Organization of the Atom
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The atom consists of a nucleus containing protons and neutrons at its center, surrounded by an electron cloud holding electrons. The nucleus makes up most of the atom's mass, with protons providing a positive charge and neutrons having no charge. Electrons reside in the electron cloud and have a negative charge that determines the atom's atomic number.
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1) Radioactive nuclei decay over time through processes like alpha, beta, and gamma decay, releasing particles or energy.
2) The half-life of a radioactive isotope is the amount of time it takes for half of the nuclei in a sample to decay. After one half-life, half the nuclei remain, after two half-lives one quarter remain, and so on.
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Unit 3 page 7
Atoms are the building blocks of matter and consist of protons, neutrons, and electrons. Protons and neutrons are located in the atomic nucleus, with protons having a positive charge and neutrons having no charge. Electrons orbit around the nucleus. The atomic number indicates the number of protons in an atom, while the mass number is the total number of protons and neutrons. The atomic mass is the average mass of atoms of that element as found in nature. Sodium atoms have 11 protons, 12 neutrons, and 11 electrons, an atomic number of 11, a mass number of 23, and an atomic mass of approximately 23 amg.
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size just like the density of liquid which is also
independent of its size.
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within a spherical enclosure called the nuclear
potential barrier just like the movement of the
molecules of a liquid within a spherical drop of liquid.
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The Bohr model of the atom consists of a dense
positive nucleus surrounded by electrons in
shells. The nucleus contains nucleons which
are either protons or neutrons. The proton has
a positive charge and an atomic mass of 1 AMU.
The neutron has zero charge and an atomic
mass of 1 AMU. The atomic number (Z) is
equal to the number of protons in the nucleus.
The atomic mass (A) is equal to the sum of the
neutrons and protons in the nucleus. The electron has a negative charge and a mass of almost
zero. Electrons in an atom only move in specifi c orbits. Each orbit or shell has its own binding energy. The binding energy is the energy
required to remove an electron from its shell.
The shells closer to the nucleus have higher
binding energies. Ionization occurs when an
electron is removed from an atom. This results
in an ion pair made up of one positive and
one negative ion. Ionizing radiation consists
of electromagnetic and particulate radiations
with enough energy to ionize atoms. X-rays
and gamma rays are forms of electromagnetic
radiation. Alpha and beta radiations are forms of
particulate radiation.
There are two systems of radiation units, the
SI and the conventional. The units of exposure
are the roentgen (R) and the coulombs per
kilogram (C/kg). The units of dose are the gray
and the rad. The units of the effective dose are
the sievert and the rem.
Elements with similar electron shell structures have similar chemical properties. Isotopes
are elements with the same atomic number but
different atomic masses. Isotopes have the same
chemical properties. The atomic weight of an
element is the average of the atomic masses of
naturally occurring isotopes. When elements
are arranged in order of increasing atomic number, they form the periodic table of elements.
Atomic nucleus and radioactivity
Radiation is emitted from radioactive materials as a result of their capacity for radioactivity. There are three main types of radiation: alpha particles, which have a large mass and short range; beta particles, which are electrons; and gamma rays, which are high-energy electromagnetic radiation that travels at the speed of light. Radioactive atoms become unstable due to an excess of energy or mass in their nucleus, which can be caused by changes in the number, arrangement, or energy of nucleons. Unstable atoms seek stability through radioactive decay and emission of radiation until the nuclear forces are balanced.
Nuclear chemistry
1. Nuclear chemistry deals with changes in the nucleus of atoms, which are the source of radioactivity and nuclear power. It studies nuclear particles, forces, and reactions.
2. Nuclear reactions differ from chemical reactions in that the nucleus of an element takes part rather than just electrons, and a much larger amount of energy is evolved. Reaction rates of nuclear reactions are dependent on nuclear concentration but not influenced by temperature or catalysts.
3. Radioactive decay occurs via three types of radiation: alpha, beta, and gamma. Alpha decay decreases mass and atomic number by units of 4 and 2, respectively. Beta decay does not change mass number but increases atomic number by 1. Gamma decay does not change mass or atomic number
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It consists of a small core, or nucleus, that contains most of the mass of the atom
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The protons are surrounded by negatively charged electrons, but most of the atom is actually empty space.
