A simplified model for oscillating water column motionLondon
Rebecca Sykes (Mechanical Engineer) discusses different modelling techniques for understanding the physical process within a floating OWC. Using a simplified OWC model, Rebecca explores ways to get around the limitations of the commonly used "Boundary Element Model".
The presentation focuses mainly on the wave energy. It first highlights the need to explore into renewable energy. It gives fundamental differences between wave and tidal energy. It outlines the limitations of tidal energy. It illustrates the working of wave energy powerplant which works on the principle of Oscillating Water Column. It concludes by comparing its cost with conventional energy.
Harvesting of wave energy and converting it into electrical energy is the subject of worldwide efforts for many years. In light of the cost of electricity production from fossil fuels, (for example electricity generated by large scale coal burning power plants costs about 2.6 cents per kilowatt-hour), the target-cost for wave power production is 5 cents per kilowatt-hour or lower, equal to the wind turbine power production cost. However, we must point out two important factors that are missing from the cost of burning fossil fuels; a) the cost of environmental destruction and b) that the fossil fuels on the planet do not last forever. On the other hand in very industrialized countries like Japan, the energy consumption is less than 1% of solar energy reaching the surface of these countries. Therefore, it is very comprehensible the need to utilize the primary and secondary solar energy offered to us profusely and forever. In particular, the net resource (minus "costs") of wave energy is equal to or better than the resources of wind, solar, small hydro plants, or biomass energy. Thus, the use of the wave ocean energy remains a major challenge for many years.
The innovative concept of the proposed converter by HWET is aimed to low cost electric power production. The converter is a linear type attenuator. Unlike any known machine so far its operation is based in the mediation of water between sea waves and a chain from pairs of buoys. Both the mediated water and the buoys are enclosed in a hermetically sealed "floating tube". As the tube interacts with the waves, the buoys are moving up and down and by means of proper transmission mechanism they activate an electric generator enclosed also in the "floating tube". The development and commercialization of a low cost converter for exploitation of the enormous wave energy potential, is beneficial not only for countries with high wave energy potential, but even for countries with moderate wave energy potential and long coast line, as for example, Greece, Japan, etc. Therefore, an ambitious project leading to the development of a low-cost wave-energy converter is a challenge and any possible joint venture would be very welcomed.
Contact: alexandrosanastassiadis@gmail.com
Animations: http://youtu.be/33nXbjlpam4
A simplified model for oscillating water column motionLondon
Rebecca Sykes (Mechanical Engineer) discusses different modelling techniques for understanding the physical process within a floating OWC. Using a simplified OWC model, Rebecca explores ways to get around the limitations of the commonly used "Boundary Element Model".
The presentation focuses mainly on the wave energy. It first highlights the need to explore into renewable energy. It gives fundamental differences between wave and tidal energy. It outlines the limitations of tidal energy. It illustrates the working of wave energy powerplant which works on the principle of Oscillating Water Column. It concludes by comparing its cost with conventional energy.
Harvesting of wave energy and converting it into electrical energy is the subject of worldwide efforts for many years. In light of the cost of electricity production from fossil fuels, (for example electricity generated by large scale coal burning power plants costs about 2.6 cents per kilowatt-hour), the target-cost for wave power production is 5 cents per kilowatt-hour or lower, equal to the wind turbine power production cost. However, we must point out two important factors that are missing from the cost of burning fossil fuels; a) the cost of environmental destruction and b) that the fossil fuels on the planet do not last forever. On the other hand in very industrialized countries like Japan, the energy consumption is less than 1% of solar energy reaching the surface of these countries. Therefore, it is very comprehensible the need to utilize the primary and secondary solar energy offered to us profusely and forever. In particular, the net resource (minus "costs") of wave energy is equal to or better than the resources of wind, solar, small hydro plants, or biomass energy. Thus, the use of the wave ocean energy remains a major challenge for many years.
