The document discusses various concepts related to creating and managing tables and indexes in Oracle SQL Developer, including: - The basic syntax for creating a table with columns, constraints, and storage specifications. - Different types of constraints that can be applied to tables like primary keys, foreign keys, check constraints and how to add or disable them. - Additional table concepts like virtual columns, deferred constraints, and table storage options involving tablespaces and block size.

1. Oracle SQL Developer
Essentials
TABLES AND INDEXES

2. BASIC CREATE TABLE SYNTAX
CREATE TABLE courses
(
department_code VARCHAR2(2) NOT NULL,
course_number NUMBER(3,0) NOT NULL,
course_title VARCHAR2(64) NOT NULL,
course_description VARCHAR2(512) NOT NULL,
credits NUMBER(3,1) NOT NULL,
CONSTRAINT pk_coursesPRIMARY KEY (department_code, course_number),
CONSTRAINT fk_courses_department_code FOREIGN KEY
(department_code) REFERENCES departments (department_code)
CONSTRAINT ck_courses_course_number CHECK (course_numberBETWEEN 100 AND 999)
)
TABLESPACE users
PCTFREE 75;

3. • Column Naming rules
1. 30 characters maximum
2. Names must be unique withing a table
3. Names can be reused in other table
• Number of columns per table
1. Maximum of 1000 columns
2. Over 255 columns result in row chaining
Column Definition Rules
• Minimum Information
1. Names and datatypes must be specified
2. Null and default clauses are optional

4. CREATE TABLE students
(
student_id NUMBER(6) NOT NULL,
first_name VARCHAR2(30) NOT NULL,
last_name VARCHAR2(30) NOT NULL,
email_address VARCHAR2(128) NOT NULL,
phone VARCHAR2(20) NULL,
city VARCHAR2(30),
state VARCHAR2(2) ,
status_code VARCHAR2(1) DEFAULT ‘A’ NOT NULL,
CONSTRAINT pk_studentsPRIMARY KEY (student_id)
);
Null column values
If not specified , default it will accept null values

5. CREATE TABLE orders
(
order_id NUMBER(10) NOT NULL,
order_date DATE NOT NULL,
customer_id NUMBER(10) NOT NULL,
subtotal NUMBER(10,2),
tax NUMBER(10,2),
shipping NUMBER(10,2),
grand_total NUMBER(10,2)
AS (subtotal + tax + shipping) VIRTUAL
);
Virtual Column
• Virtual columns are not stored in physical disk space
• You cannot perform insert or update operation on virtual column
• Value is computed in the result set of the query
• Cannot insert or update virtual columns
• Can only make use of columns in the same
table
• Index can be created over virtual column
values

6. CREATE TABLE students
(
student_id NUMBER(6) NOT NULL,
first_name VARCHAR2(30) NOT NULL,
last_name VARCHAR2(30) NOT NULL,
email_address VARCHAR2(128) NOT
NULL,
phone VARCHAR2(20) NULL,
city VARCHAR2(30) NULL,
state VARCHAR2(2) NULL,
CONSTRAINT pk_students PRIMARY
KEY (student_id)
);
Primary Key
• Primary Key Types
1. Natural Key
- Combination of naturally occurring
columns that forms a unique key
2. Surrogate Key
- A unique value is generated for each
row
• Uniquely Identifies each rows in a column
• Can be defined over one or more column
• Cannot contain a null value in primary key
column

7. CREATE TABLE courses
(
department_code VARCHAR2(2) NOT
NULL,
course_number NUMBER(3,0) NOT NULL,
course_title VARCHAR2(64) NOT NULL,
course_description VARCHAR2(512) NOT
NULL,
credits NUMBER(3,1) NOT NULL,
CONSTRAINT pk_courses
PRIMARY KEY (department_code,
course_number)
);
Primary Key Using constraint clause
Adding Primary Key to an Existing table
ALTER TABLE courses
CONSTRAINT pk_courses
ADD PRIMARY KEY (department_code,
course_number);

8. SQL> SELECT rowid, zip_code, city, state
2 FROM zip_codes;
ROWID ZIP_C CITY ST
----------------------- --------------------------------
AAAXoNAAGAAAJzeAAA11201 Brooklyn NY
AAAXoNAAGAAAJzeAAB75201 Dallas TX
AAAXoNAAGAAAJzeAAC80401 Golden CO
AAAXoNAAGAAAJzeAAD92101 San Diego CA
Oracle ROWID
It is not intended to use ROWID as a
replacement for primary key.

