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- The patient has a perforated eardrum and chronic ear infections with purulent discharge. Previous treatments provided temporary relief but symptoms returned when treatments were stopped. - Common organisms causing this type of chronic ear infection include bacteria like Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus, as well as occasionally fungi like Candida. - The recommendation is to continue the patient's previous topical antibiotic therapy such as ciprofloxacin or ofloxacin ear drops until the infection is controlled and the patient is a candidate for surgery. Vaccinations can also help prevent further ear infections.
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approach to sore throat in children
1. The case discusses a 6-year-old child presenting with fever and throat pain for 4 days. On examination, the child has tonsillar enlargement with exudates and tender cervical lymphadenopathy.
2. Differential diagnoses for the child's symptoms include viral and bacterial pharyngitis. Key clinical indicators suggest this is likely a case of bacterial pharyngitis caused by Group A beta-hemolytic streptococcus (GABHS).
3. Treatment of the child includes general supportive measures, paracetamol for fever, and a 10-day course of amoxicillin based on the diagnosis of GABHS pharyngitis. Prompt diagnosis and treatment can prevent serious
Lec2 pertussis & jaundice
Pertussis, or whooping cough, is caused by the bacterium Bordetella pertussis. It is spread through direct contact or droplets from coughing. The disease has an incubation period of 6-20 days and is classically divided into 3 stages - catarrhal, paroxysmal, and convalescent. Infants under 1 year old make up 50-70% of diagnosed cases and can develop severe complications like apnea, pneumonia, seizures or death. Treatment involves antibiotics and supportive care. The pertussis vaccine is effective for at least 5 years in preventing the disease.
Prevention of pertussis
The document discusses guidelines for preventing and treating pertussis. It recommends Tdap vaccination during pregnancy, especially in the 3rd trimester, to help prevent transmission of pertussis from mother to newborn. Post-exposure prophylaxis with antibiotics is recommended for close contacts of confirmed pertussis cases to prevent symptomatic infection. Azithromycin is the recommended treatment for both symptomatic pertussis and post-exposure prophylaxis.
Strep throat
Strep Throat is caused by a Streptococcus bacteria that is commonly spread through sharing items like water bottles or touching surfaces with the bacteria. It causes a sudden, severe sore throat and other symptoms like fever, headache, and stomach ache. Diagnosis involves a throat culture or rapid antigen test to detect the presence of the bacteria. While strep throat is not usually a serious illness, it is important to take the full course of antibiotics prescribed to prevent complications. Simple prevention methods include handwashing, not sharing drinks, and covering coughs and sneezes.
Croup in children
Croup is a common respiratory illness in young children caused by viruses such as parainfluenza. It causes barking cough, hoarseness, and stridor. Symptoms typically worsen at night. Diagnosis is clinical based on symptoms and appearance of the steeple sign on chest x-ray. Treatment involves corticosteroids which reduce symptoms, and nebulized epinephrine for more severe cases. Most children recover without complications, though a small percentage require hospitalization for respiratory support.
Croup
Croup is a viral infection that causes inflammation in the upper airways of children. It is characterized by a barking cough, stridor, and difficulty breathing. Treatment involves dexamethasone, which reduces symptoms within 6-12 hours by decreasing inflammation. For severe cases, nebulized epinephrine can provide temporary relief from airway narrowing for about 2 hours. Nursing care focuses on minimizing distress and monitoring for signs of worsening respiratory status.
Thrush
Thrush is caused by an overgrowth of the fungus Candida in the mouth. It presents as white blotches in the mouth and can cause pain and difficulty eating, especially in babies. While anyone can get thrush, babies and the elderly are at higher risk. Treatment typically involves applying antifungal medications like nystatin directly to the white patches, and sometimes antifungal pills are needed if the infection has spread. Proper cleaning of bottles and dentures can help prevent thrush.
Diptheria & pertussis
This document discusses diphtheria, an infectious disease caused by the bacteria Corynebacterium diphtheriae. It produces an exotoxin that can cause local infection in the throat and airways and lead to complications affecting the heart, kidneys and nerves if the toxin spreads systemically. Clinical manifestations depend on the site of infection and may include pseudomembrane formation. Diagnosis involves culture, microscopy and toxin testing. Treatment is with antitoxin to neutralize the toxin as well as antibiotics. Active immunization with diphtheria, tetanus and pertussis vaccine (DwPT or TdaP) provides protection.
Recommended
approach to sore throat in children
1. The case discusses a 6-year-old child presenting with fever and throat pain for 4 days. On examination, the child has tonsillar enlargement with exudates and tender cervical lymphadenopathy.
