Optical coherence tomography (OCT) provides high resolution, cross-sectional images of the retina. OCT uses light waves to generate tomographic scans. Early OCT systems had axial resolutions of 10 μm and scan speeds of 400 scans/second. Newer spectral domain OCT systems have higher resolutions of 1-15 μm and faster scan speeds of up to 52,000 scans/second, allowing better visualization of retinal layers and pathology. OCT is used to qualitatively and quantitatively evaluate retinal morphology and thickness.
OCT provides high-resolution, cross-sectional images of the retina and anterior eye using low-coherence interferometry. It allows detection of morphological changes and measurement of retinal thickness, volume, and nerve fiber layer thickness. Newer variants such as ultra-high resolution OCT, Doppler OCT, and anterior segment OCT provide additional structural and functional information. OCT is a non-invasive imaging technique that has become an essential tool for diagnosing and managing retinal diseases.
optical coherence tomography is a new tool that makes retinal diagnosis easier. the above ppt includes a detailed and precise notes on OCT and its interpretation.
Optical coherence tomography (OCT) provides high-resolution cross-sectional images of the retina using infrared light. It has advanced from time domain OCT to spectral domain OCT, improving resolution and scan speed. OCT is used to qualitatively and quantitatively analyze retinal thickness, layers, and structures. It is useful for diagnosing and monitoring many retinal conditions like macular holes, edema, age-related macular degeneration, and more. Artifacts can occur but OCT provides crucial information with advantages of being non-invasive and having micron-level resolution.
This presentation is mainly focused on the clinical diagnosis and interpretation of oct macula.This is presented on 4th year optometry as topic presentation.
This document discusses biometry, which involves measuring the eye to determine the ideal intraocular lens power for cataract surgery. It notes that biometry errors are the second most common cause of claims in cataract malpractice cases. It describes various techniques for measuring the corneal curvature and axial length of the eye, including manual and automated keratometry, ultrasound A-scan, and optical biometers. It also discusses considerations for biometry in special cases and different intraocular lens calculation formulas.
Optical coherence tomography (OCT) is a non-invasive imaging technique that uses light to capture high-resolution cross-sectional images of the retina. OCT was introduced in 1991 and has since become a widely used tool for ophthalmic diagnosis. It provides 10 micrometer resolution images, allowing visualization of individual retinal layers. Several technological advancements, including Fourier-domain OCT and swept-source OCT, have improved imaging speeds and depths. OCT angiography allows visualization of the retinal and choroidal vasculature without dyes. Precise quantitative and qualitative analysis of OCT images provides crucial information for diagnosing and monitoring many retinal conditions.
OCT provides high-resolution, cross-sectional imaging of the retina and anterior segment of the eye in a non-invasive manner. It works on the principles of interferometry and low coherence reflectometry to obtain micrometer-level resolution images. Time domain OCT uses a moving reference mirror while Fourier domain OCT obtains entire scans simultaneously using a spectrometer. OCT is useful for diagnosing and monitoring various retinal diseases like macular edema, glaucoma, age-related macular degeneration and corneal pathologies by visualizing intraretinal layers and thickness maps. It has become the gold standard for evaluation and management of diseases affecting the retina.
Optical coherence tomography (OCT) provides high resolution, cross-sectional images of the retina. OCT uses light waves to generate tomographic scans. Early OCT systems had axial resolutions of 10 μm and scan speeds of 400 scans/second. Newer spectral domain OCT systems have higher resolutions of 1-15 μm and faster scan speeds of up to 52,000 scans/second, allowing better visualization of retinal layers and pathology. OCT is used to qualitatively and quantitatively evaluate retinal morphology and thickness.
OCT provides high-resolution, cross-sectional images of the retina and anterior eye using low-coherence interferometry. It allows detection of morphological changes and measurement of retinal thickness, volume, and nerve fiber layer thickness. Newer variants such as ultra-high resolution OCT, Doppler OCT, and anterior segment OCT provide additional structural and functional information. OCT is a non-invasive imaging technique that has become an essential tool for diagnosing and managing retinal diseases.
optical coherence tomography is a new tool that makes retinal diagnosis easier. the above ppt includes a detailed and precise notes on OCT and its interpretation.
