WHAT: It is a global militant Islamist and takfiri organisation.
FOUNDER: Abdullah Yusuf Azzam
Osama bin Laden
LOCATED: Peshawar, Pakistan
WHEN: August 1988 and late 1989
WHAT: It is a global militant Islamist and takfiri organisation.
FOUNDER: Abdullah Yusuf Azzam
Osama bin Laden
LOCATED: Peshawar, Pakistan
WHEN: August 1988 and late 1989
Summary of:
Walsh, BEN "IGCSE Modern World History" (Hodder Education - 2013)
Cantrell, Smith, Smith, Ennion "20th Century History for Cambridge IGCSE" (Oxford University Press - 2013)
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It englights the era of Iraq under the leadership of Saddam hussein untill he was executed. I have analysed Saddam's tenure including Iran-Iraq war, both Gulf wars and Substance of Anarchy embedled in Iraq while scrutinizes his policies and Baa'th agenda.
Role of CIA in Changing Strategic Operations of CIAmyeasyway
In American Renewal by, Steven Hook, “the first requirement of intelligence is timely delivery of relevant information to decision makers. To accomplish this mission decision makers must understand how intelligence works, take responsibility for investing in it, and share their strategies and tactics, specifies what they need and when. For its part to assist in going advantages over adversaries, intelligence has to focus on delivering enough information for the decision, not necessarily comprehensive knowledge”. The prime task assigned to CIA was to preserve the American interest and keep a sharp eye on its rivals. During cold war the greatest threat to American interest was from USSR and pro-communist states in the world. CIA carried out its clandestine services using different strategies. Assuming a power of influence in making policies according to its will, its role changed gradually from the traditional espionage activities. The conundrum of its covert operations at some time thought harmful for the state. Its transformation into a paramilitary force likely after 9/11 was also a matter of great concern. Using the advanced and bold technology CIA can operate in every state of the world. Everything beyond limitations is just devastating.
The unveiled stories about CIA during the cold war era and after 9/11 gave a clue about the influential role in shaping foreign policy. Mostly during the Democrats regime the influence of CIA and Pentagon have less influence in policy making than that of the republican regime. Along with traditional espionage CIA also operated covert actions from the beginning. From regime change to targeted manhunt and military operations CIA became quite controversial at every level. Some previous CIA officials say its function is to violate the laws of other states to gain intelligence. It shows that CIA has no moral grounds and gave no worth to any law. It even violates its own domestic law about torturing the suspected criminals. Its influence in domestic politics and FP in a democratic superpower is unjustified. The infiltration and intrusion within other states may escalate and prolong the crisis. The role of CIA in fighting war on terror and establishing peace at global level is considerable. The exploit of the policy makers by manipulating information also a concerning issue.
In Pakistan the infiltration of CIA operatives had been increased to a considerable level. It may also influence the domestic issues of Pakistan through different means. The infusion of these operatives should be refined and under the counter surveillance of Pakistani spy agency. CIA will remain quite active in Pakistan due to its geographic position and changing interest of great powers as Obama’s pivot to Asia policy. China’s surveillance also a factor for CIA to remain active in Pakistan as it may pose a threat to the American might in near future.
Project on Nelson Mandela. Students had to watch different films on racial discrimination, Mandela's life, Jim Crow Laws in the USA, Apartheid in South Africa. If you wish you can see the blog entry: http://cristianaziraldo.altervista.org/?s=Nelson+Mandela
These slides elucidates two aspects: one that which explains the reasons of US involvement in Afghanistan, with historical insight; while the other one portrays the major stakes of US in Afghanistan with respect to the emerging power politics of the world and the logic behind its pro-long presence since Post-Cold War.
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In a May 9, 2024 paper, Juri Opitz from the University of Zurich, along with Shira Wein and Nathan Schneider form Georgetown University, discussed the importance of linguistic expertise in natural language processing (NLP) in an era dominated by large language models (LLMs).
The authors explained that while machine translation (MT) previously relied heavily on linguists, the landscape has shifted. “Linguistics is no longer front and center in the way we build NLP systems,” they said. With the emergence of LLMs, which can generate fluent text without the need for specialized modules to handle grammar or semantic coherence, the need for linguistic expertise in NLP is being questioned.
