This study investigated whether an onion-enriched diet could prevent bone loss caused by ovariectomy in rats. Rats were divided into groups: sham surgery control, ovariectomy only, ovariectomy with alendronate treatment, and ovariectomy with diets containing 3%, 7%, or 14% onion powder. After 6 weeks, the 14% onion diet group and alendronate group showed higher bone volume and fewer signs of bone loss and weakness compared to the ovariectomy only group. The onion diet protected bone in a dose-dependent manner, though the alendronate treatment was slightly more effective. This suggests that an onion-enriched diet can help counteract bone loss caused by estrogen deficiency.
Musculoskeletal Complications of Cancer and its TreatmentsInsideScientific
Cancer frequently associates with the occurrence of cachexia, a debilitating syndrome responsible for reduced tolerance to anticancer therapies, as well as increased morbidity and mortality. Dr. Bonetto's group reported that animals bearing cancers not only show reduced skeletal muscle mass and strength, but also dramatic bone loss, despite the absence of bone metastases. Their latest findings revealed that muscle and bone depletion may also occur as a direct consequence of anticancer treatments (i.e., chemotherapy). There is now substantial agreement on the fact that abnormalities of the so-called ‘muscle-bone crosstalk’ may contribute to the onset of cachexia secondary to cancer or chemotherapy. Clinical and experimental observations also suggest that pharmacological bone preservation may concurrently benefit muscle mass in animal models, burn patients and osteoporotic women.
In this webinar Dr. Bonetto will present evidence that bone preservation directly impacts muscle size and function in cachexia, thus also contributing to unraveling novel pathogenetic mechanisms and opening new avenues for treatment.
Musculoskeletal Complications of Cancer and its TreatmentsInsideScientific
Cancer frequently associates with the occurrence of cachexia, a debilitating syndrome responsible for reduced tolerance to anticancer therapies, as well as increased morbidity and mortality. Dr. Bonetto's group reported that animals bearing cancers not only show reduced skeletal muscle mass and strength, but also dramatic bone loss, despite the absence of bone metastases. Their latest findings revealed that muscle and bone depletion may also occur as a direct consequence of anticancer treatments (i.e., chemotherapy). There is now substantial agreement on the fact that abnormalities of the so-called ‘muscle-bone crosstalk’ may contribute to the onset of cachexia secondary to cancer or chemotherapy. Clinical and experimental observations also suggest that pharmacological bone preservation may concurrently benefit muscle mass in animal models, burn patients and osteoporotic women.
In this webinar Dr. Bonetto will present evidence that bone preservation directly impacts muscle size and function in cachexia, thus also contributing to unraveling novel pathogenetic mechanisms and opening new avenues for treatment.
Heterogeneity and Crosstalk of Human Brown Adipose TissueInsideScientific
To learn more and watch the webinar, go to:
https://insidescientific.com/webinar/heterogeneity-and-crosstalk-human-brown-adipose-tissue-obesity-series-2020
Adipose tissues contain lipid-filled adipocytes but are also composed of several other cell types including adipogenic progenitors, endothelial cells, immune cells and neuronal cells. Brown adipose tissue (BAT) contains thermogenic adipocytes which produce heat in response to cold, an energy-consuming process. Today, it is well established that adipose tissue function is highly dependent on the plasticity of the tissue due to the interaction of different cell types present within the tissue. In addition, the function of adipose tissue is controlled by secreted factors, called adipokines or batokines. Some of these cytokines affect nearby cells within the adipose tissue while others are secreted into the circulation for communication at the organ level.
In this exclusive live webinar, Camilla Schéele, Associate Professor at The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research in Copenhagen, Denmark and Christian Wolfrum, Professor at ETH Zürich in the Department of Health Science and Technology in Zürich, Switzerland discuss broader aspects of brown adipose tissue and share late-breaking research relating to the role of BAT in whole body metabolic regulation.
Calories, Carbs, or Quality? What Matters Most for Body WeightInsideScientific
To learn more and watch the webinar, visit:
https://insidescientific.com/webinar/calories-carbs-quality-what-matters-most-for-body-weight-obesity-series-2020
Eating fat makes you fat. No, eating carbs makes you fat. Actually, it’s a simple equation relating calories in and calories out. Such endless debates about putative dietary culprits or cures for obesity have led to widespread public confusion and mistrust in nutrition science. But what is the truth?
During this webinar, Dr. Kevin Hall discusses the physiology of body weight regulation and how we adapt to various changes in diet, including the amount of calories, carbs versus fat, as well as differences in diet quality varying in the amounts of “ultra-processed” foods. Understanding the dynamics of human body weight change has important consequences for conditions such as obesity, diabetes, cardiovascular disease, starvation, and wasting syndromes such as anorexia nervosa and cancer cachexia.
Key discussion topics include:
– Understand how body weight is regulated as part of a negative feedback control system
– Understand how the body responds to diets with wide variation in their ratio of carbohydrate to fat
– Understand how the body responds to diets varying in quality as determined by their amount of ultra-processed foods
Weight reduction with improvement of serum lipid profile and ratios of Sesamu...lukeman Joseph Ade shittu
Development of novel natural dietary adjunct/agent with significant therapeutic effects on metabolic disease conditions such as obesity and heart disease raises concern in recent times. We studied chronic toxicity of the combined active ingredients present in the sesame leaves and their interaction on the fasting serum lipid profiles with their ratios in thirty adult male non-obese Sprague Dawley (SD) rats. Such that, both treated groups received 14.0 and 28.0 mg/kg body weight doses of aqueous leaves extract of Sesamum radiatum respectively on a daily basis via gastric gavage, while, the control received equal volume of normal saline daily for six weeks. Significant (P < 0.05) weight loss observed in the treated groups was associated with significant (P < 0.05) reductions in both serum cholesterol and triglycerides (TG). The effect on the serum lipoprotein cholesterol components and ratios were significant in a dose related manner, such that increase in HDL accompanied a corresponding decrease in both LDL and LDL/HDL ratio. In addition, to increased in TG/HDL ratio. However, no significant differences in the relative reduction level of VLDL and triglycerides in the treated groups were found compared to control. Thus, LDL/HDL ratio is significantly a better indicator than the TG/HDL ratio in assessing the impact of sesame treatment with evidence of weight loss and hypolipidaemia especially in hypertensive heart diseases.
Yogurt consumption for a healthier diet and lifestyle: overview from cohorts ...Yogurt in Nutrition #YINI
Yogurt is generally considered as a healthy food because of its nutrient composition, its profile of fermented food, and its link with an improved metabolic fitness. Population studies show that yogurt consumers report a greater intake of some nutrients,
e.g. calcium and protein, and fruits and vegetables compared to non-consumers. This is concordant with recent data demonstrating that diet quality is improved in yogurt consumers. Other cohort studies have shown that yogurt consumption is
associated with a reduced body weight over time. Our research experience with the Quebec Family Study reveals that yogurt consumption might be the “signature of a healthy lifestyle”. Indeed, female yogurt consumers report a better macronutrient
composition of the diet than non-consumers; they are also more physically active and display feeding behaviors which are more compatible with body weight stability. This agrees with results of the Infogene Study demonstrating that yogurt consumers
are more prone to adhere to a Prudent dietary pattern whereas non-consumers tend to exhibit a Western pattern. In summary, currently available cohort studies tend to show that yogurt consumption is associated with a healthy eating pattern
and lifestyle.
From Pregnancy to Menopause: Studies of Physical Activity, Behavior, and Ener...InsideScientific
Join Sharon Ladyman, PhD and Vicki Vieira-Potter, PhD as they present applications of rodent metabolic phenotyping with a focus on the effects of hormones and pregnancy on daily activity in mice.
A reduction in voluntary physical activity during pregnancy in mice is mediated by prolactin
Sharon Ladyman, PhD
Pregnancy is an energetically demanding challenge for the mother and as such, pregnant females undergo numerous metabolic adaptations to meet these demands, including increased food intake and a rapid lowering of energy expenditure and physical activity levels. A particularly striking example is a profound reduction in voluntary running wheel activity (RWA) that occurs as soon as mice become pregnant. We hypothesized that prolactin, one of the first hormones to increase in response to mating in rodents, drives the pregnancy-induced suppression of physical activity levels.
