Olfactory sensation
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There are 100 primary smell sensations that can be categorized as camphoraceous, musky, floral, pepperminty, ethereal, pungent or putrid. The sense of smell has an extremely low threshold, with some substances like methylmercaptan being detectable at concentrations as low as one 25 trillionth of a gram per milliliter of air. The olfactory bulb located in the brain receives signals from smell receptors in the nose via the olfactory tract and contains three types of neurons - mitral cells, tufted cells, and granule cells - that form glomeruli where axons from the nose terminate. Trigeminal pain fibers in the nose are responsible for initiating sneezing
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Olfaction ppt
The document discusses the senses of smell and taste. It describes:
1. Smell (olfaction) and taste are chemical senses that involve chemoreceptors in the nose and mouth that are stimulated by odorant molecules.
2. The sense of smell involves olfactory receptor cells in the nasal cavity that detect odors and transmit signals through the olfactory nerve to the olfactory bulb and olfactory cortex.
3. Adaptation occurs when exposed to constant odors, which decreases perception over time through centrifugal control from the brain to the olfactory bulb.
Olfactory system
Olfaction is one the major sense. In the following presentation, a brief description of the olfactory system is given. In this following topics are discussed: olfactory membrane, olfactory bulb, odor pathway, anosmia, directional smelling and plasticity. By the end of it, you will be able to describe the olfactory pathway of the nervous system.
Olfaction
The document discusses the sense of smell (olfaction). It describes how odorants are detected by olfactory receptor neurons in the nasal cavity and signals are sent to brain structures like the olfactory bulb and limbic system. It notes that dogs have a much more sensitive sense of smell than humans, with more olfactory receptor neurons. The summary provides an overview of the key topics and structures involved in the sense of smell.
Sense of smell
The document summarizes key aspects of the sense of smell (olfaction). It discusses:
1) Smell and taste both use chemoreceptors and can differentiate a large range of chemicals, with smell able to detect more. They project to the cerebral cortex and limbic system, evoking strong emotions.
2) The olfactory epithelium in the nasal cavity contains olfactory receptor cells that detect airborne chemicals dissolved in mucus. Supporting cells and glands produce mucus.
3) Signals from olfactory receptors travel along the olfactory nerve to the olfactory bulb and olfactory cortex for interpretation and integration with memory in the brain.
The sense of smell
1) The olfactory mucous membrane is a small area in the roof of the nasal cavity that contains 10-20 million olfactory receptor cells which detect smells.
2) When an odorant molecule binds to a receptor, it triggers a signaling cascade that leads to an action potential in the receptor neuron.
3) The axons of receptor cells project to the olfactory bulbs where they synapse with other neurons and transmit smell information to the central nervous system.
Physiology of smell
This document summarizes key aspects of olfaction and the olfactory system. It describes the main olfactory epithelium and vomeronasal organ as the sites of olfaction. The olfactory epithelium contains olfactory receptor cells with cilia that project into the mucus and detect odors. When an odorant binds to a receptor, it triggers an action potential that travels along the olfactory nerve to the olfactory bulb for processing and transmission to the cortex. The document also lists common odor thresholds and abnormalities that can impact sense of smell.
7. the sense organs
The document summarizes the key characteristics and functions of the human senses. It describes the different sensory receptors for touch, pain, temperature, and other somatic senses. It also covers the special senses of taste, smell, vision, hearing and balance. For each sense, it outlines the receptor locations and structures, stimulus types, neural pathways, and some distinguishing features. The document provides anatomical and physiological details about sensory systems and processing.
Physiology Taste and Smell
The nasal cavity contains the olfactory segment which is lined with olfactory epithelium containing receptors that detect smells. Each olfactory receptor is a neuron with cilia that project into the mucus and connect to the olfactory bulbs. The olfactory bulbs contain neurons that process smell information and project to the olfactory cortex. Taste buds on the tongue and oral cavity contain receptor cells that detect the five basic tastes and transmit information through cranial nerves to the brainstem and thalamus for processing. Abnormalities of smell and taste include anosmia, hyposmia, dysgeusia, and ageusia which can be caused by damage, disease, or other factors.
Recommended
Olfaction ppt
The document discusses the senses of smell and taste. It describes:
1. Smell (olfaction) and taste are chemical senses that involve chemoreceptors in the nose and mouth that are stimulated by odorant molecules.
2. The sense of smell involves olfactory receptor cells in the nasal cavity that detect odors and transmit signals through the olfactory nerve to the olfactory bulb and olfactory cortex.
