Our environment consists of living and non-living components that interact in complex ways. Humans rely on healthy ecosystems, but our activities have disrupted natural cycles and caused pollution. Key issues include climate change from greenhouse gas emissions, which risks a runaway warming effect. While scientists agree human activity contributes to current warming trends, fully predicting climate impacts remains challenging due to its complexity. Maintaining sustainable resource use requires awareness of our footprint on ecological systems.
Biogeochemical cycle is a pathway by which a chemical substance moves through both biotic (biosphere) and abiotic (lithosphere, atmosphere, and hydrosphere) compartments of Earth.
The document discusses the components of the environment. It is divided into three main sections:
1) The physical component includes abiotic factors like soil, air, water, climate and temperature that determine habitat conditions. It is divided into atmosphere, hydrosphere and lithosphere.
2) The biological component contains all living things that interact with physical factors to form ecosystems. It includes producers, consumers and decomposers.
3) The social component consists of human and animal populations and their social structures and interactions. Humans are social animals that establish laws and policies for societies.
The document provides an overview of environmental management and the components that make up the environment. It discusses the atmosphere, hydrosphere, lithosphere, and biosphere. It also summarizes several important biogeochemical cycles including the nitrogen cycle, water cycle, carbon cycle, and oxygen cycle. The cycles describe the circulation and recycling of key elements like nitrogen, water, carbon, and oxygen between living organisms and their surroundings.
The document discusses Earth's hydrosphere and water pollution. It begins by explaining theories about the formation of Earth's hydrosphere and how much of its water originated from comets and asteroids. It then discusses the history of ice ages and the current ice age. It also describes Europa's subsurface ocean and the possibility of an ocean on Ganymede. The document ends by explaining various sources of water pollution including industrial, agricultural, and residential runoff and how this affects both surface and groundwater.
The Earth is a complex system consisting of four major interacting spheres: the geosphere, hydrosphere, atmosphere, and biosphere. The geosphere includes the solid Earth and its interior. The hydrosphere contains all of Earth's water. The atmosphere is the gaseous envelope surrounding the planet. The biosphere comprises all living organisms and organic matter. These spheres constantly interact through biogeochemical cycles and energy exchanges. For example, volcanoes can emit gases into the atmosphere while damaging forests and human settlements.
The document discusses Earth's hydrosphere and water pollution. It defines the hydrosphere as the combined mass of water on, under, and over the surface of a planet. It then discusses the hydrological cycle and how water circulates and changes states between liquid, vapor, and ice. It also covers the causes and types of water pollution including domestic sewage and industrial wastewater. Control methods are outlined like sewage treatment plants and industrial wastewater treatment systems.
This document discusses soil erosion as a major environmental problem in Portugal. It begins by defining soils and outlining the key factors in soil formation. It then describes the different soil types found in Portugal based on past and current classification systems. Maps show the lithology, soils, and land use capabilities across Portugal. Soil erosion processes are examined, distinguishing between wind and water erosion. Various types of water erosion are defined. The document then focuses on Mação, Portugal as a case study area, noting it is affected by forest fires and land changes. Overall, the document provides background on soils and outlines soil erosion as a significant issue in Portugal using the region of Mação to illustrate the problems.
Biogeochemical cycle is a pathway by which a chemical substance moves through both biotic (biosphere) and abiotic (lithosphere, atmosphere, and hydrosphere) compartments of Earth.
The document discusses the components of the environment. It is divided into three main sections:
1) The physical component includes abiotic factors like soil, air, water, climate and temperature that determine habitat conditions. It is divided into atmosphere, hydrosphere and lithosphere.
2) The biological component contains all living things that interact with physical factors to form ecosystems. It includes producers, consumers and decomposers.
3) The social component consists of human and animal populations and their social structures and interactions. Humans are social animals that establish laws and policies for societies.
The document provides an overview of environmental management and the components that make up the environment. It discusses the atmosphere, hydrosphere, lithosphere, and biosphere. It also summarizes several important biogeochemical cycles including the nitrogen cycle, water cycle, carbon cycle, and oxygen cycle. The cycles describe the circulation and recycling of key elements like nitrogen, water, carbon, and oxygen between living organisms and their surroundings.
The document discusses Earth's hydrosphere and water pollution. It begins by explaining theories about the formation of Earth's hydrosphere and how much of its water originated from comets and asteroids. It then discusses the history of ice ages and the current ice age. It also describes Europa's subsurface ocean and the possibility of an ocean on Ganymede. The document ends by explaining various sources of water pollution including industrial, agricultural, and residential runoff and how this affects both surface and groundwater.
The Earth is a complex system consisting of four major interacting spheres: the geosphere, hydrosphere, atmosphere, and biosphere. The geosphere includes the solid Earth and its interior. The hydrosphere contains all of Earth's water. The atmosphere is the gaseous envelope surrounding the planet. The biosphere comprises all living organisms and organic matter. These spheres constantly interact through biogeochemical cycles and energy exchanges. For example, volcanoes can emit gases into the atmosphere while damaging forests and human settlements.
The document discusses Earth's hydrosphere and water pollution. It defines the hydrosphere as the combined mass of water on, under, and over the surface of a planet. It then discusses the hydrological cycle and how water circulates and changes states between liquid, vapor, and ice. It also covers the causes and types of water pollution including domestic sewage and industrial wastewater. Control methods are outlined like sewage treatment plants and industrial wastewater treatment systems.
This document discusses soil erosion as a major environmental problem in Portugal. It begins by defining soils and outlining the key factors in soil formation. It then describes the different soil types found in Portugal based on past and current classification systems. Maps show the lithology, soils, and land use capabilities across Portugal. Soil erosion processes are examined, distinguishing between wind and water erosion. Various types of water erosion are defined. The document then focuses on Mação, Portugal as a case study area, noting it is affected by forest fires and land changes. Overall, the document provides background on soils and outlines soil erosion as a significant issue in Portugal using the region of Mação to illustrate the problems.
The document discusses ecosystems and biodiversity. It defines key terms like biosphere, biotic and abiotic components, habitats, food chains, biomes, and biogeochemical cycles. It describes the structure and functions of ecosystems, including producers, consumers, and decomposers. Major biomes include forests, grasslands, deserts, and aquatic ecosystems. Biogeochemical cycles like carbon, oxygen, nitrogen, and water are explained. The document also covers ecological balance, levels of biodiversity, importance of biodiversity, causes for loss of biodiversity, and conservation efforts.
Biogeochemical cycles help explain how elements are recycled through ecosystems. The most common cycles include water, carbon, nitrogen, sulfur, and phosphorus. Biogeochemical cycles consist of chemical, geological, and biological processes that circulate elements between living organisms and their inorganic environment. They maintain the flow of energy and matter through ecosystems and allow for the transformation and storage of elements. Examples provided include the water cycle, carbon cycle, and nitrogen cycle.
