This paper proposes an under-frequency load shedding (UFLS) method by using the optimization technique of artificial neural network (ANN) combined with particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm to determine the minimum load shedding capacity. The suggested technique using a hybrid algorithm ANN-PSO focuses on 2 main goals: determine whether process shedding plan or not and the distribution of the minimum of shedding power on each demand load bus in order to restore system’s frequency back to acceptable values. In the hybrid algorithm ANN-PSO, the PSO algorithm takes responsible for searching the optimal weights in the neural network structure, which can help to optimize the network training in terms of training speed and accuracy. The distribution of shedding power at each node considering the primary control and secondary control of the generators’ unit and the phase electrical distance between the outage generators and load nodes. The effectiveness of the proposed method is experimented with multiple generators outage cases at various load levels in the IEEE-37 Bus scheme where load shedding cases are considered compared with other traditional technique.
A hybrid artificial neural network-genetic algorithm for load shedding IJECEIAES
This paper proposes the method of applying Artificial Neural Network (ANN) with Back Propagation (BP) algorithm in combination or hybrid with Genetic Algorithm (GA) to propose load shedding strategies in the power system. The Genetic Algorithm is used to support the training of Back Propagation Neural Networks (BPNN) to improve regression ability, minimize errors and reduce the training time. Besides, the Relief algorithm is used to reduce the number of input variables of the neural network. The minimum load shedding with consideration of the primary and secondary control is calculated to restore the frequency of the electrical system. The distribution of power load shedding at each load bus of the system based on the phase electrical distance between the outage generator and the load buses. The simulation results have been verified through using MATLAB and PowerWorld software systems. The results show that the Hybrid Gen-Bayesian algorithm (GA-Trainbr) has a remarkable superiority in accuracy as well as training time. The effectiveness of the proposed method is tested on the IEEE 37 bus 9 generators standard system diagram showing the effectiveness of the proposed method.
A New Under-Frequency Load Shedding Method Using the Voltage Electrical Dista...IJAEMSJORNAL
This paper proposes a method for determining location to shed the load in order to recover the frequency back to the allowable range. Prioritize distribution of the load shedding at load bus positions based on the voltage electrical distance between the outage generator and the loads. The nearer the load bus from the outage generator is, the sooner the load bus will shed and vice versa. Finally, by selecting the rate of change of generation active power, rate of change of active power of load, rate of change of frequency, rate of change of branches active power and rate of change of voltage in the system as the input to an Artificial Neural Network, the generators outage, the load shedding bus are determined in a short period of time to maintain the stability of the system. With this technique, a large amount of load shedding could be avoided, hence, saved from economic losses. The effectiveness of the proposed method tested on the IEEE 39 Bus New England has demonstrated the effectiveness of this method.
International Journal of Engineering Research and DevelopmentIJERD Editor
• Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering,
• Information Engineering and Technology,
• Mechanical, Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering,
• Automation and Mechatronics Engineering,
• Material and Chemical Engineering,
• Civil and Architecture Engineering,
• Biotechnology and Bio Engineering,
• Environmental Engineering,
• Petroleum and Mining Engineering,
• Marine and Agriculture engineering,
• Aerospace Engineering
Optimal Power Flow with Reactive Power Compensation for Cost And Loss Minimiz...ijeei-iaes
One of the concerns of power system planners is the problem of optimum cost of generation as well as loss minimization on the grid system. This issue can be addressed in a number of ways; one of such ways is the use of reactive power support (shunt capacitor compensation). This paper used the method of shunt capacitor placement for cost and transmission loss minimization on Nigerian power grid system which is a 24-bus, 330kV network interconnecting four thermal generating stations (Sapele, Delta, Afam and Egbin) and three hydro stations to various load points. Simulation in MATLAB was performed on the Nigerian 330kV transmission grid system. The technique employed was based on the optimal power flow formulations using Newton-Raphson iterative method for the load flow analysis of the grid system. The results show that when shunt capacitor was employed as the inequality constraints on the power system, there is a reduction in the total cost of generation accompanied with reduction in the total system losses with a significant improvement in the system voltage profile
Application of AHP algorithm on power distribution of load shedding in island...IJECEIAES
This paper proposes a method of load shedding in a microgrid system operated in an Island Mode, which is disconnected with the main power grid and balanced loss of the electrical power. This proposed method calculates the minimum value of the shed power with reference to renewable energy sources such as wind power generator, solar energy and the ability to control the frequency of the generator to restore the frequency to the allowable range and reduce the amount of load that needs to be shed. Computing the load importance factor (LIF) using AHP algorithm supports to determine the order of which load to be shed. The damaged outcome of load shedding, thus, will be noticeably reduced. The experimental results of this proposed method is demonstrated by simulating on IEEE 16-Bus microgrid system with six power sources.
Congestion Management in Power System by Optimal Location And Sizing of UPFCIOSR Journals
The document presents a particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm to optimally place and size a unified power flow controller (UPFC) to alleviate congestion in a power system. The PSO algorithm is used to determine the optimal generator dispatch as well as the optimal location and size of a single UPFC. Simulations on a 5-bus test system show that the UPFC is effective at reducing congestion levels both before and after compensation by regulating voltage and controlling active and reactive power flows. The proposed approach minimizes total generation costs, voltage violations, and UPFC investment costs.
Combination of Immune Genetic Particle Swarm Optimization algorithm with BP a...paperpublications3
Abstract:In this paper, merging Immune Genetic Particle Swarm Optimization algorithm (IGPSO) with BP algorithm to optimize BP Neural Network parameter i.e., BPIGPSO amalgamation to solve optimal reactive power dispatch algorithm. The basic perception is that first training BP neural network with IGPSO to find out a comparatively optimal solution, then take the network parameter at this time as the preliminary parameter of BP algorithm to carry out the training, finally searching the optimal solution. The proposed BPIGPSO has been tested on standard IEEE 57 bus test system and simulation results show clearly the better performance of the proposed algorithm in reducing the real power loss.
Keywords:BP neural network, Immune Genetic Particle Swarm Optimization algorithm, Optimal Reactive Power, Transmission loss.
Optimal design of adaptive power scheduling using modified ant colony optimi...IJECEIAES
For generating and distributing an economic load scheduling approach, artificial neural network (ANN) has been introduced, because power generation and power consumption are economically non-identical. An efficient load scheduling method is suggested in this paper. Normally the power generation system fails due to its instability at peak load time. Traditionally, load shedding process is used in which low priority loads are disconnected from sources. The proposed method handles this problem by scheduling the load based on the power requirements. In many countries the power systems are facing limitations of energy. An efficient optimization algorithm is used to periodically schedule the load demand and the generation. Ant colony optimization (ACO) based ANN is used for this optimal load scheduling process. The present work analyse the technical economical and time-dependent limitations. Also the works meets the demanded load with minimum cost of energy. Inorder to train ANN back propagation (BP) technics is used. A hybrid training process is described in this work. Global optimization algorithms are used to provide back propagation with good initial connection weights.
A hybrid artificial neural network-genetic algorithm for load shedding IJECEIAES
This paper proposes the method of applying Artificial Neural Network (ANN) with Back Propagation (BP) algorithm in combination or hybrid with Genetic Algorithm (GA) to propose load shedding strategies in the power system. The Genetic Algorithm is used to support the training of Back Propagation Neural Networks (BPNN) to improve regression ability, minimize errors and reduce the training time. Besides, the Relief algorithm is used to reduce the number of input variables of the neural network. The minimum load shedding with consideration of the primary and secondary control is calculated to restore the frequency of the electrical system. The distribution of power load shedding at each load bus of the system based on the phase electrical distance between the outage generator and the load buses. The simulation results have been verified through using MATLAB and PowerWorld software systems. The results show that the Hybrid Gen-Bayesian algorithm (GA-Trainbr) has a remarkable superiority in accuracy as well as training time. The effectiveness of the proposed method is tested on the IEEE 37 bus 9 generators standard system diagram showing the effectiveness of the proposed method.
A New Under-Frequency Load Shedding Method Using the Voltage Electrical Dista...IJAEMSJORNAL
This paper proposes a method for determining location to shed the load in order to recover the frequency back to the allowable range. Prioritize distribution of the load shedding at load bus positions based on the voltage electrical distance between the outage generator and the loads. The nearer the load bus from the outage generator is, the sooner the load bus will shed and vice versa. Finally, by selecting the rate of change of generation active power, rate of change of active power of load, rate of change of frequency, rate of change of branches active power and rate of change of voltage in the system as the input to an Artificial Neural Network, the generators outage, the load shedding bus are determined in a short period of time to maintain the stability of the system. With this technique, a large amount of load shedding could be avoided, hence, saved from economic losses. The effectiveness of the proposed method tested on the IEEE 39 Bus New England has demonstrated the effectiveness of this method.
International Journal of Engineering Research and DevelopmentIJERD Editor
• Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering,
• Information Engineering and Technology,
• Mechanical, Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering,
• Automation and Mechatronics Engineering,
• Material and Chemical Engineering,
• Civil and Architecture Engineering,
• Biotechnology and Bio Engineering,
• Environmental Engineering,
• Petroleum and Mining Engineering,
• Marine and Agriculture engineering,
• Aerospace Engineering
Optimal Power Flow with Reactive Power Compensation for Cost And Loss Minimiz...ijeei-iaes
One of the concerns of power system planners is the problem of optimum cost of generation as well as loss minimization on the grid system. This issue can be addressed in a number of ways; one of such ways is the use of reactive power support (shunt capacitor compensation). This paper used the method of shunt capacitor placement for cost and transmission loss minimization on Nigerian power grid system which is a 24-bus, 330kV network interconnecting four thermal generating stations (Sapele, Delta, Afam and Egbin) and three hydro stations to various load points. Simulation in MATLAB was performed on the Nigerian 330kV transmission grid system. The technique employed was based on the optimal power flow formulations using Newton-Raphson iterative method for the load flow analysis of the grid system. The results show that when shunt capacitor was employed as the inequality constraints on the power system, there is a reduction in the total cost of generation accompanied with reduction in the total system losses with a significant improvement in the system voltage profile
Application of AHP algorithm on power distribution of load shedding in island...IJECEIAES
This paper proposes a method of load shedding in a microgrid system operated in an Island Mode, which is disconnected with the main power grid and balanced loss of the electrical power. This proposed method calculates the minimum value of the shed power with reference to renewable energy sources such as wind power generator, solar energy and the ability to control the frequency of the generator to restore the frequency to the allowable range and reduce the amount of load that needs to be shed. Computing the load importance factor (LIF) using AHP algorithm supports to determine the order of which load to be shed. The damaged outcome of load shedding, thus, will be noticeably reduced. The experimental results of this proposed method is demonstrated by simulating on IEEE 16-Bus microgrid system with six power sources.
