Factors that determine the properties of a hydrocarbon are: The number of carbon atoms.
How the atoms are arranged: Straight chain, Branched chain, and Ring
Factors that determine the properties of a hydrocarbon are: The number of carbon atoms.
How the atoms are arranged: Straight chain, Branched chain, and Ring
Welocme to ViralQR, your best QR code generator.ViralQR
Welcome to ViralQR, your best QR code generator available on the market!
At ViralQR, we design static and dynamic QR codes. Our mission is to make business operations easier and customer engagement more powerful through the use of QR technology. Be it a small-scale business or a huge enterprise, our easy-to-use platform provides multiple choices that can be tailored according to your company's branding and marketing strategies.
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We are here to make the process of creating QR codes easy and smooth, thus enhancing customer interaction and making business more fluid. We very strongly believe in the ability of QR codes to change the world for businesses in their interaction with customers and are set on making that technology accessible and usable far and wide.
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At ViralQR, here is a comprehensive suite of services that caters to your very needs:
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Key Trends Shaping the Future of Infrastructure.pdfCheryl Hung
Keynote at DIGIT West Expo, Glasgow on 29 May 2024.
Cheryl Hung, ochery.com
Sr Director, Infrastructure Ecosystem, Arm.
The key trends across hardware, cloud and open-source; exploring how these areas are likely to mature and develop over the short and long-term, and then considering how organisations can position themselves to adapt and thrive.
State of ICS and IoT Cyber Threat Landscape Report 2024 previewPrayukth K V
The IoT and OT threat landscape report has been prepared by the Threat Research Team at Sectrio using data from Sectrio, cyber threat intelligence farming facilities spread across over 85 cities around the world. In addition, Sectrio also runs AI-based advanced threat and payload engagement facilities that serve as sinks to attract and engage sophisticated threat actors, and newer malware including new variants and latent threats that are at an earlier stage of development.
The latest edition of the OT/ICS and IoT security Threat Landscape Report 2024 also covers:
State of global ICS asset and network exposure
Sectoral targets and attacks as well as the cost of ransom
Global APT activity, AI usage, actor and tactic profiles, and implications
Rise in volumes of AI-powered cyberattacks
Major cyber events in 2024
Malware and malicious payload trends
Cyberattack types and targets
Vulnerability exploit attempts on CVEs
Attacks on counties – USA
Expansion of bot farms – how, where, and why
In-depth analysis of the cyber threat landscape across North America, South America, Europe, APAC, and the Middle East
Why are attacks on smart factories rising?
Cyber risk predictions
Axis of attacks – Europe
Systemic attacks in the Middle East
Download the full report from here:
https://sectrio.com/resources/ot-threat-landscape-reports/sectrio-releases-ot-ics-and-iot-security-threat-landscape-report-2024/
UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series, part 3DianaGray10
Welcome to UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series part 3. In this session, we will cover desktop automation along with UI automation.
Topics covered:
UI automation Introduction,
UI automation Sample
Desktop automation flow
Pradeep Chinnala, Senior Consultant Automation Developer @WonderBotz and UiPath MVP
Deepak Rai, Automation Practice Lead, Boundaryless Group and UiPath MVP
Essentials of Automations: Optimizing FME Workflows with ParametersSafe Software
Are you looking to streamline your workflows and boost your projects’ efficiency? Do you find yourself searching for ways to add flexibility and control over your FME workflows? If so, you’re in the right place.
Join us for an insightful dive into the world of FME parameters, a critical element in optimizing workflow efficiency. This webinar marks the beginning of our three-part “Essentials of Automation” series. This first webinar is designed to equip you with the knowledge and skills to utilize parameters effectively: enhancing the flexibility, maintainability, and user control of your FME projects.
Here’s what you’ll gain:
- Essentials of FME Parameters: Understand the pivotal role of parameters, including Reader/Writer, Transformer, User, and FME Flow categories. Discover how they are the key to unlocking automation and optimization within your workflows.
- Practical Applications in FME Form: Delve into key user parameter types including choice, connections, and file URLs. Allow users to control how a workflow runs, making your workflows more reusable. Learn to import values and deliver the best user experience for your workflows while enhancing accuracy.