9. Foreign Key

10. Foreign Key Continues…
CREATE TABLE courses
(
department_code VARCHAR2(2) NOT NULL,
course_number NUMBER(3,0) NOT NULL,
course_title VARCHAR2(64) NOT NULL,
course_description VARCHAR2(512) NOT NULL,
credits NUMBER(3,1) NOT NULL,
CONSTRAINT pk_courses
PRIMARY KEY (department_code,
course_number),
C O N S T R A I N T
f k _ c o u r s e s _ d e p a r t m e n t _ c o d e
F O R E I G N K E Y (d e p a r t m e n t _ c o d e )
R E F E R E N C E S d e p a r t m e n t s
(d e p a r t m e n t _ c o d e ) ,
);
Add a Foreign Key to an Existing Table
ALTER TABLE courses
CONSTRAINT fk_courses_department_code
ADD FOREIGN KEY (department_code)
REFERENCES departments
(department_code);

11. On Delete Cascade
CREATE TABLE courses
(
department_code VARCHAR2(2) NOT NULL,
course_number NUMBER(3,0) NOT NULL,
course_title VARCHAR2(64) NOT NULL,
course_description VARCHAR2(512) NOT NULL,
credits NUMBER(3,1) NOT NULL,
CONSTRAINT pk_courses
PRIMARY KEY (department_code, course_number),
CONSTRAINT fk_courses_department_code FOREIGN KEY (department_code) REFERENCES
departments (department_code) ON DELETE CASCADE
);
Creating foreign key with ON DELETE CASCADE
In Case of ON DELETE CASCADE, if you delete any primary key in
parent table, it will delete the corresponding record from the
child table automatically.

12. On Delete Cascade continues …
DELETE FROM courses WHERE department_code= ‘PH’;
DELETE FROM departments WHERE department_code= ‘PH’;
COMMIT;
Deleting without ON DELETE CASCADE
To delete a primary key value, no child records can exist

13. DEFERRED CONSTRAINT
CREATE TABLE courses
(
department_code VARCHAR2(2) NOT NULL,
course_number NUMBER(3,0) NOT NULL,
course_title VARCHAR2(64) NOT NULL,
course_description VARCHAR2(512) NOT NULL,
credits NUMBER(3,1) NOT NULL,
CONSTRAINT pk_courses PRIMARY KEY (department_code, course_number),
CONSTRAINT fk_courses_department_code FOREIGN KEY (department_code)
REFERENCES departments (department_code) DEFERRABLE
INITIALLY IMMEDIATE
-- INITIALLY DEFERRABLE
);
Creating foreign key with DEFERRED CONSTRAINT
This way we can tell oracle to defer enforcing the constraint until
the transaction is commited not as soon as statement is
executed.

14. DEFERRED CONSTRAINT continues …
CREATE TABLE courses
(
department_code VARCHAR2(2) NOT NULL,
course_number NUMBER(3,0) NOT NULL,
course_title VARCHAR2(64) NOT NULL,
course_description VARCHAR2(512) NOT NULL,
credits NUMBER(3,1) NOT NULL,
CONSTRAINT pk_courses PRIMARY KEY (department_code, course_number),
CONSTRAINT fk_courses_department_code FOREIGN KEY (department_code)
REFERENCES departments (department_code) DEFERRABLE
INITIALLY IMMEDIATE
);
DEFERRED CONSTRAINT with INITIALLY IMMEDIATE
If we use INITIALLY IMMEDIATE, we tell the oracle to enforce the
constraint at statement level like Normal unless we specifically
instruct the oracle to defer checking of the constraint inside of
our transaction.

15. DEFERRED CONSTRAINT continues …
CREATE TABLE courses
(
department_code VARCHAR2(2) NOT NULL,
course_number NUMBER(3,0) NOT NULL,
course_title VARCHAR2(64) NOT NULL,
course_description VARCHAR2(512) NOT NULL,
credits NUMBER(3,1) NOT NULL,
CONSTRAINT pk_courses PRIMARY KEY (department_code, course_number),
CONSTRAINT fk_courses_department_code FOREIGN KEY (department_code)
REFERENCES departments (department_code) DEFERRABLE
INITIALLY DEFERRABLE
);
DEFERRED CONSTRAINT with INITIALLY DEFERRABLE
If we use INITIALLY DEFERRABLE, we tell the oracle to enforce the
constraint until the transaction commits.

16. DEFERRED CONSTRAINT continues …
set constraint fk_courses_depatment_code deferred;
UPDATE departments
SET department_code = ‘CO’
WHERE department_code = ‘CS’;
UPDATE courses
SET department_code = ‘CO’
WHERE department_code = ‘CS’;
COMMIT;
Using DEFERRED CONSTRAINT

17. Check Constraints
CREATE TABLE courses
(
department_code VARCHAR2(2) NOT NULL,
course_number NUMBER(3,0) NOT NULL,
course_title VARCHAR2(64) NOT NULL,
course_description VARCHAR2(512) NOT NULL,
credits NUMBER(3,1) NOT NULL,
CONSTRAINT pk_courses PRIMARY KEY (department_code, course_number),
CONSTRAINT fk_courses_department_code
FOREIGN KEY (department_code) REFERENCES departments (department_code),
CONSTRAINT ck_courses_course_number CHECK (course_number BETWEEN 100 AND 999)
);