Congestion Management in Power System by Optimal Location And Sizing of UPFCIOSR Journals
The document presents a particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm to optimally place and size a unified power flow controller (UPFC) to alleviate congestion in a power system. The PSO algorithm is used to determine the optimal generator dispatch as well as the optimal location and size of a single UPFC. Simulations on a 5-bus test system show that the UPFC is effective at reducing congestion levels both before and after compensation by regulating voltage and controlling active and reactive power flows. The proposed approach minimizes total generation costs, voltage violations, and UPFC investment costs.
Combination of Immune Genetic Particle Swarm Optimization algorithm with BP a...paperpublications3
Abstract:In this paper, merging Immune Genetic Particle Swarm Optimization algorithm (IGPSO) with BP algorithm to optimize BP Neural Network parameter i.e., BPIGPSO amalgamation to solve optimal reactive power dispatch algorithm. The basic perception is that first training BP neural network with IGPSO to find out a comparatively optimal solution, then take the network parameter at this time as the preliminary parameter of BP algorithm to carry out the training, finally searching the optimal solution. The proposed BPIGPSO has been tested on standard IEEE 57 bus test system and simulation results show clearly the better performance of the proposed algorithm in reducing the real power loss.
Keywords:BP neural network, Immune Genetic Particle Swarm Optimization algorithm, Optimal Reactive Power, Transmission loss.
Optimal design of adaptive power scheduling using modified ant colony optimi...IJECEIAES
For generating and distributing an economic load scheduling approach, artificial neural network (ANN) has been introduced, because power generation and power consumption are economically non-identical. An efficient load scheduling method is suggested in this paper. Normally the power generation system fails due to its instability at peak load time. Traditionally, load shedding process is used in which low priority loads are disconnected from sources. The proposed method handles this problem by scheduling the load based on the power requirements. In many countries the power systems are facing limitations of energy. An efficient optimization algorithm is used to periodically schedule the load demand and the generation. Ant colony optimization (ACO) based ANN is used for this optimal load scheduling process. The present work analyse the technical economical and time-dependent limitations. Also the works meets the demanded load with minimum cost of energy. Inorder to train ANN back propagation (BP) technics is used. A hybrid training process is described in this work. Global optimization algorithms are used to provide back propagation with good initial connection weights.
This paper presents the implementation of multiple distributed generations planning in distribution system using computational intelligence technique. A pre-developed computational intelligence optimization technique named as Embedded Meta EP-Firefly Algorithm (EMEFA) was utilized to determine distribution loss and penetration level for the purpose of distributed generation (DG) installation. In this study, the Artificial Neural Network (ANN) was used in order to solve the complexity of the multiple DG concepts. EMEFA-ANN was developed to optimize the weight of the ANN to minimize the mean squared error. The proposed method was validated on IEEE 69 Bus distribution system with several load variations scenario. The case study was conducted based on the multiple unit of DG in distribution system by considering the DGs are modeled as type I which is capable of injecting real power. Results obtained from the study could be utilized by the utility and energy commission for loss reduction scheme in distribution system.
Determination of location and capacity of distributed generations with recon...IJECEIAES
The use of non-linear loads and the integration of renewable energy in electricity network can cause power quality problems, especially harmonic distortion. It is a challenge in the operation and design of the radial distribution system. This can happen because harmonics that exceed the limit can cause interference to equipment and systems. This study will discuss the determination of the optimal location and capacity of distributed generation (DG) and network reconfiguration in the radial distribution system to improve the quality of electric power, especially the suppression of harmonic distribution. This study combines the optimal location and capacity of DG and network reconfiguration using the particle swarm optimization method. In addition, this research method is implemented in the distribution system of Bandar Lampung City by considering the effect of using nonlinear loads to improve power quality, especially harmonic distortion. The inverter-based DG type used considers the value of harmonic source when placed. The combination of the proposed methods provides an optimal solution. Increased efficiency in reducing power losses up to 81.17% and %total harmonic distortion voltage (THDv) is below the allowable limit.
Power system transient stability margin estimation using artificial neural ne...elelijjournal
This paper presents a methodology for estimating the normalized transient stability margin by using the multilayered perceptron (MLP) neural network. The complex relationship between the input variables and output variables is established by using the neural networks. The nonlinear mapping relation between the normalized transient stability margin and the operating conditions of the power system is established by using the MLP neural network. To obtain the training set of the neural network the potential energy boundary surface (PEBS) method along with time domain simulation method is used. The proposed method is applied on IEEE 9 bus system and the results shows that the proposed method provides fast and accurate tool to assess online transient stability.
This paper discusses the possible applications of particle swarm optimization (PSO) in the Power system. One of the problems in Power System is Economic Load dispatch (ED). The discussion is carried out in view of the saving money, computational speed – up and expandability that can be achieved by using PSO method. The general approach of the method of this paper is that of Dynamic Programming Method coupled with PSO method. The feasibility of the proposed method is demonstrated, and it is compared with the lambda iterative method in terms of the solution quality and computation efficiency. The experimental results show that the proposed PSO method was indeed capable of obtaining higher quality solutions efficiently in ED problems.
Distribution network reconfiguration for loss reduction using PSO method IJECEIAES
In recent years, the reconfiguration of the distribution network has been proclaimed as a method for realizing power savings, with virtually zero cost. The current trend is to design distribution networks with a mesh network structure, but to operate them radially. This is achieved by the establishment of an appropriate number of switchable branches which allow the realization of a radial configuration capable of supplying all of the normal defects in the box of permanent defect. The purpose of this article is to find an optimal reconfiguration using a Meta heuristic method, namely the particle swarm optimization method (PSO), to reduce active losses and voltage deviations by taking into account certain technical constraints. The validity of this method is tested on a 33-IEEE test network and the results obtained are compared with the results of basic load flow.
Multi-objective optimal placement of distributed generations for dynamic loadsIJECEIAES
Large amount of active power losses and low voltage profile are the two major issues concerning the integration of distributed generations with existing power system networks. High R/X ratio and long distance of radial network further aggravates the issues. Optimal placement of distributed generators can address these issues significantly by alleviating active power losses and ameliorating voltage profile in a cost effective manner. In this research, multi-objective optimal placement problem is decomposed into minimization of total active power losses, maximization of bus voltage profile enhancement and minimization of total generation cost of a power system network for static and dynamic load characteristics. Optimum utilization factor for installed generators and available loads is scaled by the analysis of yearly load-demand curve of a network. The developed algorithm of N-bus system is implemented in IEEE-14 bus standard test system to demonstrate the efficacy of the proposed method in different loading conditions.
Automatic generation control of two area interconnected power system using pa...IOSR Journals
This document presents a particle swarm optimization technique to optimize the integral controller gains for automatic generation control of a two-area interconnected power system. Each control area includes thermal generation systems with reheat turbines. The objective is to minimize frequency deviations and tie-line power flow deviations following load disturbances using two performance indices: integral of squared error and integral of time-multiplied absolute error. Simulation results demonstrate the effectiveness of the particle swarm optimizer in tuning the AGC parameters to improve the dynamic response compared to a conventional integral controller.
Combination of Immune Genetic Particle Swarm Optimization algorithm with BP a...paperpublications3
Abstract:In this paper, merging Immune Genetic Particle Swarm Optimization algorithm (IGPSO) with BP algorithm to optimize BP Neural Network parameter i.e., BPIGPSO amalgamation to solve optimal reactive power dispatch algorithm. The basic perception is that first training BP neural network with IGPSO to find out a comparatively optimal solution, then take the network parameter at this time as the preliminary parameter of BP algorithm to carry out the training, finally searching the optimal solution. The proposed BPIGPSO has been tested on standard IEEE 57 bus test system and simulation results show clearly the better performance of the proposed algorithm in reducing the real power loss.
A novel efficient adaptive-neuro fuzzy inference system control based smart ...IJECEIAES
This document presents a novel adaptive-neuro fuzzy inference system (ANFIS) control algorithm for a smart grid integrating solar, wind, and grid power sources. The proposed ANFIS controller is used to improve the steady-state and transient response of the hybrid power system. Fuzzy logic maximum power point tracking algorithms are used to extract maximum power from solar photovoltaic panels and a permanent magnet synchronous generator is used for wind power generation. Back-to-back voltage source converters operated by the ANFIS controller are used to maximize both renewable power generations. Simulation results under different operating conditions and nonlinear faults show the proposed ANFIS control algorithm improves the overall system performance.
Combinational load shedding using load frequency control and voltage stabili...IJECEIAES
This paper proposes a load shedding program for evaluating and distributing the minimum load power to be curtailed required to bring the frequency and voltage, after the system was subjected to a heavy disturbance, to the allowable range for each load bus. The quantity of load shedding was estimated to restore the power system's frequency, taking into account the turbine governor's primary control and the generators' reserve power for secondary control. Calculation and review of the load bus's voltage stability indicator (Li) to prioritize the load shedding quantity at these locations. The lower the voltage stability indicator on the load bus, the less load shedding can occur, and vice versa. The frequency and voltage values are still within allowable ranges with this approach, and a significant amount of load shedding can be prevented, resulting in a reduction in customer service interruption. The proposed method's efficacy was demonstrated when it was checked against the IEEE 30 bus 6 generators power system standard simulated in MATLAB environment and it minimize the power to be shed by around 20% of the conventional load shedding schemes.
Convergence Problems Of Contingency Analysis In Electrical Power Transmission...CSCJournals
Contingency analysis is a tool used by power system engineers for planning and assessing
power system reliability. The conventional analytical method which is mathematical model based,
is not only tedious and time consuming in view of the large number of components in the network
but always left some critical components unassessed due to non-convergence of the power flow
analysis of such, hence the contingency analysis of such system could not be said to be
completed.
In this work, contingency analysis of line components of a standard IEEE-30 Bus and real 330-kV
Nigerian Transmission Company of Nigeria (TCN) network (28Bus) systems were investigated
using Radial Basis Function Neural Network (RBF-NN) which is artificial intelligence based.
The contingency analysis was carried out by solving the non-linear algebraic equations of steady
state model for the standard IEEE-30 Bus and TCN-28 Bus power networks using NewtonRaphson
(N-R) power flow method. RBF-NN method was used for the computation of Reactive
and Active performance indices (PIR and PIA ) which were ranked in order to reveal the criticality
of each line outage. Simulation was carried out using MATLAB R2013a version. The nonconverged
lines in both systems were reinforced and re-analysed. The results of contingency
analyses of the reinforced systems show more robust systems with complete line ranking.