3. Adaptation occurs when exposed to constant odors, which decreases perception over time through centrifugal control from the brain to the olfactory bulb.
Olfactory system
Olfaction is one the major sense. In the following presentation, a brief description of the olfactory system is given. In this following topics are discussed: olfactory membrane, olfactory bulb, odor pathway, anosmia, directional smelling and plasticity. By the end of it, you will be able to describe the olfactory pathway of the nervous system.
Olfaction
The document discusses the sense of smell (olfaction). It describes how odorants are detected by olfactory receptor neurons in the nasal cavity and signals are sent to brain structures like the olfactory bulb and limbic system. It notes that dogs have a much more sensitive sense of smell than humans, with more olfactory receptor neurons. The summary provides an overview of the key topics and structures involved in the sense of smell.
Sense of smell
The document summarizes key aspects of the sense of smell (olfaction). It discusses:
1) Smell and taste both use chemoreceptors and can differentiate a large range of chemicals, with smell able to detect more. They project to the cerebral cortex and limbic system, evoking strong emotions.
2) The olfactory epithelium in the nasal cavity contains olfactory receptor cells that detect airborne chemicals dissolved in mucus. Supporting cells and glands produce mucus.
3) Signals from olfactory receptors travel along the olfactory nerve to the olfactory bulb and olfactory cortex for interpretation and integration with memory in the brain.
The sense of smell
1) The olfactory mucous membrane is a small area in the roof of the nasal cavity that contains 10-20 million olfactory receptor cells which detect smells.
2) When an odorant molecule binds to a receptor, it triggers a signaling cascade that leads to an action potential in the receptor neuron.
3) The axons of receptor cells project to the olfactory bulbs where they synapse with other neurons and transmit smell information to the central nervous system.
Physiology of smell
This document summarizes key aspects of olfaction and the olfactory system. It describes the main olfactory epithelium and vomeronasal organ as the sites of olfaction. The olfactory epithelium contains olfactory receptor cells with cilia that project into the mucus and detect odors. When an odorant binds to a receptor, it triggers an action potential that travels along the olfactory nerve to the olfactory bulb for processing and transmission to the cortex. The document also lists common odor thresholds and abnormalities that can impact sense of smell.
7. the sense organs
The document summarizes the key characteristics and functions of the human senses. It describes the different sensory receptors for touch, pain, temperature, and other somatic senses. It also covers the special senses of taste, smell, vision, hearing and balance. For each sense, it outlines the receptor locations and structures, stimulus types, neural pathways, and some distinguishing features. The document provides anatomical and physiological details about sensory systems and processing.
Physiology Taste and Smell
The nasal cavity contains the olfactory segment which is lined with olfactory epithelium containing receptors that detect smells. Each olfactory receptor is a neuron with cilia that project into the mucus and connect to the olfactory bulbs. The olfactory bulbs contain neurons that process smell information and project to the olfactory cortex. Taste buds on the tongue and oral cavity contain receptor cells that detect the five basic tastes and transmit information through cranial nerves to the brainstem and thalamus for processing. Abnormalities of smell and taste include anosmia, hyposmia, dysgeusia, and ageusia which can be caused by damage, disease, or other factors.
Taste and smell
The document discusses the physiology of taste and smell. It describes the anatomy and function of taste buds and receptors on the tongue that detect the five basic tastes: salty, sour, sweet, bitter, and umami. It also discusses the pathways and centers in the brain involved in taste perception. For smell, it outlines the anatomy of the olfactory epithelium and bulb, and the receptors, binding proteins, and central pathways that underlie olfaction.
Chemical senses
Taste and smell are closely linked senses that involve different receptors but overlap in central processing. Taste is detected by taste receptor cells located in taste buds in the tongue, soft palate, and pharynx, which respond to five primary tastes: salty, sour, sweet, bitter, and umami. Smell is detected by olfactory receptor neurons located in the nasal cavity that transmit signals through the olfactory bulbs and to the brain. Both senses play an important role in food intake and can influence appetite.
Olfaction
Olfaction, or the sense of smell, occurs when odorant molecules bind to olfactory receptors in the nasal cavity. Humans have two olfactory systems - the main olfactory system detects airborne chemicals, while the accessory olfactory system detects pheromones. Evolution has led to changes in vertebrate olfaction, including the development of nasal turbinates in mammals which increase surface area for smell. Diseases and disorders can impair olfaction through conductive issues like nasal obstruction or central issues like viral infection of olfactory neurons.