The innovative concept of the proposed converter by HWET is aimed to low cost electric power production. The converter is a linear type attenuator. Unlike any known machine so far its operation is based in the mediation of water between sea waves and a chain from pairs of buoys. Both the mediated water and the buoys are enclosed in a hermetically sealed "floating tube". As the tube interacts with the waves, the buoys are moving up and down and by means of proper transmission mechanism they activate an electric generator enclosed also in the "floating tube". The development and commercialization of a low cost converter for exploitation of the enormous wave energy potential, is beneficial not only for countries with high wave energy potential, but even for countries with moderate wave energy potential and long coast line, as for example, Greece, Japan, etc. Therefore, an ambitious project leading to the development of a low-cost wave-energy converter is a challenge and any possible joint venture would be very welcomed.
Contact: alexandrosanastassiadis@gmail.com
Animations: http://youtu.be/33nXbjlpam4
These slides use concepts from my (Jeff Funk) course entitled analyzing hi-tech opportunities to analyze how wave energy is becoming more economically feasible. The potential for wave energy is particularly large in northern parts of the Atlantic and Pacific oceans, for example near Canada, the UK, and other parts of Europe. There are a number of emerging designs and these designs benefit from increases in scale. Increasing their scale and other design changes are causing the costs to fall and it is estimated that the cost of electricity from wave energy will fall below that of wind turbines and other sources of clean energy in the near future.
Current status of Wells Turbine for Wave Energy Conversionijsrd.com
The method of wave energy conversion utilizes an oscillating water column (OWC). The OWC converts wave energy into low-pressure pneumatic energy in the form of bi-directional airflow. Wells has been used to convert this pneumatic power into uni-directional mechanical shaft power. But a Wells turbine has inherent disadvantages like lower efficiency and poorer starting characteristics. This paper provides current status of wells turbine and reviews various researches done to improve starting and running characteristics of wells turbine.
Theoretical based Analysis on finding the potential of Wave Energy in Pakistan, based on data gathered about wind-wave characteristics at Karachi Sea Shore.
Pelamis wave energy converter seminar reportSukh Raj
seminar report on renewable source of energy called pelamis wave energy converter,a technology that uses the motion of ocean surface waves to create electricity.bright scope in future and emerging very fastly.
These slides use concepts from my (Jeff Funk) course entitled analyzing hi-tech opportunities to analyze how wave energy is becoming more economically feasible. The potential for wave energy is particularly large in northern parts of the Atlantic and Pacific oceans, for example near Canada, the UK, and other parts of Europe. There are a number of emerging designs and these designs benefit from increases in scale. Increasing their scale and other design changes are causing the costs to fall and it is estimated that the cost of electricity from wave energy will fall below that of wind turbines and other sources of clean energy in the near future.
Current status of Wells Turbine for Wave Energy Conversionijsrd.com
The method of wave energy conversion utilizes an oscillating water column (OWC). The OWC converts wave energy into low-pressure pneumatic energy in the form of bi-directional airflow. Wells has been used to convert this pneumatic power into uni-directional mechanical shaft power. But a Wells turbine has inherent disadvantages like lower efficiency and poorer starting characteristics. This paper provides current status of wells turbine and reviews various researches done to improve starting and running characteristics of wells turbine.
Theoretical based Analysis on finding the potential of Wave Energy in Pakistan, based on data gathered about wind-wave characteristics at Karachi Sea Shore.
Pelamis wave energy converter seminar reportSukh Raj
seminar report on renewable source of energy called pelamis wave energy converter,a technology that uses the motion of ocean surface waves to create electricity.bright scope in future and emerging very fastly.