Optimal electric distribution network configuration using adaptive sunflower ...journalBEEI
Network reconfiguration (NR) is a powerful approach for power loss reduction in the distribution system. This paper presents a method of network reconfiguration using adaptive sunflower optimization (ASFO) to minimize power loss of the distribution system. ASFO is developed based on the original sunflower optimization (SFO) that is inspired from moving of sunflower to the sun. In ASFO, the mechanisms including pollination, survival and mortality mechanisms have been adjusted compared to the original SFO to fit with the network reconfiguration problem. The numerical results on the 14-node and 33-node systems have shown that ASFO outperforms to SFO for finding the optimal network configuration with greater success rate and better obtained solution quality. The comparison results with other previous approaches also indicate that ASFO has better performance than other methods in term of optimal network configuration. Thus, ASFO is a powerful method for the NR.
Machine learning for prediction models to mitigate the voltage deviation in ...IJECEIAES
The voltage deviation is one of the most crucial power quality issues that occur in electrical power systems. Renewable energy plays a vital role in electrical distribution networks due to the high economic returns. However, the presence of photovoltaic systems changes the nature of the energy flow in the grid and causes many problems such as voltage deviation. In this work, several predictive models are examined for voltage regulation in the Jordanian Sabha distribution network equipped with photovoltaic farms. The augmented grey wolf optimizer is used to train the different predictive models. To evaluate the performance of models, a value of one for regression factor and a low value for root mean square error, mean square error, and mean absolute error are used as standards. In addition, a comparison between nineteen predictive models has been made. The results have proved the capability of linear regression and the gaussian process to restore the bus voltages in the distribution network accurately and quickly and to solve the shortening in the voltage dynamic response caused by the iterative nature of the heuristic algorithm.
A Technique for Shunt Active Filter meld micro grid SystemIJERA Editor
The proposed system presents a control technique for a micro grid connected hybrid generation system ith case study interfaced with a three phase shunt active filter to suppress the current harmonics and reactive power present in the load using PQ Theory with ANN controller. This Hybrid Micro Grid is developed using freely renewable energy resources like Solar Photovoltaic (SPV) and Wind Energy (WE). To extract the maximum available power from PV panels and wind turbines, Maximum power point Tracker (MPPT) has been included. This MPPT uses the “Standard Perturbs and Observe” technique. By using PQ Theory with ANN Controller, the Reference currents are generated which are to be injected by Shunt active power filter (SAPF)to compensate the current harmonics in the non linear load. Simulation studies shows that the proposed control technique performs non-linear load current harmonic compensation maintaining the load current in phase with the source voltage.
Optimal Power Generation in Energy-Deficient Scenarios Using Bagging EnsemblesKashif Mehmood
This paper presents an improved technique for optimal power generation using ensemble
artificial neural networks (EANN). The motive for using EANN is to benefit from multiple parallel processor
computing rather than traditional serial computation to reduce bias and variance in machine learning. The
load data is obtained from the load regulation authority of Pakistan for 24 hours. The data is analyzed on an
IEEE 30-bus test system by implementing two approaches; the conventional artificial neural network (ANN)
with feed-forward back-propagation model and a Bagging algorithm. To improve the training of ANN and
authenticate its result, first the Load Flow Analysis (LFA) on IEEE 30 bus is performed using Newton
Raphson Method and then the program is developed in MATLAB using Lagrange relaxation (LR) framework
to solve a power-generator scheduling problem. The bootstraps for the EANN are obtained through a disjoint
partition Bagging algorithm to handle the fluctuating power demand and is used to forecast the power
generation. The results of MATLAB simulations are analyzed and compared along with computational
complexity, therein showing the dominance of the EANN over the traditional ANN strategy that closed
to LR
Power quality improvement of grid interconnected distribution system using fs...eSAT Journals
Abstract This paper presents a fuzzy step size least mean square (LMS) algorithm for grid connected renewable energy source. The main objective is to mitigate the harmonics and the neutral current compensation. The conventional controllers may fail due to the rapid change in the dynamics of the highly non-linear system. The fuzzy step size least mean square (FSS-LMS) algorithm in handling theuncertainties and learning from the processes is proved to be advantageous while the inverter operating at fluctuatingoperating conditions. The inverter is controlled tocompensate the harmonics and current imbalance of a three phase four wire non-linear load with generatedrenewable power injection in to the grid.The grid will always supply/absorb a balanced set offundamental currents at unity power factor even in the presence of three phase four wire non-linear unbalance load at point of common coupling(PCC).The proposed system is developed and simulated inMATLAB/SimPowerSystem environment under differentoperating conditions.
Load shedding in power system using the AHP algorithm and Artificial Neural N...IJAEMSJORNAL
This paper proposes the load shedding method based on considering the load importance factor, primary frequency adjustment, secondary frequency adjustment and neuron network. Consideration the process of primary frequency control, secondary frequency control helps to reduce the amount of load shedding power and restore the system’s frequency to the permissible range. The amount of shedding power of each load bus is distributed based on the load importance factor. Neuron network is applied to distribute load shedding strategies in the power system at different load levels. The experimental and simulated results on the IEEE 37- bus system present the frequency can restore to allowed range and reduce the damage compared to the traditional load shedding method using under frequency relay- UFLS.
Stable Multi Optimized Algorithm Used For Controlling The Load Shedding Probl...IOSR Journals
This document discusses using multi-agent based particle swarm optimization (MAPSO) and genetic algorithms (MAGA) to solve the load shedding problem in power systems. MAPSO integrates a multi-agent system with PSO, allowing agents to cooperate and compete with neighbors to find optimal load shedding solutions quickly. MAGA applies genetic algorithm concepts like reproduction, crossover and mutation to agents. The document outlines the load shedding problem formulation and constraints. It also describes PSO, genetic algorithms, multi-agent systems and how MAPSO and MAGA combine these approaches to determine the most appropriate loads to shed during under frequency or voltage conditions.
Determination of controller gains for frequency controlIAEME Publication
1. The document presents a methodology for determining optimized controller gains for frequency control of a two area power system using the Big Bang-Big Crunch (BB-BC) optimization technique.
2. The BB-BC technique is used to minimize a fitness function dependent on performance metrics like overshoot, steady state error, settling time, and undershoot to obtain optimized gains for the automatic generation control (AGC) and automatic voltage regulator (AVR) loops.
3. The performance of the controllers obtained using BB-BC is compared to those obtained using modified particle swarm optimization and differential evaluation techniques on the two area test system.
This document presents a method for optimizing the placement and sizing of multiple distributed generation (DG) units in a transmission system to minimize power losses and improve voltage. Fuzzy logic is used to determine the optimal locations for DG units based on power loss index and voltage. Particle swarm optimization is then used to determine the optimal size of DG units at the identified locations. The method is tested on the IEEE 14-bus system, showing that placing DG units at buses 3, 4 and 5 can reduce power losses by up to 94.47% and improve voltages compared to using a single DG unit.
Redefining brain tumor segmentation: a cutting-edge convolutional neural netw...IJECEIAES
Medical image analysis has witnessed significant advancements with deep learning techniques. In the domain of brain tumor segmentation, the ability to
precisely delineate tumor boundaries from magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
scans holds profound implications for diagnosis. This study presents an ensemble convolutional neural network (CNN) with transfer learning, integrating
the state-of-the-art Deeplabv3+ architecture with the ResNet18 backbone. The
model is rigorously trained and evaluated, exhibiting remarkable performance
metrics, including an impressive global accuracy of 99.286%, a high-class accuracy of 82.191%, a mean intersection over union (IoU) of 79.900%, a weighted
IoU of 98.620%, and a Boundary F1 (BF) score of 83.303%. Notably, a detailed comparative analysis with existing methods showcases the superiority of
our proposed model. These findings underscore the model’s competence in precise brain tumor localization, underscoring its potential to revolutionize medical
image analysis and enhance healthcare outcomes. This research paves the way
for future exploration and optimization of advanced CNN models in medical
imaging, emphasizing addressing false positives and resource efficiency.
Embedded machine learning-based road conditions and driving behavior monitoringIJECEIAES
Car accident rates have increased in recent years, resulting in losses in human lives, properties, and other financial costs. An embedded machine learning-based system is developed to address this critical issue. The system can monitor road conditions, detect driving patterns, and identify aggressive driving behaviors. The system is based on neural networks trained on a comprehensive dataset of driving events, driving styles, and road conditions. The system effectively detects potential risks and helps mitigate the frequency and impact of accidents. The primary goal is to ensure the safety of drivers and vehicles. Collecting data involved gathering information on three key road events: normal street and normal drive, speed bumps, circular yellow speed bumps, and three aggressive driving actions: sudden start, sudden stop, and sudden entry. The gathered data is processed and analyzed using a machine learning system designed for limited power and memory devices. The developed system resulted in 91.9% accuracy, 93.6% precision, and 92% recall. The achieved inference time on an Arduino Nano 33 BLE Sense with a 32-bit CPU running at 64 MHz is 34 ms and requires 2.6 kB peak RAM and 139.9 kB program flash memory, making it suitable for resource-constrained embedded systems.
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This paper presents the implementation of multiple distributed generations planning in distribution system using computational intelligence technique. A pre-developed computational intelligence optimization technique named as Embedded Meta EP-Firefly Algorithm (EMEFA) was utilized to determine distribution loss and penetration level for the purpose of distributed generation (DG) installation. In this study, the Artificial Neural Network (ANN) was used in order to solve the complexity of the multiple DG concepts. EMEFA-ANN was developed to optimize the weight of the ANN to minimize the mean squared error. The proposed method was validated on IEEE 69 Bus distribution system with several load variations scenario. The case study was conducted based on the multiple unit of DG in distribution system by considering the DGs are modeled as type I which is capable of injecting real power. Results obtained from the study could be utilized by the utility and energy commission for loss reduction scheme in distribution system.
Determination of location and capacity of distributed generations with recon...IJECEIAES
The use of non-linear loads and the integration of renewable energy in electricity network can cause power quality problems, especially harmonic distortion. It is a challenge in the operation and design of the radial distribution system. This can happen because harmonics that exceed the limit can cause interference to equipment and systems. This study will discuss the determination of the optimal location and capacity of distributed generation (DG) and network reconfiguration in the radial distribution system to improve the quality of electric power, especially the suppression of harmonic distribution. This study combines the optimal location and capacity of DG and network reconfiguration using the particle swarm optimization method. In addition, this research method is implemented in the distribution system of Bandar Lampung City by considering the effect of using nonlinear loads to improve power quality, especially harmonic distortion. The inverter-based DG type used considers the value of harmonic source when placed. The combination of the proposed methods provides an optimal solution. Increased efficiency in reducing power losses up to 81.17% and %total harmonic distortion voltage (THDv) is below the allowable limit.