Classification of Sensory receptor 1
This power point gives a brief introduction on the classification of sensory receptor based on their structures
Taste pathway
The document discusses the human sense of taste. It describes the five primary tastes detected by taste buds located on papillae on the tongue. Taste buds contain specialized cells that detect tastes and transmit signals through cranial nerves to the brainstem, thalamus, and gustatory cortex. Factors that influence taste include saliva, medications, disease, and aging. Disorders of taste include loss of taste and distortions or phantom tastes.
physiology of smell
The document summarizes the anatomy and physiology of the olfactory system. It describes the main parts including the olfactory epithelium containing olfactory receptor cells that detect odors, as well as supporting and basal cells. It explains how odors bind to receptors and trigger signals to the olfactory bulb and various parts of the brain involved in smell perception and response, like the limbic system and orbitofrontal cortex. The olfactory system is divided into very old, less old, and newer parts associated with more primitive and learned odor responses.
Physiology of olfaction
The sense of smell is the least understood of the human senses. It is mediated by olfactory receptor cells in the nasal cavity that detect odors and transmit signals along the olfactory nerve to the olfactory bulb and various areas of the brain involved in smell perception. While humans have a poorly developed sense of smell compared to many animals, smell plays an important role in pleasure, taste perception, and danger detection. The sense of smell provides insights into sexual function and can strongly trigger memories.
Special sense of hearing
The document discusses the anatomy and physiology of the human ear and hearing process. It describes how sound waves are captured by the outer ear and transmitted through the middle ear bones to vibrate the cochlea's basilar membrane. This triggers nerve impulses that travel to the brain. The cochlea analyzes sound frequencies using the traveling wave theory. Hearing loss can occur due to conductive issues or damage to cochlear hair cells and nerves. Diagnostic tools include audiometry for testing hearing thresholds and otoscopy for ear exams.
Sensory organs
The document discusses the human sensory systems. It describes the different sensory systems including vision, hearing, taste, smell, and somatic senses. It provides classifications of sensory receptors by function, location, and structure. It also provides details on specific sensory systems such as the eye, ear, and skin receptors. The eye is described in terms of its layers, internal structures, visual pathway, and role in vision. The ear is described as having three main regions for hearing and balance.
Anatomy & Physiology Of Olfactory System
This document discusses the physiology and anatomy of olfaction. It describes the olfactory mucous membrane containing receptor cells that detect odors. It explains how stimulation of these cells leads to action potentials that travel to the olfactory bulbs and higher brain centers. The document also discusses theories of olfaction and abnormalities in smell perception as well as quantitative tests and imaging studies used to evaluate the sense of smell.
Special senses olfaction
This document discusses the senses of smell (olfaction) and taste. It notes that smell and taste have a cooperative relationship, with odor contributing approximately 80% of what we perceive as flavor. The main points covered include:
- Smell and taste are classified as special senses along with sight, hearing, and balance
- The olfactory system includes receptors in the nose, olfactory bulbs, and pathways to the brain regions involved in emotion and behavior
- Pheromones influence behaviors through a vomeronasal system present in many animals
- Humans have a less developed sense of smell compared to most animals
- The olfactory epithelium regenerates sensory neurons throughout life but this capacity declines with age
Gustaation
The document summarizes the anatomy and physiology of gustation, or the sense of taste. It discusses that taste buds contain receptor cells that detect five basic tastes - sweet, sour, salty, bitter, and umami. Taste buds are located within papillae on the tongue and soft palate. Gustatory signals travel along cranial nerves to the brainstem and thalamus, where conscious taste perception occurs. Taste sensitivity depends on concentrations, and can adapt and decrease with continuous stimulation over minutes.
Chemical senses - smell and taste
The document discusses various topics related to chemical senses including taste and smell. It provides an overview of the anatomy and physiology of taste buds and olfactory receptors. It discusses how smells and tastes are processed in the brain and coded neurally. Cultural and individual differences in taste and smell perception are also covered.
The limbic system and the hypothalamus
The document summarizes the structure and function of the reticular formation and limbic system. It discusses how the reticular formation activates the cerebrum through direct stimulation and neurohormonal systems. It describes various neurohormonal systems like the locus ceruleus-norepinephrine system and raphe nuclei-serotonin system. It then discusses the limbic system, including the hypothalamus, and their roles in emotional behavior, motivational drives, and regulating internal body functions. Key limbic structures and their functions in aggression, fear, feeding, reward, and punishment are also outlined.
