establish working groups, and develop policies and training to promote proper infection management, waste disposal, and environmentally sustainable practices.
Ghana SBS to Natural Resources and Environmental Governance v3 short fin - ti...Dr Seán Doolan, MBA
The document discusses sector budget support for natural resources and environmental governance in Ghana. It notes that internationally, there has been a shift towards general and sector budget support based on aid effectiveness principles, but this has sometimes reduced attention to natural resources and the environment. In Ghana, there was a move from project-based support to multi-donor sector budget support for natural resources and environmental governance. This required reframing the environment focus in terms of aid mechanisms and building legitimacy for the approach. The support aimed to strengthen sector governance, build capacity, and promote synergies across levels of dialogue and development objectives. Quality of engagement across partners and levels was seen as critical to ensure policy coherence and complementarity in supporting the sector's objectives.
Ghana SBS to Natural Resources and Environmental Governance v3 short fin - ti...
Overview UNFCCC negotiations - Tamale - Doolan
1. Climate Change Negotiations
From Bali to Copenhagen via Accra & Tamale
– Ghana has a stake & influence
Sean Doolan
NL Embassy, DFID Ghana
Sean.Doolan@minbuza.nl
S-Doolan@dfid.gov.uk
Voice & Vision on Climate Change
SEND Ghana, Tamale
27-28 August 2009
2. What does “climate change” mean?
… for “poverty”, “development”… & Ghana?
3. Climate & human development
Reaching tipping points
– Productivity & food/water security
– Humanitarian & disaster risk reduction
– GDP impacts, energy
– Health implications
Not just extreme shocks
– Eroding coping capacity
– Protecting past & current progress
on human development & growth
– Preventing reversal in
positive trajectory
– Vulnerable groups & regions
4. Climate change negotiations ongoing
Post-2012 framework negotiations - UNFCCC
• Bali 2007 to Copenhagen 2009
• Fast-moving, fragmented, overload
Implications of CC for development
• Adaptation (how cope & reduce risk?)
• Mitigation (how prevent? adapt energy? link to carbon markets)
• Action at country & regional levels
6. Climate change & disaster risk responses
Significant governance challenges
• Who is involved - top-down, bottom-up?
• National & sector levels, Institutional structure?
• How strategies are crafted – what content?
Multiple stakeholders
• MDAs, MoFEP, Castle
• Different sector groups, local government
• Civil society, academia, industry
7. Barriers
• Financial downturn – political & economic
distraction
• Too much pressure on developing countries
• Too many meetings
• Strategic interests
• Uncertainty on best strategies
• Institutional patchwork
• Fragmentation
8. Prospects for Copenhagen
• Need political momentum & equity
• Need mandate for country negotiators &
politicians
• Quantified targets by industrialised countries
• General framings of key issues: technology,
REDD, adaptation, financing
→ Framework deal
→ Discussions on modalities over next 3 years
10. Food &
agriculture
Public
Big picture 2?
Health
Private Civil society
Finance &
Economic
Planning
Environment,
Science &
Technology
Nat CC
committee
Env & NR
Council
Technical officials,
civil society
Ministers, VP
Energy
Forestry
EPA
Civil
society
Nat Dev
Planning
Comm’sn
Met
Agency
Foreign
Affairs
REDD
committee
11. Informed ability to engage
• How attract interest of politicians?
– Need informed ability to engage
– Economics (what value, costs?)
– Scale (extent, number of voters)
• Towards wider “programmatic approaches”?
– Financing mechanisms & country systems -
scale
– Allocations & trade-offs across sectors
– How integrate into sectoral & national plans &
response?