- Optimization Strategies in FME Flow: Explore the creation and strategic deployment of parameters in FME Flow, including the use of deployment and geometry parameters, to maximize workflow efficiency.
- Pro Tips for Success: Gain insights on parameterizing connections and leveraging new features like Conditional Visibility for clarity and simplicity.
We’ll wrap up with a glimpse into future webinars, followed by a Q&A session to address your specific questions surrounding this topic.
Don’t miss this opportunity to elevate your FME expertise and drive your projects to new heights of efficiency.
A tale of scale & speed: How the US Navy is enabling software delivery from l...sonjaschweigert1
Rapid and secure feature delivery is a goal across every application team and every branch of the DoD. The Navy’s DevSecOps platform, Party Barge, has achieved:
- Reduction in onboarding time from 5 weeks to 1 day
- Improved developer experience and productivity through actionable findings and reduction of false positives
- Maintenance of superior security standards and inherent policy enforcement with Authorization to Operate (ATO)
Development teams can ship efficiently and ensure applications are cyber ready for Navy Authorizing Officials (AOs). In this webinar, Sigma Defense and Anchore will give attendees a look behind the scenes and demo secure pipeline automation and security artifacts that speed up application ATO and time to production.
We will cover:
- How to remove silos in DevSecOps
- How to build efficient development pipeline roles and component templates
- How to deliver security artifacts that matter for ATO’s (SBOMs, vulnerability reports, and policy evidence)
- How to streamline operations with automated policy checks on container images
GDG Cloud Southlake #33: Boule & Rebala: Effective AppSec in SDLC using Deplo...James Anderson
Effective Application Security in Software Delivery lifecycle using Deployment Firewall and DBOM
The modern software delivery process (or the CI/CD process) includes many tools, distributed teams, open-source code, and cloud platforms. Constant focus on speed to release software to market, along with the traditional slow and manual security checks has caused gaps in continuous security as an important piece in the software supply chain. Today organizations feel more susceptible to external and internal cyber threats due to the vast attack surface in their applications supply chain and the lack of end-to-end governance and risk management.
The software team must secure its software delivery process to avoid vulnerability and security breaches. This needs to be achieved with existing tool chains and without extensive rework of the delivery processes. This talk will present strategies and techniques for providing visibility into the true risk of the existing vulnerabilities, preventing the introduction of security issues in the software, resolving vulnerabilities in production environments quickly, and capturing the deployment bill of materials (DBOM).
Speakers:
Bob Boule
Robert Boule is a technology enthusiast with PASSION for technology and making things work along with a knack for helping others understand how things work. He comes with around 20 years of solution engineering experience in application security, software continuous delivery, and SaaS platforms. He is known for his dynamic presentations in CI/CD and application security integrated in software delivery lifecycle.
Gopinath Rebala
Gopinath Rebala is the CTO of OpsMx, where he has overall responsibility for the machine learning and data processing architectures for Secure Software Delivery. Gopi also has a strong connection with our customers, leading design and architecture for strategic implementations. Gopi is a frequent speaker and well-known leader in continuous delivery and integrating security into software delivery.
Builder.ai Founder Sachin Dev Duggal's Strategic Approach to Create an Innova...Ramesh Iyer
In today's fast-changing business world, Companies that adapt and embrace new ideas often need help to keep up with the competition. However, fostering a culture of innovation takes much work. It takes vision, leadership and willingness to take risks in the right proportion. Sachin Dev Duggal, co-founder of Builder.ai, has perfected the art of this balance, creating a company culture where creativity and growth are nurtured at each stage.
GraphRAG is All You need? LLM & Knowledge GraphGuy Korland
Guy Korland, CEO and Co-founder of FalkorDB, will review two articles on the integration of language models with knowledge graphs.
1. Unifying Large Language Models and Knowledge Graphs: A Roadmap.
https://arxiv.org/abs/2306.08302
2. Microsoft Research's GraphRAG paper and a review paper on various uses of knowledge graphs:
https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/research/blog/graphrag-unlocking-llm-discovery-on-narrative-private-data/
SAP Sapphire 2024 - ASUG301 building better apps with SAP Fiori.pdfPeter Spielvogel
Building better applications for business users with SAP Fiori.