Neuronal and Metabolic Pathways Influenced by Sex Hormones
Vicki Vieira-Potter, PhD
Estrogen-sufficient females are more physically active than males and are protected against adipose tissue and systemic metabolic dysfunction. The mechanisms are not fully understood, but we demonstrate that ovarian removal causes significant mRNA changes in the nucleus accumbens (NAc) brain region (i.e., the reward center), which correlate significantly with physical inactivity. We hypothesize that sex differences in the NAc may help explain differences in physical activity and metabolism.
effect of ethanolic extract of the leaves of plant annona squamosa on hematol...IJEAB
The present study was designed to elucidate the effects of ethanolic extract of leaves of Annona squamosa L. (Annonaceae) on hematological and biochemical indices in normal rat. The male rats were gavaged ethanolic extract of Annona squamosa leaves at the dose level of 200 and 300 mg/Kg body weight/rat/day for 28 days. A significant decrease in hematological indices like hemoglobin, RBC count and increase in WBC count, serum parameter like serum cholesterol, serum GPT and GOT was observed.
Introduction: Progress in management of Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) induced gastrointestinal toxicity requires the availability of appropriate experimental animal models that are as close to humans as feasible. Our objective was to develop a rat model for NSAID-induced gastroenteropathy and also to simulate the common clinical scenario of co-administration of NSAID and proton pump inhibitor (PPI) to explore if PPI contribute to exacerbation of NSAID-enteropathy. Methods: Rats were treated twice daily with pantoprazole sodium (PTZ; 10 mg/kg peroral) or vehicle for a total of 10 days. In some experiments, Diclofenac sodium (DCF; 9 mg/kg) or vehicle was administered orally twice daily for the final 5 days of PTZ/vehicle administration. After the last dose on 9th day, rats in all the groups were fasted but water was provided ad libitum. 12 hours after the last dose on 10th day, rats in all the groups were euthanized and their gastrointestinal tracts were assessed for haemorrhagic lesions, lipid peroxidation, intestinal permeability and gastrointestinal luminal pH alterations. Changes in haemoglobin, haematocrit and serum levels of albumin, total protein, ALT and bilirubin were calculated. Results: The macroscopic and histological evidence suggested that administration of DCF resulted in significant gastroenteropathic damage and co-administration of PTZ resulted in significant exacerbation of NSAID enteropathy, while attenuation of NSAID induced gastropathy was observed. Our results were further supported by the significant decrease in haemoglobin and haematocrit levels and serum levels of albumin and total proteins, an increase in oxidative stress and intestinal permeability with the use of DCF either alone or in combination with PTZ. Conclusions: This model was developed to simulate the human clinical situation during NSAID therapy and indeed the present DCF regimen caused both gastric and small bowel alterations, such as multiple erosive lesions, together with a decrease in haemoglobin, haematocrit, serum albumin, serum total protein levels and IP alteration, known to occur in patients receiving NSAIDs. Additionally, this paper provides yet another evidence for PPI induced exacerbation of NSAID enteropathy.
Some stimuli, including specific foods, seem to have enough particularities to make a difference even if their potential to exert an influence a priori appears to be limited. This is the case of yogurt whose consumption is low relative to the amount of daily food consumed but that has been shown to be independently related to reduced body weight and fat. Numerous factors may explain a beneficial effect of yogurt on body weight stability and metabolic fitness. Cohort studies show that the consumption of dairy including yogurt is related to a reduced intake of high fat-high sugar foods, suggesting that the benefits of dairy food may be due to a decrease in the potential negative effects of unhealthy eating. The ability of yogurt to promote a negative energy balance is also likely explained by the satiating and thermogenic effects of some of its nutrients, e.g. calcium and proteins, via mechanisms involving gut hormones. Yogurt has a matrix that can accommodate structural changes affecting energy intake independently of its nutrient content. For instance, we recently demonstrated that the increase in the whey/casein ratio in a yogurt matched for volume and energy and protein content as a control yogurt significantly decreased subsequent energy intake to a much greater extent than the energy content of the yogurt preload. The presence of bacteria in yogurt represents another factor that may explain the effects of yogurt consumption on energy balance and its components. In this regard, recent data suggest that the supplementation of some probiotics facilitates appetite control and accentuates body weight loss in the context of a weight-reducing program. Finally, our recent analyses of relevant data in the Quebec Family Study reveal that yogurt consumption may be the signature of a global healthy lifestyle and food-related personal profile. Female yogurt consumers are more physically active, report a reduced percent energy intake as fat and display a lower disinhibition score than non-yogurt consumers. Taken together, yogurt has numerous features that may globally explain the decreased proneness of yogurt consumers towards excess body fat.
Heterogeneity and Crosstalk of Human Brown Adipose TissueInsideScientific
To learn more and watch the webinar, go to:
https://insidescientific.com/webinar/heterogeneity-and-crosstalk-human-brown-adipose-tissue-obesity-series-2020
Adipose tissues contain lipid-filled adipocytes but are also composed of several other cell types including adipogenic progenitors, endothelial cells, immune cells and neuronal cells. Brown adipose tissue (BAT) contains thermogenic adipocytes which produce heat in response to cold, an energy-consuming process. Today, it is well established that adipose tissue function is highly dependent on the plasticity of the tissue due to the interaction of different cell types present within the tissue. In addition, the function of adipose tissue is controlled by secreted factors, called adipokines or batokines. Some of these cytokines affect nearby cells within the adipose tissue while others are secreted into the circulation for communication at the organ level.
In this exclusive live webinar, Camilla Schéele, Associate Professor at The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research in Copenhagen, Denmark and Christian Wolfrum, Professor at ETH Zürich in the Department of Health Science and Technology in Zürich, Switzerland discuss broader aspects of brown adipose tissue and share late-breaking research relating to the role of BAT in whole body metabolic regulation.
Calories, Carbs, or Quality? What Matters Most for Body WeightInsideScientific
To learn more and watch the webinar, visit:
https://insidescientific.com/webinar/calories-carbs-quality-what-matters-most-for-body-weight-obesity-series-2020
Eating fat makes you fat. No, eating carbs makes you fat. Actually, it’s a simple equation relating calories in and calories out. Such endless debates about putative dietary culprits or cures for obesity have led to widespread public confusion and mistrust in nutrition science. But what is the truth?
During this webinar, Dr. Kevin Hall discusses the physiology of body weight regulation and how we adapt to various changes in diet, including the amount of calories, carbs versus fat, as well as differences in diet quality varying in the amounts of “ultra-processed” foods. Understanding the dynamics of human body weight change has important consequences for conditions such as obesity, diabetes, cardiovascular disease, starvation, and wasting syndromes such as anorexia nervosa and cancer cachexia.
Key discussion topics include:
– Understand how body weight is regulated as part of a negative feedback control system
– Understand how the body responds to diets with wide variation in their ratio of carbohydrate to fat
– Understand how the body responds to diets varying in quality as determined by their amount of ultra-processed foods
Weight reduction with improvement of serum lipid profile and ratios of Sesamu...lukeman Joseph Ade shittu
Development of novel natural dietary adjunct/agent with significant therapeutic effects on metabolic disease conditions such as obesity and heart disease raises concern in recent times. We studied chronic toxicity of the combined active ingredients present in the sesame leaves and their interaction on the fasting serum lipid profiles with their ratios in thirty adult male non-obese Sprague Dawley (SD) rats. Such that, both treated groups received 14.0 and 28.0 mg/kg body weight doses of aqueous leaves extract of Sesamum radiatum respectively on a daily basis via gastric gavage, while, the control received equal volume of normal saline daily for six weeks. Significant (P < 0.05) weight loss observed in the treated groups was associated with significant (P < 0.05) reductions in both serum cholesterol and triglycerides (TG). The effect on the serum lipoprotein cholesterol components and ratios were significant in a dose related manner, such that increase in HDL accompanied a corresponding decrease in both LDL and LDL/HDL ratio. In addition, to increased in TG/HDL ratio. However, no significant differences in the relative reduction level of VLDL and triglycerides in the treated groups were found compared to control. Thus, LDL/HDL ratio is significantly a better indicator than the TG/HDL ratio in assessing the impact of sesame treatment with evidence of weight loss and hypolipidaemia especially in hypertensive heart diseases.