The document discusses Earth's hydrosphere and water pollution. It defines the hydrosphere as the combined mass of water on, under, and over the surface of a planet. It then discusses the hydrological cycle and how water circulates and changes states between liquid, vapor, and ice. It also covers the causes and types of water pollution including domestic sewage and industrial wastewater as well as some methods for controlling pollution, such as sewage treatment plants and industrial wastewater treatment systems.
The document discusses the components of the environment. It is divided into three main sections:
1) The physical component includes abiotic factors like soil, air, water, climate and temperature that determine habitat conditions. It is divided into atmosphere, hydrosphere and lithosphere.
2) The biological component contains all living things that interact with the physical environment to form ecosystems. It includes producers, consumers and decomposers.
3) The social component consists of human and animal populations and their social structures and interactions. Humans are social animals that establish laws and policies for societies.
The document summarizes the major compartments that make up the global ecosystem, including oceans, freshwaters, atmosphere, and land. It describes the flows of energy and materials between these compartments through biogeochemical cycles like the carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus cycles. Human activities are impacting these natural cycles and global climate through fossil fuel usage and increased greenhouse gases in the atmosphere.
Human activity has significantly impacted the natural sulfur cycle. By burning fossil fuels, humans release sulfur into the atmosphere that would otherwise remain locked in geological deposits. This excess atmospheric sulfur reacts to form acid rain, lowering the pH of soil and damaging ecosystems. The student experiment aims to test how car exhaust specifically affects soil properties like sulfur levels, pH, and bacterial density near a school's carpool lane. The hypothesis is that higher sulfur levels from car exhaust will increase the local soil's bacterial density. Soil samples will be taken at increasing distances from the lane and analyzed to understand the impact of localized vehicle emissions on the local environment.
The document discusses various natural resources and processes. It explains that the biosphere is the region where the atmosphere, hydrosphere, and lithosphere interact to support life. It also describes the water cycle and oxygen cycle, noting that the water cycle involves the continuous movement of water between the atmosphere, land, and oceans through processes like evaporation and precipitation.
CLIMATE change affects the components of water cycle such as evaporation, precipitation and evapotranspiration and thus results in large-scale alteration in water present in glaciers, rivers, lakes, oceans, etc. The effects of cli-mate change on subsurface water relates to the changes in its recharge and discharge rates plus changes in quantity and quality of water in aquifers. Climate change refers to the long-term changes in the components of climate such as temperature, precipitation, evapotranspiration, etc. The major cause of climate change is the rising level of greenhouse gases (GHGs) in the atmosphere such as CO2, CH4, N2O, water vapour, ozone and chlorofluorocarbon. These GHGs absorb 95% of the longwave back radiations emitted from the surface, thus making the Earth warmer. Except CO2, the effects of other GHGs are minor because of their low concentration and also because of low residence times (e.g. water vapour and methane). The rise in CO2 level causing global warming was first proposed by Svante Arrhenius, a Swedish scientist in 1896 and now it is a widely accepted fact that the concentration of CO2 is the primary regulator of temperature on the Earth and leads to global warming.
Ecosystems are composed of biological communities that interact with their abiotic environments. An ecosystem's composition and structure depend on environmental factors like soil, atmosphere, sunlight, water, and living organisms. Soil provides nutrients, water, and habitat for organisms, and its properties influence the types of vegetation it supports. The atmosphere supplies carbon dioxide and oxygen while cycling water through evaporation and precipitation. Sunlight heats the environment and powers photosynthesis, which produces energy for plants and food for other living things in the ecosystem.
1) Human activities like clearing forests, mining, construction, and infrastructure development have greatly altered landscapes and ecosystems for thousands of years to make human life more comfortable.
2) Modifying natural barriers and dispersal routes through artificial landscaping can disrupt habitats and negatively impact sensitive species by minimizing their chances of survival.
3) Growing human populations and technology have led to higher rates of pollution from waste, chemicals, and emissions being released into the air, water, and soil, which are detrimental to both human and environmental health on a global scale.
Natural resources provide vital benefits but must be carefully managed. Forests are home to many organisms and supply oxygen while also providing wood. Fossil fuels are highly valuable but also cause pollution and are being depleted. Solar and wind energy are renewable sources but their availability varies. Overall, natural resources are invaluable but fragile, requiring sustainable practices to balance human and environmental needs.
The document provides a review for an APES Unit 2 test, covering topics like the water, carbon, and nitrogen cycles, photosynthesis, population growth, ecological succession, and species interactions like mutualism, competition, and predation. Bellringer questions are presented on key concepts, and notes are provided explaining processes like keystone species, limiting factors, and natural and anthropogenic impacts on ecosystems.
Global environmental change refers to identifiable changes in Earth's climate that last for decades or longer, usually due to human activities. Some effects of environmental change include rising global temperatures over the last century, melting polar ice and glaciers, and changes in animal habitats and migration patterns. The main contributors to environmental change are electricity and heat production, agriculture, forestry, and other land use, transportation, and industry. The components of change include increased greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere, climate change, decreased stratospheric ozone, land use change, and loss of biodiversity. Reversing these changes would take decades to millennia depending on the component.
Energy flows through ecosystems via photosynthesis, where plants capture solar energy and produce organic compounds. Nearly all organisms rely directly or indirectly on this process. While energy is lost at each transfer between trophic levels, ecosystems have evolved to maximize energy flow. Chemical elements like carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, phosphorus, and nitrogen cycle through biotic and abiotic components in ecosystems via processes like photosynthesis, respiration, decomposition, and nitrogen fixation, which are essential for life. Human activities like agriculture and industry can impact natural nutrient cycling.
It's a piece of work which will be quite helpful for undergraduate or higher secondary students. Other may have a look. Actually it's a copy of one of my chemistry course's assignments. Have fun and download it.
The document discusses natural resources on Earth. It describes the biosphere as the world of living organisms and layers of air, water and soil that make up the highest level of organization on Earth. It contains two components - abiotic non-living things like air and soil, and biotic living things. The document then discusses various natural resources like air, water, soil and their importance. It also explains various biogeochemical cycles like the water, nitrogen, carbon and oxygen cycles that are essential for life.
Chapter - 14, Natural Resources, Science, Class 9Shivam Parmar
I have expertise in making educational and other PPTs. Email me for more PPTs at a very reasonable price that perfectly fits in your budget.