The Hydrodynamic Performance Examination of a New Floating Breakwater Configu...IJAEMSJORNAL
It is critical to protect coastal and offshore structures. Most current studies and scientific investigations are centered on how to protect seashore with an efficient and cost-effective system. This study involved the testing of a new floating breakwater configuration (FB). A series of experiments were carried out in the lab of The Higher Institute of Engineering (El-shorouk City) on the new model and the traditional vertical plane FB without a curved face to compare their behaviours and performance in wave attenuation. The incident, reflected, and transmitted wave heights were measured, and the coefficients of reflection, transmission, and energy dissipation were calculated using these measurements. In terms of hydrodynamic performance, the curved-face floating breakwater outperformed the traditional vertical floating breakwater, according to the study's highlights. The curved face model significantly reduced wave transmission values when compared to the traditional vertical configuration. The greater the concavity of the curve, the better the model handles waves, especially when the wave steepness is low.
HYWEC (Hydrodynamics of Wave Energy Converters) Workshop at BCAM April 3-7, 2017TECNALIA Marine Energy
Tecnalia Marine took part to the Workshop HYWEC (Hydrodynamics of Wave Energy Converters) held at BCAM (Basque Centre for Applied Mathematics) in Bilbao. Here is the presentation!! Enjoy it ;)
Effect of wind turbine on tlp floating platform responseseSAT Journals
Abstract Ever increasing population of India demands high production of electrical energy which puts immense pressure on our limited stock of non-renewable sources of energy and makes us dependent over imports from foreign countries. The present study focuses on the innovative concept of renewable offshore wind energy wherein the hydrodynamic analysis of Tension Leg Platform (TLP) Floating Offshore Wind Turbine (FOWT) which supports 5MW wind turbine tower is carried out using ‘ANSYS Workbench 14.5’. The six degree responses of the structure are obtained in operational conditions considering rated wind velocity of 11.4m/s in an irregular wave environment. Two cases are mainly considered, the first-one with incident wave and wind combined action along 00 (case 1) and the second–one with incident wave and wind combined action along 450 (case 2). The effect of wind turbine on TLP responses is compared in between 10 different geometric models; 5 models (A’, B’, C’, D’, E’) considering only the TLP platform and 5 models (A, B, C, D, E) considering the same platforms along with wind turbine tower. It is observed that TLP FOWT has higher translational motions (surge, sway, and heave) as compared to rotational motions (roll, pitch, and yaw). The metacentric height improves drastically after adding weight to concrete ballast. Higher reserve buoyancy helps reduce surge, sway, roll and yaw. The direction of the incident wave and wind does not affect heave response and remains same when incident wave and wind acts at 00 or 450. Higher reserve buoyancy increases pitch response only when incident wave and wind is acting at 00 but the reverse effect is observed when incident wave and wind is acting at 450. Keywords: TLP, floating offshore wind turbine, hydrodynamic analysis.
The International Journal of Mechanical Engineering Research and Technology is an international online journal in English published Quarterly offers a speed publication schedule with the whilst maintaining rigorous proper review and the use of recommended electronic formats for an article delivery of expedites the process of All submitted research articles are subjected to immediate quick screening by the editors consultation with the Editorial Board or others working in the field as appropriate to ensure that they are alike to be the level of interest and importance of appropriate for the journal.
The energy of sea waves can be absorbed by wave energy converters in a variety of manners, but in every case
the transferred power is highly fluctuating in several time-scales, especially the wave-to-wave or the wave group
time-scales. In most devices developed or considered so far, the final product is electrical energy to be supplied
to a grid. This paper discusses the use of sea wave energy with the help of oscillating column. The mechanism
converts the wave energy in to electrical power by converting the oscillating motion of waves in to rotary
motion. Using compression ring we can store the power produced by the impact. This stored energy can be
utilized in other strokes. The sea, which covers three quarters of the world’s surface, has been little utilized to
meet the peoples’ energy needs.
Teaching and research with MIKE by DHI - Dr Björn Elsäßer (Queen’s University...Stephen Flood
Teaching and research with MIKE by DHI - Dr Björn Elsäßer (Queen’s University Belfast).
Presented at the 2014 MIKE by DHI UK Symposium on 13th to 14th May 2014.