2. Differential diagnoses for the child's symptoms include viral and bacterial pharyngitis. Key clinical indicators suggest this is likely a case of bacterial pharyngitis caused by Group A beta-hemolytic streptococcus (GABHS).
3. Treatment of the child includes general supportive measures, paracetamol for fever, and a 10-day course of amoxicillin based on the diagnosis of GABHS pharyngitis. Prompt diagnosis and treatment can prevent serious
Lec2 pertussis & jaundice
Pertussis, or whooping cough, is caused by the bacterium Bordetella pertussis. It is spread through direct contact or droplets from coughing. The disease has an incubation period of 6-20 days and is classically divided into 3 stages - catarrhal, paroxysmal, and convalescent. Infants under 1 year old make up 50-70% of diagnosed cases and can develop severe complications like apnea, pneumonia, seizures or death. Treatment involves antibiotics and supportive care. The pertussis vaccine is effective for at least 5 years in preventing the disease.
Prevention of pertussis
The document discusses guidelines for preventing and treating pertussis. It recommends Tdap vaccination during pregnancy, especially in the 3rd trimester, to help prevent transmission of pertussis from mother to newborn. Post-exposure prophylaxis with antibiotics is recommended for close contacts of confirmed pertussis cases to prevent symptomatic infection. Azithromycin is the recommended treatment for both symptomatic pertussis and post-exposure prophylaxis.
Strep throat
Strep Throat is caused by a Streptococcus bacteria that is commonly spread through sharing items like water bottles or touching surfaces with the bacteria. It causes a sudden, severe sore throat and other symptoms like fever, headache, and stomach ache. Diagnosis involves a throat culture or rapid antigen test to detect the presence of the bacteria. While strep throat is not usually a serious illness, it is important to take the full course of antibiotics prescribed to prevent complications. Simple prevention methods include handwashing, not sharing drinks, and covering coughs and sneezes.
Croup in children
Croup is a common respiratory illness in young children caused by viruses such as parainfluenza. It causes barking cough, hoarseness, and stridor. Symptoms typically worsen at night. Diagnosis is clinical based on symptoms and appearance of the steeple sign on chest x-ray. Treatment involves corticosteroids which reduce symptoms, and nebulized epinephrine for more severe cases. Most children recover without complications, though a small percentage require hospitalization for respiratory support.
Croup
Croup is a viral infection that causes inflammation in the upper airways of children. It is characterized by a barking cough, stridor, and difficulty breathing. Treatment involves dexamethasone, which reduces symptoms within 6-12 hours by decreasing inflammation. For severe cases, nebulized epinephrine can provide temporary relief from airway narrowing for about 2 hours. Nursing care focuses on minimizing distress and monitoring for signs of worsening respiratory status.
Thrush
Thrush is caused by an overgrowth of the fungus Candida in the mouth. It presents as white blotches in the mouth and can cause pain and difficulty eating, especially in babies. While anyone can get thrush, babies and the elderly are at higher risk. Treatment typically involves applying antifungal medications like nystatin directly to the white patches, and sometimes antifungal pills are needed if the infection has spread. Proper cleaning of bottles and dentures can help prevent thrush.
Diptheria & pertussis
This document discusses diphtheria, an infectious disease caused by the bacteria Corynebacterium diphtheriae. It produces an exotoxin that can cause local infection in the throat and airways and lead to complications affecting the heart, kidneys and nerves if the toxin spreads systemically. Clinical manifestations depend on the site of infection and may include pseudomembrane formation. Diagnosis involves culture, microscopy and toxin testing. Treatment is with antitoxin to neutralize the toxin as well as antibiotics. Active immunization with diphtheria, tetanus and pertussis vaccine (DwPT or TdaP) provides protection.
CROUP
This is my croup assignment for paediatrics nursing. Croup is characterized by barking cough, inspiratory stridor and low-grade fever. It is normally caused by viral infection and it is most common in children of 6 months to 36 months. Croup can be misdiagnosed with acute epiglottitis, peritonsillar abscess, or foreign body obstruction and etc.
Cr sw np in children.compressed
Pediatric rhinosinusitis is characterized by inflammation of the nasal airway and sinuses in children. It can be diagnosed based on symptoms of nasal obstruction, rhinorrhea, pain/pressure, or loss of smell for more than 12 weeks. Imaging such as CT is not routinely recommended due to radiation risk in children. Treatment involves nasal saline irrigation, topical corticosteroids, and short courses of oral antibiotics. Surgery is relatively indicated for severe cases refractory to medical management or cases involving complications. A study on functional endoscopic sinus surgery in children with chronic rhinosinusitis and nasal polyps found long-term improvement in nasal symptoms and quality of life up to 12 years post-operatively based on
Croup
Croup is an inflammation of the larynx and trachea most commonly caused by parainfluenza virus. It presents with inspiratory stridor, barking cough, and hoarseness in children ages 6 months to 3 years. The Westley Croup Score is used to evaluate severity, and treatment depends on score but may include dexamethasone, nebulized epinephrine, and hospitalization for severe cases. Differential diagnoses include epiglottitis, bacterial tracheitis, retropharyngeal abscess, and foreign body aspiration.