Email: parmarshivam105@gmail.com
Chapter - 14, Natural Resources, Science, Class 9
RESOURCE
THE FOUR MAIN SPHERES OF EARTH
LITHOSPHERE
HYDROSPHERE
ATMOSPHERE
BIOSPHERE
THE BREATH OF LIFE: AIR
CARBON DIOXIDE IS FIXED IN TWO WAYS
THE ROLE OF THE ATMOSPHERE IN CLIMATE CONTROL
THE MOVEMENT OF AIR: WINDS
FORMATION OF RAIN
AIR POLLUTION
WATER
TYPES OF WATER RESOURCES
IMPORTANCE OF WATER
WATER POLLUTION
MINERAL RICHES IN THE SOIL
THE FACTORS OR PROCESSES THAT MAKE SOIL
QUALITY OF SOIL
FACTORS THAT DECIDE THE TYPE OF PLANT THAT WILL- THRIVE ON A PARTICULAR SOIL
TOPSOIL
SOIL POLLUTION
BIOGEOCHEMICAL CYCLE
THE WATER-CYCLE
THE VARIOUS STEPS INVOLVED IN THE WATER CYCLE IN- THE BIOSPHERE ARE
NITROGEN CYCLE
CARBON CYCLE
PHOTOSYNTHESIS
RESPIRATION
DECOMPOSITION
COMBUSTION
MOVEMENT OF CARBON FROM THE ATMOSPHERE TO -THE OCEANS
THE GREENHOUSE EFFECT
OXYGEN CYCLE
PROCESSES THAT USE OXYGEN
PROCESSES THAT PRODUCE OXYGEN
OZONE LAYER
DEPLETION OF OZONE LAYER
Every topic of this chapter is well written concisely and visuals will help you in understanding and imagining the practicality of all the topics.
By Shivam Parmar (Entrepreneur & Teacher)
This document discusses physical geography and environmental systems. It notes that physical geography research has progressed from detailed observations in small areas to modeling at global scales. It provides examples of interactions within the global physical environment, such as how changes in one region can impact climate in other regions. The document also discusses how viewing the biosphere as a system of nested environmental systems has helped scientists understand ecosystem structure and function.
This document provides an overview of biosphere concepts including:
1. The biosphere consists of all areas on Earth where living organisms are found and it includes biotic and abiotic factors that interact within ecosystems.
2. Ecosystems can be organized into different levels including biomes, ecosystems, habitats, species populations, communities, and trophic levels.
3. Energy and matter cycle through the biosphere via processes like photosynthesis, respiration, decomposition, and nutrient cycles.
4. Populations and communities are dynamic and respond to changes in their environment through processes like succession, competition, predation, and carrying capacity.
XSPARQL is a query language that allows querying of both XML and RDF data sources simultaneously. It extends the syntax of XQuery with a SPARQL-for clause to query RDF data and a CONSTRUCT clause to produce RDF output. XSPARQL 1.1 supports SPARQL 1.1 operators like aggregation, federation, negation and property paths. It also allows processing of JSON files. The XSPARQL evaluator takes an XSPARQL query, rewrites it, optimizes it, and executes it using XQuery and SPARQL engines to retrieve and combine data from different sources into a unified XML or RDF answer.
Galaxy Blimps LLC was established in 2000 and has expanded its operations since 2006 through various milestones and certifications. The company provides aerial broadcasting, movie and TV production, aerial surveillance, military, university research, and other applications through its fleet of blimps like the HD60 and HD75 blimps. Galaxy Blimps sees future potential for unmanned airships in heavy cargo lift, high altitude radar platforms, atmospheric research, and communications relay.
The document discusses ecosystems and biodiversity. It defines key terms like biosphere, biotic and abiotic components, habitats, food chains, biomes, and biogeochemical cycles. It describes the structure and functions of ecosystems, including producers, consumers, and decomposers. Major biomes include forests, grasslands, deserts, and aquatic ecosystems. Biogeochemical cycles like carbon, oxygen, nitrogen, and water are explained. The document also covers ecological balance, levels of biodiversity, importance of biodiversity, causes for loss of biodiversity, and conservation efforts.
Biogeochemical cycles help explain how elements are recycled through ecosystems. The most common cycles include water, carbon, nitrogen, sulfur, and phosphorus. Biogeochemical cycles consist of chemical, geological, and biological processes that circulate elements between living organisms and their inorganic environment. They maintain the flow of energy and matter through ecosystems and allow for the transformation and storage of elements. Examples provided include the water cycle, carbon cycle, and nitrogen cycle.
The document discusses Earth's hydrosphere and water pollution. It defines the hydrosphere as the combined mass of water on, under, and over the surface of a planet. It then discusses the hydrological cycle and how water circulates and changes states between liquid, vapor, and ice. It also covers the causes and types of water pollution including domestic sewage and industrial wastewater as well as some methods for controlling pollution, such as sewage treatment plants and industrial wastewater treatment systems.
The document discusses the components of the environment. It is divided into three main sections:
1) The physical component includes abiotic factors like soil, air, water, climate and temperature that determine habitat conditions. It is divided into atmosphere, hydrosphere and lithosphere.
2) The biological component contains all living things that interact with the physical environment to form ecosystems. It includes producers, consumers and decomposers.
3) The social component consists of human and animal populations and their social structures and interactions. Humans are social animals that establish laws and policies for societies.
The document summarizes the major compartments that make up the global ecosystem, including oceans, freshwaters, atmosphere, and land. It describes the flows of energy and materials between these compartments through biogeochemical cycles like the carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus cycles. Human activities are impacting these natural cycles and global climate through fossil fuel usage and increased greenhouse gases in the atmosphere.
Human activity has significantly impacted the natural sulfur cycle. By burning fossil fuels, humans release sulfur into the atmosphere that would otherwise remain locked in geological deposits. This excess atmospheric sulfur reacts to form acid rain, lowering the pH of soil and damaging ecosystems. The student experiment aims to test how car exhaust specifically affects soil properties like sulfur levels, pH, and bacterial density near a school's carpool lane. The hypothesis is that higher sulfur levels from car exhaust will increase the local soil's bacterial density. Soil samples will be taken at increasing distances from the lane and analyzed to understand the impact of localized vehicle emissions on the local environment.
The document discusses various natural resources and processes. It explains that the biosphere is the region where the atmosphere, hydrosphere, and lithosphere interact to support life. It also describes the water cycle and oxygen cycle, noting that the water cycle involves the continuous movement of water between the atmosphere, land, and oceans through processes like evaporation and precipitation.
CLIMATE change affects the components of water cycle such as evaporation, precipitation and evapotranspiration and thus results in large-scale alteration in water present in glaciers, rivers, lakes, oceans, etc. The effects of cli-mate change on subsurface water relates to the changes in its recharge and discharge rates plus changes in quantity and quality of water in aquifers. Climate change refers to the long-term changes in the components of climate such as temperature, precipitation, evapotranspiration, etc. The major cause of climate change is the rising level of greenhouse gases (GHGs) in the atmosphere such as CO2, CH4, N2O, water vapour, ozone and chlorofluorocarbon. These GHGs absorb 95% of the longwave back radiations emitted from the surface, thus making the Earth warmer. Except CO2, the effects of other GHGs are minor because of their low concentration and also because of low residence times (e.g. water vapour and methane). The rise in CO2 level causing global warming was first proposed by Svante Arrhenius, a Swedish scientist in 1896 and now it is a widely accepted fact that the concentration of CO2 is the primary regulator of temperature on the Earth and leads to global warming.