हम आग्रह करते हैं कि जो भी सत्ता में आए, वह संविधान का पालन करे, उसकी रक्षा करे और उसे बनाए रखे।" प्रस्ताव में कुल तीन प्रमुख हस्तक्षेप और उनके तंत्र भी प्रस्तुत किए गए। पहला हस्तक्षेप स्वतंत्र मीडिया को प्रोत्साहित करके, वास्तविकता पर आधारित काउंटर नैरेटिव का निर्माण करके और सत्तारूढ़ सरकार द्वारा नियोजित मनोवैज्ञानिक हेरफेर की रणनीति का मुकाबला करके लोगों द्वारा निर्धारित कथा को बनाए रखना और उस पर कार्यकरना था।
role of women and girls in various terror groupssadiakorobi2
Women have three distinct types of involvement: direct involvement in terrorist acts; enabling of others to commit such acts; and facilitating the disengagement of others from violent or extremist groups.
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‘वोटर्स विल मस्ट प्रीवेल’ (मतदाताओं को जीतना होगा) अभियान द्वारा जारी हेल्पलाइन नंबर, 4 जून को सुबह 7 बजे से दोपहर 12 बजे तक मतगणना प्रक्रिया में कहीं भी किसी भी तरह के उल्लंघन की रिपोर्ट करने के लिए खुला रहेगा।
8. Political implications.
The death of OBL had a massive impact on the political landscape of America.
Media coverage was entirely dominated by his death for the rest of the next three months.
After 9/11, there was a sense of non-partisanship in America.
After the raid, this sense of unity was again seen in the entire country.
This also solidified Obama’s position as a leader and also cemented US superiority.
“I want to congratulate President Obama on a job well done.”
Tim Pawlenty, Minnesota Governor.
9. No Physical Evidence.
The lack of physical evidence, such as a DNA sample or a photo of the dead body itself has
been a major moot point.
While the raid was described in incredible detail by the US, no actual proof of anything was
ever presented.
Proof was denied even to third party organizations requesting information under the FOIA.
“This information is important for the historical record. That's our view.”
Michael Oreskes, Associated Press.
10. Burial at Sea.
An important fact that has been frowned upon intensely in the aftermath.
A burial at sea accommodated the lack of physical evidence.
The US cited its reasons saying that it was following Muslim law by burying the body within 24
hours of its death.
They did not follow the Muslim Law when they killed the sons of Saddam Hussein.
However, one valid reason could be that no state was willing to be the final resting place of
Osama Bin Laden.
Another reason was to disallow the existence of a terrorist shrine.
11. Tora Bora.
Reports of OBL’s narrow escape from the raid in the Tora Bora mountains were highly
publicized when it was carried out.
Many theories postulate that Bin Laden was killed in that raid itself, and that the US
administration has been keeping a tight lid on the entire issue.
For reasons that are aforementioned, this would make sense.
12. Pakistan’s view.
Several Pakistani senior officials were of the view that no firefight had ever taken place.
“Bin Laden was killed by the US several years ago.”
Hamid Gul, Former Head(ISI)
The news of this happening was kept on ice for it to be released at a more opportune moment.
With the re-election of the Obama administration just around the corner, this worked out for
them.
Could be a tactical strategy to extend the war into Afghanistan.
13. Iran’s view.
Iran, on the other hand, refused to accept OBL as an entity separate from the US.
“Bin Laden was a puppet, controlled by the US.”
Ismail Kosairi, MP.
Bin Laden worked on directives from the US, which has always had interests in the middle
east.
The US was very pleased with OBL’s work over the past few years, but had to eliminate him to
further middle eastern policies.
“Bin Laden died sometime ago due to disease.”
Heydar Moslehi, Intelligence Minister.
14. Turkey’s View.
OBL died of natural causes on June 26, 2006.
Americans knew about this the entire time.
The Obama administration dug out his body to implicate he was killed by the US.
This would provide a huge boost for the sagging Obama administration.
15. Internet and Other.
“I personally think he is not with us anymore.”
Dale Watson, US Counter Terrorism.
“I don’t think from what I’ve heard that those pictures exist.”
Thomas Mulcair, Canadian MP.
“The lack of photos and videos is suspicious.”
Taliban.
16. So are they true?
The United States claims of killing Osama are about as credible as any other conspiracy theory.
The reason being that just like any other conspiracy theory that is deemed a hoax, the Obama
administration has no answer to FOIA requests.
