The document provides a comprehensive overview of operators in Python, detailing their types such as arithmetic, assignment, unary, relational, logical, boolean, bitwise, membership, and identity operators. It explains their functionalities, precedence, and usage through examples and includes mathematical functions available in Python with specific operations and results. Additionally, it discusses concepts like operator precedence, associativity, and how to implement these operators in Python programs.

1. OPERATORS IN PYTHON

2. Contents
Operator
Operator precedence and Associativity
Mathematical Functions

3. operator
An operator is a symbol that performs operation. Operator acts on
variables or constants known as operands. If operator acts on single
operand then it is called as unary and if acts on two operands then it is
called as binary and when acts on three operands it is called as ternary
operator.
Operators are classified depending upon their nature as..

4. Classification of operators
arithmetic
assignment
unary minus
relational
 logical
 Boolean
 bitwise
 membership
 Identity

5. Arithmetic operator
performs basic arithmetic operation like addition, subtraction, multiplication and division.
Lets assume a=13 and b=5
operator Meaning Example Result
+ addition a+b 18
- subtraction a-b 8
* multiplication a*b 65
/ division a/b 2.6
% Modulus(remainder) a%b 3
** Exponent operator a**b 371293
// Integer division a//b 2
TEST1
Writes a python program to perform all arithmetic operations on two variable
a=20 and b=6

6. Priority to arithmetic operators
1.parentheses
2.exponent
3.multiplication,division,modulus and floor division are at equal priority
4.Addition and subtraction
5.Assignment
Evaluate the following arithmetic expression
d=(1+2)*3**2//2+3

7. Assignment Operator
stores the right side value to left side variable. Short hand assignments operators
used to perform arithmetic operations and stores the result to left side variable.
X=20, y=10 and z=5
Operator Example Meaning Result
= z=x+y Assignment operator z=30
+= z+=x
(z=z+x)
Shorthand addition
assignment operator
z=25
-= z-=x
(z=z-x)
Shorthand subtraction
Assignment operator
z=-15
*= z*=x
z=z*x
Shorthand
multiplication operator
z=100
/= z/=x
z=z/x
Shorthand division
operator
Z=0.25
%= z%=x
z=z%x
Shorthand modulus
operator
Z=5
**= z**=y
z=z**y
Shorthand Exponent
assignment operator
Z=9765625
//= z//=y
z=z//y
Shorthand division
assignment operator
0

8. Contd..
TEST2
Write python program to perform arithmetic operation on x=“20”
and y=0xad using shorthand assignment operator
Guess the output
a=b=1
print(a,b)
a=1;b=2
print(a,b)
a,b=1,2
print(a,b)
Note: python does not support increment(++) and decrement operator

9. Unary Minus Operator
The symbol – is used as unary minus operator. This operator is used
before a variable, its value is negated. That means if the variable value
is positive, it will be converted into negative and vice versa.
Example:
N=10
print(-N) output: -10
Num=-10
Num=-Num
print(Num) output: 10

10. Relational Operators
these operators are used for comparison of values. They returns Boolean value True or False.
a=1 and b=2
Operator Example Meaning Result
> a>b Greater than operator False
>= a>=b Greater than or equal to
operator
False
< a<b Less than operator True
<= a<=b Less than or equal to True
== a==b Equals to operator False
!= a!=b Not equals operator True

11. Contd..
Relational operators can be chained. It means a single expression can
hold more than one relational operators
Guess the output
x=15
print(10<x<20)
print(10>=x<20)
print(1<2<3<4)
print(1<2>3<4)
print(4>2>=2>1)

12. Logical operator
Logical operators are used to construct compound condition. A
compound condition is a combination of more than one simple
condition. Each of the simple condition is evaluated to True or False and
then the decision is taken to know whether total condition is True or
False. a=10,b=20,c=3,d=5
operator Example Meaning Result
and a>b and c>d Logical and False
or a>b or c<d Logical or True
not not a>b Logical not True