Optical coherence tomography (OCT) provides high-resolution cross-sectional images of the retina using infrared light. It has advanced from time domain OCT to spectral domain OCT, improving resolution and scan speed. OCT is used to qualitatively and quantitatively analyze retinal thickness, layers, and structures. It is useful for diagnosing and monitoring many retinal conditions like macular holes, edema, age-related macular degeneration, and more. Artifacts can occur but OCT provides crucial information with advantages of being non-invasive and having micron-level resolution.
This presentation is mainly focused on the clinical diagnosis and interpretation of oct macula.This is presented on 4th year optometry as topic presentation.
This document discusses biometry, which involves measuring the eye to determine the ideal intraocular lens power for cataract surgery. It notes that biometry errors are the second most common cause of claims in cataract malpractice cases. It describes various techniques for measuring the corneal curvature and axial length of the eye, including manual and automated keratometry, ultrasound A-scan, and optical biometers. It also discusses considerations for biometry in special cases and different intraocular lens calculation formulas.
Optical coherence tomography (OCT) is a non-invasive imaging technique that uses light to capture high-resolution cross-sectional images of the retina. OCT was introduced in 1991 and has since become a widely used tool for ophthalmic diagnosis. It provides 10 micrometer resolution images, allowing visualization of individual retinal layers. Several technological advancements, including Fourier-domain OCT and swept-source OCT, have improved imaging speeds and depths. OCT angiography allows visualization of the retinal and choroidal vasculature without dyes. Precise quantitative and qualitative analysis of OCT images provides crucial information for diagnosing and monitoring many retinal conditions.
OCT provides high-resolution, cross-sectional imaging of the retina and anterior segment of the eye in a non-invasive manner. It works on the principles of interferometry and low coherence reflectometry to obtain micrometer-level resolution images. Time domain OCT uses a moving reference mirror while Fourier domain OCT obtains entire scans simultaneously using a spectrometer. OCT is useful for diagnosing and monitoring various retinal diseases like macular edema, glaucoma, age-related macular degeneration and corneal pathologies by visualizing intraretinal layers and thickness maps. It has become the gold standard for evaluation and management of diseases affecting the retina.
OCT is a great technology,Many ophthalmologist find very difficult to understand it ,SO I have tired to simplify it as much as possible .Hope everyone can understand now onwards the basic about OCT .
Every feedback s most welcomed sothat i can improve further in coming days
Please email your feedback to me in the following address
yourgyanu@gmail.com
The retina has multiple layers that process visual signals. Light is detected by photoreceptors and converted to electrical signals via phototransduction. These signals are processed by neurons in the inner retinal layers and transmitted to the brain via the optic nerve. In the brain, signals pass through the lateral geniculate body and optic radiations to the primary visual cortex. Neurons in the visual cortex further analyze features such as orientation, color and motion to produce visual perceptions. The extrastriate visual cortex integrates this information for high level vision.
Optical coherence tomography (OCT) is a non-invasive imaging technique that uses light to generate high-resolution cross-sectional images of the retina and anterior segment of the eye. OCT was invented in 1991 and has since advanced from time domain to spectral domain and swept-source versions with higher speed and resolution. It works by measuring the echo time delay and intensity of backscattered light to create images, and can qualitatively and quantitatively assess retinal thickness, layers, and pathology. OCT has numerous clinical applications in ophthalmology for diseases of the retina, choroid and anterior segment.
This document provides an overview of various imaging modalities used in glaucoma, including OCT, HRT, and GDx. It describes the principles, clinical parameters measured, and interpretation of printouts for each technique. OCT uses interferometry to measure retinal nerve fiber layer thickness. HRT uses confocal laser scanning to obtain optic disc topography. GDx uses scanning laser polarimetry to measure RNFL thickness based on birefringence. Each modality provides quantitative measurements and maps to detect glaucomatous changes in the optic nerve head and retinal nerve fiber layer.