Power system transient stability margin estimation using artificial neural ne...elelijjournal
This paper presents a methodology for estimating the normalized transient stability margin by using the multilayered perceptron (MLP) neural network. The complex relationship between the input variables and output variables is established by using the neural networks. The nonlinear mapping relation between the normalized transient stability margin and the operating conditions of the power system is established by using the MLP neural network. To obtain the training set of the neural network the potential energy boundary surface (PEBS) method along with time domain simulation method is used. The proposed method is applied on IEEE 9 bus system and the results shows that the proposed method provides fast and accurate tool to assess online transient stability.
This paper discusses the possible applications of particle swarm optimization (PSO) in the Power system. One of the problems in Power System is Economic Load dispatch (ED). The discussion is carried out in view of the saving money, computational speed – up and expandability that can be achieved by using PSO method. The general approach of the method of this paper is that of Dynamic Programming Method coupled with PSO method. The feasibility of the proposed method is demonstrated, and it is compared with the lambda iterative method in terms of the solution quality and computation efficiency. The experimental results show that the proposed PSO method was indeed capable of obtaining higher quality solutions efficiently in ED problems.
Distribution network reconfiguration for loss reduction using PSO method IJECEIAES
In recent years, the reconfiguration of the distribution network has been proclaimed as a method for realizing power savings, with virtually zero cost. The current trend is to design distribution networks with a mesh network structure, but to operate them radially. This is achieved by the establishment of an appropriate number of switchable branches which allow the realization of a radial configuration capable of supplying all of the normal defects in the box of permanent defect. The purpose of this article is to find an optimal reconfiguration using a Meta heuristic method, namely the particle swarm optimization method (PSO), to reduce active losses and voltage deviations by taking into account certain technical constraints. The validity of this method is tested on a 33-IEEE test network and the results obtained are compared with the results of basic load flow.
Multi-objective optimal placement of distributed generations for dynamic loadsIJECEIAES
Large amount of active power losses and low voltage profile are the two major issues concerning the integration of distributed generations with existing power system networks. High R/X ratio and long distance of radial network further aggravates the issues. Optimal placement of distributed generators can address these issues significantly by alleviating active power losses and ameliorating voltage profile in a cost effective manner. In this research, multi-objective optimal placement problem is decomposed into minimization of total active power losses, maximization of bus voltage profile enhancement and minimization of total generation cost of a power system network for static and dynamic load characteristics. Optimum utilization factor for installed generators and available loads is scaled by the analysis of yearly load-demand curve of a network. The developed algorithm of N-bus system is implemented in IEEE-14 bus standard test system to demonstrate the efficacy of the proposed method in different loading conditions.
Automatic generation control of two area interconnected power system using pa...IOSR Journals
This document presents a particle swarm optimization technique to optimize the integral controller gains for automatic generation control of a two-area interconnected power system. Each control area includes thermal generation systems with reheat turbines. The objective is to minimize frequency deviations and tie-line power flow deviations following load disturbances using two performance indices: integral of squared error and integral of time-multiplied absolute error. Simulation results demonstrate the effectiveness of the particle swarm optimizer in tuning the AGC parameters to improve the dynamic response compared to a conventional integral controller.
Combination of Immune Genetic Particle Swarm Optimization algorithm with BP a...paperpublications3
Abstract:In this paper, merging Immune Genetic Particle Swarm Optimization algorithm (IGPSO) with BP algorithm to optimize BP Neural Network parameter i.e., BPIGPSO amalgamation to solve optimal reactive power dispatch algorithm. The basic perception is that first training BP neural network with IGPSO to find out a comparatively optimal solution, then take the network parameter at this time as the preliminary parameter of BP algorithm to carry out the training, finally searching the optimal solution. The proposed BPIGPSO has been tested on standard IEEE 57 bus test system and simulation results show clearly the better performance of the proposed algorithm in reducing the real power loss.
A novel efficient adaptive-neuro fuzzy inference system control based smart ...IJECEIAES
This document presents a novel adaptive-neuro fuzzy inference system (ANFIS) control algorithm for a smart grid integrating solar, wind, and grid power sources. The proposed ANFIS controller is used to improve the steady-state and transient response of the hybrid power system. Fuzzy logic maximum power point tracking algorithms are used to extract maximum power from solar photovoltaic panels and a permanent magnet synchronous generator is used for wind power generation. Back-to-back voltage source converters operated by the ANFIS controller are used to maximize both renewable power generations. Simulation results under different operating conditions and nonlinear faults show the proposed ANFIS control algorithm improves the overall system performance.
Combinational load shedding using load frequency control and voltage stabili...IJECEIAES
This paper proposes a load shedding program for evaluating and distributing the minimum load power to be curtailed required to bring the frequency and voltage, after the system was subjected to a heavy disturbance, to the allowable range for each load bus. The quantity of load shedding was estimated to restore the power system's frequency, taking into account the turbine governor's primary control and the generators' reserve power for secondary control. Calculation and review of the load bus's voltage stability indicator (Li) to prioritize the load shedding quantity at these locations. The lower the voltage stability indicator on the load bus, the less load shedding can occur, and vice versa. The frequency and voltage values are still within allowable ranges with this approach, and a significant amount of load shedding can be prevented, resulting in a reduction in customer service interruption. The proposed method's efficacy was demonstrated when it was checked against the IEEE 30 bus 6 generators power system standard simulated in MATLAB environment and it minimize the power to be shed by around 20% of the conventional load shedding schemes.
Convergence Problems Of Contingency Analysis In Electrical Power Transmission...CSCJournals
Contingency analysis is a tool used by power system engineers for planning and assessing
power system reliability. The conventional analytical method which is mathematical model based,
is not only tedious and time consuming in view of the large number of components in the network
but always left some critical components unassessed due to non-convergence of the power flow
analysis of such, hence the contingency analysis of such system could not be said to be
completed.
In this work, contingency analysis of line components of a standard IEEE-30 Bus and real 330-kV
Nigerian Transmission Company of Nigeria (TCN) network (28Bus) systems were investigated
using Radial Basis Function Neural Network (RBF-NN) which is artificial intelligence based.
The contingency analysis was carried out by solving the non-linear algebraic equations of steady
state model for the standard IEEE-30 Bus and TCN-28 Bus power networks using NewtonRaphson
(N-R) power flow method. RBF-NN method was used for the computation of Reactive
and Active performance indices (PIR and PIA ) which were ranked in order to reveal the criticality
of each line outage. Simulation was carried out using MATLAB R2013a version. The nonconverged
lines in both systems were reinforced and re-analysed. The results of contingency
analyses of the reinforced systems show more robust systems with complete line ranking.
Optimal electric distribution network configuration using adaptive sunflower ...journalBEEI
Network reconfiguration (NR) is a powerful approach for power loss reduction in the distribution system. This paper presents a method of network reconfiguration using adaptive sunflower optimization (ASFO) to minimize power loss of the distribution system. ASFO is developed based on the original sunflower optimization (SFO) that is inspired from moving of sunflower to the sun. In ASFO, the mechanisms including pollination, survival and mortality mechanisms have been adjusted compared to the original SFO to fit with the network reconfiguration problem. The numerical results on the 14-node and 33-node systems have shown that ASFO outperforms to SFO for finding the optimal network configuration with greater success rate and better obtained solution quality. The comparison results with other previous approaches also indicate that ASFO has better performance than other methods in term of optimal network configuration. Thus, ASFO is a powerful method for the NR.
Machine learning for prediction models to mitigate the voltage deviation in ...IJECEIAES
The voltage deviation is one of the most crucial power quality issues that occur in electrical power systems. Renewable energy plays a vital role in electrical distribution networks due to the high economic returns. However, the presence of photovoltaic systems changes the nature of the energy flow in the grid and causes many problems such as voltage deviation. In this work, several predictive models are examined for voltage regulation in the Jordanian Sabha distribution network equipped with photovoltaic farms. The augmented grey wolf optimizer is used to train the different predictive models. To evaluate the performance of models, a value of one for regression factor and a low value for root mean square error, mean square error, and mean absolute error are used as standards. In addition, a comparison between nineteen predictive models has been made. The results have proved the capability of linear regression and the gaussian process to restore the bus voltages in the distribution network accurately and quickly and to solve the shortening in the voltage dynamic response caused by the iterative nature of the heuristic algorithm.
A Technique for Shunt Active Filter meld micro grid SystemIJERA Editor
The proposed system presents a control technique for a micro grid connected hybrid generation system ith case study interfaced with a three phase shunt active filter to suppress the current harmonics and reactive power present in the load using PQ Theory with ANN controller. This Hybrid Micro Grid is developed using freely renewable energy resources like Solar Photovoltaic (SPV) and Wind Energy (WE). To extract the maximum available power from PV panels and wind turbines, Maximum power point Tracker (MPPT) has been included. This MPPT uses the “Standard Perturbs and Observe” technique. By using PQ Theory with ANN Controller, the Reference currents are generated which are to be injected by Shunt active power filter (SAPF)to compensate the current harmonics in the non linear load. Simulation studies shows that the proposed control technique performs non-linear load current harmonic compensation maintaining the load current in phase with the source voltage.
Optimal Power Generation in Energy-Deficient Scenarios Using Bagging EnsemblesKashif Mehmood
This paper presents an improved technique for optimal power generation using ensemble
artificial neural networks (EANN). The motive for using EANN is to benefit from multiple parallel processor
computing rather than traditional serial computation to reduce bias and variance in machine learning. The
load data is obtained from the load regulation authority of Pakistan for 24 hours. The data is analyzed on an
IEEE 30-bus test system by implementing two approaches; the conventional artificial neural network (ANN)
with feed-forward back-propagation model and a Bagging algorithm. To improve the training of ANN and
authenticate its result, first the Load Flow Analysis (LFA) on IEEE 30 bus is performed using Newton
Raphson Method and then the program is developed in MATLAB using Lagrange relaxation (LR) framework
to solve a power-generator scheduling problem. The bootstraps for the EANN are obtained through a disjoint
partition Bagging algorithm to handle the fluctuating power demand and is used to forecast the power
generation. The results of MATLAB simulations are analyzed and compared along with computational
complexity, therein showing the dominance of the EANN over the traditional ANN strategy that closed
to LR
Power quality improvement of grid interconnected distribution system using fs...eSAT Journals
Abstract This paper presents a fuzzy step size least mean square (LMS) algorithm for grid connected renewable energy source. The main objective is to mitigate the harmonics and the neutral current compensation. The conventional controllers may fail due to the rapid change in the dynamics of the highly non-linear system. The fuzzy step size least mean square (FSS-LMS) algorithm in handling theuncertainties and learning from the processes is proved to be advantageous while the inverter operating at fluctuatingoperating conditions. The inverter is controlled tocompensate the harmonics and current imbalance of a three phase four wire non-linear load with generatedrenewable power injection in to the grid.The grid will always supply/absorb a balanced set offundamental currents at unity power factor even in the presence of three phase four wire non-linear unbalance load at point of common coupling(PCC).The proposed system is developed and simulated inMATLAB/SimPowerSystem environment under differentoperating conditions.