Yogurt consumption for a healthier diet and lifestyle: overview from cohorts ...Yogurt in Nutrition #YINI
Yogurt is generally considered as a healthy food because of its nutrient composition, its profile of fermented food, and its link with an improved metabolic fitness. Population studies show that yogurt consumers report a greater intake of some nutrients,
e.g. calcium and protein, and fruits and vegetables compared to non-consumers. This is concordant with recent data demonstrating that diet quality is improved in yogurt consumers. Other cohort studies have shown that yogurt consumption is
associated with a reduced body weight over time. Our research experience with the Quebec Family Study reveals that yogurt consumption might be the “signature of a healthy lifestyle”. Indeed, female yogurt consumers report a better macronutrient
composition of the diet than non-consumers; they are also more physically active and display feeding behaviors which are more compatible with body weight stability. This agrees with results of the Infogene Study demonstrating that yogurt consumers
are more prone to adhere to a Prudent dietary pattern whereas non-consumers tend to exhibit a Western pattern. In summary, currently available cohort studies tend to show that yogurt consumption is associated with a healthy eating pattern
and lifestyle.
From Pregnancy to Menopause: Studies of Physical Activity, Behavior, and Ener...InsideScientific
Join Sharon Ladyman, PhD and Vicki Vieira-Potter, PhD as they present applications of rodent metabolic phenotyping with a focus on the effects of hormones and pregnancy on daily activity in mice.
A reduction in voluntary physical activity during pregnancy in mice is mediated by prolactin
Sharon Ladyman, PhD
Pregnancy is an energetically demanding challenge for the mother and as such, pregnant females undergo numerous metabolic adaptations to meet these demands, including increased food intake and a rapid lowering of energy expenditure and physical activity levels. A particularly striking example is a profound reduction in voluntary running wheel activity (RWA) that occurs as soon as mice become pregnant. We hypothesized that prolactin, one of the first hormones to increase in response to mating in rodents, drives the pregnancy-induced suppression of physical activity levels.
Neuronal and Metabolic Pathways Influenced by Sex Hormones
Vicki Vieira-Potter, PhD
Estrogen-sufficient females are more physically active than males and are protected against adipose tissue and systemic metabolic dysfunction. The mechanisms are not fully understood, but we demonstrate that ovarian removal causes significant mRNA changes in the nucleus accumbens (NAc) brain region (i.e., the reward center), which correlate significantly with physical inactivity. We hypothesize that sex differences in the NAc may help explain differences in physical activity and metabolism.
effect of ethanolic extract of the leaves of plant annona squamosa on hematol...IJEAB
The present study was designed to elucidate the effects of ethanolic extract of leaves of Annona squamosa L. (Annonaceae) on hematological and biochemical indices in normal rat. The male rats were gavaged ethanolic extract of Annona squamosa leaves at the dose level of 200 and 300 mg/Kg body weight/rat/day for 28 days. A significant decrease in hematological indices like hemoglobin, RBC count and increase in WBC count, serum parameter like serum cholesterol, serum GPT and GOT was observed.
Introduction: Progress in management of Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) induced gastrointestinal toxicity requires the availability of appropriate experimental animal models that are as close to humans as feasible. Our objective was to develop a rat model for NSAID-induced gastroenteropathy and also to simulate the common clinical scenario of co-administration of NSAID and proton pump inhibitor (PPI) to explore if PPI contribute to exacerbation of NSAID-enteropathy. Methods: Rats were treated twice daily with pantoprazole sodium (PTZ; 10 mg/kg peroral) or vehicle for a total of 10 days. In some experiments, Diclofenac sodium (DCF; 9 mg/kg) or vehicle was administered orally twice daily for the final 5 days of PTZ/vehicle administration. After the last dose on 9th day, rats in all the groups were fasted but water was provided ad libitum. 12 hours after the last dose on 10th day, rats in all the groups were euthanized and their gastrointestinal tracts were assessed for haemorrhagic lesions, lipid peroxidation, intestinal permeability and gastrointestinal luminal pH alterations. Changes in haemoglobin, haematocrit and serum levels of albumin, total protein, ALT and bilirubin were calculated. Results: The macroscopic and histological evidence suggested that administration of DCF resulted in significant gastroenteropathic damage and co-administration of PTZ resulted in significant exacerbation of NSAID enteropathy, while attenuation of NSAID induced gastropathy was observed. Our results were further supported by the significant decrease in haemoglobin and haematocrit levels and serum levels of albumin and total proteins, an increase in oxidative stress and intestinal permeability with the use of DCF either alone or in combination with PTZ. Conclusions: This model was developed to simulate the human clinical situation during NSAID therapy and indeed the present DCF regimen caused both gastric and small bowel alterations, such as multiple erosive lesions, together with a decrease in haemoglobin, haematocrit, serum albumin, serum total protein levels and IP alteration, known to occur in patients receiving NSAIDs. Additionally, this paper provides yet another evidence for PPI induced exacerbation of NSAID enteropathy.
Some stimuli, including specific foods, seem to have enough particularities to make a difference even if their potential to exert an influence a priori appears to be limited. This is the case of yogurt whose consumption is low relative to the amount of daily food consumed but that has been shown to be independently related to reduced body weight and fat. Numerous factors may explain a beneficial effect of yogurt on body weight stability and metabolic fitness. Cohort studies show that the consumption of dairy including yogurt is related to a reduced intake of high fat-high sugar foods, suggesting that the benefits of dairy food may be due to a decrease in the potential negative effects of unhealthy eating. The ability of yogurt to promote a negative energy balance is also likely explained by the satiating and thermogenic effects of some of its nutrients, e.g. calcium and proteins, via mechanisms involving gut hormones. Yogurt has a matrix that can accommodate structural changes affecting energy intake independently of its nutrient content. For instance, we recently demonstrated that the increase in the whey/casein ratio in a yogurt matched for volume and energy and protein content as a control yogurt significantly decreased subsequent energy intake to a much greater extent than the energy content of the yogurt preload. The presence of bacteria in yogurt represents another factor that may explain the effects of yogurt consumption on energy balance and its components. In this regard, recent data suggest that the supplementation of some probiotics facilitates appetite control and accentuates body weight loss in the context of a weight-reducing program. Finally, our recent analyses of relevant data in the Quebec Family Study reveal that yogurt consumption may be the signature of a global healthy lifestyle and food-related personal profile. Female yogurt consumers are more physically active, report a reduced percent energy intake as fat and display a lower disinhibition score than non-yogurt consumers. Taken together, yogurt has numerous features that may globally explain the decreased proneness of yogurt consumers towards excess body fat.
I would work within the laws and guidelines of the council, my priority would be safeguarding the most vulnerable in a situation and with the children's act, children's fights, Monroe report and every child matters paper influencing practice, intervention is essential from the earliest stage possible.
Estrategia Fiscal para Dueños o SociosCEO Advisors
Si eres Dueño, socio o Alto Ejecutivo y tu remuneracion es vía nómina, estas pagando al fisco el 43% de tu salario o tus dividendos. Con mi estrategia solo pagarás el 10%. Contactame y te visitaré.
Éxito.