Ultrasound biomicroscopy (UBM) provides high-resolution imaging of ocular structures in the anterior segment of the eye using 50 MHz ultrasound. UBM allows visualization of tissues like the ciliary body and zonules that are not visible by slit lamp examination. UBM can be used to qualitatively and quantitatively evaluate the anterior segment structures and has applications in diagnosing and monitoring conditions like glaucoma, corneal diseases, tumors, and intraocular lenses. While UBM provides excellent detail, it has limitations including only being able to image about 5mm into the eye and requiring contact with the eye, unlike anterior segment OCT which is non-contact.
Radiographs for placement of Dental Implant is essential. It is required before, after and during dental implant placement.
Oral Rehabilitaion : wide range of options
available
Implant : nearly 3rd set of teeth.
OBJECTIVES OF IMPLANT IMAGING
To decide if implant treatment is appropriate for the
patient
To detect any possible pathological conditions
To ascertain height, buccolingual width, and angulation
of alveolar process
To identify the location of vital anatomical stuctures such
as the inferior alveolar nerve and maxillary sinus
To ascertain bone quantity
To decide the length and width of implant to be placed
Recent advances in ophthalmology - Dr. Parag Apteparag apte
This document summarizes recent advances in ophthalmology, focusing on the use of lasers. It describes different types of lasers used in ophthalmology like excimer, Nd:YAG, and diode lasers. Applications discussed include refractive surgery procedures like LASIK, treatment of retinal diseases using photocoagulation, capsulotomy for posterior capsule opacification, and trans-scleral cyclophotocoagulation for glaucoma. Diagnostic tools using lasers that are summarized are scanning laser ophthalmoscopy, optical coherence tomography, and wavefront analysis.
Optical coherence tomography (OCT) is a noninvasive imaging technique that uses light waves to examine ocular structures with micrometer resolution. OCT works similarly to ultrasound but uses light instead of sound. By analyzing reflected light waves, an OCT can construct a depth profile of tissue structures. OCT provides high-resolution evaluation of retinal layers and pathology. It is useful for diagnosing and monitoring diseases like diabetic retinopathy. OCT imaging involves A-scans that are combined to form B-scans and 3D volumes. Spectral domain OCT has replaced time domain OCT due to improved sensitivity and speed. OCT is useful for classifying and monitoring diabetic macular edema and other retinal diseases.
Cyberknife- machine and its clinical applicationsDr. Pallavi Jain
CyberKnife is a robotic radiosurgery system that uses a compact linear accelerator mounted on a robotic arm to deliver highly focused radiation beams to tumors. It combines real-time tumor tracking with robotic mobility to detect and correct for tumor movement throughout treatment. CyberKnife treatments are non-invasive and can target tumors anywhere in the body with sub-millimeter precision in just one or a few sessions. This allows it to treat tumors close to critical structures with fewer side effects compared to conventional radiotherapy.
This document provides information about corneal topography and keratometry. It defines the cornea and its dimensions. It describes the historical evolution of keratometry from its first description in 1619 to modern computerized corneal topography systems. The document explains the principles, procedures, techniques, and applications of keratometry and corneal topography in evaluating the cornea. It also discusses the limitations and assumptions of keratometry measurements.
OCT Angiography is a non-invasive imaging technique that uses light to visualize the vascular structures of the retina and choroid in 3D without dye injection. It works by detecting the movement of red blood cells between repeated B-scans of the same retinal location. The software splits the volume cube into slabs corresponding to the inner retina, middle retina, outer retina, and choroid. OCTA provides detailed visualization of the retinal vasculature compared to traditional angiography and allows quantification of vascular parameters. It has various clinical applications including for retinal diseases like AMD and diabetic retinopathy as well as anterior segment evaluation.
This document discusses corneal topography, which refers to studying the shape of the corneal surface. Various techniques for corneal topography are described, including keratometry, keratoscopy, rasterstereography, and interferometry. Key corneal topography systems such as Placido disc topographers, slit imaging topographers, and laser holographic interferometry systems are summarized. The document also reviews display formats for topography data and clinical applications of corneal topography analysis.