• What is SAP Fiori and why it matters to you
• How a better user experience drives measurable business benefits
• How to get started with SAP Fiori today
• How SAP Fiori elements accelerates application development
• How SAP Build Code includes SAP Fiori tools and other generative artificial intelligence capabilities
• How SAP Fiori paves the way for using AI in SAP apps
2. Prefixes and suffixes of Alkanes
• Refer back to this when you hit the naming slides
• Prefixes for the amount of carbon in a strand
• 1=mono, 2=di, 3=tri, 4=tetra, 5=penta, 6=hexa, 7=hepta, 8=octa, 9=nona,
10=deca
• Alkanes
• The suffix/ending=ane
• Suffix/ ending for branches=‘yl’
• Prefixes for the branches (also goes by the amount of carbon)
• 1=meth, 2=eth, 3=prop, 4=but, 5=penta, 6=hexa, 7=hepta, 8=octa, 9=nona,
10=deca
3. Prefix and suffixes of Halo groups
• Prefix for the amount of carbon in the strand
• 1=mono, 2=di, 3=tri, 4=tetra, 5=penta, 6=hexa, 7=hepta, 8=octa, 9=nona,
10=deca
• Branches (which consist of chluorine, bromine, iodine and fluorine
• Cl=chloro, I=Iodo, Br=Bromo, F=Fluoro
4. Prefixes and suffixes of Alkenes and Alkynes
• Prefixes to the amount of carbon in the chain
• 1=mono, 2=di, 3=tri, 4=tetra, 5=penta, 6=hexa, 7=hepta, 8=octa, 9=nona,
10=deca
• Prefixes for the branches (also goes by amount of carbon)
• 1=meth, 2=eth, 3=prop, 4=but, 5=penta, 6=hexa, 7=hepta, 8=octa, 9=nona,
10=deca
• Alkene:
• Suffix/ending= ene
• Suffix/ending for branches= yl
• Alkyne
• Suffix/ending=yne
• Suffix/ending for branches=yl
6. Alkanes
• A straight chained, single bonded carbons
• Ex: C-C-C-C
• The general formula is CnH2n+2
• The general formula is used to help find the amount of H’s
• Example: You have C4 how many H’s are there?
• Well, the 4 represents the n, so plug the 4 into the equation where ever there is
an n and do the math kids!
• Answer: there would be H10
7. Naming Alkanes
• When naming an alkane there is a different suffix used at the end of
a prefix which is ‘ane’
• Looking at the first slide there is a table of what prefix is used to
how much carbons are in a chain
• Example: if there is are 5 carbons in a chain what would be the prefix?
• Penta
• Now lets look at how to name some types of branched alkanes
• There are 3 steps when naming a branched alkane
• 1) Find the longest continuous C chain and name it
• 2)Note and number the position of the branch
• 3) Name the branch (ending is ‘yl’)
• 4) Then name the hydrocarbon
8. Branched Alkanes #1
• 1) the longest carbon chain is highlighted which is 4 carbons=butane
• 2) The position of the branch is on the second carbon, since you
want to go by the lowest number position
• 3) Since the branched carbon has only 1 carbon, the name of the
branched carbon would be methyl
• 4)Naming the hydrocarbon you want to take the answers from step
2-3-1 which should look like this: 2-methylbutane
9. Branched Alkanes #2
• 1) The longest carbon chain contains 8 carbons
w = octane
•
• 2) The position of the branch is on the 3rd
carbon carbon
• 3) The name of the branch has 1 carbon=methyl
• 4) The hydrocarbon name= 3-methyloctane
•
10. Branched Alkanes #3
• 1) the longest chain has 8=octane
• 2)the branch is on the 4th carbon
• 3) there are 2 carbons in the branch=ethyl
11. Branched Alkanes #4
1) the longest branch has 7 carbons=heptane
2) Number the position of the branches going
f from lowest position =2,2,4,6 (there are
t two 2’s two 2’s because 2 branches are on
t the 2nd carbon
3)1 carbon branch=methyl
-1 carbon branch=methyl
-2carbon branch=ethyl
1-carbon branch=methyl
12. Con’t branched alkanes #4
• Since there are 2 different types of branches (ethyl and methyl) you
want to start in alphabetically
• So first you would have the 4-ethyl: since the 4 is the position and ethyl is
the prefix for the 2 carbons in the branch
• Next you want to list all the positions of the same # carbon branch (which
is the methyl).So: 2-2-6-trimethyl
• The tri prefix represents that there are 3 methyl's (1+1+1=3 which is tri)
• Finally you want to put the heptane at the end
• The final answer is 4-ethyl-2-2-6-trimethylheptane
13. 1 carbon (methane)
• When you have 1 carbon…..
