The document discusses optical pyrometers, which are non-contact thermometers used to measure high temperatures. It describes the principle of pyrometers, which measure the electromagnetic radiation emitted by heated bodies to determine their temperature. Specifically, it explains that optical pyrometers work by using the human eye to match the brightness of the object being measured to a calibrated lamp filament, allowing the temperature to be determined based on the current needed to match the brightnesses. Examples of applications include measuring temperatures of molten metals, furnaces, and other highly heated materials.
A thermocouple is a temperature-measuring device consisting of two dissimilar conductors that contact each other at one or more spots. It produces a voltage when the temperature of one of the spots differs from the reference temperature at other parts of the circuit.
1. THERMOCOUPLE
∙ Principle of Operation
∙ Materials Used
∙ Advantages
∙ Applications
∙ Comparison with RTD
∙ Limitations
By
AnandBongir
GirjashankarMishra
2. A thermocouple is a junction between two different metals that produces a voltage related to a temperature difference.
3. Principle of Operation
Thermocouples are based on the principle that two wires made of dissimilar materials connected at either end will generate a potential between the two ends that is a function of the materials and temperature difference between the two ends (also called the Seebeck Effect).
4. Seebeck Effect
5.
6. Materials Used
Type K:
Chromel – Alumel
• Range: −200 °C to +1350 °C
• Sensi: 41 µV/°C
Type J:
Iron – Constantan
• −40 to +750 °C
• 55 µV/°C
Type E:
Chromel – Constantan
• 401 to 900° C
• 68 µV/°C
Type N:
Nicrosil – Nisil
• >1200 °C
• 39 µV/°C
7. Advantages
It is rugged in construction
Covers a wide temperature range
Using extension leads and compensating cables, long transmission distances for temperature measurement possible. This is most suitable for temperature measurement of industrial furnaces
Comparatively cheaper in cost
Calibration can be easily checked
Offers good reproducibility
High speed of response
Satisfactory measurement accuracy
8. Limitations
For accurate temperature measurements, cold junction compensation is necessary
The emf induced versus temperature characteristics is somewhat nonlinear
Stray voltage pickup is possible
In many applications, amplification of signal is required
9. Applications
Type B, S, R and K thermocouples are used extensively in the steel and iron industries to monitor temperatures and chemistry throughout the steel making process.
Gas-fed heating appliances such as ovens & water heaters.
In the testing of prototype electrical and mechanical apparatus
It is basic information about what is critical thickness and why we should we know this. Then there is critical thickness formula for cylindrical pipe and spherical shell.
A short study of an Optical Pyrometer- a device which is udsed to measure the temperature of an object by comparing it's luminous intensity with a reference value
A thermocouple is a temperature-measuring device consisting of two dissimilar conductors that contact each other at one or more spots. It produces a voltage when the temperature of one of the spots differs from the reference temperature at other parts of the circuit.
1. THERMOCOUPLE
∙ Principle of Operation
∙ Materials Used
∙ Advantages
∙ Applications
∙ Comparison with RTD
∙ Limitations
By
AnandBongir
GirjashankarMishra
2. A thermocouple is a junction between two different metals that produces a voltage related to a temperature difference.
3. Principle of Operation
Thermocouples are based on the principle that two wires made of dissimilar materials connected at either end will generate a potential between the two ends that is a function of the materials and temperature difference between the two ends (also called the Seebeck Effect).
4. Seebeck Effect
5.
6. Materials Used
Type K:
Chromel – Alumel
• Range: −200 °C to +1350 °C
• Sensi: 41 µV/°C
Type J:
Iron – Constantan
• −40 to +750 °C
• 55 µV/°C
Type E:
Chromel – Constantan
• 401 to 900° C
• 68 µV/°C
Type N:
Nicrosil – Nisil
• >1200 °C
• 39 µV/°C
7. Advantages
It is rugged in construction
Covers a wide temperature range
Using extension leads and compensating cables, long transmission distances for temperature measurement possible. This is most suitable for temperature measurement of industrial furnaces
Comparatively cheaper in cost
Calibration can be easily checked
Offers good reproducibility
High speed of response
Satisfactory measurement accuracy
8. Limitations
For accurate temperature measurements, cold junction compensation is necessary
The emf induced versus temperature characteristics is somewhat nonlinear
Stray voltage pickup is possible
In many applications, amplification of signal is required
9. Applications
Type B, S, R and K thermocouples are used extensively in the steel and iron industries to monitor temperatures and chemistry throughout the steel making process.
Gas-fed heating appliances such as ovens & water heaters.
In the testing of prototype electrical and mechanical apparatus
It is basic information about what is critical thickness and why we should we know this. Then there is critical thickness formula for cylindrical pipe and spherical shell.