13. Boolean Operators
There are three Boolean operators which results True or False.
x=True y=False
operator Example meaning result
and x and y If both are true
then it returns true
otherwise false
False
or x or y If either x or y is
True then it returns
True else False
True
not not x If x is True it returns
False else True.
False

14. Guess the output
x=10; y=0
print(x and y) # if x and y both evaluated as true then y is returned true
# if x is true and y is false then y is returned
print(x or y)
print(not x)
print(not y)
OUTPUT
0
10
False
True

15. Bitwise operator
operates on individual bits ( 0 and 1) of the operands. They can operates on binary
number or integers.
Complement operator(~)
AND operator(&)
OR operator(|)
XOR operator(^)
Left shift operator(<<)
Right shift operator(>>)

16. Contd..
Complement of given number is returned by toggling the bits.
Example:
x=10
X=10=0000 1010
print(~x,bin(~x))
print(~b,bin(~b))
Output
-11 ( 1111 0101)

17. AND Operator(&)
x=10=0000 1010
y=11=0000 1011
x&y=0000 1010 (10)
example
x=10; b=15
print(x & b, bin(x &b))
x=0b1001;x=0b1001
print( x & b, bin( x & b) )
Output:

18. Bitwise OR Operator(|)
x=10=0000 1010
y=11=0000 1011
X|y=0000 1011 (15)
example
x=10;b=15
print(x | b, bin(x | b))
x=0b1001;b=0b1001
print( x | b, bin( x | b) )
Output
15 0b1111
9 0b1001

19. Bitwise XOR Operator(^)
x=10=0000 1010
y=11=0000 1011
x&y=0000 0001 (15)
Example
x=10
b=15
print(x ^ b, bin(x ^b))
x=0b1001
b=0b1001
print( x ^ b, bin( x ^b) )
Output
5 0b101
0 0b0

20. Bitwise left shift operator(<<): shifts the bits of the number
towards left specified number of positions.
x=10
X<<2
0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0
0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 ( first time shift)
0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 ( second time shift) (40)
Example
x=10
print(x<<2, bin(x<<2))
x=0b1001
print(x<<1,bin(x<<1))
Output
40 0b101000

21. Bitwise right shift operator(>>): shifts the bits of
the number towards right specified number of positions.
x=10
X>>2
0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0
0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 ( first time shift)
0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 ( second time shift) (2)
Example
x=10
print(x>>2, bin(x>>2))
x=0b1001
print(x>>1,bin(x>>1))
Output
2 0b10
4 0b100

22. Membership operators: to test a member is in
sequence such as list, string, tuple and dictionary
in operator: it returns True if an element is found in specified sequence otherwise returns False.
Example:
City=[‘Belagum’, ‘Bombay’, ’Mysore’ , ‘Lucknow’]
for k in City:
print(k)
If ‘Mysore’ in City:
print(“yes”)
else:
print(“no”)
Output
Belagum
Bombay
Mysore
Lucknow
yes

23. Contd..
not in operator: Works in reverse manner for in operator. This operator
returns True if an element is not found in the sequence
City=["Belagum" , "Bombay" , "Mysore" , "Lucknow"]
if "Mysore" not in City:
print("yes")
else:
print("no")
Output:
no

24. Identity Operator
The memory location of object can be seen using the id() function. This
function returns an integer number called the identity number that
internally represents the memory location of the object.
a=25
b=25
print(id(a),id(b))
b=47
print(id(a),id(b))
Output
140731879209504 140731879209504
140731879209504 140731879210208

25. The is operator
is operator compare whether two objects identity numbers are same or not. If
same it returns True otherwise False.
a=25
b=25
if a is b:
print("Both have same identity")
else:
print("They do not have same identity")
Output
Both have same identity

26. is not operator
If the identity numbers of two objects being compared are not same then it
returns True otherwise False.
a=25
b=35
if a is not b:
print("They do not have same identity")
else:
print("Both have same identity")
Output
They do not have same identity