URI
The document discusses upper respiratory infections (URI) and provides context and evidence around appropriate treatment. It notes that URIs are generally self-limiting and antibiotics are ineffective. Better options for symptom relief include acetaminophen, NSAIDs, decongestants, antihistamines, and zinc. The document cautions against overprescribing antibiotics due to risks of increased resistance. Overall it advocates for an evidence-based approach to URI treatment through open discussion with patients.
Acute laryngotracheobronchitis bondi
This document defines and describes acute laryngotracheobronchitis (ALTB), a common cause of cough, stridor, and hoarseness in young children. ALTB is usually caused by viral infections like parainfluenza that cause inflammation in the larynx, trachea, and bronchi. It often progresses rapidly and can become serious if not treated. Clinical signs include a barking cough, stridor, hoarseness, fever, and respiratory distress. Treatment focuses on maintaining an open airway through humidified air, nebulized epinephrine, steroids, and intubation if needed.
Croup laryngotracheobronchitis 2015
croup is laryngotracheobronchitis, supraglootic infection, most common cause of stridor, clinical feature and treatment
Abbas Wael Abbas NNU
Childhood TB: Preventing childhood tuberculosis
This document discusses ways to prevent childhood tuberculosis, including:
1) BCG immunization to reduce the risk of disseminated TB and TB meningitis in children.
2) Avoiding exposure to untreated TB patients through improved living conditions and screening contacts of active cases.
3) Giving isoniazid prophylaxis to children under 5 who are contacts of active TB cases to prevent infection from progressing to disease.
4) Reporting and recording cases of childhood TB and those receiving prophylaxis to monitor the tuberculosis program's effectiveness.
Diptheria (For Undergraduates)
This document provides an overview of diphtheria, including its epidemiology, transmission, pathogenesis, clinical presentation, diagnosis, treatment and prevention. It describes diphtheria as an infectious disease caused by Corynebacterium diphtheriae bacteria that produces a toxin affecting the throat and other organs. Symptoms include sore throat and swollen glands. Complications can include myocarditis, neuropathy or respiratory failure. Diagnosis involves culture and identification of the bacteria. Treatment involves antibiotics and antitoxin administration. Vaccination is recommended to prevent diphtheria.
Pertussis (whooping cough)
Pertussis : Highly contagious respiratory infection caused by Bordetella pertussis
Outbreaks first described in 16th century
Bordetella pertussis isolated in 1906
Estimated >300,000 deaths annually worldwide
Before the availability of pertussis vaccine in the 1940s, public health experts reported more than 200,000 cases of pertussis annually.
Since widespread use of the vaccine began, incidence has decreased more than 75% compared with the pre-vaccine era.
In 2012, the last peak year, CDC reported 48,277 cases of pertussis.
Extremely contagious-attack rate 100%
Immunity is never complete
Protection begins to wane in 3-5 yrs after vaccination
Conservative management of otitis media
Otitis is one of the most frequent diseases in early childhood and one of the reasons for first prescription of antibiotics.
Most frequently reported pediatric bacterial infection, with up to 85% of children experiencing an episode by the age of 3 years and many of them have to treat with medicine and surgical management is restricted
Rhinosinusitis consensus Journal Reading
Rhinosinusitis Consensus Journal Reading
Created By : Richard - Thesa
Preceptor : dr. Khairan Irmansyah Sp.THT-KL
Dpt
Diphtheria is caused by Corynebacterium diphtheriae and presents with a sore throat and formation of a gray membrane in the throat. Pertussis or whooping cough is caused by Bordetella pertussis and presents in three stages including coughing fits. Tetanus is caused by Clostridium tetani spores entering wounds and producing a neurotoxin resulting in painful muscle spasms. Vaccines exist to protect against all three diseases.
croup
This document defines and discusses croup, a respiratory condition typically affecting children ages 3 months to 5 years. Croup is usually triggered by a viral infection of the upper airways, with symptoms including a barking cough, stridor, and difficulty breathing that worsens at night. While most cases are viral in nature, some bacterial causes are also noted. Diagnosis is usually clinical based on symptoms, though imaging may show narrowing of the trachea. Treatment focuses on supportive care, hydration, oxygen, steroids, and epinephrine to ease symptoms. Croup is generally self-limiting, with symptoms improving within a week.