• The structural formula=
• The molecular formula= CH4
• Why Because around the 1 carbon there are 4 H’s thus the CH4
• The condensed formula= CH4
• Why? Because the condensed formula looks at the groups of CH’s instead
of the amount of C and H by itself. Since there is only one hydrocarbon
group it will have the same answer as the molecular formula.
• Line formula= Doesn’t have one
14. 2 carbons (Ethane)
• When you have 2 carbons…..
• The structural formula=
• The molecular formula=C2H6
• Why? Because the molecular focuses on the amount of the C and the H by
itself. Do the math and you should have C2 and H6
• The condensed formula: CH3CH3
• Why? Because when looking at the structural formula you are looking for
the groups of CH’s. There are 2 groups and each C is surrounded by 3 H,
thus CH3CH3
• The line formula=
• Why? Because there are 2 carbons which equals to 2 points
15. 3 carbons(Propane)
• When you have 3 carbon…..
• The structural formula=
• Molecular formula=C3H8
• Why? Because there are 3 individual C’s and 8 individual H’s
• Condensed formula=CH3 CH2CH3
• Why? Because when looking at the structural formula, you are looking for
the groups of CH’s. There are 3 groups of CH’s, the first and last C have 3
H’s surrounding them (CH3) and the middle C, since it already has a bond
between the other 2 carbons is only able to hold 2 H’s (CH2).
• Line formula=
• Why? Because there are three C’s which equals to 3 points
16. 4 carbons(Butane)
• When you have 4 carbons…..
• The structural formula=
• The molecular formula=C4H10
• Why? Because there are 4 individuals C’s and 10 individuals H’s
• The condensed formula=CH3CH2CH2CH3
• Why? The first and last group have 3 H’s surrounding the C’s hence the CH3
and the 2 middle C’s are bonded to the C’s on either side only giving room
to bond with 2 H’s hence the CH2
• Line formula=
• Why? Because there are 4 carbons thus 4 points
17. Questions
• Name the following hydrocarbons:
• 1) Answer: 3-methylhexane
• 2) Answer: 3-methlyheptane
• 3) Answer: 2-methylhexane
• 4) Answer: 3,4-dimethylheptane
19. Alkanes in everyday life
• 1) commercial fuels (propane)
• 2) Components of gasoline (pentane)
• 3) Natural gas (methane)
• 4) In plant hormones
• 5) Paraffin wax
20. Isomers
• Compounds which have the same molecular formula but a different
arrangement of atoms
• Each structural isomer has a set of chemical and physical properties
which differ form those of other isomers with the same chemical
formula
• Ex) CH3-CH2-CH2-CH3 or
• Ex) CH3-CH2-CH2-CH3 or
21. Isomer questions
• 1) Write the condensed structure and name for the three structural
isomers having the molecular formula C5H12.
• Answers:
• pentane: CH3CH2CH2CH2CH3 methylbutane:
• Dimethylpropane:
• 2) Write the condensed structure and name for the two structural isomers
that involve a single methyl group attached to hexane.
• Answers:
• 2-methylhexane:
• 3-methylhexane:
22. Cyclo Alkane
• They are hydrocarbon chains that are connected in a ‘head to tail’
format
• The general formula=CnH2n
• So if you have C5, how many H’s would you have
• Plug in the 5 for the n, and times it by 2
• Answer=H10
23. Naming
• Ex)
• Cyclopropane
• Why? Since there is no branches, the cyclo is first in the name. In the picture there are 3
carbons=prop as well since this group is part of the alkane group the ending is ‘ane’
• Ex)
• Methlycyclotetrane
• Note: when there is an attachment on a cyclo single bond: you do not use numbers to
indicate its position.
