This document contains a long analysis critiquing overly simplistic views of pan-Islamism and arguing that history, ethnicity, and geopolitics are more complex realities that are often ignored. It discusses how certain historical Muslim figures are portrayed differently by different groups and eras. It also notes how religion alone has rarely been the sole basis for statehood, giving examples of how ethnicity and national interests often outweighed religious solidarity between states. The document advocates for a more nuanced understanding of history that considers these various factors rather than only focusing on abstract religious concepts.
Osama bin Laden grew up in Saudi Arabia, the son of a Yemeni immigrant who became wealthy through construction contracts. Bin Laden traveled to Afghanistan in the 1980s to join the mujahideen resistance against the Soviet invasion. The CIA provided financial and military support including Stinger missiles to the mujahideen, including bin Laden's forces. After the Soviet withdrawal, bin Laden formed al-Qaeda and declared war on the United States, carrying out attacks such as the 1998 US embassy bombings in Africa.
Osama bin Laden was the founder and leader of al-Qaeda, a militant Sunni Islamist organization. He was born in Saudi Arabia in 1957 and studied economics and business administration. Bin Laden orchestrated numerous terrorist attacks against Western targets and declared war against the United States in 1996. Most notably, he was the mastermind behind the September 11 attacks in 2001 which killed nearly 3,000 people. After nearly a decade on the run, bin Laden was killed by U.S. special forces in Abbottabad, Pakistan in 2011.
Osama bin Laden, the leader of al-Qaeda and the mastermind of the 9/11 attacks, was killed by US Navy SEALs in a covert operation in Abbottabad, Pakistan on May 1, 2011. The operation, called Operation Neptune Spear, involved SEAL Team 6 flying covertly into Pakistan and raiding the compound where bin Laden had been living. Bin Laden was shot and killed during the raid. The death of bin Laden was announced by President Obama and was met with both relief and satisfaction by many, though some argued the "war on terror" would continue.
Osama Bin Laden is considered the most dangerous terrorist in the world by the U.S. government. He is believed to have plotted or inspired attacks such as the 1993 World Trade Center bombing, the 1995 Saudi National Guard training center bombing, and the 1998 U.S. embassy bombings in Kenya and Tanzania. On September 11, 2001, Al Qaeda hijackers flew planes into the World Trade Center towers and the Pentagon, with Bin Laden issuing a "fatwa" motivating these attacks. While only about 15% of Muslims are fundamentalists, Bin Laden's message resonates with young Muslims longing to restore Islam's former glory.
Osama bin Laden - power point presentationTiz11 China
1. Osama bin Laden was the founder of the militant Islamist group al Qaeda and a key figure in radical Islamic terrorism.
2. He was born in Saudi Arabia in 1957 to a wealthy family but became radicalized in the late 1970s during the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan.
3. On May 2nd, 2011, bin Laden was killed in a U.S. military operation in Abbottabad, Pakistan, ending a decade-long manhunt.
Virgil Shaw was a U.S. Army Colonel who served in World War 2, including as Chief of Plans and Operations during the Battle of Okinawa. He had a long military career spanning multiple posts across the U.S. and overseas. After the war, he taught at the National War College and served as Director of Logistics for the Caribbean Command.
Osama bin Laden grew up in Saudi Arabia, the son of a Yemeni immigrant who became wealthy through construction contracts. Bin Laden traveled to Afghanistan in the 1980s to join the mujahideen resistance against the Soviet invasion. The CIA provided financial and military support including Stinger missiles to the mujahideen, including bin Laden's forces. After the Soviet withdrawal, bin Laden formed al-Qaeda and declared war on the United States, carrying out attacks such as the 1998 US embassy bombings in Africa.
Osama bin Laden was the founder and leader of al-Qaeda, a militant Sunni Islamist organization. He was born in Saudi Arabia in 1957 and studied economics and business administration. Bin Laden orchestrated numerous terrorist attacks against Western targets and declared war against the United States in 1996. Most notably, he was the mastermind behind the September 11 attacks in 2001 which killed nearly 3,000 people. After nearly a decade on the run, bin Laden was killed by U.S. special forces in Abbottabad, Pakistan in 2011.
Osama bin Laden, the leader of al-Qaeda and the mastermind of the 9/11 attacks, was killed by US Navy SEALs in a covert operation in Abbottabad, Pakistan on May 1, 2011. The operation, called Operation Neptune Spear, involved SEAL Team 6 flying covertly into Pakistan and raiding the compound where bin Laden had been living. Bin Laden was shot and killed during the raid. The death of bin Laden was announced by President Obama and was met with both relief and satisfaction by many, though some argued the "war on terror" would continue.
Osama Bin Laden is considered the most dangerous terrorist in the world by the U.S. government. He is believed to have plotted or inspired attacks such as the 1993 World Trade Center bombing, the 1995 Saudi National Guard training center bombing, and the 1998 U.S. embassy bombings in Kenya and Tanzania. On September 11, 2001, Al Qaeda hijackers flew planes into the World Trade Center towers and the Pentagon, with Bin Laden issuing a "fatwa" motivating these attacks. While only about 15% of Muslims are fundamentalists, Bin Laden's message resonates with young Muslims longing to restore Islam's former glory.
Osama bin Laden - power point presentationTiz11 China
1. Osama bin Laden was the founder of the militant Islamist group al Qaeda and a key figure in radical Islamic terrorism.
2. He was born in Saudi Arabia in 1957 to a wealthy family but became radicalized in the late 1970s during the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan.
3. On May 2nd, 2011, bin Laden was killed in a U.S. military operation in Abbottabad, Pakistan, ending a decade-long manhunt.
Virgil Shaw was a U.S. Army Colonel who served in World War 2, including as Chief of Plans and Operations during the Battle of Okinawa. He had a long military career spanning multiple posts across the U.S. and overseas. After the war, he taught at the National War College and served as Director of Logistics for the Caribbean Command.
Queen Mother Audley E. Moore, In Honor of a Warrior WomanRBG Communiversity
Queen Mother Audley E. Moore was honored for devoting her life to the struggle for human and civil rights for all people of African descent. She organized for rights from 1918 to the United Nations in the 1950s. She founded numerous organizations fighting for self-determination, land rights, and reparations for descendants of slaves. Moore organized protests, unions, and presented petitions to the UN until her death in 1997 at age 99, dedicating over 77 years to activism.
The document provides biographies of several notable world leaders including Martin Luther King Jr., John F. Kennedy, John Stott, Nelson Mandela, Jhansi Ki Rani Lakshmibai, Abraham Lincoln, Benazir Bhutto, Kalpana Chawla, and Abdul Kalam. It describes key details about their backgrounds, education, careers, and personalities that made them influential. The personalities and leadership qualities of these leaders are analyzed to provide lessons that can be learned.
Martin Luther King Jr. was a Baptist minister and civil rights activist who played a key role in the American civil rights movement. He graduated from Morehouse College and was awarded a PhD after being elected president of his predominantly white senior class. Between 1957-1968, King traveled over 6 million miles, gave over 2,500 speeches, and led major protests including the March on Washington, where he delivered his iconic "I Have a Dream" speech in 1963. Though racial inequality still existed, King remained determined in his vision that people would one day be judged not by the color of their skin but by the content of their character.
This document provides biographical information about Martin Luther King Jr., including that he was born in 1929 in Atlanta, Georgia, became a Baptist minister and earned a PhD, founded the Southern Christian Leadership Conference in 1957 to coordinate nonviolent protests, and led many campaigns for civil rights that achieved successes like the Civil Rights Act of 1964. It also gives details on some of King's major campaigns and events, such as the Montgomery Bus Boycott, March on Washington, and Poor People's Campaign.
National defence university of pakistan and other pakistani military mattersAgha A
This document provides a lengthy critique of Aqil Shah's book "The Army and Democracy" which analyzes the relationship between the Pakistani military and democracy. The critique argues that Shah's analysis is overly simplistic and makes numerous factual inaccuracies. It disagrees with many of Shah's arguments, such as his views on Jinnah and the inevitability of military coups in Pakistan. The critique takes issue with Shah overlooking the destabilizing impact of the 1916 Lucknow Pact and argues the military was not the sole factor influencing Pakistan's political development.
The Civil Rights Movement in the United States saw the use of various non-violent and activist methods to fight racial segregation and discrimination over the course of several decades in the 20th century. Key events and figures included Jackie Robinson breaking the color barrier in baseball in the 1940s, the Montgomery Bus Boycott sparked by Rosa Parks' arrest in 1955, and Martin Luther King Jr.'s iconic "I Have a Dream" speech at the 1963 March on Washington. Major pieces of civil rights legislation like the 1964 Civil Rights Act and 1965 Voting Rights Act were passed amid ongoing protests and demonstrations across the South.
This document provides information on the roles of various women during the American Revolutionary War, including supporting the patriot cause through writing, boycotts, and morale support. It describes how women took on new economic roles operating farms and businesses while men were at war. It highlights the roles some women played as nurses, supply managers, soldiers, and spies. It then provides details on the stories of several individual women who contributed in various ways, such as Margaret Cochran Corbin who fought at Fort Washington and became the first woman to receive a pension for military service, and Deborah Samson who fought disguised as a man.
Success of Jinnah and Zia in Pakistan and failure of others.M Akram Niazi
1) The document analyzes why religious leaders like Jinnah and Zia had success in Pakistan while more recent non-religious leaders like Musharraf and Zardari have failed.
2) It attributes the success of Jinnah and Zia to their strong commitment to Islam and serving the interests of Muslims, which gained them trust and support among the people.