18. Check Constraints continues …
CREATE TABLE states
(
state_code VARCHAR2(2) NOT NULL,
state_name VARCHAR2(30) NOT NULL,
region VARCHAR2(2) NOT NULL,
CONSTRAINT pk_states PRIMARY KEY (state_code),
CONSTRAINT ck_state_regions
CHECK (region IN (‘NE’, ‘SE’, ‘MW’, ‘SC’, ‘NW’, ‘SW’))
);
To Check if a value is within a range

19. Check Constraints continues …
CREATE TABLE students
(
student_id NUMBER(6) NOT NULL,
first_name VARCHAR2(30) NOT NULL,
last_name VARCHAR2(30) NOT NULL,
email_address VARCHAR2(128) NOT NULL,
likes_ice_cream NUMBER(1) NULL,
CONSTRAINT pk_students PRIMARY KEY (student_id),
CONSTRAINT ck_studens_ice_cream
CHECK (likes_ice_cream IN (0,1))
);
To emulate a Boolean column

20. Check Constraints continues …
CREATE TABLE zip_codes
(
zip_code VARCHAR2(5) NOT NULL,
city VARCHAR2(30) NOT NULL,
state_code VARCHAR2(30) NOT NULL,
CONSTRAINT pk_codes
PRIMARY KEY (state_code),
CONSTRAINT ck_zip_code_format
CHECK (REGEXP_LIKE (zip_code, '^[0-9]{5}$') )
);
Validate Format Using a Regular Expression
Add a Constraint to an Existing Table
ALTER TABLE zip_codes
ADD CONSTRAINT ck_zip_codes_format
CHECK (REGEXP_LIKE (zip_code, '^[0-9]{5}$') );

21. Disabling and Enabling Constraints
ALTER TABLE courses
DISABLE CONSTRAINT fk_courses_department_code;
Disabling a constraint
Enabling a constraint
ALTER TABLE courses
ENABLE CONSTRAINT fk_courses_department_code;

22. Check Constraints continues …
CREATE TABLE zip_codes
(
zip_code VARCHAR2(5) NOT NULL,
city VARCHAR2(30) NOT NULL,
state_code VARCHAR2(30) NOT NULL,
CONSTRAINT pk_codes
PRIMARY KEY (state_code),
CONSTRAINT ck_zip_code_format
CHECK (REGEXP_LIKE (zip_code, '^[0-9]{5}$') )
);
Validate Format Using a Regular Expression
Add a Constraint to an Existing Table
ALTER TABLE zip_codes
ADD CONSTRAINT ck_zip_codes_format
CHECK (REGEXP_LIKE (zip_code, '^[0-9]{5}$') );

23. Table Storage Options
Oracle stores the tables and views in Database blocks
A Database block is like a shipping container

24. Table Storage Options
What is a block ?
Block Header
• Block type information
• Object assignment
• Row directory
Row
• Actual data in our tabe
Free space
• Allows for updates to rows.

25. Table Storage Options
How Oracle Performs Data Access Operation ?
1. Full Table Scan
2. Index operation with Row Lookup.
Full Table Scan
• Oracle scans through every block in the table
• Comparable to a linear search in an array

26. Table Storage Options
Index Operation with Row lookup

27. Table Storage Options
Table Data and Sort Order
Data in a table has no implied order.
• Oracle will insert the row wherever they fits
• Physical order in disk != Order data was inserted.
Data returned from queries is not sorted
• Order of results is not order data was returned
• Two different executions can return same results in different
order.

28. Table Storage Options
Tablespace Introductions

29. Table Storage Options
Tablespace Block Size
Row Chaining is when a row in table is so long that it will not fit in a single data block.
So oracle has to chain the row and store it in two or more data block.
It increases the amount of IO operation while performing database o/p.

30. Table Storage Options
Segment space management

31. Table Storage Options
Oracle Contains Multiple Tablespaces
• Every user has a Default
tablespace
• Some objects may be
created in and alternate
tablespace

32. Table Storage Options
Specifying a tablespace for a table
CREATE TABLE course_enrollments
(
course_enrollment_id NUMBER NOT NULL,
course_offering_id NUMBER(20) NOT NULL,
student_id NUMBER(10) NOT NULL,
grade_code VARCHAR2(1) NULL,
CONSTRAINT pk_course_enrollments PRIMARY KEY (course_enrollment_id),
CONSTRAINT fk_enrollments_offerings
FOREIGN KEY (course_offering_id) REFERENCES course_offerings(course_offering_id),
CONSTRAINT fk_enrollments_student
FOREIGN KEY (student_id) REFERENCES students (student_id),
CONSTRAINT fk_enrollments_grades FOREIGN KEY (grade_code) REFERENCES grades
(grade_code)
)
TABLESPACE student_data;

33. Table Storage Options
High Water Mark
Highest numbered block that has ever contained data in a table
• For a newly created table, the block is at the left of the table because no data has
ever been inserted into the table.