Studies On The Effectiveness of Mixed Diet of Garden Egg, Groundnut And Garli...IOSR Journals
The use of medicinal plants as food supplements and in the treatment of specific diseases dates back to antiquity. Age old anecdotal reports from many cultures strongly suggests a role for diet of plant origin in preventive and therapeutic medicine. Anaemia remains a major public-health problem especially in developing countries. This study aimed at investigating the antianaemic potentials of combined diet of garlic (Allium sativum), garden egg (Solanum melongena) and groundnut (Arachis hypogaea).Twenty five wistar rats of both sexes weighing 160-200g were divided equally into five groups. Group 1 served as the non-anaemic control and fed with normal rat chow. Groups 2, 3, 4 and 5 were induced with anaemia by oral administration of phenylhydrazine (PHZ) given at 50mg/kgBW. Group 2 served as anaemic control, fed with normal rat chow; Group 3 were fed with 20g (75%ww) of garlic, garden egg and groundnut in the ratio of 1:1:1 with normal rat chow; Group 4 fed with 10g of garden egg (50%ww) in the ratio 1:1 with normal rat chow and Group 5 fed with 10g of ground, nut (50%ww) in the ratio 1:1 with normal rat chow. Animals were sacrificed at the end of fourteen days of dietary feeding using chloroform vapour with blood collected at the left ventricle to test for haematological parameters such as red blood cell (RBC) count, white blood cell (WBC) count, hemoglobin concentration (Hb) and packed cell volume (PCV). Results showed that RBC, WBC, Hb and PCV values increased in all the experimental as compared to anaemic control with a significant (P<0.05) in WBC values of groups 3 and 4 as compared to the anaemic control. This suggests a consumption of garlic, garden egg and groundnut will moderately improve anaemic condition.
The Effects of Rauwolfia Vomitoria Extract on the Liver Enzymes of Carbon Tet...IOSR Journals
Rauwolfia vomitoria is a natural medicinal plant which has been used over the years for the treatment of various ailments. The effects of extract of rauwolfia vomitoria on liver enzymes of carbon tetrachloride induced hepatotoxicity were observed in adult wistar rats weighing between 120g and 190g. They were divided into four groups A,B, C and D of six rats each. Group A served as the control and received 0.41ml of distilled water. The experimental groups B, C and D received different doses of drugs as follows : group B received 0.50ml of rauwolfia vomitoria extract, group C received 0.5ml of carbon tetrachloride and group D received 0.41ml of carbon tetrachloride + 0.4ml of rauwolfia vomitoria extract. The drugs were administered once in a day using intubation method for a period of twenty one days. Twenty four hours after the last administration, the animals were anaesthetized under chloroform vapour and dissected . liver tissues were removed and weighed. Blood samples were collected by cardiac puncture and Serum samples were separated from clot by centrifugation using bench top centrifuge. Activities of serum aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase and alkaline phosphatase were determined using randox kit method. The relative liver weight for carbon tetrachloride treated group were significantly higher (p<0.001)><0.001) than the control. The extract exhibited a liver protective effect against carbon tetrachloride induced hepatotoxicity
Evaluation of the Hepa Wash treatment in pigs with acute liver failureEnrique Moreno Gonzalez
Mortality of patients with acute liver failure (ALF) is still unacceptably high. Available liver
support systems are still of limited success at improving survival. A new type of albumin
dialysis, the Hepa Wash® system, was newly introduced. We evaluated the new liver support
system as well as the Molecular Adsorbent Recycling System (MARS) in an ischemic
porcine model of ALF.
Medicinal Effects of Solanum Aethiopicum Leaf Ethanolic Extracts on Renal and...ijtsrd
The effect of Solanum aethiopicum leaf extracts on, hepatic and renal function was studied. Twenty five wistar albino rats were divided into five groups of five rats each. Apart from the control group, the experimental groups were given compounded feed of ground Solanum aethiopicum leaf and normal pelletized rats feed. Results obtained for hepatic and renal function revealed significance effect p 0.05 on some of the parameters investigated in test rats against those of the control. This study has shown the effect of Solanum aethiopicum leaf extract on hepatic and renal function. Eze, H. C | Okoli Ik | Ajogwu Tobechukwu Maximilian | Okafor, Onyedika Ifeanyi | Ozor, Chinwendu Njideka "Medicinal Effects of Solanum Aethiopicum Leaf Ethanolic Extracts on Renal and Hepatic Function of Wistar Rats" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-6 , October 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd46339.pdf Paper URL : https://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/microbiology/46339/medicinal-effects-of-solanum-aethiopicum-leaf-ethanolic-extracts-on-renal-and-hepatic-function-of-wistar-rats/eze-h-c
ABSTRACT
Background:The main objective of the study is to determine the anti-arthritic effect of whole plant ethanolic extract of Polygonum glabrum
belonging to the family Polygonaceae in Female wistar rats using the Freund’s Complete Adjuvant (FCA) model . Methods:The plants areal
parts were collected near Tirupathi hills, Chittoor district of Andhra Pradesh in India. The Phytoconstituents were identified through the
chemical tests. Ethanol (95%) was used to obtain the whole plant extraction through Soxhlet extractor. Female SD rats were used for antiarthritic
screening. Arthritis was induced using FCA, and the anti-arthritic effect of the ethanolic extract of P.glabrum was studied at doses
of 250 and500 mg/kg. The effects were compared with those of indomethacin (10 mg/kg). At the end of the study, theliver enzyme levels were
determined and a radiological examination was carried out. Results and Discussion:The preliminary phytochemical analysis of the ethanolic
extract of Polygonum glabrum showed the presence of alkaloids, tannins, flavonoids and saponins. P. glabrum at 250 and 500 mg/kg
significantly inhibited the FCA-induced arthritis in the rats. This was manifested by as a decrease in the paw volume. The arthritic control
animals exhibited a significant decrease in body weight compared with control animals without arthritis. P. glabrum treated animals showed
dose dependent reduction in decrease in body weight and arthritis.At the same time, P.glabrum significantly altered the biochemical and
haematological changes induced by FCA (P < 0.05). The anti-arthritic effect of P.glabrum was comparable with that of Indomethacin.
Conclusion:The whole plant extract of P.glabrum showed significant anti-arthritic activity against FCA-induced arthritis in female Wistar
rats.
Effect of Piper crocatum Extract Against Weight Loss and Liver Enzyme Levels ...iosrphr_editor
Piper crocatum is one of Indonesian medicinal plant that contain flavonoids, tannins, alkaloids, and saponins. Aims of this study were to evaluate the effect of Piper crocatum aqueous extract against a decrease in body weight (BW) and the activity of enzymes involved in lipid metabolism (AMPK, ACC, FAS) in liver obese rats. This study used four groups of Sprague dawley rat (n = 6), including normal group (N), obese controls (OC), Piper crocatum extract dose 1260 mg/kgBW (PcA), and Piper crocatum extract dose of 1890 mg/kgBW (PcB). Measurement of metabolic liver enzyme levels (AMPK, ACC, FAS) are using ELISA kit (CusabioTM). Results of this study showed that the PcA group produce the highest reduction in body weight (4.52%), and the lowest levels of ACC (9.13 ng/g) and FAS (360.68 ng/g) which was significantly different from obese control group (95% CI). Piper crocatum extract can't activate AMPK. The highest levels in rat liver AMPK is in N group with 8.42 ng/g, but this value is not significantly different from other groups.
CLINICAL EVALUATION OF THE EFFECT OF OMEGA-3 FATTY ACIDS ON OSTEOPOROTIC FEMA...Mohamed A. Galal
Mohamed A. Galal ; Mushira A. Dahaba, ; Basma M. Zaki
and Hanaa M. Elshenawy. CLINICAL EVALUATION OF THE EFFECT OF OMEGA-3 FATTY ACIDS ON OSTEOPOROTIC FEMALES HAVING CHRONIC PERIODONTITIS. Cairo Dental Journal (30)Number (1), 1:10January, 2014.
The aim of the study was to investigate the damage created in tissue by using an in vivo isolated portal ischemia and reperfusion model in the rat liver and the effects of heparin administration on the complement system. A total of 25 male rats weighing 150-290 gr were used in the study. Following anesthesia with ketamine hydrochloride and xylazine hydrochloride, the incision area was shaved in all rats except the control group. The portal vein was isolated and clamped, and ischemia and reperfusion created. Two groups were sacrificed at the 24th hour and two at the 48th hour. Heparin was administered to one of the groups sacrificed at the 24th hour and not to the other group, and similarly one of the groups sacrificed at the 48th hour received heparin while the other did not. Biochemical and pathologic parameters were used to evaluate the damage using serum and liver tissue samples from the sacrificed rats. We used the liver GSH, MPO and C3 levels and the serum IL-6 level to evaluate the ischemia and reperfusion damage in the liver tissue. Heparin was shown to decrease the damage occurring after ischemia and reperfusion by decreasing complement activation and the MPO and IL-6 levels while increasing GSH levels as a result of the statistical analysis performed. Heparin was shown to prevent tissue damage after ischemia and reperfusion by decreasing complement activation and inflammation.