27. Operator precedence and associativity
operator Name
() Parenthesis
** Exponentiation
-,~ Unary minus, bitwise complement
*, /,//,% Multiplication, division, floor division, modulus
+,- Addition, subtraction
<<,>> Bitwise left shift, bitwise right shift
& Bitwise AND
^ Bitwise XOR
| Bitwise OR
>,>=,<,<=,==,!= Relational operators

28. Contd..
Operator Meaning
=, %=,/=,//=,-=,+=,*=,**= Assignment operators
Is, is not Identity operators
In, not in Membership operator
not Logical not
or Logical or
and Logical
Associativity: In an expression if we have more than one operators with same
priority then we have to flow the associativity of a operator. Associativity operator
is either from left to right or right to left. All operators have the associativity from
left to right except assignment operator.

29. Expression evaluation
Value=3/2*4+3+(10/4)**3-2
Ans: 22.625
ValueAns:12
Value = 23<45 and 67-89>-10
Ans: False
Value=15<<3 + 65//6-7**2 or 8%2
Ans: ValueError: negative shift count
Value=not 78/4+(5-2)
Ans:False

30. Mathematical Functions
Functions Description
ceil(x) Raises x value to the next higher integer. If x is integer then same value is returned
ceil(4.5) gives 5
floor(x) Decreases x value to the previous integer value. If x is integer then the same value is
returned. floor(4.5) gives 4
degree(x) Converts angle value x from radians into degrees
degree(3.142) gives 179.999
radians(x) Converts x value from degrees into radians
radians(180) gives 3.142
sin(x) Gives sine value of x. Here x value is given in radians.
sin(0.5) gives 0.4794
cos(x) Gives cosine value of x. Here x value is given in radians.
cos(0.5) gives 0.87758
tan(x) Gives tangent value of x. Here x value is given in radians.
tan(0.5) gives 0.5463
exp(x) returns exponentiation of x. This is same as e **x
exp(0.5) returns 1.64872

31. Function Description
fabs(x) Gives the absolute value of x
fabs(-4.56) gives 4.56
factorial(x) Returns factorial value of x. Raises value error if x is not integer or is negative
factorial(4) gives 24
fmod(x,y) Returns remainder of division of x and y. fmod() is preferred to calculate modulus
for float values than % operator. It works well for integer values.
fmod(14.5,3) gives 2.5
fsum(values) Returns accurate sum of floating point values
fsum([1.5,2.4,-3.3]) returns 0.6000
modf(x) Returns float and integral part of x
modf(2.56) gives(0.56,2.0)
Log10(x) Returns logarithm of x for base 10
Log10(5.2345) gives 0.71888
Log(x,[base]) Returns the natural logarithm of x of specified base
log(5.5,2) gives 2.45943
Sqrt(x) Returns positive square root value of x
Sqrt(49) gives 7

32. Function Description
pow(x,y) Raises x value to the power of y
pow(5,3) returns 125.0
gcd(x,y) Gives greatest common divisor of x and y. Available from
python 3.5 onwards
gcd(25,30) gives 5
trunc(x) The real value of x is truncated to integer value and returned
trunc(15.5676) gives 15
isinf(x) Returns True if x is a positive or negative infinity and False
otherwise.
num=float(‘inf’) #num is a float number that indicates infinity
print(isinf(num)) gives True
Isnan(x) Returns True if x is a NaN(not a number) and False otherwise
num=float(‘NaN’) #converts NaN into a float representation
print(isnan(num)) gives True

33. Constants in Math Module
Constant Description
pi The mathematical constant pi value 3.141592
e e= 2.718281
inf A floating point positive infinity. For negative infinity use –
math.inf
nan A floating point not a number (NaN) value
To use these constants and math built functions we should import math module
import math
b=math.sqrt(10)
or
from math import sqrt
b=sqrt(10)

34. Programs on mathematical functions
Write a python program to calculate area of circle
#python program to find area of a circle
import math
r=4.5
area= math.pi * math.pow (r,2)
print("Area of a circle", math.floor(area))
Output
Area of a circle 63

35. Thank you