3) In contrast, leaders like Musharraf and Zardari are seen as lacking ideology and insincerity towards Islam and the people. Their policies are argued to have destabilized Pakistan and damaged its institutions and integrity.
Westward Expansion -- short biographical readings on 19 key figures from Westward Expansion, adapted from the teacher materials available at PBS' series The West.
Henry E. Day was born in 1824 in Maine and moved to Bridgeton, Maine as a child. In 1841, he left Maine to work clearing land for a plantation in Mississippi. He later moved to Cincinnati, Ohio where he was introduced to Mormonism. Day moved to Nauvoo, Illinois in 1842 where he worked for Joseph Smith and witnessed his leadership. In 1850, Day traveled by wagon train to Salt Lake City, arriving in July. He settled in Draper, Utah where he helped build fortifications and served in the Mormon militia. Day held leadership positions in the LDS church and had multiple wives and children before passing away in 1898.
This document provides an overview of key events and figures in the civil rights movement in the United States from the post-Civil War era to the 1960s. It outlines milestones such as the Supreme Court's Plessy v. Ferguson decision legalizing segregation in 1896, Brown v. Board of Education ending school segregation in 1954, the Montgomery Bus Boycott sparked by Rosa Parks in 1955-1956, the March on Washington and Martin Luther King Jr.'s "I Have a Dream" speech in 1963, and the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and Voting Rights Act of 1965. The document also discusses influential civil rights leaders and organizations including W.E.B. Du Bois, the NAACP, Jack
Ambush survey afghanistan,british army and FM 31 21Agha A
1) The document discusses the background leading up to Britain's involvement in Afghanistan, known as the Fourth Afghan War. It notes that the US trained and funded Pakistani special forces (SSG) and intelligence (ISI) from 1955-1979, which later fought against Western forces.
2) General Musharraf deceived the US while preserving Pakistani Taliban assets and extracting $25 billion from the US as an "ally". Britain followed the US without a clear strategic aim, sending troops to Helmand in 2006 to "win hearts and minds" under the misleading politician Tony Blair.
3) British troops in Helmand were vulnerable targets divided into small groups, walking into a trap as their presence threatened Pakistan over Baluch
The 1960s was a turbulent decade marked by social movements for civil rights and protests against racial segregation. Key events included the Brown vs Board of Education Supreme Court ruling ending school segregation, the Montgomery Bus Boycott led by MLK, and sit-ins by students across the South to desegregate public facilities. Violent responses from white supremacists like the bombings of churches and the murders of civil rights workers highlighted the depths of racism. Major victories included the 1964 Civil Rights Act and 1965 Voting Rights Act, though racial injustices continued into subsequent decades.
Background Information for The Kite Runneranniekrespil
The document provides background information on Khaled Hosseini's novel The Kite Runner. It discusses that the story takes place in Afghanistan, Pakistan, and America from the early 1970s to early 2000s. It also outlines Afghanistan's history including being invaded by various empires and the rise and fall of the Taliban regime in the late 20th century. The Taliban enforced strict Islamic law and severely oppressed women during their rule.
Jihadism and Islamophobia: challenges for current European youthJuan Carlos Ocaña
This document provides an overview of the history of jihadism and the rise of far-right political parties in Europe. It discusses the ideological roots of modern jihadism in Salafism and the remote historical context of Islamic expansion. Key events and organizations in the history of jihadism are explained, including the mujahideen resistance to the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan in the 1970s-80s, the formation of Al-Qaeda in the 1990s, the 9/11 attacks, and the emergence and spread of ISIS in the 2010s. The document also examines the growth of Islamophobia and far-right parties in Europe, fueled by terrorist attacks, the refugee crisis, and perceptions of a growing Muslim
This document provides analysis on why anti-American sentiment has grown in the Middle East over the past 30 years. It argues that failed leadership and flawed modernization efforts in Arab countries have led to stagnation, repression, and humiliation compared to the success of Israel. While Arab nations were once fascinated with the West, modernization is now seen as Westernization and Americanization, paralyzing their societies and economies. The document examines the broken promises of pan-Arabism under Nasser and the negative effects of wealth in the Gulf states without political progress. Overall, it asserts that the roots of 9/11 lie not in history but in the past few decades of dysfunctional regimes and rejection of real modernization in the Arab world.
The document summarizes key events and social movements during the 1960s civil rights era in the United States. It describes the emergence of civil rights protests like sit-ins and freedom rides to challenge segregation laws. Major events included the integration of the University of Mississippi leading to violence, and Martin Luther King Jr.'s leadership of protests in Birmingham that were met with police brutality. Tensions escalated with bombings of black churches and the murders of civil rights workers in Mississippi during "Freedom Summer" voter registration efforts. The document provides historical context and details surrounding these pivotal moments in the fight for racial equality during this transformative decade.
Nnamdi Azikiwe: Father of the Nation (Part 1)Max Siollun
As Nigeria’s foremost nationalist and first post independence Head of State, Dr Nnamdi Azikiwe was (and still should be) to Nigeria, what George Washington is to America, Nkrumah is to Ghana, Nasser is to Arabs, and Mandela is to South Africa. The fact that he is not so remembered is a sad testament to Nigeria’s legacy keeping and failure to honour its founding fathers. Azikiwe transcended national politics to become an icon. He is the father of post independence Nigeria.
Woodville Elementary School held a Black History Month event honoring Black leaders and the school's history of desegregation. The event featured presentations on influential Black figures like Harriet Tubman, George Washington Carver, and Martin Luther King Jr. It also highlighted local leaders involved in Tallahassee's bus boycott like Reverend Charles Kenzie Steele and Patricia Stephens Due. The school traced its own history from a one-room schoolhouse to its desegregation in the 1960s. The event aimed to teach students about the struggles and accomplishments of Black Americans.
This document provides a biography of Khaled Hosseini, the author of The Kite Runner. It discusses his early childhood in Afghanistan and subsequent moves to Paris and the United States. It also outlines his education, obtaining degrees in biology and medicine. It notes some interesting facts, such as him receiving a humanitarian award from the UN Refugee Agency. It discusses the influences on his writing, including his memories of pre-Soviet Afghanistan and experiences with Afghan Hazaras. It provides an overview of his novels, particularly The Kite Runner.
Pan islamism and its dangers assessed in 2000Agha A
This document provides a lengthy analysis of geopolitical issues related to Pan-Islamism, Iran, Afghanistan, and Chechnya from a historical perspective. The author argues that Pan-Islamism overlooks important geographical, ethnic, and historical realities. Religious affiliation alone is not enough to unite states or peoples. National interests and ethnic identities are also important factors. The author also criticizes the oversimplified view that the Afghan war was a triumph of Islam over communism, arguing instead that it was a proxy conflict manipulated by outside powers for their own interests.
This document criticizes Western media and governments for hypocritically portraying Islamist extremist groups like ISIS and Al Qaeda as the primary threats, while ignoring their own role in destabilizing the Middle East through misguided interventions. It argues that the US and UK have a long history of covertly supporting radical Islamist militants when it suits their geopolitical interests, such as against the Soviet Union in Afghanistan, resulting in unforeseen blowback. Most terrorist attacks target Muslim countries and communities, while the actual threat posed to Western countries is statistically small.
Queen Mother Audley E. Moore, In Honor of a Warrior WomanRBG Communiversity
Queen Mother Audley E. Moore was honored for devoting her life to the struggle for human and civil rights for all people of African descent. She organized for rights from 1918 to the United Nations in the 1950s. She founded numerous organizations fighting for self-determination, land rights, and reparations for descendants of slaves. Moore organized protests, unions, and presented petitions to the UN until her death in 1997 at age 99, dedicating over 77 years to activism.
The document provides biographies of several notable world leaders including Martin Luther King Jr., John F. Kennedy, John Stott, Nelson Mandela, Jhansi Ki Rani Lakshmibai, Abraham Lincoln, Benazir Bhutto, Kalpana Chawla, and Abdul Kalam. It describes key details about their backgrounds, education, careers, and personalities that made them influential. The personalities and leadership qualities of these leaders are analyzed to provide lessons that can be learned.
Martin Luther King Jr. was a Baptist minister and civil rights activist who played a key role in the American civil rights movement. He graduated from Morehouse College and was awarded a PhD after being elected president of his predominantly white senior class. Between 1957-1968, King traveled over 6 million miles, gave over 2,500 speeches, and led major protests including the March on Washington, where he delivered his iconic "I Have a Dream" speech in 1963. Though racial inequality still existed, King remained determined in his vision that people would one day be judged not by the color of their skin but by the content of their character.
This document provides biographical information about Martin Luther King Jr., including that he was born in 1929 in Atlanta, Georgia, became a Baptist minister and earned a PhD, founded the Southern Christian Leadership Conference in 1957 to coordinate nonviolent protests, and led many campaigns for civil rights that achieved successes like the Civil Rights Act of 1964. It also gives details on some of King's major campaigns and events, such as the Montgomery Bus Boycott, March on Washington, and Poor People's Campaign.
National defence university of pakistan and other pakistani military mattersAgha A
This document provides a lengthy critique of Aqil Shah's book "The Army and Democracy" which analyzes the relationship between the Pakistani military and democracy. The critique argues that Shah's analysis is overly simplistic and makes numerous factual inaccuracies. It disagrees with many of Shah's arguments, such as his views on Jinnah and the inevitability of military coups in Pakistan. The critique takes issue with Shah overlooking the destabilizing impact of the 1916 Lucknow Pact and argues the military was not the sole factor influencing Pakistan's political development.