– Carbon markets
• Institutional frameworks & dynamics
• Capacity & training
12. Bali Roadmap
Two negotiation tracks
• UN Framework Convention on Climate
Change
• Kyoto Protocol
Bali Action Plan 2007
• Shared vision, including long term goal
• Mitigation- developed & developing
countries
• Adaptation
• Technology to support Mitigation &
Adaptation
• Finance to support Mitigation & Adaptation
13. 13
International climate change negotiations
2006 2007 2008 2009 2010
G8: Germany Japan Italy Canada
Major Economies Meeting
UNFCCC: COP 12 COP 13 COP 14 COP 15
Nairobi Indonesia Poland Denmark
Convention Dialogue
New Kyoto targets for developed
Countries –Ad hoc Working Group KP
BALI ROADMAP
Accelerated work plan:
•Convention
Negotiations: AWG
Long-term Coop Action
•New Kyoto targets for
developed countries:
AWG Kyoto Protocol
Deal on global
&
comprehensive
post-2012
framework
UN GA
4th
AR
IPCC UN GA
Other “near-negotiations”: UN HLE, AU, AMCEN, Fin4Dev, APF, V10, APEC, G20, OECD, WTO, IEA …
Major Economies
Forum
EU: Portugal Slovenia France Czech Sweden Spain Belgium
14. Current status & Parties’ positions
Critical fault lines
• Who does what? Who wants what?
• All text options now on negotiations table
Key questions
• Legal form (binding or not)
• Annex I targets
• Developing country actions (& support)
• Rules & methodologies on how targets/actions are
achieved
e.g. role of market-mechanisms (carbon markets),
REDD, financing, technology transfer, Clean
Development Mechanism …
15. Post-2012 deal - five development tests
1.Ambitious goal with credible near-term targets
2.A way of sharing greenhouse gas emissions
that is fair & equitable
3.Support for technology development &
transfer to benefit developing countries
4.Reformed carbon market to increase reach &
impact of carbon finance for poor countries
5.Support for developing countries to build
resilience & adapt to climate change
16. Actors
Major country coalitions
– European Union
– Umbrella Group
– G-77 & China
• AOSIS (small island states)
• LDCs
• African Group
• OPEC members
17. Non-governmental: over 600 observers
– Environmental & development NGOs
– Business NGOs
– Research NGOs
– Local & municipal authorities
– Indigenous peoples & organisations
Actors
Env NGOs
– Coordinator: Climate Action Network
Business INGOs
– Coordinator: International Chamber of
Commerce
– Major alliance: World Business Council for
Sustainable Development
18. Major issues & bloc positions
Mitigation
– New emissions targets by developed
countries
– Actions by developing countries
– Forests: REDD; sustainable forest
management
– Emissions trading
– Sectoral approaches
– Emissions from aviation and ships
19. Response to climate change must be
rooted in development
Development
Mitigation Adaptation
Climate-
compatible
development
Climate-
proofed
abatement
Climate-
resilient
Low-carbon
… but aligned with
mitigation &
adaptation
objectives
20. South Africa’s vision on climate change
Source: Dept of Environment and Tourism, South Africa
• Transition to climate resilient and low-carbon economy
• Our climate response policy, built on six pillars, will be
informed by what is required by science – to limit
global temperature increase to 2°C above pre-
industrial levels
• Continue to pro-actively build the knowledge base and
our capacity to adapt to the inevitable impacts of
climate change
• GHG emissions must peak, plateau and decline - stop
growing at the latest by 2020-2025, stabilise for up to
ten years, then decline in absolute terms
• Long term: redefine our competitive advantage and
structurally transform the economy by shifting from an
energy-intensive to a climate-friendly path as part of a
pro-growth, pro-development and pro-jobs strategy
21. Adaptation
• Methodology / Assessment: vulnerability,
financial needs, capacity-building
• Impact focus: Risk management and risk
reduction strategies; Disaster reduction
strategies
• Vulnerability focus: poverty eradication;
building response capacity; economic
diversification
• Integration into national planning
• Financing: UNFCCC as facilitator; damage
costs?
22. Technology
• Support of deployment & transfer
• Removal of barriers (e.g. subsidies)
• Creating favourable investment climates
• R&D cooperation
• Sectoral focus
• Clean Development Mechanism reform
• Funding
23. Finance
• New & additional resources
• Positive incentives for developing countries
to mitigate & adapt
• Mobilization of public- & private sector
funding
• One funding mechanism for mitigation &
adaptation?