A short study of an Optical Pyrometer- a device which is udsed to measure the temperature of an object by comparing it's luminous intensity with a reference value
various types of temperature measuring instrument
1.expansion types
i)bimetallic strips
ii)liquid in gas
2.based on electric resistivity
i)thermocouple
ii)thermistors(most sensitivity)
3.pyrometers
i)mirror types
ii)optical
iii)photon types(not exact names:-based on collection of photon)
and one interesting term include in pyrometers is THERMOPILE:A large number of themocouple connected in series.Hopes so you all will enjoy
Thermal imaging technology in power drone inspectiAlbert2019
In the daily UAV power inspection, refinement inspection and troubleshooting, infrared thermal imaging have become an indispensable and important method.
Fingertip Pulse Oximeter helps to measure SPO2 and pulse rate at home without any external help. The device provides you an easy and painless way to measure and keep a track of oxygen level in your body. The device features an OLED display that allows you to read measurements easily. It has an automatic shut off feature that turns off the device in case of inactivity. It has a low battery indicator, bright, large color OLED display, single switch operation, and finger chamber with a smart spring system.The compact digital fingertip pulse oximeter is suitable for all age group individuals.
On its most basic design an infrared thermometer consists of a lens to focus the infrared (IR) energy on to a detector, which converts the energy to an electrical signal that can be displayed in units of temperature after being compensated for ambient temperature variation.
This configuration facilitates temperature measurement from a distance without contact with the object to be measured. As such, the infrared thermometer is useful for measuring temperature under circumstances where thermocouples or other probe type sensors cannot be used or do not produce accurate data for a variety of reasons.
Octell Digital Infrared Thermometer in india 2020GauravVerma495
Non Contact Infrared Thermometer
An infrared thermometer is a thermometer which infers temperature from a portion of the thermal radiation sometimes called black-body radiation emitted by the object being measured. They are sometimes called laser thermometers as a laser is used to help aim the thermometer, or non-contact thermometers or temperature guns, to describe the device's ability to measure temperature from a distance. By knowing the amount of infrared energy emitted by the object and its emissivity, the object's temperature can often be determined within a certain range of its actual temperature. Infrared thermometers are a subset of devices known as "thermal radiation thermometers".
Manufcturer of Infrared Thermometer in india 2020GauravVerma495
An infrared thermometer is a thermometer which infers temperature from a portion of the thermal radiation sometimes called black-body radiation emitted by the object being measured. They are sometimes called laser thermometers as a laser is used to help aim the thermometer, or non-contact thermometers or temperature guns, to describe the device's ability to measure temperature from a distance. By knowing the amount of infrared energy emitted by the object and its emissivity, the object's temperature can often be determined within a certain range of its actual temperature. Infrared thermometers are a subset of devices known as "thermal radiation thermometers".
On its most basic design an infrared thermometer consists of a lens to focus the infrared (IR) energy on to a detector, which converts the energy to an electrical signal that can be displayed in units of temperature after being compensated for ambient temperature variation.
This configuration facilitates temperature measurement from a distance without contact with the object to be measured. As such, the infrared thermometer is useful for measuring temperature under circumstances where thermocouples or other probe type sensors cannot be used or do not produce accurate data for a variety of reasons.
Overview of the fundamental roles in Hydropower generation and the components involved in wider Electrical Engineering.
This paper presents the design and construction of hydroelectric dams from the hydrologist’s survey of the valley before construction, all aspects and involved disciplines, fluid dynamics, structural engineering, generation and mains frequency regulation to the very transmission of power through the network in the United Kingdom.
Author: Robbie Edward Sayers
Collaborators and co editors: Charlie Sims and Connor Healey.
(C) 2024 Robbie E. Sayers
Automobile Management System Project Report.pdfKamal Acharya
The proposed project is developed to manage the automobile in the automobile dealer company. The main module in this project is login, automobile management, customer management, sales, complaints and reports. The first module is the login. The automobile showroom owner should login to the project for usage. The username and password are verified and if it is correct, next form opens. If the username and password are not correct, it shows the error message.
When a customer search for a automobile, if the automobile is available, they will be taken to a page that shows the details of the automobile including automobile name, automobile ID, quantity, price etc. “Automobile Management System” is useful for maintaining automobiles, customers effectively and hence helps for establishing good relation between customer and automobile organization. It contains various customized modules for effectively maintaining automobiles and stock information accurately and safely.
When the automobile is sold to the customer, stock will be reduced automatically. When a new purchase is made, stock will be increased automatically. While selecting automobiles for sale, the proposed software will automatically check for total number of available stock of that particular item, if the total stock of that particular item is less than 5, software will notify the user to purchase the particular item.