Diphtheria & pertussis by dr najeeb
This document discusses droplet infection and compares pertussis and diphtheria. It provides details on:
- Diseases that can be transmitted through droplet infection, including pertussis, diphtheria, meningitis, and tuberculosis.
- The causative agents, sources, host factors, modes of transmission, incubation periods, clinical features, diagnosis, and control measures for pertussis and diphtheria.
- Treatment for pertussis includes antibiotics, antitussives, sedatives, and steam inhalation. Treatment for diphtheria includes diphtheria antitoxin and antibiotics.
- Pakistan's EPI vaccination schedule, which provides vaccines
Diphtheria, pertussis and tetanus
Diphtheria, pertussis, and tetanus are acute infectious diseases. Diphtheria is caused by Corynebacterium diphtheriae and presents with a greyish membrane in the throat or on skin. Pertussis, also known as whooping cough, is caused by Bordetella pertussis and is characterized by paroxysmal coughing fits that can cause vomiting. Both diseases are vaccine-preventable but still occur worldwide. Treatment involves antitoxins, antibiotics, and isolation of cases. Vaccination programs have reduced rates of these diseases significantly in many countries.
Early childhood tuberculosis
This presentation is a case based discussion detailing the importance of a high index of suspicion for Tuberculosis based on clinical picture
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Strep throat is caused by the bacteria Streptococcus pyogenes. It commonly infects children between ages 5-15 and spreads through contact with fluids from the nose or mouth. Symptoms include red and white patches in the throat, difficulty swallowing, fever, headaches and stomach pain. The bacteria normally lives harmlessly in the nose and throat but can overgrow and cause infection when the immune system is weakened by stress or a prior viral infection. Strep throat is diagnosed through rapid testing and treated with antibiotics like penicillin to prevent complications. Proper hand washing is important to avoid spreading the contagious bacteria.
Acute respiratory infections 2021
This document discusses various acute respiratory infections that can occur in children, including common cold, sinusitis, otitis media, tonsillitis, croup, and epiglottitis. It provides clinical descriptions of each condition and recommendations for diagnosis and management according to IMNCI (Integrated Management of Neonatal and Childhood Illness) guidelines. Several case scenarios are presented and classified according to IMNCI protocols. Key signs and treatments are outlined for different ear, throat and breathing problems that may present in children.
EPIDEMIOLOGY OF DIPTHERIA
Diphtheria is caused by Corynebacterium diphtheriae which produces a toxin. It typically infects the throat causing a gray membrane. It spreads through respiratory droplets or contaminated surfaces. Risk factors include children ages 1-5. Control involves early detection, isolation, antitoxin treatment, and immunization with DPT vaccine starting at 6 weeks with booster doses. Diphtheria antitoxin from horse serum provides passive immunity and treats cases while antibiotic treatment clears carriers.
ARI's and INFLUENZA
1. Acute respiratory infections (ARIs) are common in children under 5 years old and are caused by viruses and bacteria. Clinical features depend on the causative agent and include cough, fever, wheezing, and pneumonia.
2. Management involves classifying illness based on symptoms into very severe, severe pneumonia, pneumonia, or cough/cold. Treatment includes antibiotics, oxygen therapy, and supportive care. Prevention focuses on immunization, nutrition, reducing indoor smoke, and improving living standards.
3. Influenza is caused by influenza viruses types A and B. It presents with sudden onset of fever, cough, and muscle aches. Treatment involves oseltamivir or zanamivir antivir
Common Pediatric Infections
This document discusses common pediatric infections, focusing on acute otitis media (AOM) and acute bacterial sinusitis (ABS). It provides diagnostic criteria and treatment guidelines for AOM and ABS according to evidence-based clinical practice guidelines. Key points covered include common pathogens, initial antibiotic treatment options, and non-antibiotic approaches for managing symptoms. Review questions at the end test the reader's understanding of diagnosing and treating these common pediatric infections.
Common Pediatric Infections
This document discusses common pediatric infections, focusing on acute otitis media and acute bacterial sinusitis. It provides guidelines for diagnosing and treating these conditions, including recommended antibiotic therapies. Key points covered include the most common bacterial pathogens for each infection, criteria for observation versus antibiotic treatment of otitis media, and emphasizing a clinical diagnosis over diagnostic testing for sinusitis.
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CROUP
This is my croup assignment for paediatrics nursing. Croup is characterized by barking cough, inspiratory stridor and low-grade fever. It is normally caused by viral infection and it is most common in children of 6 months to 36 months. Croup can be misdiagnosed with acute epiglottitis, peritonsillar abscess, or foreign body obstruction and etc.