2. predicted that, by 2050, more than 50% of worldwide osteo-
porotic hip fractures would occur in Asia [5]. Among the
pharmacological treatments, hormone therapy (HT), selective
estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs) and bisphosphonate have
been shown to be effective either in increasing bone mineral
density (BMD) and/or reducing fracture rates [6]. However, the
side effects of these medications, including gastrointestinal
tolerance problems in bisphosphonate and the potential malig-
nancies in HT [7,8], may preclude their long-term use. Growing
evidence of the benefits of natural foods for bone health pro-
vide an alternative option for prevention and/or treatment of
osteoporosis.
Cross-sectional studies have shown that people, including
postmenopausal women, healthy women, and elderly men,
consuming more fruits and vegetables accumulated a higher
bone mineral density (BMD) [9–15]. In addition, increased fruit
and vegetable consumption showed benefits for bone health and
bone development in young people [15–17]. In animal studies,
it had been demonstrated that short-term treatment with diverse
fruits, vegetables and herbs could effectively reduce bone
resorption activity [18–20]. One recent study showed the effects
of 5%, 15%, and 25% prune-enriched diets in reversing bone
loss in young adult ovariectomized rats [21]. The 25% prune-
enriched diet even showed an equally protective effect on bone
volume ratio (BV/TV, %) as 17β-estradiol E2. Similarly, a
summary of animal studies strongly suggested the positive
effects of onion on good bone health. A short-term treatment
(10 days) with onion (0.03–1.5 g/rat/day) has been shown to
decrease the ovariectomy-induced bone resorption rate in a
dose-dependent manner [22]. A dose at 1 g/rat/day has even
served as a positive control treatment for down-regulating bone
resorption [19,20]. The aim of this study was to investigate
whether an onion-enriched diet could prevent estrogen
deficiency induced osteopenia. For this purpose, serum bone
markers and long bone biomechanical testing were measured
and tissue histomorphometry was performed to investigate the
dose-dependent bone protective effects of onion on 14-week-
old ovariectomized Wistar rats for a period of six weeks.
Materials and methods
Animals
Female Wistar rats (n=64) were housed under controlled conditions including
a room temperature of 22±1 °C with a 12:12 h light–dark cycle. All animals were
fed with standard Purina Rodent Chow 5001 (Labdiet®, Richmond, IN, U.S.A.)
containing 0.95% calcium and 1.07 % phosphate (wt/wt of dry food) and tap water
ad libitum. The procedures of the animal study, including the raising, feeding, and
the whole surgical process, followed the APS's “Guiding Principles in the Care and
Use of Animals” and were approved by the Committee of Animal Study at National
Cheng Kung University (Document Serial No. 940204).
Experimental design and treatments
The use of rats younger than 3 months is not suitable for ovariectomy due to the
concurrence of bone remodeling and bone growth [23]. Thus, we used adult virgin
female Wistar rats with an age of 14 weeks. One week before the ovariectomy or
sham operation, all animals (13 weeks old) were given demineralized water and a
diet of “semi-purified” diet powder (AIN-76A, TestDiet®, Richmond, IN, USA)
with animal protein (20% casein) containing 0.52% calcium and 1.12% phosphate.
Three days after surgery, sham-operated animals (n=8) were set as the control
group and ovariectomized rats (n=56) were randomly assigned to five groups
(Fig. 1): the OVX group (n=11), fed with the AIN-76A diet without any addition;
the ALN group (n=12), fed with the AIN-76A diet+alendronate (Calbiochem Co.,
Merck Taiwan Ltd, Taiwan) at a dose of 1 mg/kg b.w./day (p.o.), which has been
used by others in either growing or aged ovariectomized rats [24,25]; and three
onion treatment groups (n=11 for each), the 3% ON, 7% ON and 14% ON groups,
fed with an AIN-76A diet containing 3%, 7% and 14% (wt/wt) onion powder,
respectively. The onion powder (Chiseng®, Taipei, Taiwan), which was made from
fresh onion without any additives, is commercially available. The treatment course
for all groups was six weeks (Fig. 1).
The female Wistar rats ate, on average, 15–20 g/day of AIN-76A powder
according to the evaluation in the week before ovariectomy surgery. Since three or
four rats were housed per cage, we used ad libitum feeding. Thus, the diet for each
group was freshly prepared everyday and was given at a mean amount of 25 g per rat.
Serum bone marker assay
After the treatments were completed, the animals were sacrificed under deep
anesthesia with a high dose of sodium pentobarbital (intraperitoneally, 65 mg/kg)
and bloodletting via carotid arteries. Blood samples were collected and
centrifuged (4 °C) at 1500 ×g for 20 min. Serum was separated immediately
and was stored at −75 °C for future bone metabolic marker assay. Serum calcium,
and phosphorus were determined with an automatic chemistry analyzer
Fig. 1. Experimental design. Animals were fed semi-purified AIN-76A powder starting at 13 weeks old; sham or ovariectomy (OVX) operations were performed at
14 weeks old, treatments with onion diet or alendronate for each group were begun 3 days after surgery and maintained for 6 weeks. ALN, alendronate-treated group;
CON, control group; ON, onion-treated groups; OVX, ovariectomized group.
1155T.-H. Huang et al. / Bone 42 (2008) 1154–1163
3. (Beckman Synchron LX20, Diamond Diagnostics, Holliston, MA, USA).
ELISA kits, including RatTRAP™, Rat-MID™ and Rat/Mouse IGF-I (Nordic
Bioscience Diagnostics, Herlev, Demark), were used to analyze serum tartrate-
resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) activity, osteocalcin, and insulin-like
growth factor-I (IGF-I), respectively. Assay procedures followed the instruc-
tions included in package of each kit. A microplate photometer (Multiskan
Ascent, Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc., Waltham, MA, USA) was used to
measure the absorbance of each well after a series of sample preparations and
reactions.
Bone samples preparation
The left tibiae were removed, fixed with a 4% neutral paraformaldehyde in
PBS solution ( pH 7.4) for 48 h and then decalcified with a 10% ethylenediamine
tetraacetic acid (EDTA) solution (pH 7.4) at 4 °C for 4 weeks. After decal-
cification, each bone sample was cut along the coronal plane and embedded with
paraffin for further tissue section and histological staining. For geometric and
biomechanical measurement, the left femora were removed and the soft tissues
were cleaned. Then, the bone tissues were wrapped in 0.9% sodium chloride
soaked gauze and aluminum foil, and stored at −20 °C for future biomechanical
testing.
Bone histomorphometric analysis
Histological staining, including hemotaxylin and eosin (H & E) staining and
tartrate-resistant acid phosphates (TRAP) staining, was performed on two
nonconsecutive sections (5 μm) for each sample, which were the 1st and the 11th
sections in sequence. H & E staining was performed according to our previous
studies [26]. The histomorphometric study of the metaphysis of the proximal
tibiae was performed as previously described with image analysis software
(Image Pro Plus 6.1 for Windows; Media Cybernetics, Silver Spring, MD, USA)
[27]. Parameters measured included the bone volume ratio (BV/TV, %); mean
thickness of the trabeculae (Tb.Th, μm); trabecular number (Tb. N., 1/mm); and
trabecular separation (Tb. Sp., mm). TRAP staining with a standard kit (Sigma-
Aldrich Co., St. Louis, MO, USA) was used to determine the presence of
osteoclasts. The TRAP-positive multinucleated osteoclast along the metaphy-
seal trabecular bone surfaces were counted, and the number of osteoclasts per
unit trabecular tissue area (N. Oc/T. A, 1/mm2
) was measured as an index of
bone resorption [27].