The Civil Rights Movement in the United States saw the use of various non-violent and activist methods to fight racial segregation and discrimination over the course of several decades in the 20th century. Key events and figures included Jackie Robinson breaking the color barrier in baseball in the 1940s, the Montgomery Bus Boycott sparked by Rosa Parks' arrest in 1955, and Martin Luther King Jr.'s iconic "I Have a Dream" speech at the 1963 March on Washington. Major pieces of civil rights legislation like the 1964 Civil Rights Act and 1965 Voting Rights Act were passed amid ongoing protests and demonstrations across the South.
This document provides information on the roles of various women during the American Revolutionary War, including supporting the patriot cause through writing, boycotts, and morale support. It describes how women took on new economic roles operating farms and businesses while men were at war. It highlights the roles some women played as nurses, supply managers, soldiers, and spies. It then provides details on the stories of several individual women who contributed in various ways, such as Margaret Cochran Corbin who fought at Fort Washington and became the first woman to receive a pension for military service, and Deborah Samson who fought disguised as a man.
Success of Jinnah and Zia in Pakistan and failure of others.M Akram Niazi
1) The document analyzes why religious leaders like Jinnah and Zia had success in Pakistan while more recent non-religious leaders like Musharraf and Zardari have failed.
2) It attributes the success of Jinnah and Zia to their strong commitment to Islam and serving the interests of Muslims, which gained them trust and support among the people.
3) In contrast, leaders like Musharraf and Zardari are seen as lacking ideology and insincerity towards Islam and the people. Their policies are argued to have destabilized Pakistan and damaged its institutions and integrity.
Westward Expansion -- short biographical readings on 19 key figures from Westward Expansion, adapted from the teacher materials available at PBS' series The West.
Henry E. Day was born in 1824 in Maine and moved to Bridgeton, Maine as a child. In 1841, he left Maine to work clearing land for a plantation in Mississippi. He later moved to Cincinnati, Ohio where he was introduced to Mormonism. Day moved to Nauvoo, Illinois in 1842 where he worked for Joseph Smith and witnessed his leadership. In 1850, Day traveled by wagon train to Salt Lake City, arriving in July. He settled in Draper, Utah where he helped build fortifications and served in the Mormon militia. Day held leadership positions in the LDS church and had multiple wives and children before passing away in 1898.
This document provides an overview of key events and figures in the civil rights movement in the United States from the post-Civil War era to the 1960s. It outlines milestones such as the Supreme Court's Plessy v. Ferguson decision legalizing segregation in 1896, Brown v. Board of Education ending school segregation in 1954, the Montgomery Bus Boycott sparked by Rosa Parks in 1955-1956, the March on Washington and Martin Luther King Jr.'s "I Have a Dream" speech in 1963, and the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and Voting Rights Act of 1965. The document also discusses influential civil rights leaders and organizations including W.E.B. Du Bois, the NAACP, Jack
Ambush survey afghanistan,british army and FM 31 21Agha A
1) The document discusses the background leading up to Britain's involvement in Afghanistan, known as the Fourth Afghan War. It notes that the US trained and funded Pakistani special forces (SSG) and intelligence (ISI) from 1955-1979, which later fought against Western forces.
2) General Musharraf deceived the US while preserving Pakistani Taliban assets and extracting $25 billion from the US as an "ally". Britain followed the US without a clear strategic aim, sending troops to Helmand in 2006 to "win hearts and minds" under the misleading politician Tony Blair.
3) British troops in Helmand were vulnerable targets divided into small groups, walking into a trap as their presence threatened Pakistan over Baluch
The 1960s was a turbulent decade marked by social movements for civil rights and protests against racial segregation. Key events included the Brown vs Board of Education Supreme Court ruling ending school segregation, the Montgomery Bus Boycott led by MLK, and sit-ins by students across the South to desegregate public facilities. Violent responses from white supremacists like the bombings of churches and the murders of civil rights workers highlighted the depths of racism. Major victories included the 1964 Civil Rights Act and 1965 Voting Rights Act, though racial injustices continued into subsequent decades.
Background Information for The Kite Runneranniekrespil
The document provides background information on Khaled Hosseini's novel The Kite Runner. It discusses that the story takes place in Afghanistan, Pakistan, and America from the early 1970s to early 2000s. It also outlines Afghanistan's history including being invaded by various empires and the rise and fall of the Taliban regime in the late 20th century. The Taliban enforced strict Islamic law and severely oppressed women during their rule.
Jihadism and Islamophobia: challenges for current European youthJuan Carlos Ocaña
This document provides an overview of the history of jihadism and the rise of far-right political parties in Europe. It discusses the ideological roots of modern jihadism in Salafism and the remote historical context of Islamic expansion. Key events and organizations in the history of jihadism are explained, including the mujahideen resistance to the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan in the 1970s-80s, the formation of Al-Qaeda in the 1990s, the 9/11 attacks, and the emergence and spread of ISIS in the 2010s. The document also examines the growth of Islamophobia and far-right parties in Europe, fueled by terrorist attacks, the refugee crisis, and perceptions of a growing Muslim
This document provides analysis on why anti-American sentiment has grown in the Middle East over the past 30 years. It argues that failed leadership and flawed modernization efforts in Arab countries have led to stagnation, repression, and humiliation compared to the success of Israel. While Arab nations were once fascinated with the West, modernization is now seen as Westernization and Americanization, paralyzing their societies and economies. The document examines the broken promises of pan-Arabism under Nasser and the negative effects of wealth in the Gulf states without political progress. Overall, it asserts that the roots of 9/11 lie not in history but in the past few decades of dysfunctional regimes and rejection of real modernization in the Arab world.
The document summarizes key events and social movements during the 1960s civil rights era in the United States. It describes the emergence of civil rights protests like sit-ins and freedom rides to challenge segregation laws. Major events included the integration of the University of Mississippi leading to violence, and Martin Luther King Jr.'s leadership of protests in Birmingham that were met with police brutality. Tensions escalated with bombings of black churches and the murders of civil rights workers in Mississippi during "Freedom Summer" voter registration efforts. The document provides historical context and details surrounding these pivotal moments in the fight for racial equality during this transformative decade.
Nnamdi Azikiwe: Father of the Nation (Part 1)Max Siollun
As Nigeria’s foremost nationalist and first post independence Head of State, Dr Nnamdi Azikiwe was (and still should be) to Nigeria, what George Washington is to America, Nkrumah is to Ghana, Nasser is to Arabs, and Mandela is to South Africa. The fact that he is not so remembered is a sad testament to Nigeria’s legacy keeping and failure to honour its founding fathers. Azikiwe transcended national politics to become an icon. He is the father of post independence Nigeria.
Woodville Elementary School held a Black History Month event honoring Black leaders and the school's history of desegregation. The event featured presentations on influential Black figures like Harriet Tubman, George Washington Carver, and Martin Luther King Jr. It also highlighted local leaders involved in Tallahassee's bus boycott like Reverend Charles Kenzie Steele and Patricia Stephens Due. The school traced its own history from a one-room schoolhouse to its desegregation in the 1960s. The event aimed to teach students about the struggles and accomplishments of Black Americans.
This document provides a biography of Khaled Hosseini, the author of The Kite Runner. It discusses his early childhood in Afghanistan and subsequent moves to Paris and the United States. It also outlines his education, obtaining degrees in biology and medicine. It notes some interesting facts, such as him receiving a humanitarian award from the UN Refugee Agency. It discusses the influences on his writing, including his memories of pre-Soviet Afghanistan and experiences with Afghan Hazaras. It provides an overview of his novels, particularly The Kite Runner.
Pan islamism and its dangers assessed in 2000Agha A
This document provides a lengthy analysis of geopolitical issues related to Pan-Islamism, Iran, Afghanistan, and Chechnya from a historical perspective. The author argues that Pan-Islamism overlooks important geographical, ethnic, and historical realities. Religious affiliation alone is not enough to unite states or peoples. National interests and ethnic identities are also important factors. The author also criticizes the oversimplified view that the Afghan war was a triumph of Islam over communism, arguing instead that it was a proxy conflict manipulated by outside powers for their own interests.
This document criticizes Western media and governments for hypocritically portraying Islamist extremist groups like ISIS and Al Qaeda as the primary threats, while ignoring their own role in destabilizing the Middle East through misguided interventions. It argues that the US and UK have a long history of covertly supporting radical Islamist militants when it suits their geopolitical interests, such as against the Soviet Union in Afghanistan, resulting in unforeseen blowback. Most terrorist attacks target Muslim countries and communities, while the actual threat posed to Western countries is statistically small.
PROFESSOR RAJMOHAN GANDHI PARTITION PUNJAB SNOB AND LUMSAgha A
The document discusses the partition of India in 1947 and its complex consequences. It notes that the partition benefited some Punjabi Muslims economically and politically, while Punjabi Hindus and Sikhs suffered the most losses. However, over time social hierarchies reestablished themselves, and now the wealthy Muslim elite exploit the poor similarly to how non-Muslims exploited poor Muslims in pre-partition Punjab. The document argues that imperial powers were the ultimate winners of partition, as they destabilized the region by stoking religious divisions for political control.
Two States Created in Name of Religion by classes not really religious !Agha A
13 November, 2010
Two States Created in Name of Religion by classes not really religious !
Does the Pakistani liberal Exist
Does the Pakistani liberal Exist ?
An explanation why misuse of religion by so called liberal Indo Pak Muslims made Pakistan the most dangerous place in the world.
So called secular Muslims of Indo Pak were speraheads of creation of separate Muslim majority state of India as they wanted political powers , and jobs and to monopolise the business and finance.