Load shedding in power system using the AHP algorithm and Artificial Neural N...IJAEMSJORNAL
This paper proposes the load shedding method based on considering the load importance factor, primary frequency adjustment, secondary frequency adjustment and neuron network. Consideration the process of primary frequency control, secondary frequency control helps to reduce the amount of load shedding power and restore the system’s frequency to the permissible range. The amount of shedding power of each load bus is distributed based on the load importance factor. Neuron network is applied to distribute load shedding strategies in the power system at different load levels. The experimental and simulated results on the IEEE 37- bus system present the frequency can restore to allowed range and reduce the damage compared to the traditional load shedding method using under frequency relay- UFLS.
Stable Multi Optimized Algorithm Used For Controlling The Load Shedding Probl...IOSR Journals
This document discusses using multi-agent based particle swarm optimization (MAPSO) and genetic algorithms (MAGA) to solve the load shedding problem in power systems. MAPSO integrates a multi-agent system with PSO, allowing agents to cooperate and compete with neighbors to find optimal load shedding solutions quickly. MAGA applies genetic algorithm concepts like reproduction, crossover and mutation to agents. The document outlines the load shedding problem formulation and constraints. It also describes PSO, genetic algorithms, multi-agent systems and how MAPSO and MAGA combine these approaches to determine the most appropriate loads to shed during under frequency or voltage conditions.
Determination of controller gains for frequency controlIAEME Publication
1. The document presents a methodology for determining optimized controller gains for frequency control of a two area power system using the Big Bang-Big Crunch (BB-BC) optimization technique.
2. The BB-BC technique is used to minimize a fitness function dependent on performance metrics like overshoot, steady state error, settling time, and undershoot to obtain optimized gains for the automatic generation control (AGC) and automatic voltage regulator (AVR) loops.
3. The performance of the controllers obtained using BB-BC is compared to those obtained using modified particle swarm optimization and differential evaluation techniques on the two area test system.
This document presents a method for optimizing the placement and sizing of multiple distributed generation (DG) units in a transmission system to minimize power losses and improve voltage. Fuzzy logic is used to determine the optimal locations for DG units based on power loss index and voltage. Particle swarm optimization is then used to determine the optimal size of DG units at the identified locations. The method is tested on the IEEE 14-bus system, showing that placing DG units at buses 3, 4 and 5 can reduce power losses by up to 94.47% and improve voltages compared to using a single DG unit.
Similar to A hybrid approach of artificial neural network-particle swarm optimization algorithm for optimal load shedding strategy (20)
Redefining brain tumor segmentation: a cutting-edge convolutional neural netw...IJECEIAES
Medical image analysis has witnessed significant advancements with deep learning techniques. In the domain of brain tumor segmentation, the ability to
precisely delineate tumor boundaries from magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
scans holds profound implications for diagnosis. This study presents an ensemble convolutional neural network (CNN) with transfer learning, integrating
the state-of-the-art Deeplabv3+ architecture with the ResNet18 backbone. The
model is rigorously trained and evaluated, exhibiting remarkable performance
metrics, including an impressive global accuracy of 99.286%, a high-class accuracy of 82.191%, a mean intersection over union (IoU) of 79.900%, a weighted
IoU of 98.620%, and a Boundary F1 (BF) score of 83.303%. Notably, a detailed comparative analysis with existing methods showcases the superiority of
our proposed model. These findings underscore the model’s competence in precise brain tumor localization, underscoring its potential to revolutionize medical
image analysis and enhance healthcare outcomes. This research paves the way
for future exploration and optimization of advanced CNN models in medical
imaging, emphasizing addressing false positives and resource efficiency.
Embedded machine learning-based road conditions and driving behavior monitoringIJECEIAES
Car accident rates have increased in recent years, resulting in losses in human lives, properties, and other financial costs. An embedded machine learning-based system is developed to address this critical issue. The system can monitor road conditions, detect driving patterns, and identify aggressive driving behaviors. The system is based on neural networks trained on a comprehensive dataset of driving events, driving styles, and road conditions. The system effectively detects potential risks and helps mitigate the frequency and impact of accidents. The primary goal is to ensure the safety of drivers and vehicles. Collecting data involved gathering information on three key road events: normal street and normal drive, speed bumps, circular yellow speed bumps, and three aggressive driving actions: sudden start, sudden stop, and sudden entry. The gathered data is processed and analyzed using a machine learning system designed for limited power and memory devices. The developed system resulted in 91.9% accuracy, 93.6% precision, and 92% recall. The achieved inference time on an Arduino Nano 33 BLE Sense with a 32-bit CPU running at 64 MHz is 34 ms and requires 2.6 kB peak RAM and 139.9 kB program flash memory, making it suitable for resource-constrained embedded systems.
Advanced control scheme of doubly fed induction generator for wind turbine us...IJECEIAES
This paper describes a speed control device for generating electrical energy on an electricity network based on the doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) used for wind power conversion systems. At first, a double-fed induction generator model was constructed. A control law is formulated to govern the flow of energy between the stator of a DFIG and the energy network using three types of controllers: proportional integral (PI), sliding mode controller (SMC) and second order sliding mode controller (SOSMC). Their different results in terms of power reference tracking, reaction to unexpected speed fluctuations, sensitivity to perturbations, and resilience against machine parameter alterations are compared. MATLAB/Simulink was used to conduct the simulations for the preceding study. Multiple simulations have shown very satisfying results, and the investigations demonstrate the efficacy and power-enhancing capabilities of the suggested control system.
Neural network optimizer of proportional-integral-differential controller par...IJECEIAES
Wide application of proportional-integral-differential (PID)-regulator in industry requires constant improvement of methods of its parameters adjustment. The paper deals with the issues of optimization of PID-regulator parameters with the use of neural network technology methods. A methodology for choosing the architecture (structure) of neural network optimizer is proposed, which consists in determining the number of layers, the number of neurons in each layer, as well as the form and type of activation function. Algorithms of neural network training based on the application of the method of minimizing the mismatch between the regulated value and the target value are developed. The method of back propagation of gradients is proposed to select the optimal training rate of neurons of the neural network. The neural network optimizer, which is a superstructure of the linear PID controller, allows increasing the regulation accuracy from 0.23 to 0.09, thus reducing the power consumption from 65% to 53%. The results of the conducted experiments allow us to conclude that the created neural superstructure may well become a prototype of an automatic voltage regulator (AVR)-type industrial controller for tuning the parameters of the PID controller.
An improved modulation technique suitable for a three level flying capacitor ...IJECEIAES
This research paper introduces an innovative modulation technique for controlling a 3-level flying capacitor multilevel inverter (FCMLI), aiming to streamline the modulation process in contrast to conventional methods. The proposed
simplified modulation technique paves the way for more straightforward and
efficient control of multilevel inverters, enabling their widespread adoption and
integration into modern power electronic systems. Through the amalgamation of
sinusoidal pulse width modulation (SPWM) with a high-frequency square wave
pulse, this controlling technique attains energy equilibrium across the coupling
capacitor. The modulation scheme incorporates a simplified switching pattern
and a decreased count of voltage references, thereby simplifying the control
algorithm.
A review on features and methods of potential fishing zoneIJECEIAES
This review focuses on the importance of identifying potential fishing zones in seawater for sustainable fishing practices. It explores features like sea surface temperature (SST) and sea surface height (SSH), along with classification methods such as classifiers. The features like SST, SSH, and different classifiers used to classify the data, have been figured out in this review study. This study underscores the importance of examining potential fishing zones using advanced analytical techniques. It thoroughly explores the methodologies employed by researchers, covering both past and current approaches. The examination centers on data characteristics and the application of classification algorithms for classification of potential fishing zones. Furthermore, the prediction of potential fishing zones relies significantly on the effectiveness of classification algorithms. Previous research has assessed the performance of models like support vector machines, naïve Bayes, and artificial neural networks (ANN). In the previous result, the results of support vector machine (SVM) were 97.6% more accurate than naive Bayes's 94.2% to classify test data for fisheries classification. By considering the recent works in this area, several recommendations for future works are presented to further improve the performance of the potential fishing zone models, which is important to the fisheries community.
Electrical signal interference minimization using appropriate core material f...IJECEIAES
As demand for smaller, quicker, and more powerful devices rises, Moore's law is strictly followed. The industry has worked hard to make little devices that boost productivity. The goal is to optimize device density. Scientists are reducing connection delays to improve circuit performance. This helped them understand three-dimensional integrated circuit (3D IC) concepts, which stack active devices and create vertical connections to diminish latency and lower interconnects. Electrical involvement is a big worry with 3D integrates circuits. Researchers have developed and tested through silicon via (TSV) and substrates to decrease electrical wave involvement. This study illustrates a novel noise coupling reduction method using several electrical involvement models. A 22% drop in electrical involvement from wave-carrying to victim TSVs introduces this new paradigm and improves system performance even at higher THz frequencies.
Electric vehicle and photovoltaic advanced roles in enhancing the financial p...IJECEIAES
Climate change's impact on the planet forced the United Nations and governments to promote green energies and electric transportation. The deployments of photovoltaic (PV) and electric vehicle (EV) systems gained stronger momentum due to their numerous advantages over fossil fuel types. The advantages go beyond sustainability to reach financial support and stability. The work in this paper introduces the hybrid system between PV and EV to support industrial and commercial plants. This paper covers the theoretical framework of the proposed hybrid system including the required equation to complete the cost analysis when PV and EV are present. In addition, the proposed design diagram which sets the priorities and requirements of the system is presented. The proposed approach allows setup to advance their power stability, especially during power outages. The presented information supports researchers and plant owners to complete the necessary analysis while promoting the deployment of clean energy. The result of a case study that represents a dairy milk farmer supports the theoretical works and highlights its advanced benefits to existing plants. The short return on investment of the proposed approach supports the paper's novelty approach for the sustainable electrical system. In addition, the proposed system allows for an isolated power setup without the need for a transmission line which enhances the safety of the electrical network
Bibliometric analysis highlighting the role of women in addressing climate ch...IJECEIAES
Fossil fuel consumption increased quickly, contributing to climate change
that is evident in unusual flooding and draughts, and global warming. Over
the past ten years, women's involvement in society has grown dramatically,
and they succeeded in playing a noticeable role in reducing climate change.