Ecosystems are composed of biological communities that interact with their abiotic environments. An ecosystem's composition and structure depend on environmental factors like soil, atmosphere, sunlight, water, and living organisms. Soil provides nutrients, water, and habitat for organisms, and its properties influence the types of vegetation it supports. The atmosphere supplies carbon dioxide and oxygen while cycling water through evaporation and precipitation. Sunlight heats the environment and powers photosynthesis, which produces energy for plants and food for other living things in the ecosystem.
1) Human activities like clearing forests, mining, construction, and infrastructure development have greatly altered landscapes and ecosystems for thousands of years to make human life more comfortable.
2) Modifying natural barriers and dispersal routes through artificial landscaping can disrupt habitats and negatively impact sensitive species by minimizing their chances of survival.
3) Growing human populations and technology have led to higher rates of pollution from waste, chemicals, and emissions being released into the air, water, and soil, which are detrimental to both human and environmental health on a global scale.
Natural resources provide vital benefits but must be carefully managed. Forests are home to many organisms and supply oxygen while also providing wood. Fossil fuels are highly valuable but also cause pollution and are being depleted. Solar and wind energy are renewable sources but their availability varies. Overall, natural resources are invaluable but fragile, requiring sustainable practices to balance human and environmental needs.
The document provides a review for an APES Unit 2 test, covering topics like the water, carbon, and nitrogen cycles, photosynthesis, population growth, ecological succession, and species interactions like mutualism, competition, and predation. Bellringer questions are presented on key concepts, and notes are provided explaining processes like keystone species, limiting factors, and natural and anthropogenic impacts on ecosystems.
Global environmental change refers to identifiable changes in Earth's climate that last for decades or longer, usually due to human activities. Some effects of environmental change include rising global temperatures over the last century, melting polar ice and glaciers, and changes in animal habitats and migration patterns. The main contributors to environmental change are electricity and heat production, agriculture, forestry, and other land use, transportation, and industry. The components of change include increased greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere, climate change, decreased stratospheric ozone, land use change, and loss of biodiversity. Reversing these changes would take decades to millennia depending on the component.
Energy flows through ecosystems via photosynthesis, where plants capture solar energy and produce organic compounds. Nearly all organisms rely directly or indirectly on this process. While energy is lost at each transfer between trophic levels, ecosystems have evolved to maximize energy flow. Chemical elements like carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, phosphorus, and nitrogen cycle through biotic and abiotic components in ecosystems via processes like photosynthesis, respiration, decomposition, and nitrogen fixation, which are essential for life. Human activities like agriculture and industry can impact natural nutrient cycling.
It's a piece of work which will be quite helpful for undergraduate or higher secondary students. Other may have a look. Actually it's a copy of one of my chemistry course's assignments. Have fun and download it.
The document discusses natural resources on Earth. It describes the biosphere as the world of living organisms and layers of air, water and soil that make up the highest level of organization on Earth. It contains two components - abiotic non-living things like air and soil, and biotic living things. The document then discusses various natural resources like air, water, soil and their importance. It also explains various biogeochemical cycles like the water, nitrogen, carbon and oxygen cycles that are essential for life.
Chapter - 14, Natural Resources, Science, Class 9Shivam Parmar
I have expertise in making educational and other PPTs. Email me for more PPTs at a very reasonable price that perfectly fits in your budget.
Email: parmarshivam105@gmail.com
Chapter - 14, Natural Resources, Science, Class 9
RESOURCE
THE FOUR MAIN SPHERES OF EARTH
LITHOSPHERE
HYDROSPHERE
ATMOSPHERE
BIOSPHERE
THE BREATH OF LIFE: AIR
CARBON DIOXIDE IS FIXED IN TWO WAYS
THE ROLE OF THE ATMOSPHERE IN CLIMATE CONTROL
THE MOVEMENT OF AIR: WINDS
FORMATION OF RAIN
AIR POLLUTION
WATER
TYPES OF WATER RESOURCES
IMPORTANCE OF WATER
WATER POLLUTION
MINERAL RICHES IN THE SOIL
THE FACTORS OR PROCESSES THAT MAKE SOIL
QUALITY OF SOIL
FACTORS THAT DECIDE THE TYPE OF PLANT THAT WILL- THRIVE ON A PARTICULAR SOIL
TOPSOIL
SOIL POLLUTION
BIOGEOCHEMICAL CYCLE
THE WATER-CYCLE
THE VARIOUS STEPS INVOLVED IN THE WATER CYCLE IN- THE BIOSPHERE ARE
NITROGEN CYCLE
CARBON CYCLE
PHOTOSYNTHESIS
RESPIRATION
DECOMPOSITION
COMBUSTION
MOVEMENT OF CARBON FROM THE ATMOSPHERE TO -THE OCEANS
THE GREENHOUSE EFFECT
OXYGEN CYCLE
PROCESSES THAT USE OXYGEN
PROCESSES THAT PRODUCE OXYGEN
OZONE LAYER
DEPLETION OF OZONE LAYER
Every topic of this chapter is well written concisely and visuals will help you in understanding and imagining the practicality of all the topics.
By Shivam Parmar (Entrepreneur & Teacher)
This document discusses physical geography and environmental systems. It notes that physical geography research has progressed from detailed observations in small areas to modeling at global scales. It provides examples of interactions within the global physical environment, such as how changes in one region can impact climate in other regions. The document also discusses how viewing the biosphere as a system of nested environmental systems has helped scientists understand ecosystem structure and function.
This document provides an overview of biosphere concepts including:
1. The biosphere consists of all areas on Earth where living organisms are found and it includes biotic and abiotic factors that interact within ecosystems.
2. Ecosystems can be organized into different levels including biomes, ecosystems, habitats, species populations, communities, and trophic levels.
3. Energy and matter cycle through the biosphere via processes like photosynthesis, respiration, decomposition, and nutrient cycles.
4. Populations and communities are dynamic and respond to changes in their environment through processes like succession, competition, predation, and carrying capacity.
XSPARQL is a query language that allows querying of both XML and RDF data sources simultaneously. It extends the syntax of XQuery with a SPARQL-for clause to query RDF data and a CONSTRUCT clause to produce RDF output. XSPARQL 1.1 supports SPARQL 1.1 operators like aggregation, federation, negation and property paths. It also allows processing of JSON files. The XSPARQL evaluator takes an XSPARQL query, rewrites it, optimizes it, and executes it using XQuery and SPARQL engines to retrieve and combine data from different sources into a unified XML or RDF answer.
Galaxy Blimps LLC was established in 2000 and has expanded its operations since 2006 through various milestones and certifications. The company provides aerial broadcasting, movie and TV production, aerial surveillance, military, university research, and other applications through its fleet of blimps like the HD60 and HD75 blimps. Galaxy Blimps sees future potential for unmanned airships in heavy cargo lift, high altitude radar platforms, atmospheric research, and communications relay.
