2. What is organic chemistry?
study of carbon, the compounds it makes, and
the reactions it undergoes
over 16 million carbon-containing compounds
are known
because the C-C single bond (348 kJ mol-1) and
the C-H bond (412 kJ mol-1) are strong, carbon
compounds are stable
carbon can form chains and rings
3. Homologous series/compounds (10.1.1)
related compounds that have the same
functional group (groups of atoms found
within molecules that are involved in the
chemical reactions characteristic of those
molecules)
4.
5. differ from each other by a CH2 unit
can be represented by a general formula
examples:
CnH2n+2 (alkanes) or CnH2n (alkenes) or…
6.
7. have similar chemical properties
have physical properties that vary in a regular manner as the number of
carbon atoms increases
Example: the alkanes
8.
9. Trends in boiling points of members of a
homologous series (10.1.2)
melting point and
boiling point increase
with more carbon
atoms
Why?
intermolecular forces increase
adding a CH2 adds more electrons
this increases the Van
der Waal’s forces
Alkane Formula Boiling
Pt./oC
methane CH4 -162.0
ethane C2H6 -88.6
propane C3H8 -42.2
butane C4H10 -0.5
12. empirical formula
simplest ratio of atoms in a
molecule
molecular formula
actual numbers of atoms in a
molecule
Empirical
Formula
Molecular
Formula
CH4 CH4
CH3 C2H6
CH2O C6H12O6
CH2 C4H8
CH2 C8H16
13. structural formula
unambiguously shows how the atoms are
bonded together
can use condensed structural formulas
bonds are omitted, repeated groups put together, side chains put in
brackets
CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2CH3
or even CH3(CH2)4CH3
CH3CH(CH3)CH3
19. Structural formulas for the isomers of non-
cyclic alkanes up to C6 (10.1.5)
hydrocarbon chains where all the bonds between carbons are SINGLE
bonds
CnH2n+2
draw out and write the structural formulas for all isomers that can be
formed by:
CH4
C2H6
C3H8
C4H10
C5H12
C6H14
Richard Thornley 10.1.5
2:54
Alkanes
20. Naming the isomers (IUPAC) of non-cyclic
alkanes up to C6 (10.1.6)
1. Richard Thornley 3:35
2. Determine the longest carbon chain
Use the prefix to denote the number carbons
1 Meth-
2 Eth-
3 Prop-
4 But-
5 Pent-
6 Hex-
Monkeys
Eat
Peeled
Bananas
21. 3. use the suffix “-ane” to indicate that the substance is
an alkane
4. number the carbons in the chain consecutively,
starting at the end closest to a substituent (groups
attached to the main chain/most busy end)
22. 5. name and number the location of each
substituent
the name of the substituent will be written before the main
chain and will end with “–yl” (or just memorize the below)
CH3 is methyl
C2H5 is ethyl
C3H7 is propyl
And with 2 or more side chains:
5. use prefixes di-, tri-, tetra-, to indicate when
there are multiple side chains of the same type
6. use commas to separate numbers and hyphens
to separate numbers or letters.
7. name the side chains in alphabetical order
23. How about C5H12? The isomers are:
Pentane 2-methyl-butane 2,2-dimethyl
propane
24. Nomenclature Practice
Step #1: For a branched hydrocarbon, the longest
continuous chain of carbon atoms gives the root name
for the hydrocarbon
C
H3 CH3
CH3
C
H3
Cl
Name this compound
1
5
2 4
3
9
6
8
7
9 carbons = nonane
25. Nomenclature Practice
Name this compound
C
H3 CH3
CH3
C
H3
Cl
1
5
2 4
3
9
6
8
7
9 carbons = nonane
Step #2: When alkane groups appear as substituents, they are named
by dropping the -ane and adding -yl.
CH3 = methyl
chlorine = chloro
26. Nomenclature Practice
Step #3: The positions of substituent groups are
specified by numbering the longest chain of carbon
atoms sequentially, starting at the end closest to the
branching.
Name this compound
C
H3 CH3
CH3
C
H3
Cl
1
5
2 4
3
9
6
8
7
9 carbons = nonane
CH3 = methyl
chlorine = chloro
1 9 NOT 9 1
27. Nomenclature Practice
Step #4: The location and name of each substituent are
followed by the root alkane name. The substituents are
listed in alphabetical order (irrespective of any prefix),
and the prefixes di-, tri-, etc. are used to indicate
multiple identical substituents.
Name this compound
C
H3 CH3
CH3
C
H3
Cl
1
5
2 4
3
9
6
8
7
9 carbons = nonane
CH3 = methyl
chlorine = chloro
2-chloro-3,6-dimethylnonane
28. Structural formulas for the isomers of the straight
chain alkenes up to C6 (10.1.7)
alkenes have a double bond between two or more of
the carbons
CnH2n
draw out and write the structural formulas for all isomers
that can be formed by each
C2H4
C3H6
C4H8
C5H10
C6H12
Alkenes
Richard Thornley 10.1.7 (1:37)
29. 1. suffix changes to “-ene”
2. when there are 4 or more carbon atoms in a
chain, the location of the double bond is
indicated by a number
3. begin counting the carbons closest to the
end with the C=C bond
– numbering the location of the double
bond(s) takes precedence over the location
of any substituents
1-butene 2-butene
but-1-ene but-2-ene
Naming the isomers (IUPAC) of straight chain
alkenes up to C6 (10.1.8)