While the so called fundamentalist Muslims who we now call extremists were in favour of living with non Muslims in a united India !
As a matter of fact Islamic Party leader Maududi dismissed Pakistans war with India in 1947-48 as a war that cannot be termed as a Jihad.
This is very similar to case of Israel where secular Jews or Zionists wanted a separate Jewish state whereas the orthodox Jews were opposed to a Jewish state.
After all the aim of creation of a state is not religion at all ,a lthough religion may be used as like a condom to achieve an end as in case of both Pakistan and Israel !
The real aim of creation of both states was patronage and domination over jobs, business and political power and this was successfully achieved by both Muslim classes in Pakistan and Jews in Israel , both of whom were not really interested in actual essence of Islam or Judaism !
A great British author Prof Francis Robinson brilliantly researched this thesis in his magnum bonum “ Separatism among Indian Muslims” while another brilliant US professor David Lelyveld brilliantly researched the same theme in “Aligarh –The First Generation”.
As my grandfathers both paternal and maternal belong to this so called secular generation who wanted Pakistan , I can perfectly understand this !
And the net result since both Pakistan and Israel were created in name of religion whith which they had little real connection , both are destabilizing factors , and to make it more difficult both are nuclear weapon armed states !
Both were created with British support or American support and both are now biggest headaches today for the USA.But the USA cannot do anything about it !
Does the Pakistani liberal Exist ?
by
Major Agha H Amin (Retired)
13 November 2010
Misuse of Islam by westernised Muslim elite to achieve petty and narrow political and class agendas laid the foundation of Muslim extremism in India and Pakistan after 1947
1) The document analyzes the 10 phase history of Indo-Pak Muslims from the initial Muslim conquest of India in the 8th century through modern times.
2) It discusses how Muslim primacy was challenged by the Marathas in the 17th-18th centuries, leading Muslims to rediscover Islam, and how the Muslim elite later used Islam as a political tool to achieve advantages like the creation of Pakistan.
3) The document argues that the misuse of Islam as a political slogan by Pakistani politicians and the military inadvertently fostered Islamic extremism, and the contradiction of abandoning this strategy has led to the current civil war in Pakistan.
Muslim Brotherhood, The Nazi & Al-Qa'IDa...528Hz TRUTH
1) The Muslim Brotherhood was founded in 1920s Egypt and was secretly funded and influenced by Nazi Germany. Its founder admired Hitler and the group shared anti-Semitic and anti-Western views with the Nazis.
2) During World War 2, the Muslim Brotherhood promised to help Nazi Germany and fought against the Allies. After the war, many Muslim Brotherhood members avoided prosecution when British intelligence recruited and trained them to fight against Israel.
3) In the Cold War, the CIA and British secretly brought former Muslim Brotherhood members and other Arab Nazis into their employment and helped settle them in Saudi Arabia, where they influenced extremist madrassas and students like Osama bin Laden. This led to the
using-islam-for-political-power-job-quotas-and-us-dollarsAgha A
This document provides a 10-phase history of Indo-Pakistani Muslims from the initial Muslim attacks on India in 711 AD to the current use of Islam as a political tool. It summarizes each phase, including the establishment of Muslim rule over much of India by 1600; the challenges to Muslim power from 1670-1737; the re-discovery of Islam from 1761-1857 as Muslim dominance declined; the creation of Pakistan in 1947 and the struggle for power between East and West Pakistan; the various attempts to use Islam as a political tool from 1958-2001; and the current civil war resulting from the abandonment of an Islamic ideology. The document concludes that Islamic extremism was inadvertently created by the mis
9 essay on my favourite personality (m ali jinnah) the college studyMary Smith
Muhammad Ali Jinnah was a transformative leader who helped establish Pakistan. He was wise, determined, and a gifted orator. Despite facing serious illness, he refused to rest until achieving independence. Jinnah believed in tolerance and equality for all, regardless of religion. Through his leadership, he altered the course of history and changed the map of the world by establishing Pakistan as the new homeland for Muslims in South Asia.
The Deobandis of UP and the Aligarh School of Sir Sayyid Ahmed Khan tried to uplift Muslims in South Asia in the late 19th century. The Deobandis focused more on spiritual reform while Aligarh emphasized secular political goals. The Indian subcontinent saw three partitions - Bengal in 1905, India-Pakistan in 1947, and Bangladesh from Pakistan in 1971. Akbar was a famous Mughal emperor in the 16th century known for his large empire, religious tolerance, and military prowess. India and Pakistan fought over the disputed territory of Kashmir after partition. The Mughal Empire began in the 16th century under Babur and declined after British colonization weakened Muslim
The document provides background on Pakistan's use of proxy forces and low-intensity conflicts dating back to independence from Britain. It summarizes that Pakistan viewed Afghanistan as a "massive proxy reservoir" to counter India. When the U.S. withdrew support in 1989, Pakistan aligned with China and continued supporting Taliban proxies in Afghanistan. The author draws on first-hand experiences in Afghanistan and insights from military contacts to analyze U.S. strategy and the role of Pakistan.
This document provides a firsthand account of British Army operations in Afghanistan from 2004-2014 as seen by the author, a consultant who worked in Afghanistan during that time. It describes how the British operations lacked clear strategy and purpose, with troops sent into Helmand province in small, vulnerable groups ("penny packets") without sufficient consideration for the local conditions and threat of the Taliban. This approach directly played into the hands of the Taliban and resulted in needless British casualties. Political leaders like Tony Blair sent the troops to Afghanistan without a coherent strategic aim, simply to appease the US, while ignoring local dynamics and making the soldiers targets.
Prof Rajmohan Gandhi in Lahore, Partition , Punjab Snobs and British PolicyAgha A
Prof Rajmohan Gandhi in Lahore, Partition , Punjab Snobs and British Policy
December 2013
Publisher: CreateSpace Independent Publishing PlatformISBN: ISBN-10: 1500870927 & ISBN-13: 978-1500870928
Projects: Political ScienceIndo Pak politics as clash of two super egoists Mr Jinnah and Mr Nehru
Agha H Amin
Myths and misconceptions of indo pak history part 8Agha A
Yet in 1857 the Indians or at least a part of them both Hindus and Muslims combined and made one very desperate yet valiant effort to oust the British. Till this time the Hindus acknowledged the Muslim political supremacy since we see the Bengal Army which was predominantly Hindu, fighting for Muslim sovereigns at Delhi and in Oudh!
But when this great rebellion failed there was the parting of the ways! The Muslims of the post-1857 had no choice but to please the British to avoid Hindu domination!
The Hindu’s problems had completely ended!
All they had to do was to play a waiting game.
They knew that one day the British will have to go and then they, the ones who had been ruled and subjugated by a minority from the 12th century till almost the 18th century would dominate the Indo-Pak sub- continent, just like they were about to do around 1799 and till 1803 when the EEIC challenged the Hindu Mahratta rule!
The Muslim post-1857 problems were more complex, they had to escape Hindu domination and they also had to face the British.
The policy they adopted after 1857 was “Loyalty to the British”.
A car bomb exploded near NATO/ISAF headquarters and the US embassy in Kabul, Afghanistan on September 5, 2019. At least 12 people were killed, including a US soldier and a Romanian soldier. Dozens more were injured. The Taliban claimed responsibility. The bombing occurred as US-Taliban peace talks were ongoing to negotiate the withdrawal of US and international troops from Afghanistan.
British Strategic Manipulation Defeats USSR and Dictates Pakistans Foreign Po...Agha A
1) In 1950, the Soviet Union's acting ambassador in Iran desperately sought a meeting with Pakistan's third secretary, Saad Rashidul Khairi, to request that Pakistan's Prime Minister Liaquat Ali Khan first visit the USSR before traveling elsewhere, as it would be in Pakistan's interest.
2) However, British agents in Pakistan's government, including Foreign Secretary Ikramullah, successfully convinced Liaquat Ali Khan to first visit the United States after being invited, causing the USSR to view this as a snub and become sworn enemies with Pakistan.
3) As a result of British manipulation, Pakistan's foreign policy from its early years was firmly directed by British and
This document discusses how Muslims have become victims in the post-9/11 world. It outlines how Muslims living in Western countries feel under siege due to increased scrutiny, profiling, and discrimination. It also discusses how the US-led wars in Iraq and Afghanistan have resulted in the deaths of tens of thousands of Muslims. The document criticizes several US policies, including support for Israel's occupation of Palestine, alliances with oppressive Muslim regimes, economic sanctions on Iraq that killed over 1 million Iraqis, and silence over Russian wars in Chechnya. It argues these policies generated anger towards the US among Muslims prior to George W. Bush. It outlines several post-9/11 policies, including detention and deportation of thousands of
The History, War & Politics Quiz - NSIT Quiz Fest - 2013Sumit Bhagat
Here are the key details from the passage:
- X was a famous 15th century Italian artist and polymath (a person of wide-ranging knowledge or learning).
- Little is known about his early life, except for a story that as a schoolboy he showed his dislike of despots (absolute rulers) by quarreling with his schoolmaster.
- He went on to have a very successful career as an artist and architect in Florence, Italy. Some of his most famous works include the dome of Florence Cathedral and the design of the city of Pienza.
- X is widely considered to be one of the greatest masters of Italian Renaissance art. His work had a significant influence on later Western art.
The History,War and Politics Quiz- NSIT Quiz Fest 2013nsitqc
This passage provides biographical details about Dr. Dragan "David" Dabic. It mentions that he was born in a Serbian village near Kraljevo, enjoyed exploring forests and mountains as a boy where he would pick medicinal herbs, moved to Belgrade for work and then to Russia where he graduated from Moscow State University of Medicine with a specialization in psychiatry. It also notes that after Russia, he traveled around India and Japan.