The document discusses logging frameworks and describes key concepts such as declaration and naming of loggers, different logging levels, appenders for output, and layouts. It uses Log4j as an example logging framework and shows how to configure loggers, levels, and appenders in the properties file. Code examples are provided to illustrate logger declaration and usage.
This document discusses an empirical study of RDF stream processing systems. The study aimed to understand why different systems can produce different outputs for the same inputs. Through experiments, the study found that differences could be explained by parameters like the starting time (t0) of windows in continuous queries. A more detailed model called SECRET was then developed to describe stream processing and help predict system outputs. This led to the CSR-bench benchmark for evaluating and comparing RDF stream reasoning systems.
This document discusses correctness in benchmarking RDF stream processors. It proposes a common model for the operational semantics of these systems called CSR and an extension to an existing benchmark called CSR-bench that focuses on correctness. CSR-bench includes an oracle to automatically validate correctness and a test suite. Experiments with three systems showed incorrect behaviors related to window initialization, slide parameters, window contents and timestamps. The work aims to improve understanding and assessment of these systems through a shared test environment.
This document provides an overview of multi-viewing screen installations and includes case studies of corporate boardrooms, family rooms, and dual-purpose installations. It discusses the benefits of designing multi-purpose rooms with increased functionality using a single space instead of two and the appeal of unique designs. Reasons for commercial installations include simultaneous screens for video conferencing, data, webinars and news monitoring as well as options for single-screen presentations based on group size and monitoring markets and news from executive offices.
Our environment consists of living and non-living components that interact in complex ways. Humans rely on healthy ecosystems, but our activities have disrupted natural cycles and caused pollution. Key issues include climate change from greenhouse gas emissions, which risks a runaway warming effect. While scientists agree human activity contributes to current warming trends, fully predicting climate impacts remains challenging given its complexity. Maintaining sustainable resource use requires understanding our role within natural systems.
Attachment C Company Overview Catalog Of ServicesGalaxyBlimps
Galaxy Blimps LLC is a provider of unmanned aircraft systems for defense, civil, and commercial applications. They have over 40 years of combined experience in various unmanned platforms. Their services include pre-program planning, flight services, design and engineering, production, system documentation, training, payload integration, best practices, and staffing assistance. They have experience supporting defense programs and agencies like DHS, DoJ, and FBI.
Ontology based top-k query answering over massive, heterogeneous, and dynamic...Daniele Dell'Aglio
This document discusses ontology-based top-k continuous query answering over streaming data from multiple heterogeneous sources. It aims to investigate how ontologies and top-k queries can improve continuous query processing by exploiting ordering. The research will analyze state of the art solutions, define an evaluation framework, and assess the effects on correctness and performance of techniques that integrate stream reasoning and top-k queries. Preliminary results include an extension of an RDF stream processor testbench and a case study on real-time social media analytics.
On Unified Stream Reasoning - The RDF Stream Processing realmDaniele Dell'Aglio
The presentation of my talk at WU Vienna on 18/2/2016. I discuss the problem of unifying existing solutions to process semantic streams - with a particular focus on the ones that perform continuous query answering over RDF streams
Augmented Participation to Live Events through Social Network Content Enrichm...Daniele Dell'Aglio
The document describes ECSTASYS, a system that captures social media content related to live events and enriches it to provide more context and value for event attendees. ECSTASYS retrieves tweets about an event, filters irrelevant ones, identifies event-related entities, associates tweets with specific event sub-topics, and visualizes the information organized by event. It uses a knowledge base derived from event schedules and ontologies to link tweets to the correct event components to provide a more holistic view of the complex live event through social media.
This document discusses solid waste management issues in India. It notes that rapid urbanization, neglect by authorities, and public apathy have led to a garbage crisis. To address this, authorities must implement proper waste management systems as per regulations by treating waste via composting, anaerobic digestion, or other technologies. The document outlines several waste treatment options and recommends that vermicomposting is suitable for individual homes, composting is best for medium capacities, and anaerobic digestion is appropriate for large volumes of waste. Effective waste management requires proper collection, transportation, treatment, disposal and public awareness.
Brief report about the contents of the Stream Reasoning workshop at SIWC 2016. Additional info about the event are available at: http://streamreasoning.org/events/sr2016
RSEP-QL: A Query Model to Capture Event Pattern Matching in RDF Stream Proces...Daniele Dell'Aglio
This document proposes a query model called RSEP-QL to capture event pattern matching in RDF stream processing languages. It presents RSEP-QL's data model of RDF streams and windows, basic operators like EVENT and SEQ, and evaluation semantics. The goal is to provide a reference model for comparing different RSP query languages and studying related problems in a standardized way.
The document provides an overview of natural resources and the environment. It discusses how life exists where the lithosphere, hydrosphere, and atmosphere interact to form the biosphere. Natural resources include both biotic resources like plants and animals as well as abiotic resources like air, water, and soil. However, human population growth, urbanization, and industrialization have led to these resources being used unsustainably. The document then examines various natural resources in more depth, including the composition and layers of the atmosphere, the water and carbon cycles, nitrogen cycle, ozone layer, and the greenhouse effect.
The document discusses several biogeochemical cycles and how human activities impact them. It provides figures and descriptions of the water, carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, and sulfur cycles. For each cycle, it summarizes how human activities like burning fossil fuels, agriculture, deforestation, and industrial processes alter the natural cycling of these essential elements. It concludes by briefly introducing the Gaia hypothesis that life influences or controls Earth's climate and other environmental processes.
Biogeochemical cycles describe the cycling of essential nutrients like carbon, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus, and sulfur between the biotic (living) and abiotic (non-living) components of ecosystems. Energy from the sun drives these cycles as nutrients are exchanged between organisms, water, air, soil, and rock. Humans have disrupted natural biogeochemical cycles through activities like burning fossil fuels, clearing vegetation, using fertilizers, and pollution, which has contributed to issues like climate change and algal blooms.
The document discusses several biogeochemical cycles that recycle nutrients through the biosphere, including the water, carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, and sulfur cycles. It provides diagrams of each cycle and notes how human activities such as burning fossil fuels, agriculture, deforestation, and industrial processes are altering the natural cycles and negatively impacting the environment. The document also mentions the Gaia hypothesis which proposes that life on Earth influences or controls certain global geochemical processes.
The document defines key terms like ecosystems, biodiversity, biotic and abiotic factors. It then summarizes several important biogeochemical cycles - carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, water and phosphorus. These cycles describe how each element moves through biotic and abiotic components of the biosphere. Human impacts like burning fossil fuels and agriculture are increasing the amounts of carbon and nitrogen in cycles and affecting global ecosystems.
Bio 107 General Ecology
Objectives:
Identify and describe
the flow of nutrients in
each biogeochemical
cycle.
Explain the impact
that humans have on
the biogeochemical
cycles.