Femur weight measurements
Before biomechanical testing, femora were thawed at room temperature and
weighed as wet weight. After the completion of biomechanical testing, the
fractured bone specimens were immersed in a solvent (2 vol of chloroform
combined with 1 vol of methanol) for 1 week and then dried at 80 °C for 24 h
[28]. The fat-free dry weight (FFDW) of each femur was then measured.
Biomechanical three-point bending testing and geometry measurements
Mechanical properties of long bone tissues were determined by a three-point
bending test [29]. The material testing system was designed by our lab with a
50 lb load cell (MDB-50, Transducer Techniques, Inc., Temecula, CA, USA),
which was connected to a data acquisition system (Model: iNstruNet, GW
Instruments, Inc. Somerville, MA, USA) in a personal computer. The span of the
two support points was 20 mm, the deformation rate was 0.05 mm/sec and
sampling frequency was 50 Hz. Load-displacement data were used for further
computing of the extrinsic material properties, including max load, ultimate load
to failure (fracture load), energy to maximal load, energy to fracture load, and
linear stiffness. The failure sites of all bone specimens were photographed under
a ×25 magnification by a high-resolution digital camera (COOLPIX 4500,
Nikon, Japan) [29]. Cross-sectional parameters, including cortical bone
thickness and cross-sectional area of cortical bone (CSA), were measured
from the photographs using the software Image Pro Plus 6.1 for Windows
(Media Cybernetics, Silver Spring, MD, USA). The cross-sectional moment of
inertia (CSMI) of the failure site was measured by the methods of Turner and
Burr for irregular cross-sections [30]. Based on the assumption that a bone cross-
section is made up of many rectangular elements (pixels), each with a height of h
and a width of w, the equation is shown as follows:
I ¼
Xn
i¼1
wh3
=12 þ whd2
i
À Á
where I is CMSI, n is the number of pixels, d is the distance from the center of
the element of the area to a given axis on the cross-section. All of these
parameters were obtained using the software Image Pro Plus 6.1 for Windows
(Media Cybernetics, Silver Spring, MD, USA).
Statistical analysis
The data are presented as means±SEM. For the data of serum markers,
histomorphometry and body weight gain, one-way analysis of variance
(ANOVA) was used to evaluate the differences among groups. For geometric
and biomechanical data, one-way analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) was used
to evaluate the differences among groups, and body weight data was set as a
covariate. When significant levels ( pb0.05) were revealed, pair-wise
comparisons between groups were made using the Fisher's least significant
difference (LSD) method. Power values regarding the size of groups were
calculated using α=0.05. Statistical analysis software, SPSS (11.5 version,
SPSS, Chicago, IL), was adopted for processing the data of the present study.
Results
Body weight gain (one-way ANOVA)
After surgery, body weight gain was typically and consistently
higher in the ovariectomized rats in each group when compared
with the sham-operated control rats (pb0.05) (Table 1). Except
for the slightly lower body weight gain of the ALN and 14% ON
group in the first week, the interventions we used, including
alendronate and three onion-enriched diets, did not significantly
affect body weight gain throughout the experimental period.
Serum bone markers (one-way ANOVA)
After the six-week treatment, the ALN and three onion-
enriched groups similarly showed significantly lower serum
calcium levels as compared to the CON and OVX groups
(pb0.05) (Table 2). In osteocalcin assay, the ALN group showed
Table 1
Body weight gain (gm) during the treatment period
CON OVX ALN 3% ON 7% ON 14% ON Power
1st week 13.9±
1.3c
35.0±
1.8a
28.8±
2.3b
32.1±
2.0ab
31.5±
1.5ab
28.0±
2.5b
1.000
2nd week 27.1±
2.9b
50.7±
3.3a
46.9±
3.6a
53.4±
2.9a
48.6±
3.0a
44.5±
4.5a
0.990
3rd week 32.1±
3.4b
60.5±
5.1a
58.3±
3.9a
65.5±
3.6a
65.0±
4.7a
58.7±
5.0a
0.994
4th week 36.8±
4.4b
67.9±
5.1a
63.8±
4.1a
71.2±
3.4a
61.7±
4.5a
61.6±
5.1a
0.991
5th week 36.1±
4.2b
76.8±
5.7a
73.2±
3.2a
79.5±
4.1a
67.5±
5.4a
66.9±
4.8a
1.000
6th week 44.9±
4.6b
81.5±
5.4a
76.3±
5.0a
79.5±
3.9a
68.2±
5.9a
75.1±
5.8a
0.984
Data were presented as mean±SEM. Power, power values calculated using
α=0.05; a–c
Mean±SEM values within a group not sharing a common super-
script are significantly different ( pb0.05).
1156 T.-H. Huang et al. / Bone 42 (2008) 1154–1163
4. the lowest value and was significantly lower than the OVX and
3% ON groups (pb0.05). The 14% ON groups also showed
significantly lower serum osteocalcin level when compared to the
3% ON group (pb0.05). The TRAP and IGF-I assays in both
ALN group and 14% ON group also showed a numeric lower
level as compared with CON group or OVX group, but not
reaching statistical significance.
Histomorphometry study (one-way ANOVA)
As shown in Figs. 2 and 3, the ovariectomy procedure caused
significantly less bone volume ratio (BV/TV, %), less trabecular
number (Tb. N., 1/mm), and increased trabecular separation
(Tb. Sp., mm) in the OVX group as compared with the CON
group ( pb0.05). In addition, the CON rats had a significantly
higher BV/TV than the rats in the ALN and three onion-
enriched diet groups ( pb0.05) (Figs. 2A and 3). Alendronate-
treated rats showed a significantly higher BV/TV as compared
to the rats in the OVX, 3% ON and 7% ON groups ( pb0.05),
but not the rats in the 14% ON group. The 14% ON group was
significantly higher in BV/TV than the OVX and 3% ON
groups ( pb0.05). Linear regression analysis showed that the
BV/TV data were significantly related to the ratio of onion-
contained in the diet (r=489, pb0.05) (Fig. 2B).
Further histomorphometric analysis of architecture para-
meters showed that trabecular sections were 14–17% thicker in
rats fed 7% and 14% onion-enriched diets than those in the ALN
group, but not at a significant level (Fig. 2C). Though the 14%
ON group was significantly less in trabecular number than the
CON and ALN groups, the rats in those three groups had
significantly higher trabecular number and less trabecular sepa-
ration as compared to the OVX, 3% ON and 7% ON groups
( pb0.05) (Fig. 2D and E). In osteoclast number per trabecular
area, the OVX group was significantly higher than the other five
groups ( pb0.05) (Fig. 2F).
Femur weight, geometry, and biomechanical testing
(one-way ANCOVA)
In order to eliminate the effects of body weight on size-
related parameters and extrinsic biomechanical properties, an
analysis of covariance was used to adjust and analyze the mean
values using body weight as a covariate [29]. The CON group
was significantly higher in femoral wet weight than the OVX,
3% ON and 7% ON groups ( pb0.05) (Table 3). The ALN and
the 14% ON groups were numerically higher in wet weight than
the three other ovariectomized groups, but did not show a
significant difference. The CON group was also significantly
higher in femoral fat-free dry weight (FFDW) than all
ovariectomized groups ( pb0.05). However, the ALN group
showed a smaller decrement of FFDW and was higher than the
OVX ( p=0.057) and 3% ON groups ( p=0.007). As compared
to the CON group, the five ovariectomized groups had lower
values for three cross-sectional geometric measurements,
ranging from −2.0% to −13.6% lower (Table 3), but showed
no statistical significance. Also, the ALN and 14% ON groups
showed less decrease in CSA, cortical thickness and CSMI as
compared with OVX group.
Regarding the femoral three-point bending test, the CON rats
showed the highest maximal load value and were significantly
different from rats in the OVX, 3% ON and 7% ON group
(Fig. 4A). In fracture load value, the CON group was also the
highest, but only significantly higher than the 3% ON group.
