rESEARCH DESIGN PRACTICAL RESEARCH 1

8. Qualitative
Research Design
Qualitative
Research Design

9. Design is a word that means a plan or something
that the mind conceptualizes. In research, a design
serves as a model or structural structure of your
research analysis. Thus, a research design is a
step-by-step approach used by a researcher to
conduct a scientific study.

10. Types of Qualitative Research
1. Case Study. It is a detailed study of persons,
groups, events, decisions, periods, policies,
institutions, or other systems and investigates a
phenomenon within its real-life context. A case
study is mostly used by social scientists to
examine contemporary real-life situations since
it provides detailed descriptions of specific and
rare cases.

11. A case study usually centers on a single or
individual subject matter. The intense exposure
to this study may give biases to a researcher’s
interpretation of the findings.

12. Case Study
Purpose: describe in-dept the experience of one
person, family, group, community, or institutions
Method: Direct observation and interaction with
subject
Analysis: synthesis of experience
Outcomes: in-depth description of the experience.

15. Types of Qualitative Research
2. Ethnography. It is a study of natural behavior in
a culture or the entire social group. It requires
an analysis of a specific ethnic community or
organization in which you, the researcher, will
completely immerse themselves in the lives,
culture, or situation they are studying.

16. Ethnography
Purpose: to descibe a culture's characteristics
Method: Direct observation and interaction with
subject
- identify culture, variables for study, & review
literature
- data collection - gain entrance to culture; immerse
self in culture; acquire informants;
gather data through direct observation &
interaction with subjects

17. Ethnography
Analysis: describe characteristics of culture
Outcomes: description of culture

20. Types of Qualitative Research
3. Historical Study. The primary purpose of a
historical research design is to collect, verify,
and create evidence from the past to establish
facts that defend or disprove a hypothesis. This
research design utilizes secondary sources and
various evidence, such as diaries, official
records, reports, archives, and non-textual
information.

21. Historical Study
Purpose: describe and examine events of the past
to understand the present and anticipate potential
future effects
Method:
- Formulate idea - select topic after reading related
literature
- Develop research questions
- Develop an inventory of sources - archives,
private libraries, papers.

22. Historical Study
- Clarify validity & reliability of data - primary
sources, authencity, biases
- Develop research outline to organize investigate
process
- Collect data
Analysis: synthesis of all data; accept & reject
data; reconcile conflicting evidence

23. Historical Study
Outcomes: select means of presentation -
biography, chronology, issue paper

26. Types of Qualitative Research
4. Phenomenology. This design focuses on the
commonality of a lived experience within a
particular group. The central objective of the
method is to arrive at a description of the nature
of a phenomenon.

27. Phenomenology
Purpose: to describe experiences as they lived
- examines the uniqueness of individual's lived
situations
- each person has own reality; reality is subjective
Method: No clearly defined steps to avoid limiting
creativity of researcher
- sampling & data collection

28. Phenomenology
* Seek persons who understand study &
are willing to express inner feelings & experience
* Describe experiences of phenomenon
* Write experiences of phenomenon
* Direct observation
* Audio or videotape

29. Phenomenology
Analysis:
- Classify &/or rank data
- sense of wholeness
- examine experience beyond human awareness/
or cannot be communicated

30. Phenomenology
Outcomes:
- findings described from subject's point-of-view
- researcher identifies themes
- structural explanation of findings is developed

33. Types of Qualitative Research
5. Grounded Theory. In this research design, the
theory is developed and based directly on the
collected and analyzed data made by the
researcher. The main purpose of this design is
to develop or “ground” a theory in the situation
in which the phenomenon under study occurs.

34. Grounded Theory
Purpose: theory development
- used in discovering what problems exist in a
social science & how persons handle them
- involves formulation, testing, & redevelopment of
propositions until a theory is developed
Method: steps occur simultaneously; a constant
comparative process
- Data collection - interview, observation,
record review, or combination

35. Grounded Theory
Analysis:
- concept formation
- concept development - reduction; selective
sampling of literature; selective sampling
subjects; emergence of core subjects
- concepts modification & integration
Outcomes: theory supported by examples from
data

36. ❑ Grounded theory is often used by the HR
department. For instance, they might study why
employees are frustrated by their work.
Employees can explain what they feel is lacking.
HR then gathers this data, examines the results
to discover the root cause of their problems and
presents solutions

38. Types of Qualitative Research
6. Symbolic Interaction. It is a communication
between human beings via symbols such as
words, definitions, roles, gestures, rituals, and
others.