In 1913, Bohor proposed the Atomic Model, which suggests that electrons travel around the nucleus of an atom in orbits or definite paths.
Atom consists of a tiny nucleus.
Each orbit has fixed energy that is quantatized.
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Electron can revolve in orbits of fixed angular momentum mvr.
Liquid Drop Model
The nuclei of all elements are considered to be behave like a liquid drop of incompressible liquid of very high density.
In an equilibrium state the nuclei of atoms remain spherically symmetric under the action of strong attractive nuclear forces just like the drop of a liquid which is spherical due to surface tension.
The density of a nucleus is independent of its
size just like the density of liquid which is also
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The protons and neutrons of the nucleus move about
within a spherical enclosure called the nuclear
potential barrier just like the movement of the
molecules of a liquid within a spherical drop of liquid.
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2) Isotopes are atoms with the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons.
3) Chemical reactions involve changes to molecular structure but preserve atomic identity, while nuclear reactions alter the nucleus.
4) Mass defect and binding energy explain nuclear stability, with the most stable nuclei having intermediate mass numbers. Radioactive decay occurs as unstable heavy isotopes emit particles or radiation over time.
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An atom is the smallest unit of matter that retains chemical properties and is made up of protons, neutrons, and electrons. Atoms were first proposed by Greek philosophers to explain the nature of matter, and scientific models of the atom have developed over centuries through the contributions of scientists like Dalton, Thomson, Rutherford, and Bohr. Atoms consist of a tiny, dense nucleus surrounded by orbiting electrons, with the nucleus containing positively charged protons and neutral neutrons. The properties of an element are determined by its number of protons.
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This document provides an overview of key concepts in nuclear physics and radioactivity covered in Chapter 31, including:
1) Nuclear reactions such as conservation of mass number and charge in nuclear reactions. Mass-energy equivalence and how it relates to energy released in nuclear processes.
2) Properties of the nucleus including isotopes, mass number, and atomic number. The strong nuclear force that binds nucleons together.
3) Radioactive decay processes including alpha, beta, gamma decay and particle emissions. Applications of radioactivity such as smoke detectors and radiation therapy.
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The Bohr model of the atom consists of a dense
positive nucleus surrounded by electrons in
shells. The nucleus contains nucleons which
are either protons or neutrons. The proton has
a positive charge and an atomic mass of 1 AMU.
The neutron has zero charge and an atomic
mass of 1 AMU. The atomic number (Z) is
equal to the number of protons in the nucleus.
The atomic mass (A) is equal to the sum of the
neutrons and protons in the nucleus. The electron has a negative charge and a mass of almost
zero. Electrons in an atom only move in specifi c orbits. Each orbit or shell has its own binding energy. The binding energy is the energy
required to remove an electron from its shell.
The shells closer to the nucleus have higher
binding energies. Ionization occurs when an
electron is removed from an atom. This results
in an ion pair made up of one positive and
one negative ion. Ionizing radiation consists
of electromagnetic and particulate radiations
with enough energy to ionize atoms. X-rays
and gamma rays are forms of electromagnetic
radiation. Alpha and beta radiations are forms of
particulate radiation.
There are two systems of radiation units, the
SI and the conventional. The units of exposure
are the roentgen (R) and the coulombs per
kilogram (C/kg). The units of dose are the gray
and the rad. The units of the effective dose are
the sievert and the rem.
Elements with similar electron shell structures have similar chemical properties. Isotopes
are elements with the same atomic number but
different atomic masses. Isotopes have the same
chemical properties. The atomic weight of an
element is the average of the atomic masses of
naturally occurring isotopes. When elements
are arranged in order of increasing atomic number, they form the periodic table of elements.
Atomic nucleus and radioactivity
Radiation is emitted from radioactive materials as a result of their capacity for radioactivity. There are three main types of radiation: alpha particles, which have a large mass and short range; beta particles, which are electrons; and gamma rays, which are high-energy electromagnetic radiation that travels at the speed of light. Radioactive atoms become unstable due to an excess of energy or mass in their nucleus, which can be caused by changes in the number, arrangement, or energy of nucleons. Unstable atoms seek stability through radioactive decay and emission of radiation until the nuclear forces are balanced.