OCT allows for high-resolution cross-sectional imaging of the retina. It provides micron-level resolution, enabling visualization of the retinal layers. OCT is a non-contact, non-invasive technique useful for qualitative and quantitative analysis of the retina and monitoring of morphological changes. It can detect and measure retinal thickness, volume, and parameters like RNFL thickness. While it provides advantages over other modalities, OCT also has limitations like difficulty imaging through opaque media. It operates using low-coherence interferometry and is useful for evaluating a variety of posterior segment diseases.
OCT provides high resolution cross-sectional images of the retina. It works by comparing the echo time delay of light reflected from retinal structures to a reference mirror. There are different OCT protocols that image the retina in various ways. When reading an OCT scan, clinicians examine the layer structure, reflectivity, and thickness to identify normal features and pathologies. Common retinal conditions like diabetic macular edema, retinal vein occlusions, and age-related macular degeneration have characteristic OCT findings that aid in diagnosis and monitoring treatment.
This document provides an overview of the anatomy, histology, examination, and interpretation of findings related to the cornea. It describes the layers of the cornea including the epithelium, Bowman's layer, stroma, Descemet's membrane, and endothelium. Examination techniques are outlined like slit lamp biomicroscopy, keratometry, and pachymetry. Abnormal findings of the cornea like opacities, deposits, edema, infiltrates, and vascularization are discussed. The interpretation of findings related to shape, curvature, thickness, transparency, sensation, and vascularization is also covered.
1. Lasers have various properties that make them useful for ophthalmic procedures like directionality, monochromaticity, coherence, and brightness.
2. Lasers have been used for many eye procedures like treating corneal neovascularization through photothermal or photodynamic therapy, performing iridotomies and iridoplasties, trabeculoplasty for glaucoma, anterior hyaloidotomy, cyclophotocoagulation, and treating various conditions of the iris, pupil, lens, and vitreous.
3. Lasers also have diagnostic uses through techniques like optical coherence tomography, confocal scanning laser ophthalmoscopy, and optical coherence tomography angiography.
The Scheimpflug principle allows for imaging of the anterior eye segment with maximal depth of focus. Scheimpflug systems like the Pentacam and Orbscan use this principle to provide detailed tomography and topography maps of the cornea and anterior chamber. The Pentacam uses a rotating Scheimpflug camera combined with a static camera to construct a 3D model from 25,000 data points. It analyzes parameters like corneal thickness, curvature, astigmatism, and anterior chamber dimensions. The Orbscan uses slit scanning to create elevation maps of the anterior and posterior corneal surfaces and measure pachymetry. Both devices help evaluate conditions like keratoconus and guide refractive surgery planning.
UBM provides high resolution imaging of the anterior segment structures in a non-invasive manner. It can image structures like the ciliary body and zonules that
Beyond Degrees - Empowering the Workforce in the Context of Skills-First.pptxEduSkills OECD
Iván Bornacelly, Policy Analyst at the OECD Centre for Skills, OECD, presents at the webinar 'Tackling job market gaps with a skills-first approach' on 12 June 2024
How to Setup Warehouse & Location in Odoo 17 InventoryCeline George
In this slide, we'll explore how to set up warehouses and locations in Odoo 17 Inventory. This will help us manage our stock effectively, track inventory levels, and streamline warehouse operations.
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OCT is a great technology,Many ophthalmologist find very difficult to understand it ,SO I have tired to simplify it as much as possible .Hope everyone can understand now onwards the basic about OCT .
Every feedback s most welcomed sothat i can improve further in coming days
Please email your feedback to me in the following address
yourgyanu@gmail.com
The retina has multiple layers that process visual signals. Light is detected by photoreceptors and converted to electrical signals via phototransduction. These signals are processed by neurons in the inner retinal layers and transmitted to the brain via the optic nerve. In the brain, signals pass through the lateral geniculate body and optic radiations to the primary visual cortex. Neurons in the visual cortex further analyze features such as orientation, color and motion to produce visual perceptions. The extrastriate visual cortex integrates this information for high level vision.