Cr sw np in children.compressed
Pediatric rhinosinusitis is characterized by inflammation of the nasal airway and sinuses in children. It can be diagnosed based on symptoms of nasal obstruction, rhinorrhea, pain/pressure, or loss of smell for more than 12 weeks. Imaging such as CT is not routinely recommended due to radiation risk in children. Treatment involves nasal saline irrigation, topical corticosteroids, and short courses of oral antibiotics. Surgery is relatively indicated for severe cases refractory to medical management or cases involving complications. A study on functional endoscopic sinus surgery in children with chronic rhinosinusitis and nasal polyps found long-term improvement in nasal symptoms and quality of life up to 12 years post-operatively based on
Croup
Croup is an inflammation of the larynx and trachea most commonly caused by parainfluenza virus. It presents with inspiratory stridor, barking cough, and hoarseness in children ages 6 months to 3 years. The Westley Croup Score is used to evaluate severity, and treatment depends on score but may include dexamethasone, nebulized epinephrine, and hospitalization for severe cases. Differential diagnoses include epiglottitis, bacterial tracheitis, retropharyngeal abscess, and foreign body aspiration.
URI
The document discusses upper respiratory infections (URI) and provides context and evidence around appropriate treatment. It notes that URIs are generally self-limiting and antibiotics are ineffective. Better options for symptom relief include acetaminophen, NSAIDs, decongestants, antihistamines, and zinc. The document cautions against overprescribing antibiotics due to risks of increased resistance. Overall it advocates for an evidence-based approach to URI treatment through open discussion with patients.
Acute laryngotracheobronchitis bondi
This document defines and describes acute laryngotracheobronchitis (ALTB), a common cause of cough, stridor, and hoarseness in young children. ALTB is usually caused by viral infections like parainfluenza that cause inflammation in the larynx, trachea, and bronchi. It often progresses rapidly and can become serious if not treated. Clinical signs include a barking cough, stridor, hoarseness, fever, and respiratory distress. Treatment focuses on maintaining an open airway through humidified air, nebulized epinephrine, steroids, and intubation if needed.
Croup laryngotracheobronchitis 2015
croup is laryngotracheobronchitis, supraglootic infection, most common cause of stridor, clinical feature and treatment
Abbas Wael Abbas NNU
Childhood TB: Preventing childhood tuberculosis
This document discusses ways to prevent childhood tuberculosis, including:
1) BCG immunization to reduce the risk of disseminated TB and TB meningitis in children.
2) Avoiding exposure to untreated TB patients through improved living conditions and screening contacts of active cases.
3) Giving isoniazid prophylaxis to children under 5 who are contacts of active TB cases to prevent infection from progressing to disease.
4) Reporting and recording cases of childhood TB and those receiving prophylaxis to monitor the tuberculosis program's effectiveness.
Diptheria (For Undergraduates)
This document provides an overview of diphtheria, including its epidemiology, transmission, pathogenesis, clinical presentation, diagnosis, treatment and prevention. It describes diphtheria as an infectious disease caused by Corynebacterium diphtheriae bacteria that produces a toxin affecting the throat and other organs. Symptoms include sore throat and swollen glands. Complications can include myocarditis, neuropathy or respiratory failure. Diagnosis involves culture and identification of the bacteria. Treatment involves antibiotics and antitoxin administration. Vaccination is recommended to prevent diphtheria.
Pertussis (whooping cough)
Pertussis : Highly contagious respiratory infection caused by Bordetella pertussis
Outbreaks first described in 16th century
Bordetella pertussis isolated in 1906
Estimated >300,000 deaths annually worldwide
Before the availability of pertussis vaccine in the 1940s, public health experts reported more than 200,000 cases of pertussis annually.
Since widespread use of the vaccine began, incidence has decreased more than 75% compared with the pre-vaccine era.
In 2012, the last peak year, CDC reported 48,277 cases of pertussis.
Extremely contagious-attack rate 100%
Immunity is never complete
Protection begins to wane in 3-5 yrs after vaccination
Conservative management of otitis media
Otitis is one of the most frequent diseases in early childhood and one of the reasons for first prescription of antibiotics.