A bibliometric analysis of data from the last ten years has been carried out to
examine the role of women in addressing the climate change. The analysis's
findings discussed the relevant to the sustainable development goals (SDGs),
particularly SDG 7 and SDG 13. The results considered contributions made
by women in the various sectors while taking geographic dispersion into
account. The bibliometric analysis delves into topics including women's
leadership in environmental groups, their involvement in policymaking, their
contributions to sustainable development projects, and the influence of
gender diversity on attempts to mitigate climate change. This study's results
highlight how women have influenced policies and actions related to climate
change, point out areas of research deficiency and recommendations on how
to increase role of the women in addressing the climate change and
achieving sustainability. To achieve more successful results, this initiative
aims to highlight the significance of gender equality and encourage
inclusivity in climate change decision-making processes.
Voltage and frequency control of microgrid in presence of micro-turbine inter...IJECEIAES
The active and reactive load changes have a significant impact on voltage
and frequency. In this paper, in order to stabilize the microgrid (MG) against
load variations in islanding mode, the active and reactive power of all
distributed generators (DGs), including energy storage (battery), diesel
generator, and micro-turbine, are controlled. The micro-turbine generator is
connected to MG through a three-phase to three-phase matrix converter, and
the droop control method is applied for controlling the voltage and
frequency of MG. In addition, a method is introduced for voltage and
frequency control of micro-turbines in the transition state from gridconnected mode to islanding mode. A novel switching strategy of the matrix
converter is used for converting the high-frequency output voltage of the
micro-turbine to the grid-side frequency of the utility system. Moreover,
using the switching strategy, the low-order harmonics in the output current
and voltage are not produced, and consequently, the size of the output filter
would be reduced. In fact, the suggested control strategy is load-independent
and has no frequency conversion restrictions. The proposed approach for
voltage and frequency regulation demonstrates exceptional performance and
favorable response across various load alteration scenarios. The suggested
strategy is examined in several scenarios in the MG test systems, and the
simulation results are addressed.
Enhancing battery system identification: nonlinear autoregressive modeling fo...IJECEIAES
Precisely characterizing Li-ion batteries is essential for optimizing their
performance, enhancing safety, and prolonging their lifespan across various
applications, such as electric vehicles and renewable energy systems. This
article introduces an innovative nonlinear methodology for system
identification of a Li-ion battery, employing a nonlinear autoregressive with
exogenous inputs (NARX) model. The proposed approach integrates the
benefits of nonlinear modeling with the adaptability of the NARX structure,
facilitating a more comprehensive representation of the intricate
electrochemical processes within the battery. Experimental data collected
from a Li-ion battery operating under diverse scenarios are employed to
validate the effectiveness of the proposed methodology. The identified
NARX model exhibits superior accuracy in predicting the battery's behavior
compared to traditional linear models. This study underscores the
importance of accounting for nonlinearities in battery modeling, providing
insights into the intricate relationships between state-of-charge, voltage, and
current under dynamic conditions.
Smart grid deployment: from a bibliometric analysis to a surveyIJECEIAES
Smart grids are one of the last decades' innovations in electrical energy.
They bring relevant advantages compared to the traditional grid and
significant interest from the research community. Assessing the field's
evolution is essential to propose guidelines for facing new and future smart
grid challenges. In addition, knowing the main technologies involved in the
deployment of smart grids (SGs) is important to highlight possible
shortcomings that can be mitigated by developing new tools. This paper
contributes to the research trends mentioned above by focusing on two
objectives. First, a bibliometric analysis is presented to give an overview of
the current research level about smart grid deployment. Second, a survey of
the main technological approaches used for smart grid implementation and
their contributions are highlighted. To that effect, we searched the Web of
Science (WoS), and the Scopus databases. We obtained 5,663 documents
from WoS and 7,215 from Scopus on smart grid implementation or
deployment. With the extraction limitation in the Scopus database, 5,872 of
the 7,215 documents were extracted using a multi-step process. These two
datasets have been analyzed using a bibliometric tool called bibliometrix.
The main outputs are presented with some recommendations for future
research.
Use of analytical hierarchy process for selecting and prioritizing islanding ...IJECEIAES
One of the problems that are associated to power systems is islanding
condition, which must be rapidly and properly detected to prevent any
negative consequences on the system's protection, stability, and security.
This paper offers a thorough overview of several islanding detection
strategies, which are divided into two categories: classic approaches,
including local and remote approaches, and modern techniques, including
techniques based on signal processing and computational intelligence.
Additionally, each approach is compared and assessed based on several
factors, including implementation costs, non-detected zones, declining
power quality, and response times using the analytical hierarchy process
(AHP). The multi-criteria decision-making analysis shows that the overall
weight of passive methods (24.7%), active methods (7.8%), hybrid methods
(5.6%), remote methods (14.5%), signal processing-based methods (26.6%),
and computational intelligent-based methods (20.8%) based on the
comparison of all criteria together. Thus, it can be seen from the total weight
that hybrid approaches are the least suitable to be chosen, while signal
processing-based methods are the most appropriate islanding detection
method to be selected and implemented in power system with respect to the
aforementioned factors. Using Expert Choice software, the proposed
hierarchy model is studied and examined.
Enhancing of single-stage grid-connected photovoltaic system using fuzzy logi...IJECEIAES
The power generated by photovoltaic (PV) systems is influenced by
environmental factors. This variability hampers the control and utilization of
solar cells' peak output. In this study, a single-stage grid-connected PV
system is designed to enhance power quality. Our approach employs fuzzy
logic in the direct power control (DPC) of a three-phase voltage source
inverter (VSI), enabling seamless integration of the PV connected to the
grid. Additionally, a fuzzy logic-based maximum power point tracking
(MPPT) controller is adopted, which outperforms traditional methods like
incremental conductance (INC) in enhancing solar cell efficiency and
minimizing the response time. Moreover, the inverter's real-time active and
reactive power is directly managed to achieve a unity power factor (UPF).
The system's performance is assessed through MATLAB/Simulink
implementation, showing marked improvement over conventional methods,
particularly in steady-state and varying weather conditions. For solar
irradiances of 500 and 1,000 W/m2
, the results show that the proposed
method reduces the total harmonic distortion (THD) of the injected current
to the grid by approximately 46% and 38% compared to conventional
methods, respectively. Furthermore, we compare the simulation results with
IEEE standards to evaluate the system's grid compatibility.
Enhancing photovoltaic system maximum power point tracking with fuzzy logic-b...IJECEIAES
Photovoltaic systems have emerged as a promising energy resource that
caters to the future needs of society, owing to their renewable, inexhaustible,
and cost-free nature. The power output of these systems relies on solar cell
radiation and temperature. In order to mitigate the dependence on
atmospheric conditions and enhance power tracking, a conventional
approach has been improved by integrating various methods. To optimize
the generation of electricity from solar systems, the maximum power point
tracking (MPPT) technique is employed. To overcome limitations such as
steady-state voltage oscillations and improve transient response, two
traditional MPPT methods, namely fuzzy logic controller (FLC) and perturb
and observe (P&O), have been modified. This research paper aims to
simulate and validate the step size of the proposed modified P&O and FLC
techniques within the MPPT algorithm using MATLAB/Simulink for
efficient power tracking in photovoltaic systems.
Adaptive synchronous sliding control for a robot manipulator based on neural ...IJECEIAES
Robot manipulators have become important equipment in production lines, medical fields, and transportation. Improving the quality of trajectory tracking for
robot hands is always an attractive topic in the research community. This is a
challenging problem because robot manipulators are complex nonlinear systems
and are often subject to fluctuations in loads and external disturbances. This
article proposes an adaptive synchronous sliding control scheme to improve trajectory tracking performance for a robot manipulator. The proposed controller
ensures that the positions of the joints track the desired trajectory, synchronize
the errors, and significantly reduces chattering. First, the synchronous tracking
errors and synchronous sliding surfaces are presented. Second, the synchronous
tracking error dynamics are determined. Third, a robust adaptive control law is
designed,the unknown components of the model are estimated online by the neural network, and the parameters of the switching elements are selected by fuzzy
logic. The built algorithm ensures that the tracking and approximation errors
are ultimately uniformly bounded (UUB). Finally, the effectiveness of the constructed algorithm is demonstrated through simulation and experimental results.
Simulation and experimental results show that the proposed controller is effective with small synchronous tracking errors, and the chattering phenomenon is
significantly reduced.
Remote field-programmable gate array laboratory for signal acquisition and de...IJECEIAES
A remote laboratory utilizing field-programmable gate array (FPGA) technologies enhances students’ learning experience anywhere and anytime in embedded system design. Existing remote laboratories prioritize hardware access and visual feedback for observing board behavior after programming, neglecting comprehensive debugging tools to resolve errors that require internal signal acquisition. This paper proposes a novel remote embeddedsystem design approach targeting FPGA technologies that are fully interactive via a web-based platform. Our solution provides FPGA board access and debugging capabilities beyond the visual feedback provided by existing remote laboratories. We implemented a lab module that allows users to seamlessly incorporate into their FPGA design. The module minimizes hardware resource utilization while enabling the acquisition of a large number of data samples from the signal during the experiments by adaptively compressing the signal prior to data transmission. The results demonstrate an average compression ratio of 2.90 across three benchmark signals, indicating efficient signal acquisition and effective debugging and analysis. This method allows users to acquire more data samples than conventional methods. The proposed lab allows students to remotely test and debug their designs, bridging the gap between theory and practice in embedded system design.