Optical coherence tomography (OCT) is a non-invasive imaging technique that uses light to generate high-resolution cross-sectional images of the retina and anterior segment of the eye. OCT was invented in 1991 and has since advanced from time domain to spectral domain and swept-source versions with higher speed and resolution. It works by measuring the echo time delay and intensity of backscattered light to create images, and can qualitatively and quantitatively assess retinal thickness, layers, and pathology. OCT has numerous clinical applications in ophthalmology for diseases of the retina, choroid and anterior segment.
This document provides an overview of various imaging modalities used in glaucoma, including OCT, HRT, and GDx. It describes the principles, clinical parameters measured, and interpretation of printouts for each technique. OCT uses interferometry to measure retinal nerve fiber layer thickness. HRT uses confocal laser scanning to obtain optic disc topography. GDx uses scanning laser polarimetry to measure RNFL thickness based on birefringence. Each modality provides quantitative measurements and maps to detect glaucomatous changes in the optic nerve head and retinal nerve fiber layer.
Ultrasound biomicroscopy (UBM) provides high-resolution imaging of ocular structures in the anterior segment of the eye using 50 MHz ultrasound. UBM allows visualization of tissues like the ciliary body and zonules that are not visible by slit lamp examination. UBM can be used to qualitatively and quantitatively evaluate the anterior segment structures and has applications in diagnosing and monitoring conditions like glaucoma, corneal diseases, tumors, and intraocular lenses. While UBM provides excellent detail, it has limitations including only being able to image about 5mm into the eye and requiring contact with the eye, unlike anterior segment OCT which is non-contact.
Radiographs for placement of Dental Implant is essential. It is required before, after and during dental implant placement.
Oral Rehabilitaion : wide range of options
available
Implant : nearly 3rd set of teeth.
OBJECTIVES OF IMPLANT IMAGING
To decide if implant treatment is appropriate for the
patient
To detect any possible pathological conditions
To ascertain height, buccolingual width, and angulation
of alveolar process
To identify the location of vital anatomical stuctures such
as the inferior alveolar nerve and maxillary sinus
To ascertain bone quantity
To decide the length and width of implant to be placed
Recent advances in ophthalmology - Dr. Parag Apteparag apte
This document summarizes recent advances in ophthalmology, focusing on the use of lasers. It describes different types of lasers used in ophthalmology like excimer, Nd:YAG, and diode lasers. Applications discussed include refractive surgery procedures like LASIK, treatment of retinal diseases using photocoagulation, capsulotomy for posterior capsule opacification, and trans-scleral cyclophotocoagulation for glaucoma. Diagnostic tools using lasers that are summarized are scanning laser ophthalmoscopy, optical coherence tomography, and wavefront analysis.
Optical coherence tomography (OCT) is a noninvasive imaging technique that uses light waves to examine ocular structures with micrometer resolution. OCT works similarly to ultrasound but uses light instead of sound. By analyzing reflected light waves, an OCT can construct a depth profile of tissue structures. OCT provides high-resolution evaluation of retinal layers and pathology. It is useful for diagnosing and monitoring diseases like diabetic retinopathy. OCT imaging involves A-scans that are combined to form B-scans and 3D volumes. Spectral domain OCT has replaced time domain OCT due to improved sensitivity and speed. OCT is useful for classifying and monitoring diabetic macular edema and other retinal diseases.
Cyberknife- machine and its clinical applicationsDr. Pallavi Jain
CyberKnife is a robotic radiosurgery system that uses a compact linear accelerator mounted on a robotic arm to deliver highly focused radiation beams to tumors. It combines real-time tumor tracking with robotic mobility to detect and correct for tumor movement throughout treatment. CyberKnife treatments are non-invasive and can target tumors anywhere in the body with sub-millimeter precision in just one or a few sessions. This allows it to treat tumors close to critical structures with fewer side effects compared to conventional radiotherapy.
This document provides information about corneal topography and keratometry. It defines the cornea and its dimensions. It describes the historical evolution of keratometry from its first description in 1619 to modern computerized corneal topography systems. The document explains the principles, procedures, techniques, and applications of keratometry and corneal topography in evaluating the cornea. It also discusses the limitations and assumptions of keratometry measurements.