Most frequently reported pediatric bacterial infection, with up to 85% of children experiencing an episode by the age of 3 years and many of them have to treat with medicine and surgical management is restricted
Rhinosinusitis consensus Journal Reading
Rhinosinusitis Consensus Journal Reading
Created By : Richard - Thesa
Preceptor : dr. Khairan Irmansyah Sp.THT-KL
Dpt
Diphtheria is caused by Corynebacterium diphtheriae and presents with a sore throat and formation of a gray membrane in the throat. Pertussis or whooping cough is caused by Bordetella pertussis and presents in three stages including coughing fits. Tetanus is caused by Clostridium tetani spores entering wounds and producing a neurotoxin resulting in painful muscle spasms. Vaccines exist to protect against all three diseases.
croup
This document defines and discusses croup, a respiratory condition typically affecting children ages 3 months to 5 years. Croup is usually triggered by a viral infection of the upper airways, with symptoms including a barking cough, stridor, and difficulty breathing that worsens at night. While most cases are viral in nature, some bacterial causes are also noted. Diagnosis is usually clinical based on symptoms, though imaging may show narrowing of the trachea. Treatment focuses on supportive care, hydration, oxygen, steroids, and epinephrine to ease symptoms. Croup is generally self-limiting, with symptoms improving within a week.
Diphtheria & pertussis by dr najeeb
This document discusses droplet infection and compares pertussis and diphtheria. It provides details on:
- Diseases that can be transmitted through droplet infection, including pertussis, diphtheria, meningitis, and tuberculosis.
- The causative agents, sources, host factors, modes of transmission, incubation periods, clinical features, diagnosis, and control measures for pertussis and diphtheria.
- Treatment for pertussis includes antibiotics, antitussives, sedatives, and steam inhalation. Treatment for diphtheria includes diphtheria antitoxin and antibiotics.
- Pakistan's EPI vaccination schedule, which provides vaccines
Diphtheria, pertussis and tetanus
Diphtheria, pertussis, and tetanus are acute infectious diseases. Diphtheria is caused by Corynebacterium diphtheriae and presents with a greyish membrane in the throat or on skin. Pertussis, also known as whooping cough, is caused by Bordetella pertussis and is characterized by paroxysmal coughing fits that can cause vomiting. Both diseases are vaccine-preventable but still occur worldwide. Treatment involves antitoxins, antibiotics, and isolation of cases. Vaccination programs have reduced rates of these diseases significantly in many countries.
Early childhood tuberculosis
This presentation is a case based discussion detailing the importance of a high index of suspicion for Tuberculosis based on clinical picture
Pathogen project
Strep throat is caused by the bacteria Streptococcus pyogenes. It commonly infects children between ages 5-15 and spreads through contact with fluids from the nose or mouth. Symptoms include red and white patches in the throat, difficulty swallowing, fever, headaches and stomach pain. The bacteria normally lives harmlessly in the nose and throat but can overgrow and cause infection when the immune system is weakened by stress or a prior viral infection. Strep throat is diagnosed through rapid testing and treated with antibiotics like penicillin to prevent complications. Proper hand washing is important to avoid spreading the contagious bacteria.
Acute respiratory infections 2021
This document discusses various acute respiratory infections that can occur in children, including common cold, sinusitis, otitis media, tonsillitis, croup, and epiglottitis. It provides clinical descriptions of each condition and recommendations for diagnosis and management according to IMNCI (Integrated Management of Neonatal and Childhood Illness) guidelines. Several case scenarios are presented and classified according to IMNCI protocols. Key signs and treatments are outlined for different ear, throat and breathing problems that may present in children.
EPIDEMIOLOGY OF DIPTHERIA
Diphtheria is caused by Corynebacterium diphtheriae which produces a toxin. It typically infects the throat causing a gray membrane. It spreads through respiratory droplets or contaminated surfaces. Risk factors include children ages 1-5. Control involves early detection, isolation, antitoxin treatment, and immunization with DPT vaccine starting at 6 weeks with booster doses. Diphtheria antitoxin from horse serum provides passive immunity and treats cases while antibiotic treatment clears carriers.
ARI's and INFLUENZA
1. Acute respiratory infections (ARIs) are common in children under 5 years old and are caused by viruses and bacteria. Clinical features depend on the causative agent and include cough, fever, wheezing, and pneumonia.
2. Management involves classifying illness based on symptoms into very severe, severe pneumonia, pneumonia, or cough/cold. Treatment includes antibiotics, oxygen therapy, and supportive care. Prevention focuses on immunization, nutrition, reducing indoor smoke, and improving living standards.
3. Influenza is caused by influenza viruses types A and B. It presents with sudden onset of fever, cough, and muscle aches. Treatment involves oseltamivir or zanamivir antivir
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Common Pediatric Infections
This document discusses common pediatric infections, focusing on acute otitis media (AOM) and acute bacterial sinusitis (ABS). It provides diagnostic criteria and treatment guidelines for AOM and ABS according to evidence-based clinical practice guidelines. Key points covered include common pathogens, initial antibiotic treatment options, and non-antibiotic approaches for managing symptoms. Review questions at the end test the reader's understanding of diagnosing and treating these common pediatric infections.