A brief summary of the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan in 1979, of the US invasion of Iraq in 2003, and how these historic events were related to terrorism, and more specifically to Al-Qaeda and the Islamic State.
The document discusses the roles of Punjab and Baluch regiments in the 1971 war. It was published on September 2023 with a DOI number and was written by Agha H Amin.
Major Agha H. Amin was commissioned in the old PAVO Cavalry in 1983. He served in various command, staff, research, logistics and instructional positions over his military career. In his civilian career, he performed projects in infrastructure and transmission lines in Uzbekistan, Afghanistan, and Turkmenistan. He has authored over 120 books and journals on military topics. The document goes on to describe a battle of Pandu fought by the 4/10 Baluch battalion against India in the 1947-48 Kashmir war, and criticizes the omission of accurate accounts of the battle from official Pakistani military histories.
Battles of Najafgarh , Gangiri and Delhi RidgeAgha A
- The 6th Dragoon Guards regiment arrived in Bengal, India from England in November 1856 and was stationed in Meerut at the time of the 1857 rebellion.
- During the rebellion, the regiment saw action at Ghaziabad, Badli Ki Serai, Delhi, and helped destroy a rebel battery at Eidgah with no reported casualties.
- It lost a few men at the battles of Ghaziabad, Badli Ki Serai, and in minor actions in July 1857 but overall emerged from the rebellion relatively lightly compared to other British units.
- However, the limited historical sources available in Pakistan make it difficult for researchers there to find all details on the regiment's role and casualties during
The battalion was part of an infantry brigade deployed at Sulaimanke Headworks during the 1965 war with India. It saw little serious action as it primarily engaged Indian border police posts that were no match for regular Pakistani army battalions. The battalion suffered only 3 fatal casualties for the entire war, showing it faced little militarily credible opposition. While the battalion performed well, it must be remembered that it faced inferior Indian border police rather than other army units.
This document summarizes the performance of the 9 Punjab battalion during the 1965 war with India. The battalion was part of the 12th Division of the Pakistan Army and was tasked with capturing the town of Chhamb. Despite having significant superiority in tanks and artillery, the 12th Division failed to cross the Tawi River on the first day. The 9th Punjab battalion suffered 15 killed and 31 wounded but managed to form a bridgehead across the Tawi. After the war, the battalion was praised for its performance and received several awards, though its strategic impact was limited due to the overall failure of Operation Grand Slam.
The battalion was deployed as a guard battalion but parts saw action in 1965 war including C Company commanded by Major Anis. C Company withdrew from its position exposing the rear of 16 Punjab to Indian attack, effectively sealing 16 Punjab's fate. C Company's withdrawal doomed 16 Punjab and was described as cowardly and the cause of 16 Punjab's debacle. While most of 8 Punjab saw no action, C Company under Major Anis performed poorly and was to blame for 16 Punjab's defeat.
1) The battalion was deployed as part of 11 Division along the Ravi-Sutlej Corridor according to maps.
2) The battalion faced a brigade-level attack from the Indian army using three infantry battalions and a tank squadron.
3) A captain from the Pakistani artillery played a crucial role by engaging the attacking forces with 60 medium shells, repulsing the Indian attack.
The battalion was deployed in September 1965 as part of Operation Grand Slam, relieving the 13th Punjab battalion near Dalpat-Chak Kirpal. According to Brigadier Rizvi, the battalion attacked towards Fatwal along with 13 Lancers, advancing up to 6 miles near Kasur and suffering 9 killed and 21 wounded. However, records list the battalion as losing either 9, 11, or 10 killed. The battalion had little impact as it joined the war late when the focus had shifted, and did not receive any awards despite actions in the Rann of Kutch prior to the war.
NORTH LINCOLNSHIRE REGIMENT OF FOOT IN 1857-59 BATTLESAgha A
This document provides biographical and career details of Major Agha.H.Amin, who was commissioned in the old PAVO Cavalry in March 1983. It discusses his education, various military and civilian positions held over his career, publications authored, and contact information. The document also briefly describes a study aid about British infantry battalions that participated in the battles of 1857-59 in India, including their roles, operations, casualties, and contributions to the outcome of the war.
The 2nd Battalion of the Punjab Regiment fought in the 1965 war against India. While it received several gallantry awards, the document argues that its role was exaggerated and it did not actually face most of the major Indian attacks. Only one company saw direct fighting on the first day, and it dispersed against heavy odds. The battalion was deployed away from the main sites of battle and did not face significant enemy forces apart from this initial engagement. Its impact on the decisive Battle of Chawinda was marginal.
This document provides information about Major Agha.H.Amin, including his military and civilian career experiences. It notes that he was commissioned in the old PAVO Cavalry in March 1983, attended Saint Marys Academy Lalazar and Forman Christian College Lahore, and served in various command, staff, research, logistics and instructional positions in the military. It also lists some of his civilian career projects and publications. The document provides his contact email addresses.
1ST BATTALION WARWICKSHIRE REGIMENT IN 1857-59 BATTLES.pdfAgha A
- 1st Battalion HM 8th Foot was stationed in India when the 1857 rebellion broke out. It was involved in securing areas around Delhi.
- At the siege of Delhi in September 1857, it suffered 46 of its total 57 fatal casualties and played a marginal role in the assault.
- Overall it saw minor action in other battles, with limited casualties. The majority of its casualties occurred at the decisive battle of Delhi.
Northumberland Fusiliers in 1857-59 Battles.pdfAgha A
The 1st Battalion of the 5th Regiment of Foot (Northumberland Fusiliers) was stationed in Mauritius when it was called to reinforce British forces in India during the 1857 uprising. The battalion arrived in Calcutta in July and August 1857. It participated in key battles including relieving Arrah where it suffered two casualties, the first relief of Lucknow where it suffered heavy losses and helped ensure the relief's success, the defense of the Lucknow garrison, and operations through 1858. The battalion performed outstandingly and suffered high casualties of 62 men, including five officers killed in action, primarily during the relief of Lucknow. Its role was pivotal in some of the major battles, but relatively minor in others
43 BALUCH IN 1971 AND INDIAN OFFICER WHO SAW THEMAgha A
1) The document analyzes the performance of the 43rd Baluch battalion in the 1971 war, which suffered heavy casualties after being poorly employed by incompetent commanders in the 88th Brigade.
2) When the 5th East Bengal battalion defected to the Indian side, the 43rd Baluch battalion was brought in to replace it, even though they were inexperienced and unprepared for the situation.
3) In an attack by Indian forces guided by defectors, the 43rd Baluch battalion suffered the highest fatalities of any battalion on the western front due to being put into a vulnerable position by the failed leadership of the 88th Brigade commander and 10th Division commander.
Battle of Gangiri-Heavy Price paid by HM 6 Dragoon Guards for Gallantry Agha A
Battle of Gangiri-Heavy Price paid by HM 6 Dragoon Guards for Gallantry https://www.academia.edu/52632772/Battle_of_Gangiri_Heavy_Price_paid_by_HM_6_Dragoon_Guards_for_Gallantry via @academia
4th Punjab Infantry now 9 FF Pakistan Army and 42 Highlanders led the Final ...Agha A
The 4th Punjab Infantry battalion arrived in Calcutta in November 1857, meaning it missed the decisive battles of the war, including the siege of Delhi and the relief and evacuation of Lucknow. The battalion's participation in the battle of Cawnpore was minimal and it suffered no casualties. The battalion played a significant role in the final assault on Lucknow in March 1858, leading the assault on Martiniere with the 4th Punjab Infantry while the 42nd Highlanders and 90th Foot attacked frontally. The British enjoyed overwhelming artillery superiority, evidenced by the 42nd Highlanders suffering only 10 fatal casualties over 10 days of operations culminating in the final capture of Lucknow.
WHY PAKISTAN ARMY OR INDIAN ARMY CAN NEVER PRODUCE A MUSTAFA KAMAL- SOMETHING...Agha A
WHY PAKISTAN ARMY OR INDIAN ARMY CAN NEVER PRODUCE A MUSTAFA KAMAL- SOMETHING SERIOUSLY WRONG IN THE GENES
April 2020
DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.2.20723.27689
Project: MILITARY HISTORY
Agha H Amin
Open Source Contributions to Postgres: The Basics POSETTE 2024ElizabethGarrettChri
Postgres is the most advanced open-source database in the world and it's supported by a community, not a single company. So how does this work? How does code actually get into Postgres? I recently had a patch submitted and committed and I want to share what I learned in that process. I’ll give you an overview of Postgres versions and how the underlying project codebase functions. I’ll also show you the process for submitting a patch and getting that tested and committed.
Enhanced data collection methods can help uncover the true extent of child abuse and neglect. This includes Integrated Data Systems from various sources (e.g., schools, healthcare providers, social services) to identify patterns and potential cases of abuse and neglect.
We are pleased to share with you the latest VCOSA statistical report on the cotton and yarn industry for the month of March 2024.
Starting from January 2024, the full weekly and monthly reports will only be available for free to VCOSA members. To access the complete weekly report with figures, charts, and detailed analysis of the cotton fiber market in the past week, interested parties are kindly requested to contact VCOSA to subscribe to the newsletter.
End-to-end pipeline agility - Berlin Buzzwords 2024Lars Albertsson
We describe how we achieve high change agility in data engineering by eliminating the fear of breaking downstream data pipelines through end-to-end pipeline testing, and by using schema metaprogramming to safely eliminate boilerplate involved in changes that affect whole pipelines.