Detecting and resolving feature envy through automated machine learning and m...IJECEIAES
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A hybrid approach of artificial neural network-particle swarm optimization algorithm for optimal load shedding strategy
1. International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE)
Vol. 12, No. 4, August 2022, pp. 4253~4263
ISSN: 2088-8708, DOI: 10.11591/ijece.v12i4.pp4253-4263 4253
Journal homepage: http://ijece.iaescore.com
A hybrid approach of artificial neural network-particle swarm
optimization algorithm for optimal load shedding strategy
Nghia Trong Le1
, Tan Trieu Phung2
, Anh Huy Quyen1
, Bao Long Phung Nguyen1
, Au Ngoc Nguyen1
1
Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, University of Technology and Education, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
2
Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Cao Thang Technical college, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
Article Info ABSTRACT
Article history:
Received Jun 12, 2021
Revised Dec 17, 2021
Accepted Jan 1, 2022
This paper proposes an under-frequency load shedding (UFLS) method by
using the optimization technique of artificial neural network (ANN)
combined with particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm to determine
the minimum load shedding capacity. The suggested technique using a
hybrid algorithm ANN-PSO focuses on 2 main goals: determine whether
process shedding plan or not and the distribution of the minimum of
shedding power on each demand load bus in order to restore system’s
frequency back to acceptable values. In the hybrid algorithm ANN-PSO, the
PSO algorithm takes responsible for searching the optimal weights in the
neural network structure, which can help to optimize the network training in
terms of training speed and accuracy. The distribution of shedding power at
each node considering the primary control and secondary control of the
generators’ unit and the phase electrical distance between the outage
generators and load nodes. The effectiveness of the proposed method is
experimented with multiple generators outage cases at various load levels in
the IEEE-37 Bus scheme where load shedding cases are considered
compared with other traditional technique.
Keywords:
Artificial neural network
Hybrid ANN-PSO
Optimal load shedding
Particle swarm optimization
Phase electrical distance
This is an open access article under the CC BY-SA license.
Corresponding Author:
Nghia Trong Le
Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, University of Technology and Education
1 Vo Van Ngan Street, Thu Duc District, Ho Chi Minh City, 71313, Vietnam
Email: trongnghia@hcmute.edu.vn
1. INTRODUCTION
Load shedding in an electrical system is a very complex and fast process. Operational failures are
unpredictable and the time required to implement load shedding is also very short. Therefore, traditional load
shedding methods using under-frequency load shedding relays (UFLS), or under voltage load shedding relays
(UVLS) [1]–[5] are not fast enough for emergencies. The actual load shedding system takes place in real
time, and in this part, the fast response of the neural network can provide the optimal and responsive load
recognition and shedding under instantaneous conditions. This method of adaptive load shedding using
neural networks has been developed in [6], [7]. Furthermore, the literature [5] indicated that the response
speed of the artificial neural network (ANN) algorithm is faster than other methods. However, ANN also has
limitations such as system type, system dimension, impact function, learning factors, and amount of training
sets [8].
At present, intelligent computing techniques have been widely implemented in the power system.
This is due to the robustness and flexibility of these algorithms in solving nonlinear problems. Meta-heuristic
algorithms such as: ANN [9]–[12], genetic algorithm (GA) [13], and particle swarm optimization (PSO) [14],
have been proposed to determine the lowest amount of shedding power that maximizes the benefit of the
system.
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In particular, the ANN is an information processing template that is modelled based on the activity
of the people nervous system. In an ANN, the weight represents the importance (strength) of the input data to
the information processing. Learning processing of ANN is actually the process of adjusting the weights of
the input data to get the desired result. Back-propagation (BP) is the most commonly used learning method.
To solve problems in power systems, ANN often use network types such as general regression neural
network (GRNN), back propagation neural network (BPNN). In particular, back propagation neural network
(BPNN) is an algorithm that is effectively used to improve training of artificial neural networks (ANNs). Its
performance at a large scale depends on the structure of the different learning model and algorithms used to
compute and reduce its error in the learning process. However, BPNN has two major drawbacks: low
convergence speed and instability. Today, some recent researches had been studied to limit the disadvantages
of BPNN networks by improving the network structure. In [15], the author had proposed to improve the
connection weights of the neural network by combining the ant colony optimization algorithm (ACO) with
ANN. The results of this method can be given in a high performance but the algorithm also has limitations
such as long training time, and the performance of the algorithm is highly dependent on the settings. Unlike
ACO, PSO algorithm is a search algorithm based on swarm regression, it does not require any data structure
information and highly effective in global search problems [16].
The objective of this paper is to show the efficiency of hybridizing PSO algorithm with ANN
network. With the support of the PSO algorithm, the proposed method can determine the link weights in the
ANN faster to shorten the computational process of setting the appropriate weights in the network. That
saves the time to train the network but still generates the neural network with high accuracy. Load shedding
control strategies consider to the primary and secondary control of generators to minimize the capacity of
load reduction. The distribution of the capacity of load reduction at each load node of the system is made
based on the phase electrical distance between the loads and the outage generator.
2. METHOD
2.1. Optimal quantity of load reduction capacity
The frequency response of the power system when a generator failure occurs, includes the following
processes: primary frequency control and secondary frequency control. In this paper, the frequency response
of the power grid takes into account the influence of frequency dependent loads [16]. After this process end,
if the frequency is even not within the allowable parameter, then load reduction have to perform. Details of
these processes have been presented in [17]. Computing the minimum shedding power helps to minimize
damage to customers while restoring the frequency to the allowable value. In [17], the optimum amount of
load reduction capacity is expressed as (1):
∆𝑃𝐿𝑆𝑚𝑖𝑛 = ∆𝑃𝐿 +
∆𝑓𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤
𝑓0
. 𝛽 − ∆𝑃𝑆𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑟𝑦 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑙 𝑚𝑎𝑥 (1)
In which,
∆𝑃𝐿 =
−∆𝑓1
𝑓𝑛
. 𝛽 is status of power balance
𝛽 = 𝑃𝐿. 𝐷 + ∑
𝑃𝐺𝑛,𝑖
𝑅𝑖
𝑛−1
𝑖=1 (𝑃𝐺𝑛,𝑖
is the rated power of the ith
generator)
𝑅 =
∆𝑓
∆𝑃𝐺
is the drop of the adjustment characteristic
∆𝑃𝐺 =
−𝑃𝐺𝑛
𝑅
.
∆𝑓
𝑓𝑛
is the relationship between power variation and frequency variation
D is the percentage characteristic of the change of load according to the percentage change of frequency [18].
∆𝑓𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤 = 𝑓0 − 𝑓𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤 is the allowable frequency attenuation.
∆𝑃𝑆𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑟𝑦 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑙 𝑚𝑎𝑥 = ∑ (𝑃𝐺𝑚,𝑗
− ∆𝑃𝑝𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑟𝑦 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑙.𝑗)
𝑚
𝑗=1 is the maximum amount of secondary
control power generated by the power system.
3. Int J Elec & Comp Eng ISSN: 2088-8708
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Where, ∑ ∆𝑃𝑃𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑟𝑦 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑙 = ∑
−𝑃𝐺𝑛,𝑖
𝑅𝑖
𝑛−1
𝑖=1 .
∆𝑓1
𝑓0
𝑛=1
𝑖=1 is the primary control power of the jth
generator; 𝑃𝐺𝑛,𝑖
is the
rated power of the ith
generator; ∆𝑓1 = 𝑓1 − 𝑓0 is the frequency attenuation; f0 is the rated frequency of the
power system; 𝑃𝐺𝑚,𝑗
is the maximum generating power of the secondary frequency control generator j.
2.2. Phase electrical distance and its application in load shedding
The definition of the phase electrical distance (PED) between two buses is defined as in (2)[19], [20]:
1 1 1 1
( , ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
D i j J J J J
p P ii P jj P ji P ij
(2)
As shown in (2) can be written as (3):
1 1 1 1
( , ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
P P P P
D i j J J J J
p jj ij ii ji
(3)
where, 1 1
( ) ( )
J J
P jj P ij
is the phase angle between 2 nodes j and i due to the power P injected into node j.
1 1
( ) ( )
J J
P ii P ji
is the phase angle between 2 nodes i and j due to the power P injected into node i.
As shown in (2) can be written as (4):
1 1 1 1
( , ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
D i j J J J J
p P jj P ji P ii P ij
(4)
where,
1 1
( ) ( )
J J
P jj P ji
is the phase angle change at j due to the active power transferred from j to i.
1 1
( ) ( )
J J
P ii P ij
is the phase angle change at i due to the active power transferred from i to j.
In power system, the goal is to concentration on the priority of load shedding at nearby the outage
generator location. To do this, the idea of the PED between node i and node j is applied. Two nodes that are
close to each other will always have a very small PED between them. The smaller PED between the load
node and the generator, the closer the load node is to the faulty generator. Therefore, when a fault occurs in
an area on the grid, the adjustment of the grid at the faulty area will achieve the best effect. Therefore,
minimizing the control error in the faulty area will cause less effect on other areas of the system. In load
curtailment, zoning a serious fault and shedding loads around the faulty area will make the impact of the fault
on the system smaller, the load shedding plan will be more effective. When a generator failure occurs at node
n, the quantity of shedding power at m different load nodes based on PED can be distributed according to the
principle: the closer the load node of the failed generator, the greater the amount of shedding power and vice
versa. The expression to calculate the load reduction capacity at load nodes according to PED is shown in
expression (5) [21]:
𝑃𝐿𝑆𝑖 =
𝐷𝑃,𝑒𝑞
𝐷𝑃,𝑚𝑖
. 𝑃𝐿𝑆𝑚𝑖𝑛 (5)
with
𝐷𝑃,𝑒𝑞 =
1
∑
1
𝐷𝑃,𝑚𝑖
𝑖≠𝑚
(6)
In which: m is the quantity of generators; i is quantity of bus; PLSi is the load reduction capacity at ith
bus
(MW); PLSmin is the minimum load reduction capacity to restore the frequency back to acceptable range
(MW); DP,mi is the PED of the load to the failure generator m; DP,eq phase angle sensitivity of all load buses
and generators. The PED between load buses and generator is shown in Figure 1.
2.3. Particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm and back-propagation neural network (BPNN)
BPNN proposed by Rumelhart, Hinton and Williams in 1986 is applied in research fields such as
pattern recognition, data prediction, problem recognition, image processing and many more other areas [22],
[23] based on the ability to self-learn from mistakes. To overcome the disadvantages of BPNN networks, the
PSO algorithm is one of the optimal search techniques to help solve the problems posed above. It allows
searching for optimal solutions over large spaces.
The PSO algorithm, which modeled the flight of birds in searching for food, was introduced by
Kennedy et al. [24]. PSO is set with a random group of particles (solutions) and then in processed of finding
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optimal solution by updating generations. In each generation, each instance is updated to the two best values.