OCT Angiography is a non-invasive imaging technique that uses light to visualize the vascular structures of the retina and choroid in 3D without dye injection. It works by detecting the movement of red blood cells between repeated B-scans of the same retinal location. The software splits the volume cube into slabs corresponding to the inner retina, middle retina, outer retina, and choroid. OCTA provides detailed visualization of the retinal vasculature compared to traditional angiography and allows quantification of vascular parameters. It has various clinical applications including for retinal diseases like AMD and diabetic retinopathy as well as anterior segment evaluation.
This document discusses corneal topography, which refers to studying the shape of the corneal surface. Various techniques for corneal topography are described, including keratometry, keratoscopy, rasterstereography, and interferometry. Key corneal topography systems such as Placido disc topographers, slit imaging topographers, and laser holographic interferometry systems are summarized. The document also reviews display formats for topography data and clinical applications of corneal topography analysis.
OCT allows for high-resolution cross-sectional imaging of the retina. It provides micron-level resolution, enabling visualization of the retinal layers. OCT is a non-contact, non-invasive technique useful for qualitative and quantitative analysis of the retina and monitoring of morphological changes. It can detect and measure retinal thickness, volume, and parameters like RNFL thickness. While it provides advantages over other modalities, OCT also has limitations like difficulty imaging through opaque media. It operates using low-coherence interferometry and is useful for evaluating a variety of posterior segment diseases.
OCT provides high resolution cross-sectional images of the retina. It works by comparing the echo time delay of light reflected from retinal structures to a reference mirror. There are different OCT protocols that image the retina in various ways. When reading an OCT scan, clinicians examine the layer structure, reflectivity, and thickness to identify normal features and pathologies. Common retinal conditions like diabetic macular edema, retinal vein occlusions, and age-related macular degeneration have characteristic OCT findings that aid in diagnosis and monitoring treatment.
This document provides an overview of the anatomy, histology, examination, and interpretation of findings related to the cornea. It describes the layers of the cornea including the epithelium, Bowman's layer, stroma, Descemet's membrane, and endothelium. Examination techniques are outlined like slit lamp biomicroscopy, keratometry, and pachymetry. Abnormal findings of the cornea like opacities, deposits, edema, infiltrates, and vascularization are discussed. The interpretation of findings related to shape, curvature, thickness, transparency, sensation, and vascularization is also covered.
1. Lasers have various properties that make them useful for ophthalmic procedures like directionality, monochromaticity, coherence, and brightness.
2. Lasers have been used for many eye procedures like treating corneal neovascularization through photothermal or photodynamic therapy, performing iridotomies and iridoplasties, trabeculoplasty for glaucoma, anterior hyaloidotomy, cyclophotocoagulation, and treating various conditions of the iris, pupil, lens, and vitreous.
3. Lasers also have diagnostic uses through techniques like optical coherence tomography, confocal scanning laser ophthalmoscopy, and optical coherence tomography angiography.
The Scheimpflug principle allows for imaging of the anterior eye segment with maximal depth of focus. Scheimpflug systems like the Pentacam and Orbscan use this principle to provide detailed tomography and topography maps of the cornea and anterior chamber. The Pentacam uses a rotating Scheimpflug camera combined with a static camera to construct a 3D model from 25,000 data points. It analyzes parameters like corneal thickness, curvature, astigmatism, and anterior chamber dimensions. The Orbscan uses slit scanning to create elevation maps of the anterior and posterior corneal surfaces and measure pachymetry. Both devices help evaluate conditions like keratoconus and guide refractive surgery planning.
UBM provides high resolution imaging of the anterior segment structures in a non-invasive manner. It can image structures like the ciliary body and zonules that
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ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...PECB
Denis is a dynamic and results-driven Chief Information Officer (CIO) with a distinguished career spanning information systems analysis and technical project management. With a proven track record of spearheading the design and delivery of cutting-edge Information Management solutions, he has consistently elevated business operations, streamlined reporting functions, and maximized process efficiency.