A quick poll on agility in changing pipelines from end to end indicated a huge span in capabilities. For the question "How long time does it take for all downstream pipelines to be adapted to an upstream change," the median response was 6 months, but some respondents could do it in less than a day. When quantitative data engineering differences between the best and worst are measured, the span is often 100x-1000x, sometimes even more.
A long time ago, we suffered at Spotify from fear of changing pipelines due to not knowing what the impact might be downstream. We made plans for a technical solution to test pipelines end-to-end to mitigate that fear, but the effort failed for cultural reasons. We eventually solved this challenge, but in a different context. In this presentation we will describe how we test full pipelines effectively by manipulating workflow orchestration, which enables us to make changes in pipelines without fear of breaking downstream.
Making schema changes that affect many jobs also involves a lot of toil and boilerplate. Using schema-on-read mitigates some of it, but has drawbacks since it makes it more difficult to detect errors early. We will describe how we have rejected this tradeoff by applying schema metaprogramming, eliminating boilerplate but keeping the protection of static typing, thereby further improving agility to quickly modify data pipelines without fear.
Beyond the Basics of A/B Tests: Highly Innovative Experimentation Tactics You...Aggregage
This webinar will explore cutting-edge, less familiar but powerful experimentation methodologies which address well-known limitations of standard A/B Testing. Designed for data and product leaders, this session aims to inspire the embrace of innovative approaches and provide insights into the frontiers of experimentation!
Beyond the Basics of A/B Tests: Highly Innovative Experimentation Tactics You...
German assessment of islam and nonsense theories of pan islamism
1. Thursday, November 10, 2016
Saturday, August 30, 2014 German Assessment of Islam and
nonsense Theories of Pan Islamism
German Assessment of Islam and nonsense Theories of Pan Islamism
November 2016
DOI:
10.13140/RG.2.2.12771.37927
Project:
MILITARY HISTORY
Agha H Amin
2. Saturday, August 30, 2014
German Assessment of Islam and nonsense Theories of Pan
Islamism
US SOVIET RIVALRY IN COLD WAR AND CAPACITY
BUILDING OF MUSLIM EXTREMISM
3. Below is an article received from my dear friend Colonel
David Osinski in USA.
Below that is an analysis of mine of 2000, which means
pre 9/11.
US meddling with Islamists in Soviet Afghan War created
many chemical changes in Islamic worlds chemistry.
A false feeling of euphoria and misconceptions about
Islamic invincibility developed !
False conclusions were drawn from Soviet Afghan War
and the present mess.
Western states are apologetic , Muslim population is
multiplying in Europe and Muslim immigrants largely
people from lowest social backgrounds , labour class are
rabid Islamists. They get the best western social systems
privileges and also despise Western civilisation.
Brain washed by Muslim Mullahs of Americas and
Europe.In Pakistan and Afghanistan , mullah was lowest
character in social set up who lived on charity of a
village.This despicable character was elevated to
societys highest level thanks to US/UK/Saudi money in
Afghan War .
Like Jewish youth in Russia and Germany adopted
Marxism as a form of rebellion against conservative anti
semitic regimes , in asia it became fashionable to make
4. good money growing a beard and making good money
killing Shias with saudi donations and UAE donations and
in being called a Taliban.
But Marxism was an egalitarian forward looking idea
with all its faults.Islamic extremism is all darkness and
retrogression and ironically US mis -use of Islamists did
their capacity buildings.
Americans are very stupid in teaching their enemies
tricks of trade craft ! Even Ho Chi Minh was taught how
to walk by US special operators like Prunier of OSS !
This is a dark collection of people 500 years behind
christianity ! And a Roman said beware of freeing a
people who have never known freedom !
And you go in Iraq to free people.Russians and USSR
did better taming fiercest tribes of Central Asia and
Caucasus , to such an extent that half of them eat
pork ,drink vodka and the women are tigresses in bed !
Particularly in Pakistans FATA most notorious criminals
became Taliban .It payed ! Zarqawi is worst example in
Iraq and Jordan !
And Americans were so damn stupid that they destroyed
secular regimes like Saddam , Afghan leftists , Libya ,
secular muslims who knew how to screw the mullahs !
Even now US has not learnt the lesson and supported
5. these mad dogs in libya and syria ! the result is ISIS.
This is fire and water and they cant mix . However much
US supports radical islam they will finally come for your
throat.Its simple , either at your feet or at your throat !
Putin understands it and Chechnya is a success today.
Afghanistan and Iraq are US failures.
A wolf cannot be domesticated , a mad dog can only be
shot.
A short quote from my book which sums this american
exercise in madness :-----
USA, ISI, AL QAEDA and TALIBAN Anatomy of Grand US Strategic Failure by Agha
Humayun Amin (Nov 14, 2012)
Formats Price New Used
PaperbackGet it by Wednesday, Sep 3
FREE Shipping on orders over $35 $25.00 $22.50 $19.80 $24.19
.The Mullah who was at the lowest rung of the society was elevated and the traditional
leaders of Pashtun society eliminated and destroyed. Basically the Pakistani leadership like
the usurper Zia comprised of men with humble origins preferred pliable Afghans with
humble origins who would obey the third rate ISI major again from lower middle class
humble origins.
6. Afghan resistance in Pakistan was thus led by Panjsheri puncturemen previously repairing
tyres in Kabul , obscure and humble Mullahs like Haqqani and failed engineering university
dropouts with no tribal standing like Hekmatyar. It suited the Pakistanis and their American
fathers to deal with non entities who could be moulded and manipulated.
The Americans were funding people like Zia who was selling eggs to survive with 250 and
400 milion dollars annually. It is a white lie to think that the Americans stepped in after the
December 1979 Soviet invasion of Afghanistan.US and British assistance to the bastard
child Zia military regime started in 1978 and early 1979. The Pakistanis and Americans
brought all types of mad dog Islamists to Pakistan for the so called Afghan Jihad.Now
people like Bruce Riedel are blaming and attacking the same characters patronized by the
US in 1980s as Al Qaeda and Islamic extremists. Islamist volunteers were brought by the
ISI,CIA and Saudi GID to Pakistan because the Afghan mercenaries enlisted by the ISI were
not fighting as ruthlessly as their ISI handlers wanted them to fight. It is ironic that Islamic
Jihad was transformed into a global cause under CIA stewardship. Characters like Hafiz
Seed , today topping the US hate list were groomed and gained prominence during the CIA-
ISIGID Afghan war. HAMAS was established in 1987 with Abdullah Azzam as one of its
ideals.
After 1989 Jihad in Afghanistan degraded into a Pakistani version of Jihad. The Jihads
American fathers had abandoned Jihad in 1989 after the Soviet withdrawal. The Iraq war of
1991 was a watershed event. From 1991 Afghan war assumed a more Pakistani and Saudi
shape. Mujahideen were increasingly patronized and were replaced with Taliban who were
more rabidly Islamist Pakistani Saudi proxies.Again from the lowest and humblest sections
of AfghanPashtun society.Men who would readily obey their ISI handlers without any
dissent. Pakistans civilian prime minister Nawaz Sharif was an ISI creation and a man with
limited vision.
The other civilian prime minister Benazir Bhutto was a subject of ISI blackmail thanks to
some scandalous material gathered by the ISI cheap operatives in the Zia era. Benazir
Bhuttos handpicked Interior Minister Naseerullah Babar was spiritual Godfather of the mad
dog Islamist Talibans in Afghanistan.
Benazir Bhutto had no control on Pakistans intelligence in both her tenures and the ISI
did as it pleased in Afghanistan and India.A sad reflection on a supposed secular and
educated prime minister who claimed that she was the best guarantee against Islamic
extremism in the region. Hafiz Saeed now much hated by the CIA grew in stature in
Benazirs two tenures as prime minister ! It is hilarious when one reads about Benazirs
claims as the wests best bet against Islamic extremism in her last book !
7. When the Americans ditched the ISI after 1989 , the ISI found a new patron in the
Kashmir Jihad in shape of China. The Chinese feared that an independent Kashmir would be
a US base against China and had decided in late 1980s to support Kashmiri separatists who
wanted accession with Pakistan.
The period 1988-2000 was the golden period of ISIs Kashmir War. Ex DG ISI LTG Ziauddin
narrated to this scribe that Pakistan Army regulars and ISI regulars were fully involved in
the Kashmir Jihad and participated in deep penetration raids in Indian Occupied Kashmir.
Meanwhile the 8 years of Bill Clinton in the USA from 1992 to 2000 were a total foreign
policy disaster and during these 8 years the US had literally no Afghan policy. Monica
Lewinsky no doubt was a high priority for Bill Clinton. While Osama Bin Laden and Al Qaeda
trained and regrouped in Afghanistan the Americans were just sleeping .But now their
analysts like Riedel brand Pakistan as worlds most dangerous country. It is an ISI and CIA
achievement that characters like Mulla Omar became Afghanistans key leaders.Humble men
with no political status were elevated to Afghanistans power brokers just because they were
good sons of some ISI major commanding an ISI detachment ! This is history ! Charisma
and power comes when a man sells his soul and works for some one.No tribute to Mulla
Omars personality.The very word Mulla signifies a mans lowest social status in Pashtun
society. A large part of what analysts like Riedel now define as Islamic terrorism was
created by the CIA in its notorious partnership with ISI and CIA in 1980-90. While the US
abandoned Afghanistan and Pakistan in the period 1990-2001 , the Pakistani ISI saw
Afghanistan as a giant training camp to train ISI proxies for the war in Indian occupied
Kashmir.Thus the rise of the Taliban from 1994 to 2001. American policy makers were
simply sleeping during this period and today the Americans are simply paying the price for
their naive complacency.