Common Pediatric Infections
This document discusses common pediatric infections, focusing on acute otitis media and acute bacterial sinusitis. It provides guidelines for diagnosing and treating these conditions, including recommended antibiotic therapies. Key points covered include the most common bacterial pathogens for each infection, criteria for observation versus antibiotic treatment of otitis media, and emphasizing a clinical diagnosis over diagnostic testing for sinusitis.
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prdiatrics notes, croup, upper respiratoty track infection
to download this presentation from this link
https://mohmmed-ink.blogspot.com/2020/11/pediatrics-notes-croup.html
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2) Differentiating between viral and bacterial causes based on symptoms alone is difficult, but bacterial causes are more likely if the patient presents with purulent tonsils, toxic appearance, and severe throat pain.
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This document discusses appropriate antibiotic prescription in pediatric office practice. It emphasizes that antibiotics should only be prescribed when necessary, with the appropriate antibiotic, dose, route and duration chosen. Common reasons children receive antibiotics like upper respiratory infections and diarrhea are often viral and do not require treatment. Overprescription can lead to bacterial resistance. Clinical assessment is important to distinguish viral from bacterial infections. Principles of judicious antibiotic use include starting treatment only when clearly indicated, using first-line antibiotics, confirming diagnoses with tests before prescribing, and observing patients without antibiotics when possible.
1)acute pharyngitis
Acute pharyngitis, or sore throat, is commonly caused by viruses in 40-60% of cases. Bacteria are the cause in 5-30% of cases, with Group A streptococcus being the most common bacterial cause. The symptoms of acute pharyngitis can range from a mild sore throat to tonsillitis or strep throat. Investigations like throat cultures or rapid antigen tests are not usually needed, as they do not reliably determine the cause or change treatment. Antibiotics are generally not needed for most sore throats but are recommended for confirmed strep throat to prevent rheumatic fever and acute glomerulonephritis.
Meningococcal meningitis
Neisseria meningitidis is a leading cause of bacterial meningitis worldwide. It commonly causes epidemics in sub-Saharan Africa and sporadic cases elsewhere. Clinical features include sudden onset of fever, headache, and neck stiffness. Diagnosis is made by identifying the bacteria in spinal fluid. Antibiotics like penicillin and ceftriaxone are effective treatments but prevention through vaccination is important for controlling outbreaks.
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Whooping cough (pertussis) is a highly contagious respiratory tract infection. In many people, it's marked by a severe hacking cough followed by a high-pitched intake of breath that sounds like "whoop." Before the vaccine was developed, whooping cough was considered a childhood disease.
this chart comprises all the major aspects of whooping cough / pertussis
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Poliomyelitis
Poliomyelitis, also known as polio, is a viral infection that affects the motor neurons of the central nervous system. It has existed for nearly 6000 years and was depicted in ancient Egyptian carvings. Since 1988, global polio incidence has decreased over 99% due to vaccination efforts. Three WHO regions have been certified polio-free, while wild poliovirus types 1 and 3 still circulate in Pakistan, Afghanistan, and Nigeria. Polio is transmitted person-to-person primarily through the fecal-oral route or contaminated water. While most infections are asymptomatic, it can cause paralysis in 1 out of 200 cases. Global eradication efforts focus on routine immunization, supplementary vaccination campaigns, surveillance
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This document discusses antibiotics, including their definitions, classifications, mechanisms of action, and appropriate uses for various infections. It notes that antibiotics can kill or inhibit microorganisms and come in various classes. It provides details on antibiotic classifications including their spectrum of activity (broad vs narrow), site of action, and type of action (bacteriostatic vs bactericidal). The document also discusses antibiotic resistance and inappropriate prescription of antibiotics. It provides guidance on appropriate antibiotic use for various respiratory tract infections like otitis media, sinusitis, pharyngitis, cough illnesses, and pneumonia.