Certified as an ISO/IEC 27001: Information Security Management Systems (ISMS) Lead Implementer, Data Protection Officer, and Cyber Risks Analyst, Denis brings a heightened focus on data security, privacy, and cyber resilience to every endeavor.
His expertise extends across a diverse spectrum of reporting, database, and web development applications, underpinned by an exceptional grasp of data storage and virtualization technologies. His proficiency in application testing, database administration, and data cleansing ensures seamless execution of complex projects.
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Tags: Information Security, ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, GDPR
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Strategies for Effective Upskilling is a presentation by Chinwendu Peace in a Your Skill Boost Masterclass organisation by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan on 08th and 09th June 2024 from 1 PM to 3 PM on each day.
Philippine Edukasyong Pantahanan at Pangkabuhayan (EPP) CurriculumMJDuyan
(𝐓𝐋𝐄 𝟏𝟎𝟎) (𝐋𝐞𝐬𝐬𝐨𝐧 𝟏)-𝐏𝐫𝐞𝐥𝐢𝐦𝐬
𝐃𝐢𝐬𝐜𝐮𝐬𝐬 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐄𝐏𝐏 𝐂𝐮𝐫𝐫𝐢𝐜𝐮𝐥𝐮𝐦 𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐏𝐡𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐩𝐩𝐢𝐧𝐞𝐬:
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In Odoo, making a field required can be done through both Python code and XML views. When you set the required attribute to True in Python code, it makes the field required across all views where it's used. Conversely, when you set the required attribute in XML views, it makes the field required only in the context of that particular view.
7. INTRODUCTION
• OPTICAL – LIGHT
• COHERENCE – LIGHT OF A CONSTANT PHASE DIFFERENCE
• TOMOGRAPHY – IMAGING BY SECTIONS
OPTICAL COHERENCE TOMOGRAPHY (OCT) IS AN EMERGING TECHNOLOGY FOR
PERFORMING HIGH-RESOLUTION CROSS-SECTIONAL IMAGING. IT USES INFRA
RED LIGHT RAYS INSTEAD OF SOUND. OCT CAN PROVIDE CROSS-SECTIONAL
IMAGES OF TISSUE STRUCTURE ON THE MICRON SCALE
8. • AXIAL RESOLUTION- 3-20 MICROMETERS
• USING INFRA RED WAVES OF WAVELENGTH 830 NM
• 78D INTERNAL LENS
• NON- INVASIVE
9. HISTORY
• 2002 - TD OCT
- 400-512 A SCANS/SEC
- ALONG WITH THIS AS OCT INTRODUCED
• 2004 – SD OCT(CONCEPT)
• 2007 – SD OCT
- 20K – 52K A SCANS/ SEC
- DEVELOPMENT OF SS OCT TECHNOLOGY
- 370K A-SCANS PER SEC
• 2014- FIRST COMMERCIAL OCT ANGIOGRAPHY DEVICE INTRODUCED
11. INTERFEROMETRY
• WHEN TWO WAVES OF LIGHT TRAVEL ALONG THE SAME PATH, THE EFFECT
PRODUCED DEPEND UPON WHETHER OR NOT THE WAVES ARE IN PHASE OR OUT
OF PHASE WITH ONE ANOTHER
14. WORKING
• LIGHT FROM REFERENCE AREA AND SAMPLE AREA COMBINED
• DIVISION OF THE SIGNAL BY WAVELENGTH
• ANALYSIS OF WAVELENGTH
• INTERFENCE PATTERN
• A-SCAN CREATED FOR EACH POINT
• B-SCAN CREATED BY COMBINING A-SCANS
15. 1. DIGITAL PROCESSING
2. DIGITAL SMOOTHING
• COLOUR CODING
Hyper reflective- Red Moderate Reflective-
Green to yellow
Hypo Reflective- Blue
to Black
ILM
RNFL
OPL, ELM, EZ
RPE- Choriocapillaries
complex
Inner Plexiform Layer GCL
INL
ONL
17. DISADVANTAGES
• BEST FOR ONLY OPTICALLY TRANSPARENT TISSUES
• DIMINISHED PENETRATION THROUGH RETINAL OR SUB RETINAL HAEMORRHAGE
• REQUIRES PUPIL DIAMETER GREATER THAN 3 MM
18.