A.H Amin
8.
9. My association and friendship with Colonel David Osinki
dates from early 2005 when he was General Manager
Contracts in Louis Burger at Kabul and I was working
with a sub contractor company of Louis Burger. Colonel
Osinski is a keen observer of international events and we
were co authors in a book on Afghanistan published by
Edwin Mellen Press,New York in February 2010.
Studying sociology many years ago, it was interesting to
see how an apparently small minority can change society
in ways not seemingly possible. Then, as pointed out in
this mail and elsewhere, most people have to work to
10. support their families and don't have the luxury of using
time for other pursuits. Others just don't care. Others find
reality an unpleasant subject to dwell on.
LETTERS TO THE EDITOR
EVERYTHING IS NOT BLACK AND WHITE OR RED OR
BLUE;
THERE ARE SHADES IN BETWEEN TOO ! PAN ISLAMISM
CHECHEN QUESTION ETC.Sir ,
I have seen a large number of articles about Pan Islamic themes in
various issues of DJ . I was however propelled to write this letter
once I saw a letter by a reader chiding Iran with lethargy and
indifference about Chechen Muslims ! I share the writers concern
about the plight of Chechens but feel with considerable conviction
that ignorance of history and extreme fervour has induced the writer
to make some sweeping statements. This is no fault of the author but
a common occurrence in Pakistan where a lot of lip service is paid to
abstract concepts of Pan Islamism etc; while many ground realities
are ignored. In addition history is not taught in a manner in schools
or colleges which may enable a future adult to have a broader
perspective of events. The fault lies in our educational system! Take
Ahmad Shah Abdali for example. The man was a soldier of fortune
who looted the Muslims of Delhi and Punjab indiscriminately but
later was extolled by Iqbal as a great Muslim hero . Read Waris
Shah and other Punjabi Muslim poets of 18th century Punjab and
you find out that this Abdali was the worst kind of looter ! Take
Aurangzeb again eulogised by Iqbal as a Muslim hero .The fact is
11. that the man alienated all communities in India. He chastised the
Pathans alienating them by punitive expeditions against tribes,
making the Yusufzai fight the Khattak as a result of which Pathans
stopped joining the Mughal Army at a time when the Mughals
needed them the most in the Maratha insurgency (Refers pages-239
& 240-Cambridge History of India-Volume Four).
The same Aurangzeb was more keen to destroy the southern Muslim
Shia kingdoms as a result of which the Mughals subsequently got
involved in the Maratha war which became the Mughals Spanish
Ulcer and the principal reason of decline and fall of the Mughal
Empire! By removing the Shia Kingdoms Aurangzeb got
inextricably involved with the Marathas who inhabited the area of
the Shia Kingdoms . These Marathas found Aurangzeb's Sunni
fanaticism intolerable and waged a brilliant guerrilla war under
Sivaji which laid a blue print of a guerrilla war imitated or re
practised much later in Spain against Napoleon , in Vietnam against
USA and much later in Afghanistan .In all cases guerrilla forces
triumphed over conventional forces; whether guerrillas were
Marataha Hindu , Catholic Spanish , Communist Atheist
Vietnamese or Muslim Pathan or Tajik .Today these Pan Islamists
think that it was triumph of Islam over Communism ! A typical case
of Pan Islamic confusion! To come back to the point the problem
with Pan Islamism is that many realities of history are ignored once
Pan Islamists talk about Islam at an international level.
Geography, ethnicity and historical background are ignored by Pan
Islamists . Take Iran's case as an example . Iran is a Shia Muslim
national state. It has defied USA successfully since 1979 more
successfully than any other modern Muslim state without selling
national honour as done by Pakistani governments since 1950 or by
blundering into a trap like Kuwait War in case of Iraq! It is
prosperous cohesive and has clear national goals. Now take Iran in
12. relation to its neighbours. On one side is Turkey . An Islamic state if
this confused label can be applied to a state which has a defence pact
with Israel . Turkey has historically tried to dismember or damage
Iran and the same is true for Iran's attitude with Turkey ! In 1724
Turkey concluded an agreement with Tsarist Christian Russia to
dismember and divide Muslim Iran ! (Refers-page-237 to page-238-
History of Persia-Volume Two-Brigadier General Percy Sykes-
London-Macmillan and Company Limited-Saint Martin's Press-New
York-1958) . Turkish Iranian rivalry which was a natural result of
the fact that the two states were different ethnically and dynastically
weakened both and played a major role in ensuring that Ottoman
Turkey's forces were divided between Europe and Asia. Iran also
remained weak since it was engaged in a series of wars with Turkey
from the sixteenth to the 19th century . Pan Islamists may cite this as
a case of Islamic disunity but that is absurd ! The same was true for
Christian France allying with Muslim Turkey against Christian
Austria or France allying with Muslim ruled Mysore against English
East India Company. Religion, alas despite all lip service to the idea
remains a weak basis for statehood barring Pakistan and Israel with
European Jews dominating Israel and Punjabi Muslims dominating
Pakistan after having finally sucessfully getting rid of the Muslim
majority province of East Bengal ! Even the first Muslim state
which in reality was an Arab dominated state was basically a family
affair; the first four caliphs being from Quraish and later the the
Bannu Ummaya fighting the Ali-ides or the Banni Abbas fighting
the Banni Ummaya. If the Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H) wanted he would
have left clear guidelines ; about his successor; another legal issue
which divides Muslims! History of Islam was in reality the history
of Arab Muslims with all power concentrated in the hands of one
clan ; a total negation of the concept of democracy as practised by
the Holy Prophet ! The Arab dynasties were followed by Turkish
13. Berber Fatimid dynasties all conveniently employing religion as a
tool ; an opium to drug the masses ! The Ottoman Empire was a
tyranny as far as the Arab Muslims was concerned;Muslim in name
Turk in reality !The Mughals were Muslims in name following the
policy of divide and rule using Hindu Generals against Pathan
Muslims or Hindu Rajput generals against Maratha Hindus ! This
was not a negation of Pan Islamism . Islam was good as a slogan but
the Mughals had to deal with a larger number of non Muslims. The
Pakistan idea emerged only after the Muslims feared persecution
from a Hindu majority. But even religion failed once the Bengali
Muslims felt that they were being fooled in the name of Islam by the
West Pakistani ruling elite ! The Punjabi Muslim politicians raised
the slogan of parity to safeguard West Pakistani/Punjabi Muslim
interests against possible Bengali Muslim domination ! Exactly in
the same manner as done by the Muslim League to escape Hindu
majority's domination ! Now we have PONAM BNM ANP MQM
STTP etc. The reason is not that these are traitors but because
ethnicity is also important . Mere religion is no panacea of all evils !
If it was not so there would be no quota system!
Pan Islamism was picked up by Jamal Afghani in second half of
19th century . It's a good slogan but overlooks certain concrete
historical facts . How could for example Indian Muslims support
Egyptian Muslims once Alexandria was bombarded in 1882 or once
the British fought the Second Afghan War in 1878-80 . The
Egyptians had no link with India apart from a common religion !
The Afghans had systematically looted Indian Muslims
independently or as mercenaries of Persia from 1739 to 1799 !
Ahmad Shah Abdali warned the Muslim Pathans of Rohailkhand
and Upper Doab to be more careful with Shia Oudh than against
Marathas ! About 13 years later Shia Muslim Oudh hired a British
East India Company brigade to destroy Pathan Muslim Rohailkhand
14. ! Sir Syed Ahmad Khan rightly advised the Indian Muslims not to
think the Turkish Khalifa as Khalifa of India ! The Arabs knew
much better about the Turk's Islamic fervour ! The British were the
de facto rulers of India ! The fact was forgotten by the Indian
Muslims much later and the Khilafat movement however heroic
damaged the cause of Indian Muslims. The Turks under Kemal the
'Grey Wolf' of Anatolia proved wiser and kicked out the ridiculous
Khalifa !
Now to come back to Iran :- (1) How could Iran sell out to the
Russians in 1979 when it was itself in the middle of a traumatic
revolution and confronting USA which the Pakistani leadership
since 1951 has shamelessly wooed, only be kicked once Pakistan
needed crucial US help in 1965 and 1971! Zia on the other hand sold
Pakistan to the US once the Russians occupied Afghanistan in order
to preserve his seat! The military regime was isolated internally as
well as externally! Internally, it had reneged on a promise of
elections within 90 days, and externally, it had no support! Russian
intervention in Afghanistan gave it a golden excuse to stay in power
and to get US aid! The Afghans were helped not because of Islam
but because they were a good means to get dollars from the US and
Saudi Arabia! So much for the Islamic fervour! Pakistan got billions
of dollars of US aid most of which was pilfered by Zia and his
generals and air marshals! The evidence of this can be seen in the
assets of many Jullundhri Pathans or Hindustani generals as held
today or those of their sons who are not corrupt politicians by any
definition since they are general's sons! (2) What happened in
Afghanistan? The US financed a large number of groups, Pathan,
Uzbek, Tajik, Hazara, Persian speaking to fight a proxy war. All
these groups were Muslim in name but in reality Pathan, Tajik or
Uzbek. The Afghan war was a much smaller affair than Vietnam.