Treatments with alendronate and 14% onion-enriched diets could
prevent the deterioration of bending strength; the ALN and 14%
ON groups were significant higher in values of maximal load and
fracture load than the 3% ON group (pb0.05) (Fig. 4A and B).
Paralleling loading values, the CON group showed the highest
energy to maximal load and fracture load with significantly higher
data than those of the OVX group (pb0.05) (Fig. 4C and D).
Again, the alendronate and 14% onion-enriched diets respectively
preserved the properties of bone bending energy. The ALN group
showed significantly higher energy to maximal load than the
OVX and 3% ON groups, and significantly higher energy to
fracture load than the OVX group. On the other hand, the 14% ON
group also had a higher bending energy than the OVX group in
energy to maximal load (p=0.032) and fracture load (p=0.059),
though a statistically significant difference was not revealed in the
later measurement (Fig. 4D). In bending stiffness, the CON group
was significant higher than all ovariectomized groups (pb0.05)
except for the 14% ON group. The rats treated with 14% ON
showed a slightly higher stiffness and were significantly higher
than the 3% ON group (Fig. 4E).
Discussion
In this study we showed that onion-enriched diets could
counteract the ovariectomy-induced osteopenia in young adult
rats in a dose-dependent manner. The efficacies of the highest
dose of onion (14%) in preventing bone loss were similar to
those of alendronate treatment in many measurements.
Body weight gain
Previous work showed that onion is effective in intact male
rats and does not affect specific body weight [19,20]. A previous
study using rutin, an extract from onion, as a treatment showed
no effect on ovariectomy-induced weight gain [31]. Therefore,
there is no reason to assume that onion displays an estrogen-like
Table 2
Serum markers of bone metabolism
CON OVX ALN 3% ON 7% ON 14% ON Power
Calcium
(mg/dl)
9.68±
0.07a
9.43±
0.1a
8.96±
0.09b
8.90±
0.11b
8.83±
0.15b
8.83±
0.10b
1.000
Phosphorus
(mg/dl)
4.73±
0.25
5.17±
0.28
4.73±
0.42
5.68±
0.29
5.49±
0.35
4.85±
0.18
0.546
TRAP
(U/L)
1.84±
0.43
1.47±
0.12
1.55±
0.17
1.95±
0.12
1.68±
0.14
1.75±
0.19
0.314
Osteocalcin
(ng/ml)
123.4±
23.2bc
166.7±
17.0ab
109.2±
8.7c
199.3±
13.9a
150.6±
21.0abc
129.1±
19.8bc
0.927
IGF-I
(ng/ml)
931.9±
74.8
1020.2±
58.7
913.9±
46.9
1003.2±
78.4
976.2±
49.5
899.0±
65.6
0.221
Data were presented as mean±SEM. Power, power values calculated using
α=0.05;a–c
Mean±SEM values within a group not sharing a common superscript
are significantly different (pb0.05).
1157T.-H. Huang et al. / Bone 42 (2008) 1154–1163
5. Fig. 2. Histomorphometric analysis of proximal tibiae among different groups. A. bone volume ratio (BV/TV, %); B. linear regression between BV/TV and dietary onion consumption ratio; C. mean thickness of the
trabeculae (Tb.Th, μm); D. trabecular number (Tb. N., 1/mm); E. trabecular separation (Tb. Sp., mm). F. number of osteoclasts per unit tissue area (N. Oc/T. A, 1/mm2
). Ovariectomy caused much decrease of BV/TV
(%), and trabecular number, increased trabecular separation and number of osteoclasts. However, the ALN and 14% ON groups could counteract the ovariectomy-induced changes. Power, power values calculated using
α=0.05; a–d
Mean±SEM values within a group not sharing a common superscript are significantly different ( pb0.05).
1158T.-H.Huangetal./Bone42(2008)1154–1163
6. effect. In order to minimize the interference from body weight-
induced mechanical loading on bone, alendronate was chosen
as positive control treatment due to its nominal effect on
ovariectomy-induced body weight gain [32]. During the six-
week treatment period, all five ovariectomized groups showed
similar trends of body weight gain. Neither the alendronate, nor
the three different onion-enriched diets showed any obvious
modification in the increment of body weight gain induced by
ovariectomy and, thus, reduced the interference from body
weight on bone metabolism among different treated groups.
Serum bone markers
Except for serum TRACP 5b activity, the ALN group showed
lower levels in serum mineral level and markers of bone
formation. It has been previously verified that alendronate
prevents bone loss through down-regulating bone turnover [33–
35]. Since the high turnover may lead to loss of bone, such a
down-regulation of bone turnover may be beneficial to the bone
metabolism. The 14% ON group's equivalent results suggested
that a high onion-enriched diet could counteract bone loss through
a similar pathway. In contrast with previous studies investigating
the effects of dried plums [21,36], our serum markers seemed not
suggest enhanced bone formation activity from onion-enriched
diets. This might be due to the different status of subjects. Since
Arjmandi et al. and Deyhim et al. treated their subjects after a
period of estrogen deficiency [21,36], their studies demonstrated a
major effect of dried plums in bone restoration. However, our
subjects were treated immediately after ovariectomy. Moreover,
onion and dried plums might act on bone metabolism through
different pathways, which need to be further clarified.
Regarding bone resorption markers, TRACP 5b has been
proven as a sensitive marker for detecting bone resorption;
however, this sensitivity seemed to be limited within the initial
Table 3
Tissue weight, geometry measurements
CON OVX ALN 3% ON 7% ON 14%ON Power
Wet weight, mg 1165.2±40.2a
1047.5±33.5b
1109.0±32.6ab
1020.1±36.3b
1045.8±35.6b
1079.1±33.8ab
0.556
(−10.1%) (−4.8%) (−12.5%) (−10.2%) (−7.4%)
FFDW, mg 704.5±19.2a
594.3±16.0bc
638.6±15.6b
571.9±17.3c
593.5±17.0bc
603.7±16.1bc
0.992
(−15.6%) (−9.4%) (−18.8%) (−15.6%) (−14.3%)
CSA, mm2
6.40±0.28 5.81±0.23 6.09±0.22 5.77±0.25 5.86±0.25 6.20±0.23 0.290
(−9.2%) (−4.8%) (−9.8%) (−8.4%) (−3.1%)
Cortical bone thickness of the CS, mm 0.70±0.02 0.66±0.02 0.68±0.02 0.66±0.02 0.65±0.02 0.69±0.02 0.344
(−5.9%) (−2.1%) (−6.3%) (−7.8%) (−2.0%)
CSMI mm4
5.55±0.44 4.83±0.37 5.21±0.36 4.80±0.40 5.12±0.39 5.28±0.37 0.156
(−13.1%) (−6.2%) (−13.6%) (−7.8%) (−5.0%)
Data were presented as means±SEM. FFDW, fat-free dry weight; CSA, cross-sectional area of cortical bone in fracture site; CSMI, cross-sectional moment of inertia.
Data in parentheses were percentage differences relative to the CON group. Power, power values calculated using α=0.05; a–c
Mean±SEM values within a group not
sharing a common superscript are significantly different ( pb0.05).
Fig. 3. Histological sections of metaphysis of the proximal tibiae in rats of different groups. The ovariectomy caused serious loss of trabeculae in the proximal tibiae of
the OVX group, but alendronate and 14% onion-contained diet significantly protected bone from ovariectomy-induced osteopenia. An onion-containing diet preserved
more trabeculae close to the endo-cortical surface, especially in the 7% ON group. Trabeculae near by cortical bone were thicker (arrows) than those located in the
central of medullar canal (arrow heads); Bar, 1 mm.
1159T.-H. Huang et al. / Bone 42 (2008) 1154–1163
7. two weeks after ovariectomy or orchidectomy [37]. Since
TRACP 5b is released from osteoclasts, the serum activity of
TRACP 5b could be partially affected by the absolute number
of osteoclasts. Therefore, it was speculated that the serum
TRACP 5b activity turn back to sham level due to the decrease
in trabecular area and absolute osteoclast number as well [37].