This document provides an outline for a course on environmental chemistry and pollution. It covers 5 units: introduction and identification of environmental chemistry; atmospheric composition and gaseous pollutants; water pollution; soil pollutants; and medical pollutants. The introduction defines key terms like environment, atmosphere, geosphere, hydrosphere, biosphere, anthroposphere, flora and fauna. It also discusses factors like population growth, urbanization and industrialization that impact the environment. The document further describes the natural cycles of water, oxygen, carbon and nitrogen and how human activities place burdens on the environment.
The document defines an ecosystem as a community of living organisms interacting with each other and their non-living environment. It discusses various components of an ecosystem like types of ecosystems, energy flow through food chains and food webs, and nutrient cycles of water, carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus and other elements. Succession and how communities change over time is also covered. Pyramids of numbers, energy and biomass are explained as ways to represent trophic levels in an ecosystem.
- Life on Earth depends on resources like soil, water, and air and energy from the sun. Uneven heating of air over land and water bodies causes winds, while evaporation and condensation lead to rainfall patterns.
- Various nutrients are used in cyclic fashions between biosphere components, maintaining balance. However, pollution affects air, water, and soil quality, harming biodiversity. Conservation and sustainable use of natural resources are needed.
Biogeochemical Cycles and Human ActivitiesAmos Watentena
A biogeochemical cycle is one of several natural cycles, in which conserved matter moves through the biotic and abiotic parts of an ecosystem. In geography and Earth science, a biogeochemical cycle or substance turnover or cycling of substances is a pathway by which a chemical substance moves through biotic (biosphere) and abiotic (lithosphere, atmosphere, and hydrosphere) compartments of Earth. The following presentation discusses the role of humans in the biogeochemical cycles.
This is the lesson - 2 of the course; 'Foundation of Environmental Management' taught at the Faculty of Social Sciences and Humanities of the Rajarata University of Sri Lanka
Biogeochemical cycles describe the movement of elements like carbon, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus, and water through biotic and abiotic components of the Earth system. The document discusses several key biogeochemical cycles, including how they facilitate the transfer and transformation of matter between the atmosphere, lithosphere, hydrosphere, and biosphere. It also explains how human activities like burning fossil fuels and using fertilizers have significantly impacted various biogeochemical cycles.
1. What roles does succession and phytoremediation play in ecology, .pdfarakalamkah11
1. What roles does succession and phytoremediation play in ecology, evolution and the
ecosystems?
Succession plays a major role to change in environmental conditions that causes a pronounced
change in an ecosystem. Disturbances often act quickly and with great effect, to alter the
physical structure or arrangement of biotic and abiotic elements. Disturbance can also occur over
a long period of time and can impact the diversity within an ecosystem. Major ecological
disturbances may
include fires, flooding, windstorms, insect outbreaks and trampling. Earthquakes, various types
of volcanic eruptions, tsunami, firestorms, impact events, climate change, and the devastating
effects of human impact on the environment (anthropogenic disturbances) such as clear cutting,
forest clearing and the introduction of invasive species can be considered major disturbances.
This can be attributed to physical changes in the biotic and abiotic conditions of an ecosystem.
Because of this, a disturbance force can change an ecosystem for significantly longer than the
period over which the immediate effects persist. With the passage of time following a
disturbance, shifts in dominance, shifts in dominance may occur with ephemeral herbaceous life-
forms progressively becoming over topped by taller perennials herbs, shrubs and trees. However,
in the absence of further disturbance forces, many ecosystems will trend back toward pre-
disturbance conditions. Long lived species and those which can regenerate in the presence of
their own adults will finally become dominant. Such alteration, accompanied by changes in the
abundance of different species over time, is called ecological succession. Succession often leads
to conditions that will once again predispose an ecosystem to disturbance.
Phytoremediation play a major role to clean up contaminated environments including metals,
pesticides, explosives, and oil. Also help prevent wind, rain, and groundwater flow from carrying
contaminants away from the site to surrounding areas or deeper underground. Certain plants are
able to remove or break down harmful chemicals from the ground when their roots take in water
and nutrients from the contaminated soil, sediment, or groundwater. Plants can help clean up
contaminants as deep as their roots can reach using natural processes to:
• Store the contaminants in the roots, stems, or leaves.
• Convert them to less harmful chemicals within the plant or, more commonly, the root zone. •
Convert them to vapors, which are released into the air.
• Sorb (stick) contaminants onto their roots where very small organisms called “microbes” (such
as bacteria) that live in the soil break down the sorbed contaminants to less harmful chemicals.
2. Biogeochemical cycles, succession and phytoremediation. Explain how all three work together
for a positive outcome.
Biological diversity is dependent on natural disturbance. The success of a wide range of species
from all taxonomic groups is closely tied to na.
Nutrient cycles like water, carbon, and nitrogen cycle through ecosystems and are powered by solar energy. These cycles connect all organisms and involve reservoirs where nutrients accumulate. Human activities like agriculture, deforestation, and burning fossil fuels are altering nutrient cycles by changing land use, polluting water sources, and increasing carbon dioxide emissions. This disrupts natural cycling patterns and ecosystem functions.
The document discusses several key components of Earth's biosphere:
- The biosphere is the region where the atmosphere, hydrosphere, and lithosphere interact to support life. It contains biotic components like living organisms and abiotic components like air, water, and soil.
- Key biogeochemical cycles include the water, nitrogen, carbon, and oxygen cycles which transfer matter and energy between biotic and abiotic parts of the biosphere.
- The greenhouse effect involves gases like carbon dioxide trapping heat in the lower atmosphere and influencing global temperatures. Depletion of the ozone layer allows more harmful UV radiation to reach the Earth's surface.
The document discusses the hydrosphere, which refers to the combined mass of water found on, under, and over the surface of a planet. It notes that the Earth's hydrosphere contains about 1.4 x 1018 tonnes of water, with about 75% of the Earth's surface covered by oceans. It also discusses Europa's thick hydrosphere which is thought to have an ocean up to 100 km deep under its icy surface. The hydrological cycle and water cycle are explained as the continuous movement of water between oceans, atmosphere, and land via evaporation, condensation, precipitation, and other processes. Water pollution and its causes are also summarized.
B sc micro, biotech, biochem i es u 4 biogeochemicalcyclesRai University
The document discusses biogeochemical cycles, which describe the movement of chemical elements through the biosphere, lithosphere, atmosphere, and hydrosphere. It specifically examines the carbon, water, nitrogen, phosphorus, oxygen, and sulfur cycles. Each cycle involves the movement of an element through various pools and fluxes between the biotic and abiotic components of Earth, driven by both physical and biological processes. Human activities have significantly impacted these natural cycles through activities like burning fossil fuels, agriculture, deforestation, and industrialization. Maintaining the natural biogeochemical cycles is essential for sustaining life on Earth.
1. Biogeochemical cycles move nutrients like carbon, nitrogen, water, and phosphorus through air, water, soil, rock and living organisms.
2. Humans impact biogeochemical cycles by withdrawing freshwater, polluting water sources, clearing vegetation, burning fossil fuels, using inorganic fertilizers, and contributing to climate change which alters natural cycling processes.