While about 60,000 Americans died in Vietnam only 14000
15. Russians died in Afghanistan, an average of 1200 per year. A very
insignificant figure in Russian military history keeping in view the
fact that about 1,700,000 (Refers-pages-986 and 987 -Hitler and
Stalin- Alan Bullock-Alfred. A.Knopf-New York-1992) Russians
died in WW One and 13 ,600,000 in WW Two!
Compare Afghanistan with Vietnam in terms of ethnicity versus
religion. I think that the best thing about the Russian invasion of
Afghanistan was the fact that the Tajiks, Uzbeks and Hazaras who
had been third rate citizens in a Pathan dominated Afghanistan since
1799 became first rate citizens ! A fact which even today is very
irritating and unpleasant for the Taliban which is a deadly anti Shia
and essentially Pathan Sunni Group! The Vietnamese were one race
and had one ideology. Vietnam is stable and prosperous today
without being Muslim or Christian! The Afghans are disunited and
in much worse shape in 2000 than in 1988 when the last Russian
soldier left its soil ! What is Hekmatyar without US or ISI aid !
Where is his Islamic fervour now ! More was at stake than Islam!
CIA dollars in millions were stashed by CIA and ISI operatives or
generals and air marshals in Chase Manhattan or Bank of Cheats and
Crooks (BCCI)! The only genuine man was Ahmad Shah Masud
who did not become a tool of foreign intelligence agencies and is
still fighting not based in a Madarssa financed by an Arab anti Shia
state or intelligence agency of a foreign country but by virtue of
being a man of substance ! Who are the Taliban ! How have they
suddenly replaced so-called charismatic Mujahideen commanders
like Hekmatyar, Khaliq Abdul Haq etc ! The change proves that
Afghanistan was a manipulated affair ! The controls were elsewhere
! The problem is that one country cannot manipulate another
endlessly! As the conditions in Afghanistan stabilise, it will be more
and more difficult for external powers to manipulate the country!
Either there will be a sellout in 2000 or Pakistan will suffer the
16. ravages of a low intensity limited or full war in case adventurism in
intelligence agencies is not curbed ! The Afghan Jehad a misnomer
was in reality a CIA Jehad and that is why the Afghans are in the
shape they are today ! Their leaders in league with Pakistan's
military junta gobbled millions of US dollars and now they talk of
confrontation with US ! My knowledge of Pathan history tells me
that there will be a sellout in 2000 ! So much for the Taliban and the
Osama business ! (3) Few people know that in 1982 at the height of
Iran Iraq war General Zia despatched a military advisory group to
Iraq ! These people were not there to teach the Iraqi's harmless first
aid tactics but were dealing with Iraqi armour and infantry officers
fighting a war with another Islamic country! So much for Pakistan's
solidarity with Iran! (3) Now coming to Iran's dealings with Russia.
Iran at the moment is moving towards close cooperation with
Russia. Russia is transferring nuclear technology and also supplying
military hardware to Iran. This is most essential for Iran since
today's world with a unipolar scenario is far more insecure for
smaller states. Muslim, Christian or Atheist than before 1989 ! Why
should Iran antagonise the Russians! This is not a sellout. The
Iranians are pursuing their national interests, just like Pakistan's
usurpers were following their personal interests once they sold
Pakistan albeit cheaply and without achieving much to the USA in
1950s or in 1977-88 ! Now coming straight to Chechnya . I have
visited Russia twice in 1995 and 1996. Till 1996 the Chechens were
doming well in Russia ! They were prominent in Moscow,
dominating the Mafia at least marginally and the General Manager
of Hotel Raddisson where I was staying was a Chechen! I discussed
Chechnya in great detail with this gentleman and many Chechens!
The issue is more complicated than we in Pakistan know. The
Chechens were happy with the semi independent political status they
had achieved in 1996. Only the radical Islamists who were a
17. marginal although well organised group were unhappy. They wanted
to export their brand of Islamic radicalism to Daghestan a more
liberal and peaceful Muslim state! The present trouble into which
Chechnya got into is the result of the absurd and nut headed
approach of these Chechen Muslim radicals. Sending guerrillas to
Daghestan. Planting bombs in civilian flats in Moscow! These were
the acts that provoked the Russian government to attack Chechnya !
The Russians were unhappy when their government attacked
Chechnya in 1995 or in 1979-88 when they attacked Afghanistan.
They regarded these wars as adventurism. Now the situation is
different. Now the average Russian regards the present war as a just
war! Russian public opinion is solidly behind Russian government.
It is not the question of Islam versus Christianity as is being made
out in Pakistan! The Russians are a people with a barbarian past !
They were ruled by Tartar Muslims, oppressive Romanovs and the
totalitarian Bolsheviks. More Russians have died fighting each other
than Muslims against Russians. In the Russian Civil War fought in
1917-22 almost ten million people died! A number much larger than
the total population of Chechnya ! Chechnya houses some of
Russia's largest oil and gas reserves ! It is not Afghanistan which
was many hundred miles away from mainland Russia. Its possession
is vital to Russia . The Russians can easily conduct military
operations unlike Afghanistan where logistic cost of supplying or
sustaining military operations was the principal cause of Russian
withdrawal! Its just like Balochistan which the Pakistani
government would not allow to secede; not because for any special
love for the Baloch Muslims; but simply because the province
houses Pakistan's largest gas reserves and is geopolitically essential
for Pakistan's security! East Pakistan was lost because of geography
but Balochistan's geography condemns it to be a province of a larger
federal state !
18. The Afghanistan analogy is not applicable to Chechnya. The
Russians withdrew from Afghanistan not because they were
militarily defeated but because Gorbachev rightly assessed that
staying on was not cost effective (Pages-207 & 208- Out of
Afghanistan-Cordovez and Harrison-Oxford-1995). Chechnya is an
altogether different case because Russian presence there is cost
effective because of Chechen oil! The political situation in Russia is
once again stabilising. The Communists are once again regaining
strength while Putin is likely to emerge as a strong statesman. No
amount of statements from the OIC can change the situation. If the
Russians are ignoring the OSCE and USA why should they bother
about OIC! Why should Iran surrounded by three hostile or
potentially hostile neighbours and one super power which every year
allocates funds to destabilise Iran antagonise the Russians ; their
only trustworthy ally!
Where is Islam in case of Kurds! How many Kurds have died
fighting Iranian Iraqi and Turkish armies since the last one hundred
years! I think ten times more than total number of Chechens killed
from January 1999! Where is the Islam of the Islamic Contact Group
in case of Kurds who are condemned for eternity to be subjects of
Iran, Iraq and Turkey. The first modern Chemical Warfare attack
was carried out against the Iraqi Kurds during the Iran-Iraq war!
Where was Islam when genocide was committed in 1971 by a
Muslim (a misconceived misnomer!) Army against the Bengali
Muslims! Religion, ideology etc is nothing but cheap tools
employed by the ruling elite to galvanise and drug the masses! The
middle class and the feudal clique of UP and Punjab became
interested in Muslim separatism only once their class interests were
threatened with competitive examinations and concepts of British
democracy! The same was true for the Hindu middle and business
classes that joined the congress! They thought that they would
19. succeed the British Viceroys in ruling entire India! Hinduism was
only a slogan, just as was the case with the Muslim elite! Religion is
a good slogan but only a slogan! Democracy ends immediately
when Muslims leave the Mosque! Lip service is paid but that is
where Islam ends!
It will be good for our intellectual health if we forget about Pan
Islamism and try to set our own house in order! So far we have
miserably failed even to stay as one nation in case of East Pakistan!
Today we have the smaller ethnic group's issue which is intricate as
well as genuine and demands good statesmanship which is sadly
lacking both in India and Pakistan ! Both have been termed as 'failed
states' by political scientists ! Both have a history of using coercive
power of a modern state against smaller ethnic groups e.g. Kashmir
1989-2000, East Pakistan-1971 , Balochistan 1958-64, Balochistan
1974-77 etc etc. Both the states have been steadily involved in an
arms race that will end only once a war limited or total is finally
fought . A dispassionate study of history proves that men are but
victims of currents of history and cannot change the tide of history!
Europe learned its lesson after two world wars and is saner ! China
learned its lesson from 1911-1949 and is now saner ! Unfortunately
Pakistan and India have fought small wars ; petty skirmishes by
western standards in which total casualties of each side was less than
10,000 killed. That is why both have hawks; theoretical hawks I
would say; arm chair strategists; Don Quixote's who think that
Kashmir can we won (Pakistan) or retained (India)! The motivation
of the ruling elite on both sides is ulterior! Its not ideology Islam or
secularism but ego, powers, lusts for glory! Bismarck's does not lead
them or Churchill's but myopic men with limited vision, short-term
goals and personal agendas advised by dark horse adventist
intelligence agencies! Sundarji called them blind men of Hindustan ;
a better name may be 'Blind men of Hind-o-Pak'! These are
20. shortsighted men who have not understood what General Sherman
said at Atlanta after the US Civil War i.e. 'there are many a boys
here who think of war as glory, but it is hell!' As a soldier I wish that
both the countries should either fight it out so that we at least
discover (I would say rediscover or confirm as far as ex soldiers are
concerned!) The qualitative efficiency of our general officers or
arrive at a settlement! Otherwise it's a never-ending game of musical
chairs, which the ruling elite of both the countries is making the
common man play! The qualities of generalship and mediocrity in
higher ranks on both sides have been well proved in 1947-48, 1965
and 1971! 2000 if it proves decisive will inshaallah prove as no
exception.
And lastly Pan Islamism is dangerous . It is better if we concentrate
on setting our own house in order.
Major A.H Amin
(Retired)
1021 Arlington Blvd
Arlington va-22209
USA
Pavocavalry@hotmail.com