Development of Seakeeping Test and Data Processing Systemijceronline
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research (IJCER) is dedicated to protecting personal information and will make every reasonable effort to handle collected information appropriately. All information collected, as well as related requests, will be handled as carefully and efficiently as possible in accordance with IJCER standards for integrity and objectivity.
Running head OYSTER WAVE POWER GENERATOR .docxtoltonkendal
Running head: OYSTER WAVE POWER GENERATOR 4
Topic:
Student’s name:
Professor’s name:
Course title:
Institution:
Date:
Oyster Wave Power Generators
Introduction
In reaction to the requirement to discover supplementary agents of renewable fuel to contend climate adjustment, make sure of domiciliary fuel safety along with advance fresh industries a big society of wave fuel surveyors and mercantile machine advancers has arisen in contemporary years, in pursuance of a substantial amount of various technologies for the regeneration of wave fuel. The concentration has mostly been put on machines located seaward, in greater waters, because of the anticipated gain of the greater gross fuel degrees experienced there. (Karimirad, 2014). Nonetheless, there are several conventionally omitted gains related to the near shore ecology that make it a desirable weather for an effectively schemed wave fuel generator.
Aquamarine Energy Ltd was created in the year 2005 to create Oyster, a device that interplays appropriately with the domineering flow forces experienced in the near shore current weather at intensities of 10 to 15 m. The Oyster theory uses a broad floatable basal-hinged fold that totally breaks in the aqua row from on top of the covering to the sea bottom. The current speed on the oscillator, from the swelling activity of currents, moves hydraulic generators that compel aqua and distend it to coastland via water passages. The inshore hydroelectric machinery changes the hydraulic thrust to dynamic fuel through a Pelton disk, which moves a dynamic alternator. The aqua goes back to the machine in a sealed ring through an additional low thrust reversion water passage.
Aquamarine energy conveniently put up a 315kW complete range proof of theory machinery at EMEC in the year 2009. After conclusive conjunction and induction, initial energy was attained in the same year in the month of October. The plan titled Oyster 1, has been bringing forth invaluable achievement and charging information which will be the concentration of a coming publishing.
A comprehensive collection of tank examinations along with statistical is being performed so as to make better the coming conception of Oyster machinery. This fresh model comprises of several performance advancements which will put the electronic components in near scope of a commercial project. Oyster two is made up of triple next life seaward current seizure units with complete generation ability in surplus of 2 MW. A prosperous affirmation plan at this scale is needed to show the proof for the electronic components decreasing technical along with functional threats connected to the extensive dispositions to a degree which is commercially appealing to established venture capitalists. (Lynn, 2014). Oyster 2 is presently in the definite model stage and was put up at EMEC in the year 2011.
The Oyster current energy generator
Fundame ...
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
The Art Pastor's Guide to Sabbath | Steve ThomasonSteve Thomason
What is the purpose of the Sabbath Law in the Torah. It is interesting to compare how the context of the law shifts from Exodus to Deuteronomy. Who gets to rest, and why?
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
We all have good and bad thoughts from time to time and situation to situation. We are bombarded daily with spiraling thoughts(both negative and positive) creating all-consuming feel , making us difficult to manage with associated suffering. Good thoughts are like our Mob Signal (Positive thought) amidst noise(negative thought) in the atmosphere. Negative thoughts like noise outweigh positive thoughts. These thoughts often create unwanted confusion, trouble, stress and frustration in our mind as well as chaos in our physical world. Negative thoughts are also known as “distorted thinking”.
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
How to Create Map Views in the Odoo 17 ERPCeline George
The map views are useful for providing a geographical representation of data. They allow users to visualize and analyze the data in a more intuitive manner.