The first value is the best solution obtained so far, called Pbest. Another optimal solution that this individual
follows is the global optimal solution Gbest, which is the best solution that the individual neighbor of this
individual has achieved so far. In other words, each individual in the population updates their position
according to its best position and that of the individual in the population up to the present time, which is shown
in Figure 2 [24]. The flowchart of the PSO algorithm is shown in Figure 3.
Figure 1. Describe the PED between generator 8 and the load buses
Figure 2. The position of the individuals in the convergence of the PSO algorithm
Velocity and position of each particle is updated as (7):
𝑣𝑖
𝑘+1
= 𝑤. 𝑉𝑖
𝑘
+ 𝑐1. 𝑟1(𝑃𝑏𝑒𝑠𝑡 − 𝑋𝑖
𝑘
) + 𝑐2𝑟2(𝐺𝑏𝑒𝑠𝑡 − 𝑋𝑖
𝑘
) (7)
After each cycle the location of each instance will be updated as (8):
𝑋𝑖
𝑘+1
= 𝑋𝑖
𝑘
+ 𝑉𝑖
𝑘+1
(8)
In which:
Vi
k
, Xi
k
: the velocity and position of each particle i at iteration k.
𝑊 : inertia weight.
c1, c2: acceleration coefficients, whose range are between 1.5 and 2.5.
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r1, r2: random value generated for each velocity update, whose value are in range [0; 1]
𝑃𝑏𝑒𝑠𝑡, 𝐺𝑏𝑒𝑠𝑡: the best position of the ith
particle, and the best position in the corresponding population,
respectively.
Figure 3. PSO algorithm diagram
3. BUILDING HYBRID ALGORITHM: ARTIFICIAL NEURAL NETWORK-PARTICLE
SWARM OPTIMIZATION (ANN-PSO)
The working principle of the hybrid ANN-PSO algorithm is mostly based on the effectiveness of
BPNN, which is the adjustment of the weight is always in the descending direction of the error function and
requires only some local information. However, the BPNN also has limitations [16] such as low convergence
speed and instability. These limitations are due to the fact that the network cannot be trained when the
weights are adjusted to very large values. The case of error curves is so complex that there are so many local
minima that the convergence of the algorithm is very sensitive to the initial values. Inspired from [25], by
combining with PSO, the network training performance can be improved as well as helping the network
avoid the "local minima" errors during training. The only limitation of this proposed algorithm is the
necessity to set the parameters of the algorithm to match the data. The block scheme of the proposed method
is shown in Figure 4. The hybrid artificial neural network-particle swarm optimization (ANN-PSO) algorithm
implementation process is presented in Figure 5.
Figure 4. The block diagram of proposed method
The steps to implement the ANN-PSO hybrid algorithm are as:
Step 1: Initialize the network structure with input and output data.
Step 2: Carry out the implementation of the PSO algorithm to find a suitable new W weight for the neural
network according to the following objective function:
𝑀𝑆𝐸 =
1
𝑛
∑ (𝑑𝑖 − 𝑦𝑖)2
𝑛
𝑖=1 (11)
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where: di: the ith
output of the neural network
yi: the ith
desired output
n: the output number of the neural network
Step 3: From the new weights W in the neural network proceed to train the network.
Step 4: Compare and evaluate the results.
Figure 5. The process of implementing hybrid algorithm ANN-PSO
4. SIMULATION AND RESULTS
The suggested technique is experimented on the IEEE-37 bus with 9 generators and 26 loads bus
electrical system [17], [26]. The simulation is processed on the PowerWorld 19. The flowchart of the process
of data collection, training and testing is shown in Figure 6.
In this study, the JO345#1 generator (bus 28) disconnected from the power system. Applying the
method presented in section 2.1 to estimate the smallest load reduction capacity of 17.64 MW. The PED
between the JO345#1 generator and the load nodes is shown in Figure 7.
The simulation results in Figures 8 and 9 show that the proposed load shedding method has an
improvement in power quality in terms of frequency bus POPLAR69. After distributed amount of shedding
power at each Bus based on PED (mentioned in section 2.2), the frequency increases from 59.6 to 59.7 Hz,
which is within allowable range. The proposed load shedding strategy does not have too much impact on
voltage quality.
The construction of the training dataset is done by simulating the IEEE 37-bus diagram with varying
the loads from 60% to 100% of the maximum load. Each load level will correspond to different generator
outage cases. The results obtained in 328 samples, including: 123 samples of load shedding and 205 samples
of non-load shedding. For each load shedding case, the delivery of the load reduction capacity at the load
buses is made based on the PED, presented in (5) in section 2.2 corresponding to the power level of the load
and generator location. Collected data will be normalized and divided into 85% of training, the rest is used to
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check the accuracy of ANN-PSO. Proceed to build a training neural network with a network structure of
8 hidden layer neurons with different input variables from 15-165 variables, which are the parameters of the
grid system, including: PLoad is load active power, generator power is PGenerator, power on transmission line is
PBranch, VBus is bus voltage, fBus is bus frequency and the output are 9 variables which are the powers to be
shed at the load buses when there is a generator failure from load shedding 1 to Load shedding 9. The
accuracy of the proposed method compared with the GA training method and back-propagation is presented
in Table 1.
Figure 6. Processing of proposed method flowchart
Figure 7. PED relationship between JO345#1 generator and load nodes
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The comparison of simulation results between ANN-PSO and GA-ANN methods is shown in
Figure 10. Figure 10 presents the simulation results of the proposed ANN-PSO hybrid algorithm applied to
the IEEE 37-bus, 9-generator, which has superior advantages over the GA-ANN hybrid algorithm in both
time aspects training time and accuracy. Specifically, with 120 input variables, the training and testing
accuracy of ANN-PSO is 97.4% and 100% higher than that of GA-ANN at 81.8% and 79.1%. The training
time of ANN-PSO is faster than that of GA-PSO hybrid algorithm because the PSO has a faster convergence
speed than the GA. Thus, the weight W will be updated faster during training. That shows the effectiveness of the
proposed method.
Figure 8. Comparison of frequency bus POPLAR69 between before and after the load rejection
Figure 9. Comparison of voltage bus POPLAR69 between before and after the load rejection
9. Int J Elec & Comp Eng ISSN: 2088-8708
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Table 1. Compare the products of the suggested technique with other methods
Variable
ANN-PSO GA-ANN BPNN
Train Test Time_CPU Train Test Time_CPU Train Test Time_CPU
15 96.4 100 2.8 91.1 89.5 542.9 96.4 98.5 1.2
30 90.1 95.5 1.2 97.9 98.5 718.4 90.4 94 1.5
45 90.1 82.1 1.5 84.6 77.6 731.5 90.4 94 2.5
60 90.1 95.5 1.8 83.3 83.6 283.5 94.8 98.5 1.4
75 90.1 82.1 3.1 89.3 85.1 852.1 90.4 94 3.0
90 84.6 77.6 2.9 91.1 89.5 699.6 90.4 94 3.4
105 90.1 82.1 1.9 84.6 77.6 542.2 90.4 94 5.1
120 97.4 100 3.9 81.8 79.1 615.0 90.4 94 2.2
135 91.1 95.5 1.9 80.2 77.6 530.4 90.4 94 2.1
150 97.6 100 2.7 82.03 79.1 1213.8 90.4 94 22.8
165 90.1 82.1 2.6 89.6 85.1 907.0 90.4 94 4.4
Figure 10. Compare the training results of the proposed method with GA-ANN
5. CONCLUSION
BPNN is a network structure commonly used in identification and prediction problems. BPNN has
some drawbacks such as decelerate convergence speed and neighboring minima error, which reduce the
performance of the network. PSO is considered as a search algorithm to get the optimal weights in the ANN.
The combination of PSO algorithm and neural network with back-propagation algorithm aims to overcome
the limitations of the traditional BPNN. The bright result of this method is a network structure can learn
faster and predict with better accuracy. The efficiency of the proposed method had been compared with the
GA-ANN method to shows the superiority in accuracy and training time.
The optimization in relations of capacity, location and load reduction period takes into account
primary and secondary control factors and hybrid ANN-PSO algorithm to establish a rules base which is
constructed on the PED applied to the IEEE 37-bus, 9-generator test scheme, the generators have
accomplished efficiency in training time just as high precision. In further work, it is needed to consider the
impact of renewable energy sources in the analysis of frequency stability and load shedding.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
This work belongs to the project grant No: B2020-SPK-03 funded by Ministry of Education and
Training and hosted by Ho Chi Minh City University of Technology and Education, Vietnam.
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BIOGRAPHIES OF AUTHORS
Nghia Trong Le received his Ph.D. degree in electrical engineering from Ho Chi
Minh City University of Technology and Education (HCMUTE), Vietnam, in 2020. Currently,
he is a lecturer in the Faculty Electrical and Electronics Engineering, HCMUTE. His main
areas of research interests are load shedding, power systems stability and distribution network.
He can be contacted at email: trongnghia@hcmute.edu.vn.
11. Int J Elec & Comp Eng ISSN: 2088-8708
A hybrid approach of artificial neural network-particle swarm optimization … (Nghia Trong Le)
4263
Tan Trieu Phung received his M.Sc. degree in electrical engineering from Ho
Chi Minh City University of Technology and Education (HCMUTE), Vietnam, in 2020.
Currently, he is a lecturer in the Faculty Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Cao Thang
Technical College. His main areas of research interests are Artificial Neural network, load
shedding in power systems. He can be contacted at email: pttan@hcmute.edu.vn.
Anh Huy Quyen received his Ph.D. degree in power system from MPIE, Russia
in 1993. Currently, he is a professor and lecturer in the Faculty Electrical and Electronics
Engineering, HCMUTE. His main areas of research interests are modelling power systems,
pattern recognition in dynamic stability of power systems, artificial intelligence. He can be
contacted at email: anhqh@hcmute.edu.vn.
Bao Long Phung Nguyen received his Bachelor degree in Ho Chi Minh City
University of Technology and Education (HCMUTE), Vietnam, in 2020. He is currently a
research assistant in the Faculty Electrical and Electronics Engineering in Ho Chi Minh City
University of Technology and Education (HCMUTE), Vietnam. He can be contacted at email:
16142018@student.hcmute.edu.vn.
Au Ngoc Nguyen received his B.Sc. and PhD. in electrical engineering from Ho
Chi Minh City University of Technology and Education (HCMUTE), Vietnam, in 1998 and
Ho Chi Minh City University of Technology (HCMUT), in 2019, Vietnam. He is currently
lecturer in the Faculty Electrical and Electronics Engineering, HCMUTE. His main areas of
research interests are power systems stability and distribution network. He can be contacted at
email: ngocau@hcmute.edu.vn.