3. The carbon, water, nitrogen, and phosphorus cycles are described in detail, outlining the reservoirs, assimilation, and release steps involved in naturally circulating those elements through the environment.
Strategies for Effective Upskilling is a presentation by Chinwendu Peace in a Your Skill Boost Masterclass organisation by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan on 08th and 09th June 2024 from 1 PM to 3 PM on each day.
This document provides an overview of wound healing, its functions, stages, mechanisms, factors affecting it, and complications.
A wound is a break in the integrity of the skin or tissues, which may be associated with disruption of the structure and function.
Healing is the body’s response to injury in an attempt to restore normal structure and functions.
Healing can occur in two ways: Regeneration and Repair
There are 4 phases of wound healing: hemostasis, inflammation, proliferation, and remodeling. This document also describes the mechanism of wound healing. Factors that affect healing include infection, uncontrolled diabetes, poor nutrition, age, anemia, the presence of foreign bodies, etc.
Complications of wound healing like infection, hyperpigmentation of scar, contractures, and keloid formation.
Main Java[All of the Base Concepts}.docxadhitya5119
This is part 1 of my Java Learning Journey. This Contains Custom methods, classes, constructors, packages, multithreading , try- catch block, finally block and more.
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering.pptxDenish Jangid
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering
Syllabus
Chapter-1
Introduction to objective, scope and outcome the subject
Chapter 2
Introduction: Scope and Specialization of Civil Engineering, Role of civil Engineer in Society, Impact of infrastructural development on economy of country.
Chapter 3
Surveying: Object Principles & Types of Surveying; Site Plans, Plans & Maps; Scales & Unit of different Measurements.
Linear Measurements: Instruments used. Linear Measurement by Tape, Ranging out Survey Lines and overcoming Obstructions; Measurements on sloping ground; Tape corrections, conventional symbols. Angular Measurements: Instruments used; Introduction to Compass Surveying, Bearings and Longitude & Latitude of a Line, Introduction to total station.
Levelling: Instrument used Object of levelling, Methods of levelling in brief, and Contour maps.
Chapter 4
Buildings: Selection of site for Buildings, Layout of Building Plan, Types of buildings, Plinth area, carpet area, floor space index, Introduction to building byelaws, concept of sun light & ventilation. Components of Buildings & their functions, Basic concept of R.C.C., Introduction to types of foundation
Chapter 5
Transportation: Introduction to Transportation Engineering; Traffic and Road Safety: Types and Characteristics of Various Modes of Transportation; Various Road Traffic Signs, Causes of Accidents and Road Safety Measures.
Chapter 6
Environmental Engineering: Environmental Pollution, Environmental Acts and Regulations, Functional Concepts of Ecology, Basics of Species, Biodiversity, Ecosystem, Hydrological Cycle; Chemical Cycles: Carbon, Nitrogen & Phosphorus; Energy Flow in Ecosystems.
Water Pollution: Water Quality standards, Introduction to Treatment & Disposal of Waste Water. Reuse and Saving of Water, Rain Water Harvesting. Solid Waste Management: Classification of Solid Waste, Collection, Transportation and Disposal of Solid. Recycling of Solid Waste: Energy Recovery, Sanitary Landfill, On-Site Sanitation. Air & Noise Pollution: Primary and Secondary air pollutants, Harmful effects of Air Pollution, Control of Air Pollution. . Noise Pollution Harmful Effects of noise pollution, control of noise pollution, Global warming & Climate Change, Ozone depletion, Greenhouse effect
Text Books:
1. Palancharmy, Basic Civil Engineering, McGraw Hill publishers.
2. Satheesh Gopi, Basic Civil Engineering, Pearson Publishers.
3. Ketki Rangwala Dalal, Essentials of Civil Engineering, Charotar Publishing House.
4. BCP, Surveying volume 1
How to Add Chatter in the odoo 17 ERP ModuleCeline George
In Odoo, the chatter is like a chat tool that helps you work together on records. You can leave notes and track things, making it easier to talk with your team and partners. Inside chatter, all communication history, activity, and changes will be displayed.
This slide is special for master students (MIBS & MIFB) in UUM. Also useful for readers who are interested in the topic of contemporary Islamic banking.
How to Setup Warehouse & Location in Odoo 17 InventoryCeline George
In this slide, we'll explore how to set up warehouses and locations in Odoo 17 Inventory. This will help us manage our stock effectively, track inventory levels, and streamline warehouse operations.
हिंदी वर्णमाला पीपीटी, hindi alphabet PPT presentation, hindi varnamala PPT, Hindi Varnamala pdf, हिंदी स्वर, हिंदी व्यंजन, sikhiye hindi varnmala, dr. mulla adam ali, hindi language and literature, hindi alphabet with drawing, hindi alphabet pdf, hindi varnamala for childrens, hindi language, hindi varnamala practice for kids, https://www.drmullaadamali.com
2. OUR ENVIRONMENT
What is Environment ?
Our Environment is our surrounding. This includes
living and non-living things around us.
The non-living components of environment are land,
water and air.
The living components are germs, plants, animals and
people.
3. Environmental Science
• Environmental Science is the oldest
science.
• The scientific knowledge started
developing since the time the humane
being started observing the surrounding
environment.
• In the modern curriculum also the first
subject taught on science is Environmental
Science.
4. Habitat
The Environment consists of various
habitats
A habitat is an ecological or
environmental area that is inhabited by
a particular species of animal, plant or
other type of organism
5. What is a habitat?
A habitat is
any place
where
organisms live
together
naturally.
It is like a
neighborhood
in nature.
6. What does an Organism
need in a habitat?
Shelter Water
Food
7. What about our habitat?
Just like animals and
plants, we need our
own habitat. What
are our needs?
Shelter
Food Water
8. The Ecosystem
The interrelationships between all living
things and the environment.
Emphasis is on interdependence of all
things.
People, nature, and the earth form a
delicately balanced system.
10. MATTER CYCLING IN ECOSYSTEMS
• For hundreds of millions of years the chemicals
and elements found on Earth have remained
relatively constant, or in other words, they have
changed very little.
• The amount of one element or chemical in the
Earth’s surface is practically the same as it was
many millions of years ago. This consistency is
one of the things that makes life on Earth
possible.
11. Ecological
Cycles
Biosphere
Carbon Phosphorus Nitrogen Water Oxygen
cycle cycle cycle cycle cycle
Heat in the environment
Fig. 3-7, p. 55
12. Nutrient Cycles: Global Recycling
◦ Global Cycles recycle nutrients through the
earth’s air, land, water, and living organisms.
◦ Nutrients are the elements and compounds
that organisms need to live, grow, and
reproduce.
◦ Biogeochemical cycles move these
substances through air, water, soil, rock and
living organisms.