24. Stabilisation & change in temperature
– limit to 2oC average global rise
1°C 2°C 5°C4°C3°C
400 ppm CO2e
450 ppm CO2e
550 ppm CO2e
650ppm CO2e
750ppm CO2e
5% 95%
Eventual temperature change (relative to pre-industrial)
0°C
25. Emissions need to be cut from several sources
– not just power generation
Four ways to cut:
• demand
• efficiency
• lower-carbon
technologies
• non-energy emissions
26. Ghana capacity as carbon sink
1996, Ghana a net GHG sink but… 1996, not 2009
12,388
12,267
12,673
14,004 13,999
14,265
14,878
10,000
10,500
11,000
11,500
12,000
12,500
13,000
13,500
14,000
14,500
15,000
CO2EQUIVALENTEMISSIONS(Gg)
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996
YEAR
Without LUCF
-20,417 -21,191
-15,585
-8,806
-5,411 -5,971
-4,082
-26,000
-21,000
-16,000
-11,000
-6,000
-1,000
NETCO2EQUIVALENT
EMISSIONS(Gg)
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996
YEAR
Net, with Land
Use Change &
Forestry
(LUCF)
27. Development & adaptation: a continuum
Vulnerability Impacts
Focus
Addressing
drivers of
vulnerability
Building
response
capacity
Climate risk
management
Confronting
climate change
Development assistance UNFCCC
International funding
Uncertainty, lack of awareness Risk
Knowledge of climate change
Approach
Discrete adaptationClimate resilient development
28. Major UNFCCC provisions
Chief objective
Art. 2:
• stabilize greenhouse gas emissions
• prevent dangerous anthropogenic interference
with the climate system
Principles
– Art. 3(1):
• Equity; ‘common but differentiated
responsibilities and capbilities’
– Art. 3(3)
• Precautionary principle
– Art. 3(4)
• Sustainable development
Editor's Notes
Lord Stern:
The South should frame the conditionality for successful talks:
80% reduction by 2050 under 1990 levels
Sharing climate-friendly technologies
Sharing revenues from carbon trading
Financing global adaptation
Tradition of framework deals
Obama: not enough time
Problem will be the new Marrakesh accords
Politics flows where the interests are
Adaptation will remain an issue, but development agencies have to be prepared to close the gap (not only WB)
targets of developing countries: maybe as suggested by BASIC project: leading DCs could provide regular information on their emission cuts (first step to binding commitments?)
What vertical linkages are required to address climate change, from global to household and individual levels? Which links are key?
What horizontal linkages are required?
How can different stakeholders engage?
Who Does What?
While parties to the UNFCCC & Protocol accept mainstream scientists’ findings on the need for significant & urgent action, it is clear that some fundamental differences persist on the critical question: who should do what? The UNFCCC enshrines the principle of common but differentiated responsibilities, & all parties agree that Annex I countries should take the lead. But what does this actually mean? How much of a lead must Annex I countries take? Must they take on national emissions targets? If so, how ambitious should those targets be? & what should developing countries do? Responsibilities may be different, but should not all countries contribute to the solution, especially given that most future emissions growth will occur in major emitters from the South?
These issues are complex & highly sensitive. Developing a framework that delivers the massive changes in emissions levels in a form agreeable to almost 200 countries is a daunting task.
Key Topics in the “Who Does What” Debate
Within this core question, various specific debates & fault lines have emerged. These will need to be resolved in Copenhagen if an agreement is to be reached.
Four key debates relate to: (CLICK)
a) the legal form of a future agreement; b) the level of Annex I targets; c) what sort of actions developing countries should take on; & d) the rules governing targets & actions – including the use of market-based mechanisms, forestry, land use, & so on.
Structure of talk – no need to elaborate.
Umbrella Group = loose coalition of non-EU developed countries, which “metamorphosed from the longer-standing JUSSCANNZ group” (Yamin and Depledge 2004: 45). The name JUSSCANNZ is based on the initial letters of its members Japan, United States, Switzerland, Canada, Australia, Norway and New Zealand. The difference between the Umbrella Group and JUSSCANNZ is that the former excludes Switzerland, whose position on flexibility mechanisms is much closer to that of the EU, while including Russia and Ukraine who both share the other members’ support for unrestricted emissions trading (Yamin and Depledge 2004: 46).