Oscillating Water Column (OWC) with Projecting Walls
1. EXPECTED VALUES OF WAVE POWER ABSORPTION
AROUND THE JAPANESE ISLANDS USING OWC TYPES
WITH PROJECTING WALLS
PRESENTED BY
SHAKKIR T (12NA30019)
Department of Ocean Engineering & Naval Architecture
IIT Kharagpur
Tomoki Ikoma
Dept. of Oceanic Architecture and Engineering
College of Science and Technology (CST),
Nihon University
Funabashi, Chiba, Japan
Hiroyuki Osawa
Dept. of Oceanic Architecture and Engineering
CST, Nihon University
Yokosuka, Kanagawa, Japan
Koichi Masuda
Dept. of Oceanic Architecture and Engineering
CST, Nihon University
Funabashi, Chiba, Japan
Hisaaki Maeda
Dept. of Oceanic Architecture and Engineering
CST, Nihon University
Funabashi, Chiba, Japan
2. INTRODUCTION
OWC types are the most common WEC in Japan
Application of projecting walls attached OWC types has been
investigated to have multiple resonance by an OWC and an
artificial harbour
Previous studies confirmed that the primary efficiency increased
due to effects of the walls, however, this research was under a 2D
problem
This paper considers it as a 3D problem so that the model test is
carried out in a wave tank.
Expected value of acquirable wave power in a year is estimated
using the frequency data of ocean waves around Japan Islands
Performance improvement of the primary efficiency is
quantitatively examined regarding the present devices with the
artificial harbour
Oscillating Water Column (OWC)
3. Carried out in test basin of a Funabashi campus of
Nihon University.
Basin : L = 24 m, B = 7 m, D = 1 m
Regular waves with period 0.7 to 1.65 s
Total 15 wave periods
2 Variation of wave height (2 cm and 4 cm)
Water elevations at inlet and the interior of the
harbour are measured with wave meters in order to
confirm resonance.
Pectinate wave meter within the air chamber above
OWC to check volume variation
Pressure sensor to measure the pressure inside the
air chamber
Load cell to measure heave force and pitch moment
Current meter at the inlet to measure the water
flow
MODEL EXPERIMENT - SETUP
4. 5 Models
conventional OWC type without the harbour :
1. OWC-A 2. OWC-B
Projecting wall type or OWC with harbour:
3. PW-OWC A 4. PW-OWC B 5. PW-OWC AB
EXPERIMENT - MODELS
440 mm
300 mm
5. Power of air compression due to OWC motion
(averaged over a time period)
Power of Incident wave
Primary efficiency
Aw : Area of water plane of OWC
T : Wave period
ν(t) : Mean vertical motion of OWC
P(t) : Air pressure inside OWC
ρ : Density of fluid
g : Acceleration of gravity
a : Amplitude of the incident wave,
Cg : Group velocity
B : Overall width of the models
which is 0.44 m
PRIMARY EFFICIENCY CALCULATION
6. PW-OWC A PW-OWC B PW-OWC AB
OWC A OWC B
RESULTS OF EFFICIENCY OF PRIMARY CONVERSION
7. Primary efficiency of the harbour attached models is clearly higher
For harbour attached models efficiency doesn’t decrease in long wavelength range
The nozzle ratio values (1/200 and 1/300) were decided from the results of Ikoma et al
In case of the harbour attached models, the efficiency of a low nozzle ratio case is
higher than that of a large nozzle ratio one.
Whereas in case of non harbour models, the tendency is reverse.
RESULTS OF EFFICIENCY OF PRIMARY CONVERSION
8. The efficiency of OWC-A is relatively good,
however the efficiency decreases in long
wavelength range
The decrease is inhibited by the effect of the
harbour in long wavelength range.
The efficiency of the OWC-B type is not good in
all of wavelength range, which is under 0.5
However, by attaching the harbour, the
efficiency in wide wavelength range increases
but not so much as PW-OWC A
IMPROVEMENT BY ATTACHING HARBOUR - I
9. The efficiency of a bad model of OWC B
becomes near to a good efficiency model of
OWC A when the harbour is attached.