• Why? Because since there is a branch (and it only has 1 carbon making it methyl) it is
placed at the beginning of the name. To follow is cyclo and lastly since there are 4
carbons in the main chain it equals to tetra and the ending would be ‘ane’
24. Cyclopropane
• When you have cyclopropane…..
• The structural formula=
• The molecular formula=C3H6
• The condensed formula=CH2CH2CH2
• The line formula=
25. Cyclobutane
• When you have cyclobutane…..
• The structural formula:
• The molecular formula=C4H8
• The condensed formula=CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2
• The line formula=
26. Questions
• Name the following
• 1) Answer: methylcyclopropane
• 2) Answer: ethylcyclohexane
• Draw the following
• 1) propylcyclopropane 2)methylcyclohexane
27. Everyday use
• 1) pharmaceutical drugs
• 2) important components of food
28. Alkyl halides(halo groups)
• Cholorpropyl
• The structural formula:
• The molecular formula: C3H7Cl
• The condensed formula: CH3-CH2-CH2-Cl
• Line formula:
29. Halo groups
• Fluoroethyl
• The structural formula:
• Molecular formula:C2H4F
• Condensed formula: CH3CH2F
• Line formula:
30. Drawing Halo
• Chloroethane= CH3-CH2-Cl
• Why there are 2 carbons=ethane and there is only 1 chloro
• Fluorocyclopentane=
• Why since the structure is closed it is a cyclo, the F=fluro and there are 5
carbons=pentane
31. Naming Halo groups
• CH3-Cl=Chloromethane
• Why? Because one carbon=methane and one Halo alkyl (Cl)=Choloro
• 2-fluoropropane
• Why? 3 carbons=propane, 1 F=fluoro and the alkyl is on the 2nd carbon
• 2-bromo-1,4-diiodobutane
• Why? Carbons=butane, 2 groups of I=diiodo, 1 group of Br=bromo and the
Alkyls are on the 1st, 2nd and 4th carbon. Remember when writing the name
you want to go in alphabetical order
32. Questions
• Draw the following
• 1) 1,2-dichloroehtane Answer: Cl-CH2-CH2-Cl
• 2) 1-iodo-4-methylpentane Answer:
• Name the following
• 1) Answer: 1,3,5-tribromocyclohexane
• 2) Answer: 1,1-dichloro-2-fluoroethane
34. Alkenes
• An alkene is an organic compound containing a carbon-carbon
double bond
• Their general formula=CnH2n
• Alkenes are known as unsaturated hydrocarbons because the have
less hydrogen atoms equivalent to alkanes. On contrast, alkanes are
saturated because they hold the max number of hydrogen's
35. Naming
• CH3-CH=CH-CH2-CH2-CH3=2-hexene
• Why? There are 6 carbons=hexa, drop the a and add ene. The 2 represent
which carbon the double bond starts from
• 2-methyl-1-butene
• Why? There are 4 carbons=butene. The 1 represents where the double
bond starts from. The methyl is the branch and the 2 represents which
carbon the branch is off of
• 3,3-dimethyl-1-cyclopentene
• Why? The 3,3 represents which carbon the branch is off
o of, since there are 2 methyl's (di methyl) off the same
f carbon that’s why there is 3,3. The 1 represents where
the double bond begins and the structure is closed so that’s why there is
the cyclo. Lastly since there are 5 carbons=pentene
•
36. Drawing
• 2-butene= CH3-CH=CH-CH3
• Why? There are 4 carbons= butene, and the 2 represents where the double
bond begins
• 3-methly-3-hexene
Why? The 3 represents where the branch is and since the
bran branch only has 1 carbon=methyl. The 3 in front of the
hexene represents where the double bond begins and since there are 6
carbons=hexene
2,2-dibromo-3-iodo-4-propyl-1-hexene
Why? There are 2 bromo’s(dibromo) on the
2nd carbon d second carbon which is why it is 2,2. there