Nuclear chemistry
1. Nuclear chemistry deals with changes in the nucleus of atoms, which are the source of radioactivity and nuclear power. It studies nuclear particles, forces, and reactions.
2. Nuclear reactions differ from chemical reactions in that the nucleus of an element takes part rather than just electrons, and a much larger amount of energy is evolved. Reaction rates of nuclear reactions are dependent on nuclear concentration but not influenced by temperature or catalysts.
3. Radioactive decay occurs via three types of radiation: alpha, beta, and gamma. Alpha decay decreases mass and atomic number by units of 4 and 2, respectively. Beta decay does not change mass number but increases atomic number by 1. Gamma decay does not change mass or atomic number
What's hot (20)
Scattering of Electrons in a Gas (The Franck-Hertz Experiment and the Ionizat...
Scattering of Electrons in a Gas (The Franck-Hertz Experiment and the Ionizat...
radiation units, atoms, and atomic structure. radiation physics
radiation units, atoms, and atomic structure. radiation physics
More from CieraJohnson
Presume
Ciera Johnson provides her contact information and lists her hobbies as photography and animals/wildlife. She has work experience at a pool snack bar and as a camp counselor. Through FFA, she participated in several competitions and held leadership roles. Her classes included agriculture, photography, environmental science, and floral design. Her future goals are to be a wildlife researcher and attend Humboldt State University.
The holocaust
The document summarizes key events and policies of the Holocaust:
1) Kristallnacht (Night of Broken Glass) in 1938 saw a massive attack on Jews and Jewish businesses by Nazi groups that began after a Jew shot a German embassy staff member. Over 30,000 Jews were arrested and sent to concentration camps.
2) The Nuremberg Laws of 1935 stripped German Jews of citizenship and forbade relationships with non-Jews. Jews were also required to have medical exams.
3) Ghettos created outside cities forced overpopulated and terrible living conditions on Jews, deliberately starving them and denying heat in winter. Some Jews resorted to suicide to escape.
4) The
Chemistry Semester 1 Final
There are three states of matter: solids, liquids, and gases. Changes between these states require energy and can be either physical or chemical changes. Physical changes are reversible and do not alter the chemical makeup, while chemical changes produce different substances and are not reversible. The document also discusses scientific notation, significant digits, the periodic table, and calculating density.
Balancing Chemical Equations
The document discusses balancing a chemical equation. It shows the step-by-step process of balancing the equation for the reaction of aluminum nitrate and sodium hydroxide to produce aluminum hydroxide and sodium nitrate. First, it identifies the reactants and products on each side of the equation. It then systematically adds coefficients to each element and compound to balance the atoms and charges on both sides of the equation, arriving at the balanced equation of Al(NO3)3 + 3NaOH → Al(OH)3 + 3NaNO3.
Vocabulary unit 9
The Cold War lasted from 1945 to 1991 and involved political and military tensions between the United States and the Soviet Union. Key events included the Yalta and Potsdam conferences dividing post-WWII Europe, the Truman Doctrine providing aid to countries resisting communism, and the erection of the Berlin Wall in 1961 separating East and West Berlin. Other notable developments were the Space and Arms Races, wars in Korea and Vietnam, and Mao Zedong's rule in China including the Great Leap Forward and Cultural Revolution.
WW2 Vocabulary
This document provides definitions and context for key terms and events from World War 2. It discusses Hitler's rise to power in Germany and the annexation of Austria. It also summarizes the Hitler-Stalin non-aggression pact that divided Poland between Germany and Russia, as well as the failed appeasement policy pursued by Britain and France in the lead up to war. Finally, it identifies the major Axis and Allied powers and defines the Blitzkrieg military doctrine and the Luftwaffe air force.
Assignment 7.5: Totalitarian Review
A totalitarian government exercises total control over all aspects of people's lives. It is led by a dictator and the military is always present. Fascism is a one-party system where the party rules without opposition and the government and owners collectively control the economy. Stalin consolidated individual land through collectivization and enforced 5-year plans to industrialize cities. He led the Great Purge campaigns of persecution and had his rival Trotsky murdered.