In short wavelength range which is under
λ/La<4.0, the efficiency of PW-OWC A is better
than that of PW-OWC AB
In long wavelength range, the efficiency of PW-
OWC AB seems better than that of PW-OWC A
IMPROVEMENT BY ATTACHING HARBOUR - II
10. Observation points of waves (14)
Probability of random waves at Kiyan-misaki
(Okinawa)
Probability of significant wave periods
EVALUATION OF PRIMARY EFFICIENCY USING ACTUAL
OCEAN WAVE DATA
11. The wave power W ( per unit width )can be approximately obtained as
The appearance frequency of ocean waves is now assumed as ψ(H1/3, T1/3) using the significant wave height H1/3
and the significant wave period T1/3.
The year expected value E[Wa], which is in kW/m (kilo
watt per unit width), of the wave power can be expressed
as follows:
Expected values of wave power in every
season in an year at observation points
(unit: kilo watt per unit width)
The year expected value of the acquirable wave power
of the wave generation system is expressed as
Probability density function ϕ(H1/3, T1/3) can be defined as
On discretization
ESTIMATION OF YEAR EXPECTED VALUE OF POTENTIAL CAPACITY OF GENERATION POWER
12. EVALUATION OF HARBOUR ATTACHED OWC IN ACTUAL SEAS
If experimental model assumed as 1/50 scale T=1s in
model scale corresponds to T=7s in full scale
Length of OWC = 15 m and total length = 25-30m in full
scale
The performance of the harbour attached models is very
good comparing with non-harbour models which are
conventional OWC
Its dominance is 1.5 to 1.7 times the performance of
conventional OWC types.
In both the results of 1/50 and 1/80 set, the acquirable
power in case of 1/80 is larger than that in case of 1/50.
nozzle ratio: 1/300, Scale: 1/50
nozzle ratio: 1/300, Scale: 1/80
13. WINTER SEASONSPRING SEASON
SUMMER SEASONAUTUMN SEASON
Variation of the expectations
during the four seasons is quite
large
The acquirable power of the
spring season is very low.
The acquirable wave power of
Sakata and Wajima, in the winter
season is very high but not
throughout the year
In the summer the expectations
of Kiyan-misaki and other areas
on a pacific ocean side increase
because effects of the typhoon.
The expected values on the
Japanese sea side are very low in
the summer.
14. CONCLUSIONS
Effects of the artificial harbour attaching to the conventional OWC type system in order to
improve the primary efficiency was investigated.
Model experiments were carried out and the evaluation of the performance using the year
expected value of the acquirable wave power were performed
Installation of the artificial harbour is very much effective in order to improve the primary
efficiency of wave power absorption.
Using the fixed OWC system proposed, we can get a few kilo watts per unit width around the
Japanese islands.
Whereas in case of floating systems, it is important to keep a good primary efficiency in wide
wave period range for utilization of wave power on seas around the Japanese islands.
15. REFERENCES
Hiroyuki Osawa, Yukihisa Washio, Tsuyoshi Miyazaki,Taira Hotta and Takeaki Miyazaki, “R&D ofTechnologies of
Wave Energy Application - Developmentof Offshore Floating Wave Power Device named Mighty- Whale-,”
JAMSTEC, 2004.
Kazutaka Toyoda, Shuichi Nagata, and other 4 persons,“Experimental Study on Primary Energy
ConversionCharacteristics of Backward Bent Duct Buoy,” J. ofJASNAOE, Vol. 6, pp.247-255, 2007.
Hisaaki Maeda, Yasufumi Onishi, Chang-Kyu Rheem,Tomoki Ikoma and other 3 persons, “Flexible Response
Reduction on a Very Large Floating Structure due toOWC Wave Power Devices,” J. of the Society of Naval
Architects of Japan, Vol. 188, pp.279-285, 2000.
Tomoki Ikoma, Hiroyuki Osawa and other 3 persons,“Improvement of the Primary Conversion of the OWC
system by Attaching the Artificial Harbor for WavePower Absorption,” Procs. of the 21st Ocean Engineering
Symposium, OES21-156, CD-ROM, 2009.
JAMSTEC, “Technical Manual for OWC Type Wave Power Devices,” 2004.