This might be able to explain the inconsistency between the
serum TRACP activity and histological osteoclast number per
trabeculae area (N. Oc/T. A, Fig. 2F).
Histomorphometry analysis
Previous studies showed that onion at a dose of 1 g/rat/day
could inhibit bone resorption shown as about a 20% decrease of
Fig. 4. Evaluations of the midshaft femur biomechanical properties by using a three-point bending test. A. loading force to maximal load; B. loading force to tissue
fracture; C. energy to maximal load; D. energy to tissue fracture; E. bending stiffness of tissue. Ovariectomy significantly decreased the bending load, bending energy,
and stiffness as compared with controls. However, the ALN and 14% ON groups showed effects to counteract the deteriorations of these parameters. Power, power
values calculated using α=0.05; a–c
Mean±SEM values within a group not sharing a common superscript are significantly different ( pb0.05).
1160 T.-H. Huang et al. / Bone 42 (2008) 1154–1163
8. [H3
]-tetracycline urinary excretion [18–20]. Furthermore, a
higher dose of onion (1.5 g/rat/day) could blunt [H3
]-tetracycline
urinary excretion up to 26% in ovariectomized rats [22]. In the
present study, we further investigated the effects of onion on
ovariectomy-induced loss of trabecular bone tissue. As a positive
control treatment, alendronate significantly prevented trabecular
bone loss in bone volume ratio (BV/TV) and kept better archi-
tecture as compared to the OVX group (Figs. 2 and 3). However,
the dose of alendronate (1 mg/kg/day) used in the present study
could not fully counteract the effects of ovariectomy when
compared to control rats (Fig. 2).
On the other hand, the rats treated with onion-enriched diets
also showed a good preservation of BV/TV. A positive linear
relationship between BV/TV and onion-enrichment ratio sug-
gested the impact of onion is dose-dependent (Fig. 2A and B).
The highest onion-treated (14%) group showed similar effects to
the alendronate-treated group. Only the highest onion dose
prevented a decrease in the number of trabeculae (Fig. 2D).
Interestingly, the 7% ON and 14% ON groups both showed
numerically higher average trabecular thickness (Fig. 2C). Since
the trabeculae near the endo-cortical surface were thicker on
average than those located in the center of the medullar canal, the
preservation of more trabeculae in the central medullary canal in
the ALN rats made their thickness of trabeculae (Tb.Th) on
average slightly lower (Fig. 2C). A decreased number of TRAP-
positive osteoclasts in onion-treated groups and the ALN group
indicated that onion-enriched diets could act similarly to
alendronate through a pathway of bone resorption inhibition
(Fig. 2F). This decreased number of osteoclasts confirmed the
onion's anti-resorptive effects on bone, which has previously
been suggested [18–20]. The 3% ON group failed to show
preservation of BV/TV, which might be because the lower dose
of onion treatment was only able to inhibit osteoclastic activity
during the later phase of estrogen deficiency, when the bone
resorption rate was slower.
Tissue weight, geometry and strength
Typically, ovariectomy induced a body weight gain in the
present study. According to Frost's mechanostat theory [38], this
increment of body weight causes a higher loading on bone, thus
preserving bone strength to a certain extent. In addition, it has
been suggested that the ovariectomy-induced higher body weight
might partially compensate for the deterioration of bone quality
[39]. Several studies failed to reveal the ovariectomy-induced
loss of bone strength in the midshaft of the femur, which might be
due to the interference of this increased body weight [21,40,41].
Therefore, we compared the cross-sectional parameters and long
bone three-point bending data among groups using a one-way
analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) with body weight data as a
covariate. Again, alendronate, as well as a 14% onion-enriched
diet, better maintained bone quality in biomaterial properties
(Fig. 4A–D), and the 14% ON group even showed a slightly
higher stiffness than other ovariectomized groups (Fig. 4E).
On the other hand, the effect of ovariectomy on tissue weight
was relatively modest, and moreover, only numeric differences
were shown between the CON group and the OVX group in
cross-sectional cortex measurements (Table 3). Nevertheless,
the ALN and 14% ON groups still showed tendencies toward
minor decreases in tissue weight or cross-sectional cortex mea-
surements. Cross-sectional parameters, such as cortical thick-
ness, cortical area or moment of inertia, would contribute to long
bone mechanical properties [30]. However, the significant dif-
ferences shown in three-point bending test were not revealed in
cross-sectional measurements. This inconsistent data might
be explained by the following: (1) Geometric parameters in
midshaft femur were less affected by ovariectomy, which might
be due to the lack of a Haversian system and vessels in cortical
bone of young adult rats [42–44]; (2) According to the formula
of three-point bending, a certain amount of change in CSMI and
cross-sectional diameter would cause a fourfold change in
loading values of three-point bending when the tested sample
was an ideal cylinder with an equilibrium material property [30].
Therefore, a slight change in cross-sectional parameters would
cause significant variation in loading values; (3) Other than
geometric factors, it has been suggested that the strength of bone
tissue could also be related to compositional measures, such as
tissue density, collagen content or ash fraction, as well as the
microstructure parameters, including collagen cross-linking or
fiber orientation [45,46]. Further studies could be useful in
determining the preventive effects of an onion-enriched diet on
composition and microstructure of osteoporotic bone.
Possible mechanisms
Limited evidence was available to explain the actions of onions
and other vegetables and fruits. One possible mechanism of bone
restoration by those natural foods might be related to their base
excess [10,14], which is believed to retain calcium in bones.
However, Mühlbauer et al. showed that onion could enhance bone
mineral through a pharmacological inhibition on bone resorption
rather than its base excess [19]. The pharmacological inhibition
effects might be from various extracts of onion, including rutin,
and several phytoestrogens (coumestrol, isoflavones). These
extracts have also been proven to have individual benefits for
the bone of ovariectomy animals [31,47–49]. Recently, another
extract of onion, gamma glutamyl peptide, has been proven to
inhibit osteoclastic activity in vitro, and further animal study is
awaited [50]. Aside from the effects of a specific extract, the
synergistic effects of extracts from natural foods could be also
important. As noted by Mühlbauer [51], the working dose of rutin
used by Horcajada-Molteni et al. [31] is six times higher than its
contentin 1 g of onionand 700–800 times higher than its content in
1 g of leeks or wild garlic, which implies that those extracts might
be more effective when taken together, rather than separately.
Limitations and applicability in human diet habits
Animals in this study were kept in a controlled environment
and fed with a standard semi-purified diet, which is far from the
practice of real human life. Natural inhibitors contained in our
daily diets and various lifestyle factors (ex. alcohol consump-
tion, smoking etc.) would counteract the benefits from onion
and vegetables as well.
1161T.-H. Huang et al. / Bone 42 (2008) 1154–1163
9. Though we verified onion as another whole food that may
prevent bone loss in animal osteoporotic model, it would not
be applicable to suggest that people consume large amounts
of a specific fruit or vegetable as a strategy to prevent bone
loss. Notwithstanding those limitations mentioned above, there
are still ways and clues that encourage us to apply a potentially
anti-resorptive diet in our lives. Indirect evidence from human
studies has suggested that eating more fruits and vegetables
would benefit bone health [9–17]. Besides, plenty of vegetables
and herbs commonly consumed by humans have been men-
tioned about their similarly inhibitive effects on bone resorption
in animal studies [18–20,22]. Therefore, inclusion of an appro-
priate amount of these vegetables and herbs would keep variety
in the daily diet and could be an effective and more practical
way to decrease the incidence of osteoporosis in humans.
Conclusion
In summary, our study showed that high onion-enriched diets
are able to decrease ovariectomy-induced osteopenia and
deterioration of biomechanical strength. Further investigations
would be valuable in investigating the cellular mechanisms of
onion on bone homeostasis. Although it remains unclear how
those natural foods benefit bone health, increasing the intake of
fruits and vegetables might offer a potentially alternative way to
improve bone health.
Acknowledgments
This study was supported by a grant from the National
Science Council (NSC-94-2314-B-006-033, Taiwan). Deep
appreciation for English editing assistance from Miss Jae Cody.
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