Also when the user tries to sale items which are not in stock, the system will prompt the user that the stock is not enough. Customers of this system can search for a automobile; can purchase a automobile easily by selecting fast. On the other hand the stock of automobiles can be maintained perfectly by the automobile shop manager overcoming the drawbacks of existing system.
TECHNICAL TRAINING MANUAL GENERAL FAMILIARIZATION COURSEDuvanRamosGarzon1
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The Single Aisle is the most advanced family aircraft in service today, with fly-by-wire flight controls.
The A318, A319, A320 and A321 are twin-engine subsonic medium range aircraft.
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Event Management System Vb Net Project Report.pdfKamal Acharya
In present era, the scopes of information technology growing with a very fast .We do not see any are untouched from this industry. The scope of information technology has become wider includes: Business and industry. Household Business, Communication, Education, Entertainment, Science, Medicine, Engineering, Distance Learning, Weather Forecasting. Carrier Searching and so on.
My project named “Event Management System” is software that store and maintained all events coordinated in college. It also helpful to print related reports. My project will help to record the events coordinated by faculties with their Name, Event subject, date & details in an efficient & effective ways.
In my system we have to make a system by which a user can record all events coordinated by a particular faculty. In our proposed system some more featured are added which differs it from the existing system such as security.
Sachpazis:Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Estimation in simple terms with Calculati...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
Terzaghi's soil bearing capacity theory, developed by Karl Terzaghi, is a fundamental principle in geotechnical engineering used to determine the bearing capacity of shallow foundations. This theory provides a method to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity of soil, which is the maximum load per unit area that the soil can support without undergoing shear failure. The Calculation HTML Code included.
Explore the innovative world of trenchless pipe repair with our comprehensive guide, "The Benefits and Techniques of Trenchless Pipe Repair." This document delves into the modern methods of repairing underground pipes without the need for extensive excavation, highlighting the numerous advantages and the latest techniques used in the industry.
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Quality defects in TMT Bars, Possible causes and Potential Solutions.PrashantGoswami42
Maintaining high-quality standards in the production of TMT bars is crucial for ensuring structural integrity in construction. Addressing common defects through careful monitoring, standardized processes, and advanced technology can significantly improve the quality of TMT bars. Continuous training and adherence to quality control measures will also play a pivotal role in minimizing these defects.
5. What is
Pyrometer ?????
A PYROMETER IS A TYPE OF THERMOMETER USED
TO MEASURE HIGH TEMPERATURES. IT IS USED FOR MEASURING
TEMPERATURE WITHOUT ANY PHYSICAL CONTACT. ITS IS USED
FOR MEASURING BODY TEMPERATURE BY MEASURING ITS
ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION.
6. Principle of Pyrometer
Its principle depends upon the relationship
between temperature of a hot body and
electromagnetic radiation emitted by the body.
When a body is heated it emits thermal energy
known as heat radiation. It is a technique for
determining a body temperature by measuring its
electromagnetic radiation.
7. Types of pyrometer
Radiation Pyrometer
Optical Pyrometer
Thermo - Electric Pyrometer
Photoelectric Pyrometer
9. Optical Pyrometer
The Optical Pyrometer is a highly-developed and
well accepted noncontact temperature
measurement device.
It is widely employed for accurate measurement
of the temperature of furnaces, molten and other
heated materials.
It is primarily used in the range of 1000 to 5000 ⁰F.
10.
11. Working Principle of
Pyrometer
Optical Pyrometers work on the basic principle of
using the human eye to match the brightness of
the hot object to the brightness of a calibrated
lamp filament inside the instrument.
The radiation from the source is emitted and the
optical objective lens captures it. The lens helps in
focusing the thermal radiation on to the reference
bulb.
12. Working Principle of Pyrometer
The observer watches the process through the
eye piece and corrects it in such a manner that
the reference lamp filament has a sharp focus
and the filament is super-imposed on the
temperature source image.
The observer starts changing the rheostat values
and the current in the reference lamp changes.
This in turn, changes its intensity.
13. This change in current can be observed in three different
ways :
14. Advantages of Pyrometer
Simple assembling of the device enables easy use
of it.
Provides a very high accuracy with +/-5 degree
Celsius
There is no need of any direct body contact
between the optical pyrometer and the object.
Thus, it can be used in a wide variety of
applications.
15. Disadvantages Of
Pyrometer
As the measurement is based on the light
intensity, the device can be used only in
applications with a minimum temperature of 700
degree Celsius.
The device is not useful for obtaining continuous
values of temperatures at small intervals
16. Application Of Pyrometer
Used to measure temperatures of liquid metals or
highly heated materials.
Can be used to measure furnace temperatures.