19. TYPES OF SCAN DONE IN OCT
1. OCT MACULA
2. OCT DISC AND RNFL ANALYSIS
3. AS-OCT
4. OCTA
20. OCT MACULA
• 3D SCAN
• RADIAL SCAN
• RASTER SCAN
• MACULAR CUBE
a)3D scan b) Radial scan c)Raster Scan
33. DISEASES OF MACULA
• FULL THICKNESS MACULAR HOLE
• CYSTOID MACULAR EDEMA
• ARMD
• CENTRAL SEROUS CHORIORETINOPATHY
34. MACULAR HOLE
• 0- PERIFOVEOLAR DETACHMENT
• 1A- IMPENDING MACULAR HOLE
• 1B- OCCULT MACULAR HOLE
• 2- EARLY FTMH(PARTIAL OPENING OF
THE ROOF OF THE CYST)
• 3- ESTABLISHED FTMH
• 4- FTMH WITH PVD
35.
36. DIFFERENCE BETWEEN LAMELLAR AND
PSEUDO HOLE
LAMELLAR MACULAR HOLE
• INTRA RETINAL SPLIT WITH
SEPARATION OF THE INNER
AND OUTER FOVEAL RETINAL
LAYERS
• ABSENCE OF A FULL
THICKNESS FOVEAL DEFECT
PSEUDO HOLE
• AN APPEARANCE OF THE THE
RETINA DUE TO
CONTRACTION FROM THE
ERM
37. CYSTOID MACULAR EDEMA
• CAUSES
1. OCULAR SURGERY AND LASER
2. RETINAL VASCULAR DISEASE
3. INFLAMMATION
4. DRUG INDUCED(NIACIN, GILENYA)
5. RETINAL DYSTROPHIES
6. CONDITION HAVING VMT; ERM
7. CNV
8. TUMOUR
9. CHRONIC RENAL FAILURE
38. CLINICAL FEATURES
• RETINA CONSISTING OF FLUID ACCUMULATION IN THE OPL OF CENTRAL MACULA
• FORMATION OF VISIBLE CYSTIC SPACES
41. CENTRAL SEROUS RETINOPATHY
• MAYBE ASSOCIATED WITH PED
• PROLONGED SEPARATION OF NEURO RETINA FROM THE RETINAL PIGMENTED
EPITHELIUM
• PATIENT MAY PRESENT AS BULLOUS
INFERIOR PERIPHERAL RETINAL
DETACHMENT(NON-RHEGMATOGENOUS)
42. • OCT MAY REVEALS SRF, PED, RETINAL ATROPHY
FOLLOWING CHRONIC DISEASE
• NEUROSENSORY AND MACULAR DETACHMENTS
• ALSO HELPFUL IN IDENTIFYING THE DREADFUL
COMPLICATION OF CHOROIDAL NEO VASCULAR
MEMBRANE
43. AGE RELATED MACULAR DEGENERATION
• LOSE OF VISION IN THE CENTER OF THE VISUAL FIELD
• MEDIUM AND LARGE SIZED DRUSEN
• DRUSEN
I. EXTRA CELLULAR DEPOSITS
TYPES
• WET
• DRY
71. OUT OF RANGE ERROR
• DUE TO IMPROPER POSITIONING OF THE MACHINE DURING IMAGE ACQUISITION
72. RECENT ADVANCEMENTS
• ULTRA HIGH RESOLUTION OCT
• DOPPLER OCT
• CAS OCT-VISANTE OCT
• COMBINED FFA AND EN-FACE OCT
• INTRAOPERATIVE OCT
• OCT ANGIO
73. IMPORTANT POINTS TO NOTE IN OCT
• LOOK OUT THE CLINICAL CONDITION
• LOOK OUT THE RETINAL AND MACULAR PROFILE
• EXAMINE THE QUALITATIVE AND QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS
• ELIMINATE ARTIFACTS
• ALWAYS CORRELATE WITH CLINICAL FEATURES