13. The Water Cycle:
Rain clouds
Condensation
Transpiration Evaporation
Precipitation Transpiration
to land from plants
Precipitation Precipitation
Evaporation
Surface runoff from land Evaporation
Runoff from ocean Precipitation
(rapid)
to ocean
Infiltration and Surface
Percolation runoff
(rapid)
Groundwater movement (slow)
Ocean storage
Fig. 3-26, p. 72
14. Water’s Unique Properties
Water is the elixir of Life
It is a magical substance which is essential to
the very existence of every life form on earth.
There are strong forces of attraction between
molecules of water.
It takes a large amount of energy for water to
evaporate.
Liquid water can dissolve a variety of
compounds.
Water expands when it freezes.
15. Effects of Human Activities
on Water Cycle
We alter the water cycle by:
Withdrawing large amounts of freshwater.
Clearing vegetation and eroding soils.
Polluting surface and underground water.
Contributing to climate change.
17. Effects of Human Activities
on Carbon Cycle
We alter the carbon cycle
by adding excess CO2 to
the atmosphere through:
Burning fossil fuels.
Clearing vegetation
faster than it is replaced.
Figure 3-28
20. Effects of Human Activities
on the Nitrogen Cycle
Adding gases (Oxides of Nitrogen) that
contribute to acid rain.
Adding nitrous oxide to the atmosphere through
farming practices which can warm the
atmosphere and deplete ozone.
Contaminating ground water from nitrate ions in
inorganic fertilizers.
Contaminate the lakes and other water bodies
(Eutrophication) by the presence of excess
nitrogen compounds in the ground and surface
water.
21. Effects of Human Activities
on the Nitrogen Cycle
Human activities
such as production
of fertilizers now
fix more nitrogen
than all natural
sources combined.
Figure 3-30
24. Effects of Human Activities
on the Phosphorous Cycle
We remove large amounts of phosphate from the earth
to make fertilizer.
We reduce phosphorous in tropical soils by clearing
forests.
We add excess phosphates to aquatic systems from
runoff of animal wastes and fertilizers.
26. Effects of Human Activities
on the Sulfur Cycle
We add sulfur dioxide to the atmosphere by:
Burning coal and oil
Refining sulfur containing petroleum.
Convert sulfur-containing metallic ores into free
metals such as copper, lead, and zinc releasing
sulfur dioxide into the environment.
28. Types of Pollution
Air pollution
Most air pollution is caused by the burning of fossil fuels.
Water pollution
Disposal of sewage from houses
Eutrophication
Infectious agents
Agricultural wastes
Organic chemicals
Inorganic and miscellaneous chemicals
Sediments from land corrosion
Radioactive substances
Waste heat from power plants and industry
29. Types of Pollution—Continued
Land pollution
Pesticides – chemicals used to kill insects defined as
pests.
Herbicides – chemicals used to kill plant life,
particularly weeds.
Chemical wastes
Radioactive fallout
Acid rain
Garbage
30. A new threat to the Environment /
Planet.
Global warming
Since the late 1800’s the average global
surface temperature has increased about
0.75 degrees C.
Most warming has occurred since 1950.
31. Global Warming
There is a gradual increase in
the average temperature of the
Earth’s atmosphere in the last
100 years…It has risen about
1°C since 1900…
• Are human activities
causing global warming?
• What other (non-human)
factors can cause global
warming?
• How does global warming
affect our life?
32.
33. Greenhouse gas are efficient in absorbing IR light…
The most important greenhouse gases are:
H2O – Water vapor.
CO2 – Carbon Dioxide
CH4 – methane
The most abundant greenhouse gas in Earth’s atmosphere
is water vapor. Most of the greenhouse heating of Earth’s
atmosphere is due to Water vapor absorption of IR
radiation emitted by Earth, and then transferring the
energy to the surrounding air molecule
34. Which gas is keeping the Earth warm?
The major natural greenhouse gases are
• water vapor, which causes about 36-70% of the
greenhouse effect on Earth (not including clouds);
• carbon dioxide, which causes 9-26%;
• methane, which causes 4-9%, and
• ozone, which causes 3-7%.
Note that it is not really possible to assert that a
certain gas causes a certain percentage of the
greenhouse effect, because the influences of the
various gases are not additive.
35. So, what’s the big deal if human CO2 causes
1°C temperature increase?
An increase in atmospheric temperature
(human or natural origin) will lead to the
increase in the water vapor content of the
troposphere.
Because water vapor is a strong greenhouse
gas, the increase in H2O vapor in turn causes
enhanced greenhouse effect, raising the
temperature more.
Higher atmospheric temperature will cause
more evaporation of water
Which leads to even higher temperature…
Runaway Green House Effect!
36. Global Warming – Is it true?
Most of the scientists agree that the global
warming observed in the last century were
caused by human activity.
However, the global climate is a very
complicated system. We understand the basic
principle of the climate system, but we still don’t
understand how nature regulates Earth’s climate
over the long run, nor do we have the capability
to create a realistic climate model and be able to
predict with any certainty the effects of human
activities on our climate system.
37. Ecological footprint
• The ecological footprint is a measure of human
demand on the Earth's ecosystems.
• It compares human demand with planet Earth’s
ecological capacity to regenerate.
• It represents the amount of biologically productive
land and sea area needed to regenerate the
resources a human population consumes and to
absorb and render harmless the corresponding
waste.
38. Ecological footprint
• For 2006, humanity's total ecological footprint was
estimated at 1.4 planet Earths.
• In other words, humanity uses ecological services
1.4 times as fast as Earth can renew them.
• Per capita ecological footprint (EF) is a means of
comparing consumption and lifestyles, and
checking this against nature's ability to provide for
this consumption.
• As per 2006 Calculation UAE has the highest
Ecological footprint in the World (10.68 global
hectare per person).
• For India this value is only 0.91 (See table)
39.
40. Ecological footprint MOVIE
• Currently (As of 2010) the earth have
approximately 1.8 biologically productive hectares
per person.
• Most of the developed courtiers and GCC countries
the ecological footprint is much larger that this.
• That means if every one in the world live like the
people in these countries, we would need multiple
planets.
• The Earth is rapidly depleting in resources and it
has intensified with the rapid development in the
last century.
• The only way to counteract this is to take steps in
reducing your own ecological footprint.
41.
42. Globalization and Environment
• Globalization has transformed the Environmental
issues dramatically.
• Worldwide liberalization of trade may provoke
environmental collapse.
• The major environmental concerns related to trade
are
• the domestic environmental effects caused by
the use of imported products,
• environmental effects caused by the production
of exported goods,
• the environmental effects caused by transport
movements needed for international trade.
43. SAVE THE MOTHER EARTH
There can be no viable future for humanity without a
healthy planet.
Earth, water and air support the existence of an immensely
complex living system, powered by the sun.
We are part of this web of life. But within a few
generations, we are using up most of the earth’s stored
fossil fuel resources and its end products released to the
atmosphere is altering its composition.
Our globalizing economic system is destabilizing the
planet’s life-support systems, the very systems that support
us and the future generations.