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OTITIS MEDIA
- 1. PATIENT CASE A femalepatients/p a complicated ear surgery yearsago thatlefther with a perforated tympanicmembrane. Patientissufferingfrom multiple,chronic earinfection with purulent,serousandsometimes sangereous discharge. Shehas been treated over theyears with multiplecoursesof anti-infectiveagentssuch asCiprodexHC,gentamicin,ofloxacin,compounded CSF powders(Look up to seeso you knowwhatthis compound is). Hestated thattheCSF powders throughan insufflatorhelped dry up thedischargefor a fewdays beforeshe runs outof themed and the dischargecomesback full blown. The ENT doctor is requestingfor compoundingsuggestionsto help thispatient. Heoriginally suggested Ampho Bsteriledrop; however, patientwas toldduringthevisitthather infection may notbefungal.Sinceher tympanicmembraneiscompletelyperforated, I don'tthink a drop would bethebestoption for her. Whatwould you suggestto thedoctor? Whatform? Whataretheorganismsgenerally associated with thistypeof condition? Perforated Tympanic Membrane and Chronic Ear Infection Patientcase: Perforated tympanicmembranewith multiple,chronicear infectionwith purulent,serous,and sometimessanguineous(presence of blood) discharge. PMH: CiprodexHC,Gentamicin,Ofloxacin,compounded CSF power throughinsufflator (blowingdevice) with positiveeffectbut dischargecameback full blown after discontinuing CSF Duringthelastcheckup,her infection may notbefungal. Chronicotitismedia: Definition =tympanic membraneperforation with chronic inflammation of themiddleear and persistentotorrhea. Organism: o Bacteria:mostcommon areP.aeruginosaandS.aureus.Also H.influenzae,M.catarrhalis o Fungal:Candida(Thrush) o Viral:Herpes Treatmentdepends upon thestageof disease If activeinfection presentin theformof ear drainage,antibiotic eardropsare prescribed.Occasionally,thesemaybe supplemented with oral antibiotics Oncethe activeinfection iscontrolled,surgery isusually recommended (tympanoplasty,mastoidectomy,typanomastoidectomy) o Goal of medication therapy =control dischargeandinfection Treatmentin the absenceof systemicinfection or seriousunderlyingdisease accordingto literatures: o Topical quinolones antibioticsclearaural dischargebetter than no drugtreatment o Topical quinolones werebetter than topical antiseptics(Burrow’ssolution,Betadine(povidone-iodine,and boricacid) at clearingaural discharge o Topical therapy withnon-quinoloneantibioticsappearsto work butresultisinconsistent. o Topical quinoloneantibioticscanclearaural dischargebetter atoneor two weeks than systemicquinoloneor systemic non-quinoloneantibiotics o WHO recommended topical quinoloneantibioticswithoutadditional oral antibiotics(2004) Prophylaxis o Antimicrobial prophylaxisshould bereserved for control of recurrent acuteotitis media,defined as3+distinctepisodes per 6 months,or 4+per 12 months o Amoxicillin20 mg/kgPO QD (children dose) o Sulfisoxazole50 mg/kgPO QD o Vaccination Pneumococcal vaccinesto reducerecurrencesof acuteotitismediainchildren older than2 year old Viral vaccination (flu shot) hasbeen documented to decreasetheincidentof acuteotitis media
- 2. RECOMMENDATION Goal of themedication therapy isto control infection and dischargeuntil stablefor surgical intervention. Sinceher pastmedical medicationshavebeen working well until thepatientrun out,weshould continuethetherapy withouttheneed of changingto a differenttherapy. Literature-supported topical antibiotics =Ciprofloxacin,Ofloxacin Some availableoptions Commercial: o Ciprofloxacin0.2%solution o Ciprodex (ciprofloxacin 0.3%and dexamethasone0.1%) o Cipro HC (ciprofloxacin 0.2%and hydrocortisone1%) o Ofloxacin0.3%solution Compound: o Ciprofloxacin1%otic drop o Clotrimazole/gentamicin oticsolution o Clotrimazole/boricacid otic powder o Ketoconazole1%otic solution o Otic insufflation CSF powder (chloramphenicol,sulfanilamidepowder,Amphotericin B,hydrocortisone) Vaccination prophylaxis:Flu shot, pneumococcal shot Avoid CortisporinHC (Neomycin,polymycinB) as itisonly forouter ear bacterial infection Reference 1. WrightD,Safranek S.Treatmentof OtitisMediawith Perforated Tympanic Membrane.2009.AmFamPhysician.79(8):650-654 http://www.aafp.org/afp/2009/0415/p650.html 2. Morden NE, BerkeEM. Topical Fluoroquinoonesfor Eyeand Ear.AmFamPhysician200.62 (8):1870-1876 http://www.aafp.org/afp/2000/1015/p1870.html#sec-3 3. Stritch School of Medicine.OtitisMedia. www.meddean.luc.edu/lumen/meded/mech/cases/case22/ottitis.htm 4. University of Maryland Medical Center.Ear Infection. http://umm.edu/programs/hearing/services/ear-infections 5. University Hospital Southhamptom.EarInfection. http://www.uhs.nhs.uk/Media/Controlleddocuments/Patientinformation/Earnoseandthroat/Ear-infection-patient- information.pdf 6. CompoundingDocsPharmacy. https://www.compoundingdocs.com/s_ENT_main.html