is an iodo on the 3rd carbon, a propyl on the 4th carbon and 1 represents the
double bond starting at the 1st carbon. Since there 6 carbons=hexene
38. Questions
• Name the following:
• 1) CH3-CH=CH-CH3 Answer: 2-butene
• 2) Answer: 1,3,4-trimethyl-1-cyclobutene
• 3) Answer: 3-methyl-3-hexene
39. Everyday uses
• Used to artificially ripen fruit
• Extremely important in the manufacturing of plastics
40. Alkynes
• Are organic compounds that contain a triple bond
• Their general formula=CnH2n-2
• Alkynes are known as unsaturated hydrocarbons because the have
less hydrogen atoms equivalent to alkanes. On contrast, alkanes are
saturated because they hold the max number of hydrogen's
41. Naming
• When naming the ending of the prefix becomes “yne”
• Ex) 2-butyne
• Why? There are 4 carbons=butyne and the
triple bond begins on the 2nd carbon
Ex) 5,6-dimethyl-1-cyclooctyne
Why? The 5, 6 represent the carbon that the branches are on. And
since there are 2 methyls=dimethyl. The 1 represents on what carbon
the triple bond starts from, the cyclo=it’s a closed structure and
there are 8 carbons=octyne
42. Naming
•
• 1,3,4-tribromo-2-chloro-3-fluoro-2-iodo-4-propyl-3-hexene
• Why? On the 1st, 3rd and 4th carbon there are bromo (3=tribromo). On the
2nd carbon there is a chloro and an iodo hence the 2 in front of chloro and
iodo. On the 3rd carbon there is a fluoro branch. On the 4th branch there is
also a chain of 3 carbons=proply. The 3 represents the triple bond starting
from the 3rd carbon. And since there is 6 carbons=hexene.
43. Drawing
• 1-heptyne
• Why? The 1 represents where the triple bond starts and since there are 7
carbons=heptyne
• Cyclopropyne
• Why? Since it’s a closed structure it has the cyclo in the name and since
there are 3 carbons=propyne
• 3,6-diethyl-2-methyl-4-octyne
• Why? Remember when naming you want to go in alphabetical order. The
3, 6 represent the carbons where the branch ethyl in on. Since there are 2
branches of ethyl's=diethyls. Next the 2 represents the carbon where the
methyl is on. The 4 represents where the triple bond starts from and
since there are 8 carbons=octyne
44. Questions
• Name the following:
• 1) Answer: 3-methyl-4-octyne
• 2) Answer: 3-hexyne
• 3) Answer:1,1-dibromo-2,2-difluoro-1-propyne
46. Everyday uses
• Used for metal cutting and wielding
• Can be used as an illuminant
47. alcohols
• Organic compounds that contain –OH
• When naming:
• Make sure the branch number of the alcohol is before the parent chain
(the longest carbon chain) name
• Number the branch carbons from the lowest carbon position
• The ending of the branch name drops the ‘e’ and an ‘ol’ is added
48. Functional groups
• A specific group of atoms which exists in molecules and gives a
molecule an ability to react in a specific manner or giver it special
properties
• Why is alcohol is there own functional group? Because they consist
of OH’s where as hydrocarbons consist of H’s and C’s.
49. Naming alcohols
• CH3-OH= methanol
• Why? 1 carbon=methane but drop the e and add ol
• 2-butanol
• Why? 4 carbons=butane but drop the e and add ol. And the 2 represents
what carbon the branch is on
50. Drawing alcohols
• 4,4,4-trifluoro-2-butanol
• Why? It’s on the 4th carbon because you cannot make the carbon 1 when
it’s has a fluoro surrounding it. The 3 F’s give the tri in front of the fluoro. 4
carbons= butane drop the e and add ol and the 2 represents the OH on the
2nd carbon.