Vocabulary Unit 7
The document discusses different totalitarian leaders and their policies. It describes how Vladimir Lenin established the first communist government in Russia and allowed more economic freedom for farmers. It outlines how Stalin conducted the Great Purge and Five Year Plan, and how Mao Zedong led revolutions in China like the Great Leap Forward and Cultural Revolution. The document also mentions Hitler writing Mein Kampf and establishing the SS to run concentration camps in Germany.
The United States in WW1
The United States initially practiced isolationism at the beginning of WWI, though they did sell weapons and provide some aid to other countries. Germany sinking the Lusitania in 1915 was the main reason the US entered the war in April 1917. With new US troops, the tide turned in favor of the Allies. The US fought in major battles on the Western Front and had around 323,018 casualties over the two years they were involved in the war. President Wilson outlined his Fourteen Points speech in 1918 to promote the US was fighting for a moral cause and peace. After the war, the US emerged as a very powerful, strong, and rich country.
Voacbulatry unit 5, world war l
World War I lasted from 1914 to 1919 and was started by the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria-Hungary by Serbia. The main sides were the Allied powers of Russia, Britain, France, and later Italy versus the Central Powers of Germany and Austria-Hungary and the Ottoman Empire. Germany attempted the Schlieffen Plan to quickly defeat France but it failed. The war became one of attrition and trench warfare with neither side able to gain ground. Key battles included the First and Second Battle of the Marne, Gallipoli, the Somme, and Verdun, which caused massive casualties. Russia withdrew from the war due to the Bolshevik Revolution. The US entered in 1917 on the side of the
Las Posadas
Las Posadas es una celebración religiosa y social que se lleva a cabo durante nueve noches antes de Navidad para conmemorar la búsqueda de María y José de un lugar para que Jesús naciera. Se originó en España pero ahora se celebra en México, el sur de Estados Unidos y Guatemala. Durante las celebraciones, las personas recrean la búsqueda de María y José mientras realizan procesiones con velas que terminan en escenas de natividad.
Imperialism
Imperialism involves one state exerting political control and economic exploitation over weaker states. Colonialism is when a state politically controls another, while annexation incorporates a state into another state's territory. Social Darwinism was used to justify imperialism, arguing stronger societies had a right to rule weaker ones. The "White Man's Burden" asserted white men had a duty to civilize primitive countries. Racism and paternalism characterized the missionary impulse to convert indigenous peoples. The Scramble for Africa in the 1800s saw European powers invade and occupy the continent, except for Liberia and Ethiopia. Nationalism promoted pride in one's country through military and economic strength. Colonized peoples often rebelled against foreign domination.
England tour guide
This document provides information about several famous landmarks in England: Stonehenge, the London Eye, Big Ben, Windsor Castle, and Buckingham Palace. It describes key facts for each landmark, including their origins, sizes, notable features, and purposes. The document aims to inform tourists about important sites to visit while touring England.
Halloween y día de los muertos
Day of the Dead (Día de los Muertos) originated from indigenous Mexican rituals celebrating the dead and has been celebrated for over 3,000 years. When the Spanish arrived, they tried to suppress the ritual but it survived and merged with Catholic traditions. Today, it is celebrated November 1-2 by building altars honoring the deceased with their favorite foods, decorating graves, and remembering the dead. In contrast, Halloween has origins in pagan harvest festivals and focuses more on costumes, haunted attractions, trick-or-treating and carving jack-o-lanterns. Both holidays incorporate traditions honoring the deceased.
Francium
Francium is the rarest naturally occurring element, with only about 20-30 grams existing on Earth at any given time. It is the second rarest naturally occurring element and the most unstable, with no stable isotopes. Francium is a highly radioactive alkali metal that decays within minutes. Due to its radioactivity and rarity, little is known about its properties and it has no practical uses.
The Revolutions
The document summarizes several historical revolutions and documents that changed power structures:
1) The Magna Carta in 1215 limited the power of English kings and gave more power to Parliament.
2) The Glorious Revolution of 1688 saw William and Mary take the English throne and establish the English Bill of Rights, changing the power of kings forever.
3) The English Bill of Rights of 1689 further limited royal power and established the power of Parliament.