While the EU has acted as a leader among industrialized countries, pushing for the further development of the UN climate regime, the Umbrella Group has mostly played the role of a laggard (Oberthür and Ott 1999: 13ff., 65ff.). Developing countries on the other hand, have largely supported the evolution of the regime, while being reluctant to commit to binding quantitative emissions reductions. They have nonetheless agreed to general commitments under Articles 4(1), 5 and 6 of the convention, which apply to all Parties (Bodansky 2001: 205)
None of these three groups should be seen as a coherent block: since climate negotiations have been covering a large number of different concerns, internal differences have become more or less visible in sub-groups or changing alliances (cf. Grubb, Vrolijk and Brack 1999: 27ff.; Schröder 2001). T
The remarkable unity of the Group of 77 notwithstanding (Biermann 1998: 35ff., 2005: 274f.), developed countries have also grouped together in smaller alliances during climate negotiations, most notably the Alliance of Small Island States (AOSIS), least developed countries (LDCs), the African Group, and members of the Organization of Petroleum-Exporting Countries (OPEC) (Carter 2001: 236f.; Ott 1997: 207f.; Yamin and Depledge 2004: 34ff
EU:Eastern European countries have formed or participated in a series of different groups. By the same token, old and new EU members have been at odds about common climate strategies, for example, relative to reference years for the calculations of emission reduction targets
Equally, members of the Umbrella Group have not always pursued a coherent strategy; for instance, apart from the U.S., all members of the Umbrella Group have meanwhile ratified the Kyoto Protocol.
What is more, cross-cutting to these various coalitions, there is also an official distinction among country groups. Following established practice in the UN, the climate regime recognizes five UN regions - that is, Africa (also covering the Pacific); Asia; Latin America and the Caribbean; Central and Eastern Europe; and Western Europe and Others. “The regional group system is only of limited relevance to the substantive interests of Parties in climate change politics. […] [T]he system has, however proved remarkably resilient in the regime, as indeed it has throughout the UN system” (Yamin and Depledge 2004: 33). For instance, the system was used as a basis for electing the members of most of the specialized bodies of the climate regime like the Compliance Committee.
High degree of institutional openness;
Conditions for observership: non-profit tax exempt status; expertise on climate change
- 5 types of constituencies established over the years
Most influential: ENGOs and BINGOs
Privileges
Access to conferene venue
Presence during meetings
Interventios during debate
Side-events
Face-to-face lobbying
Display and circulation of material
IMPORTANT:
First time distinguishing between ICs and DCs (not Annex I countries)
25-40% by 2020; IPCC
EU & Obama: 80% by 2050 (ratification?; Byrd-Hagel 1997; condemning exemption for DCs); Obama wants to push trhough federal legislation this year
EU: 20%-30% by 2020; (IPCC)
DCs: some form of action; also MRV
ICs: 15-30% below BAU by 2020
Russia: voluntary commitments
Scholars: differentiation
DCs: against binding targets and voluntary commitments
Leading DCs against differentiation
Scholars: global 50% by 2050 leaves us with 50% chance to overshoot 2°C goal
Big topic: REDD:
Accountable for 20% of global emissions
Bringing in commitments through the back-door
Problem:
how to pay?
Creating tradable credits (might flood the market)
ETS revenues (already other ideas)
Leakage, additionality and permanence
Pervertive incentives (what about biodiv)
Methodology: reference emission levels; changes in forest cover, carbon stocks; participation of indigenous people; good practice guidance for LULUCF
ICs: pushing for it (Norway, Germany)
DCs: like to stress conservation, forest management
ENGOs: no payments for hot air;
Emissions trading:
EU: all OECD countries until 2015; China and other NICs until 2020 (ICAP)
US: plans national cap-and-trade system
What about carbon taxes?
Aviation and shipping:
EU: 2020 below 2005 levels; 2050 below 1980 levels
US: skeptical; trade war?
OPEC: reluctant
Sectoral approaches:
Technology: second way to bring in commitments through the back door
Assessments: going away from impacts-based assessments; focus on vulnerability; social conditions; hence: development issue
Mainstreaming / integration: in order to avoid mere focus on impacts
Economic diversification: OPEC issue
Funding:
Taking pledged amounts together for existing multilateral funding initatives (AF, SCCF, LDCF, SPA): roughly US$ 500 m.
Adaptation Fund: not in a position to receive proposals; definition of operational policies and guidelines still missing; (DCs want legal capacity; independent fund)
Estimates: UNFCCC mentioned an amount of 28-67 billion US$ by 2030. The World Bank (2006) mentioned 9-41 billion US$ per year, and Oxfam even estimated an amount of 50 billion dollar per year (Oxfam 2007).