• 2-propanol
• Why? 3 carbons=propane, drop the e and add ol and the 2 represents the
OH on the second carbon
53. Everyday uses of alcohols
• Ethanol: it is the least toxic of the alcohols and is used in perfumes
to stop the plant and animal extracts from going off
• Cleaners: gets rid of bacteria and oil, can also be used as mouth
wash
• Antiseptic: is safer on skin because it works at lower levels of
concentration
• Sedative: preparing patients for surgery
54. Other functional groups
• Aldehydes: an organic compound containing C=O
• Group at the end of a hydrocarbon chain
• Ex) =methanal
• Why? One carbon=methane, and c=o group at end gives ‘al’ ending so you
have to drop the e to add it
• Ex) =2-methylpentanal
• Why? Five carbons=pentane (drop the e), the CHO gives ‘al’ ending, and the
branch is on the 2nd carbon (1 branch carbon=methyl).
• Real life uses
• Manufacture of resins, dyes and organic acids
• Formaldehyde can be used to preserve dead animals
55. Other functional groups
• Ketones: an organic compound containing C=O
• Grouped at any position other than at the end of a hydrocarbon chain
• Ex) propanone
• Why? 3carbons=propane(drop the e) and the C=O gives ‘one’ ending
• Ex) cyclohexanone
• Why? 6 carbons=hexane(drop the e), the C=O gives ‘one’ ending and since
the structure is head to tail (closed) it’s a cyclo
• Real life uses
• Acetone: used to remove nail polish
• Butanone: added to commercial bottles of cleaning alcohol so it makes it
undrinkable and seller can avoid it being taxed as an alcoholic beverage
56. Other Functional Groups
• Ethers: a compound in which an oxygen joins 2 hydrocarbons
• Ex) ethoxyethane
• Why? Before the oxygen there are 2 carbons=eth, oxygen is in the
middle=oxy and after the oxygen there are 2 carbons=ethane
• Ex) 1-methoxy-3,3-dimethylbutane
• Why? 4 carbons=butane, branches on 3rd carbon (since there is 2 on the
same it becomes 3,3) also because there are 2 methyl branches it becomes
dimethyl. Oxygen-I carbon =meth(oxy) because its on the first carbon
• Everday uses
• Sedative: main ingerdient in morphines
• Industrial purposes: ethoxyehtane is quite volatie and can be used as a
started fluid for diseasel engines and gasoline enginges in cold weather
57. Other Functional Groups
• Amines: organic compound that contains an NH2 group
• Ex) CH3-CH2-NH2=aminoethane
• Why? 2 carbons=ethane and 1 NH2=amino
• Ex) NH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-NH2=1,4-diaminobutane
• Why? 4 carbons=butane, the branches of NH2 are on the 1st and 4th carbon,
and since there are two NH2 it becomes diamino.
• Everyday uses
• For solubilizing herbicides
• Fabric softeners
58. Other Functional Groups
• Amides: organic comppounds that contain CONH2(pic)
• Ex) CH3-CONH2= ethanamide
• Why 2 carbons-ehtane drop the e and add –amide since there is only 1
CONH2
• Ex) 3,3-dimethylbutanamide
• Why 4 carbons=butane drop the e and add –amid since there is only 1
CONH2. Since there are 2 methyl on the 3rd carbon, it becomes dimethyl
and that’s why there 3,3 since there are 2 methyls on the 3rd carbon.
• Everyday uses:
• Polyacryamide: treatment of drinking and sewage water
• Polyacryamide: used in paper industry since it is used as a binder and
rententions aids for fibers. It also retains the coour pigmnet on the paper
59. Other Functional groups
• Carboxylic acid: organic acids are organic compounds that contain
COOH
• Ex) CH3-COOH ethanoic acid
• Why 2 carbons=ethane drop the e and add –oic acid since there is only 1
COOH
• Ex) 2-aminopropanoic acid
• Why 3 carbons=propane drop the e and add –oic acid since there is only 1
COOH. 1 NH2=amino and the amino is on the 2nd carbon.
• Note: amino acids are carboxylic acid with an amino on 2nd carbon (NH2)
• Everyday uses
• Acetic acid: found in vinegar
• Methanoic acid: found in many insect stings
60. • WE HOPE YOU KIDS ACTUALLY LEARNT SOMETHING!!!!
• THANK YOU