Wildflowers
The document lists 28 different species of wildflowers found in California and the western United States, including California poppy, lupine, paintbrush, columbine, fuchsia, and others. It provides both the common and scientific name for each flower.
Trees
This document lists 27 tree species found in the Minarets Natural Resources Team area. It includes both common and scientific names for each species. Some of the tree species listed are white fir, California box-elder, red alder, Pacific madrone, incense cedar, Pacific dogwood, Oregon ash, California black walnut, western juniper, lodgepole pine, sugar pine, ponderosa pine, foothill pine, California sycamore, Fremont cottonwood, quaking aspen, Douglas fir, canyon live oak, blue oak, California black oak, valley oak, Pacific willow, blue elderberry, coast redwood, giant sequoia, California bay laurel,
Mammals
This document lists the scientific names of various mammal species found in North America, including the pronghorn antelope, blue whale, coyote, tule elk, Virginia opossum, sea otter, porcupine, mountain lion, black-tailed rabbit, bobcat, northern river otter, yellow-bellied marmot, American marten, humpback whale, striped skunk, black-tailed deer, killer whale, bighorn sheep, raccoon, western gray squirrel, California ground squirrel, cottontail, yellow-pine chipmunk, American badger, bottlenose dolphin, gray fox, kit fox, and California sea lion.
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Presented by Vladimir Iglovikov:
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みなさんこんにちはこれ何文字まで入るの？40文字以下不可とか本当に意味わからないけどこれ限界文字数書いてないからマジでやばい文字数いけるんじゃないの？えこ...
ここ3000字までしか入らないけどタイトルの方がたくさん文字入ると思います。
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Cosa hanno in comune un mattoncino Lego e la backdoor XZ?
ABSTRACT: A prima vista, un mattoncino Lego e la backdoor XZ potrebbero avere in comune il fatto di essere entrambi blocchi di costruzione, o dipendenze di progetti creativi e software. La realtà è che un mattoncino Lego e il caso della backdoor XZ hanno molto di più di tutto ciò in comune.
Partecipate alla presentazione per immergervi in una storia di interoperabilità, standard e formati aperti, per poi discutere del ruolo importante che i contributori hanno in una comunità open source sostenibile.
BIO: Sostenitrice del software libero e dei formati standard e aperti. È stata un membro attivo dei progetti Fedora e openSUSE e ha co-fondato l'Associazione LibreItalia dove è stata coinvolta in diversi eventi, migrazioni e formazione relativi a LibreOffice. In precedenza ha lavorato a migrazioni e corsi di formazione su LibreOffice per diverse amministrazioni pubbliche e privati. Da gennaio 2020 lavora in SUSE come Software Release Engineer per Uyuni e SUSE Manager e quando non segue la sua passione per i computer e per Geeko coltiva la sua curiosità per l'astronomia (da cui deriva il suo nickname deneb_alpha).
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みなさんこんにちはこれ何文字まで入るの？40文字以下不可とか本当に意味わからないけどこれ限界文字数書いてないからマジでやばい文字数いけるんじゃないの？えこ...
みなさんこんにちはこれ何文字まで入るの？40文字以下不可とか本当に意味わからないけどこれ限界文字数書いてないからマジでやばい文字数いけるんじゃないの？えこ...
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UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series, part 5
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Full-RAG: A modern architecture for hyper-personalization
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A tale of scale & speed: How the US Navy is enabling software delivery from l...
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Cosa hanno in comune un mattoncino Lego e la backdoor XZ?
Cosa hanno in comune un mattoncino Lego e la backdoor XZ?
Encryption in Microsoft 365 - ExpertsLive Netherlands 2024
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Organization of the Atom
- 1. Organization of the Atom By Ciera Johnson
- 2. Nucleus and Electron Cloud The nucleus makes up most of the mass of an atom Nucleus The electron cloud holds the electrons and surrounds the nucleus. Electron Cloud
- 3. Protons They have a positive charge Found in the nucleus Same amount as electrons Nitrogen
- 4. Electrons Have a negative charge Found in the electron cloud Determines the atomic number Nitrogen
- 5. Neutrons Have no charge Found in the nucleus It varies from atom to atom Nitrogen
Editor's Notes
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