Even higher when taking into account damage costs; but so far not considered in negotiations; would be too much!
Problem: additionality; mainstreaming
EU: additional 175 m euros per year into adaptation funding; half of this going to DCs
Private funding: insurances (problem: uncertainties; avoiding exploitation of the poor); solutions: bundling into lending agreements; index-based insurances
Scholars: air travel levy
Current situation: Poznan; no agreement on further resources,
against backdrop of financial crisis; and duplication of debates (6 bodies for 90 items); new US administration
Tech-Trans
Poznan stratetic programme; but no accord on funding so far
Adaptation?
ICs:
IPR standards help;
want removal of trade barriers from developing countries
Against acquisition fund under the convention
Focus on funding: research and development
DCs:
relaxation of IPR standards;
against dual-use goods;
Want Tech-dev. And trans Board
Want clear indicators to monitor and assess tech-trans
Biofuels
EU: sustainability criteria
Brazil: rather skeptical
CDM
Smaller DCs: lower transaction costs; preferential treatment of LDCs, SIDS; methodology to calculate GHG reductions from small-scale projects
Larger DCs: acceleration of project registrations; SD-PAMs
OPEC: against preferential treatment;
ICs: EU supportive of simplifying CDM procedures for LDCs, etc.
Problem: several suggestions from scholars and ENGOs to avoid leakage: policy CDM; sectoral CDM; but not playing major role in negotiations
Methodology issues: project boundaries, leakage
New technologies for fossil fuels: CCS
Funding:
DCs: want acquisition fund to buy out IPRs
Private funding will become more important: but what about adaptation?
DCs
Want a new financial architecture
Want increased GEF-funding for capacity building
Leading DCs: Mexican proposal for multinational fund; DCs should draw from fund according to extent of their contributions;
China: 0.5% GDP fiscal commitment of developed countries for A&M
Other DCs: not fair, equitable
ICs
Want to build on existing institutions
Existing framework is sufficient; no need for monitoring indicators
EU: generate 1/3 of investment through emissions trading
Scholars (Benito Müller): criteria
Additionality
Predictability (not subject to domestic revenue problems)
Apporporiateness (neither loans nor grants)
Adequacy (scale of funding)
Equity = historic responsibilities and capaicties
North would have to provide up to 85% of global adaptation costs
Stern: every year of inactio means loss of 5-20% of global GDP; EU should provide 35 billion euros for developing countries
A summary of recent evidence of the commitment to warming for different stabilisation levels. This new evidence allows us to apply probabilities to projections of future climate change
Ends of range – lowest probability; near centre of range – highest probability
The red bars indicate range (90% confidence) based on two studies – IPCC Third Assessment Report (2001) and Hadley Centre (2004). IPCC because internationally agreed. Hadley because more recent, more sophisticated on probabilities and central of recent studies.
The grey bars cover the range of eleven recent studies.
Detail and sources:
The lower bound is the 5th percentile from a study based on the IPCC Third Assessment Report (Wigley and Raper 2001). The upper bound is the 95th percentile is from a recent study by the Hadley Centre that explores the uncertainty in climate models (Murphy et al. 2004).
The grey lines indicate the results over 11 recent studies (from Meinshausen (2006)) – 5% point from lowest, and 95% from highest. [newer studies are still emerging and give results within this range]
Now at 430ppm and rising 2.5ppm per year [rate varies significantly year to year, 2004 it was 2.2ppm/yr, average 2.3ppm per year 1980-2004]
GLOBAL Emissions arise from a very wide range of economic activities so a variety of solutions will be needed to bring about the reductions highlighted in the previous slide.
Economics of cost dictate that reducing emissions wherever cheapest across sectors and regions will reduce the cost of any given target which will involve reducing emissions through all four of the routes identified in this slide.
In the power sector, very many technologies that can reduce emissions.
In non-energy emissions, reducing deforestation would make an immediate impact likely to be cost effective by agriculture may be more problematic.
All countries around the world must be involved in action.
In the long-run stabilisation, annual emissions must be 80-90% below current levels – equivalent of decarbonising everything except agriculture
Not about avoiding greenhouse effect as such, but anthropogenic effect
Six gases: CO2, methane, nitrous oxide (N2O) and three groups of fluorinated gases: HFCs, PFCs and sulfur hexafluoride (SF6)