So while the Obama administration might have the world’s foremost publicizing machinery at
his command, it still is a hollow pitch.
18. Mistrust and Allegations
• U.S. chose to not notify Pakistani authorities before the operation.
• Numerous allegations were made that the government of Pakistan had shielded bin Laden.
• Countries from all over the globe accused Pakistan of being guilty.
• Pakistan's ISI was blamed to have helped smuggle al-Qaeda militants into Afghanistan to
fight NATO troops.
• Paul Brennan, US counter terrorism chief said it was inconceivable that bin Laden did not
have some support in Pakistan.
• Former Pakistani Army Chief, also came up with the allegation of Bin Laden kept in an
Intelligence Bureau safe house.
19. Pakistan’s reaction.
• The Pakistani government initially welcomed , but within hours the mood changed anti-American sentiment, support for
Islamist extremism and anger at the violation of sovereignty in the operation.
◦ Praised the effort and Ashamed at the fact that Osama was hiding in their country.
◦ Infuriated at the US for invading their airspace.
◦ Operation Neptune Spear, ranks second on the national humiliation scale.
◦ Pak claimed- their sovereignty was violated.
◦ US asked if it was not when Osama was found in their territory.
◦ Ali Zardari stayed quiet.
Since the raid, Pakistan has tried to close one of the most notorious chapters in its history.
20. India’s reaction
•On the wake of Operation Neptune's Spear there were calls for similar strikes conducted by India
against Hafiz Muhammad Saeed and Dawood Ibrahim
•Army chief and Air chief showed their confidence in Indian forces
•PM welcomed the news of bin Laden's death "I welcome it as a significant step forward and
hope that it will deal a decisive blow to Al-Qaeda and other terrorist groups.
• Also stated that many of the perpetrators of the Mumbai terror attacks, continue to be
sheltered in Pakistan.
21. >>
•Minister for Home Affairs P. Chidambaram said that bin Laden hiding "deep inside" Pakistan was
a matter of grave concern for India
•The BJP smartly backed their previous comments saying Osama was a dangerous face of global
terrorism and stressed that his death in Pakistan proved India's repeated assertion that
"Pakistan is the epicenter of global terrorism"
Next up: Social Media reaction>>
Do you know who this man is?
The father started his life as a very poor laborer (porter in Jeddah port), to end up as owner of the biggest construction company in the kingdom. During the reign of King Saud, bin Laden the father became very close to the royal family when he took the risk of building King Saud's palaces much cheaper than the cheapest bid. He impressed King Saud with his performance
Osama bin Laden was the seventh son among fifty brothers and sisters.
devout Sunni Muslim
He studied economics and business administration[33] at King Abdulaziz University. Some reports suggest he earned a degree in civil engineering,[34] or a degree in public administration.[35] One source described him as "hard working";
bin Laden's main interest was religion, where he was involved in both "interpreting the Quran and jihad" and charitable work
association football, in which he enjoyed playing at centre forward and followed the English club Arsenal F.C.[40]
Main interest was religion. Helped America in the Cold War
founder of al-Qaeda an organization headed by Osama bin Laden, which had openly declared war on the United States,
responsible for 9/11 attacks, issued religious fatwah for war against americans citing atrocities to muslims in various parts of the world.
and was committed to killing innocents in the US and around the globe.
He was banished from Saudi Arabia in 1992, and shifted his base to Sudan, until U.S. pressure forced him to leave Sudan in 1996. After establishing a new base in Afghanistan, he declared a war against the United States, initiating a series of bombings and related attacks.[11] Bin Laden was on the American Federal Bureau of Investigation's (FBI) lists of Ten Most Wanted Fugitives and Most Wanted Terrorists for his involvement in the 1998 U.S. embassy bombings.[
From 2001 to 2011, bin Laden was a major target of the War on Terror, as the FBI placed a $25 million bounty on him in their search for him.[15] On May 2, 2011, bin Laden was shot and killed by US Navy SEAL Rob O'Neill[16] inside a private residential compound in Abbottabad, Pakistan, by members of the United States Naval Special Warfare Development Group and Central Intelligence Agency SAD/SOG operators in a covert operation ordered by U.S. President Barack Obama.
DEVGRU Elite trained seals, Sigma team 6 along with their dog, raided abbotabad, The mission was a success.
He was buried In the Arabian sea.