Synapse
This document provides information about synapses and synaptic transmission in the central nervous system (CNS). It defines a synapse as the junction between two neurons and discusses the key anatomical structures involved, including the presynaptic terminal, synaptic cleft, and postsynaptic membrane. It describes how an action potential in the presynaptic neuron leads to calcium ion influx and neurotransmitter release into the synaptic cleft. The neurotransmitters then bind to receptors on the postsynaptic membrane, which can result in excitation via EPSPs or inhibition via IPSPs depending on the specific neurotransmitter and receptor type involved. Higher-level functions such as learning and memory emerge from the complex integration of signals at numerous synapses throughout the CNS neural circuits.
Anatomy of olfactory system
The olfactory system contains three main cell types in the olfactory epithelium: basal, supporting, and olfactory receptor cells. Basal cells act as stem cells that generate olfactory receptor cells, which are bipolar neurons that detect smells. The olfactory receptors send signals along the olfactory nerve to the olfactory bulb and tract in the brain. Loss of smell, or olfactory dysfunction, can be conductive due to blockage or sensorineural involving receptor or central nervous system damage. Common causes include upper respiratory infections, head trauma, nasal/sinus issues, and sometimes idiopathic causes. Evaluation involves smell identification tests to assess the ability to perceive and identify odors.
Auditory pathway
The auditory pathway begins with hair cells in the inner ear that transmit signals through the vestibulocochlear nerve to the cochlear nuclei in the brainstem. These signals then travel to the superior olivary nuclei, lateral lemniscus nuclei, and medial geniculate bodies of the thalamus. Finally, auditory radiation fibers carry the signals to the temporal lobes of the cerebral cortex where sounds are perceived and analyzed in areas 41, 42, and Wernicke's area.
Chemical Senses
This document discusses the chemical senses of taste and smell in humans. It describes the different types of chemoreceptors in the body and focuses on those related to taste and smell. It provides details on the organs, cells, neural pathways and mechanisms of taste and smell transduction. It also compares taste and smell systems between humans and other animals.
Hearing
The document describes the mechanism of hearing. Sound is detected by the ear and transmitted through the outer, middle and inner ear. In the inner ear, hair cells in the organ of Corti detect sound waves and transduce them into electrical signals that travel along the auditory nerve to the brain. The basilar membrane provides frequency discrimination as different regions resonate to different frequencies. The auditory pathway projects from the cochlear nuclei to the midbrain, thalamus and auditory cortex where sound is perceived and interpreted.
Taste Receptor
1) Taste is mediated by taste receptors located in taste buds in the oral cavity and throat. Taste receptors respond to different ions and molecules to produce the sensations of sweet, salty, sour, bitter and umami.
2) Taste buds contain 50-75 taste receptor cells that sample substances in the mouth and transmit signals through nerves to the brainstem and thalamus, which process taste and initiate behavioral responses.
3) The tongue is the major organ of taste, containing fungiform, foliate and vallate papillae that house taste buds. Taste signals are conveyed to the brain via the facial, glossopharyngeal and vagus nerves.
Olfaction mbbs
1. The sense of smell occurs in the olfactory epithelium located in the upper part of the nasal cavity. Olfactory sensory neurons here detect odorant molecules and transmit signals to the olfactory bulb.
2. When an odorant molecule binds to an olfactory receptor, it triggers a signal transduction pathway involving cAMP that leads to an action potential. This signal is transmitted via the olfactory nerve to the olfactory bulb.
3. The olfactory pathway projects from the olfactory bulb to areas involved in perception and emotion processing like the piriform cortex, amygdala and orbitofrontal cortex. Factors like concentration, adaptation and injury can influence olfactory function.
The sense of smell
The sense of smell occurs through olfactory receptor cells located in the olfactory mucous membrane in the roof of the nasal cavity. Each olfactory receptor cell has multiple cilia exposed to inhaled air and mucus produced by Bowman's glands. When an odorant binds to a receptor, it triggers a signaling cascade that creates an action potential transmitted along the olfactory nerve to the olfactory bulbs. The olfactory bulbs contain synapses that transmit signals to other areas of the brain involved in processing smells. The sense of smell allows for detection of odorants at extremely low concentrations and discrimination of thousands of smells.
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Taste and smell
The document discusses the physiology of taste and smell. It describes the anatomy and function of taste buds and receptors on the tongue that detect the five basic tastes: salty, sour, sweet, bitter, and umami. It also discusses the pathways and centers in the brain involved in taste perception. For smell, it outlines the anatomy of the olfactory epithelium and bulb, and the receptors, binding proteins, and central pathways that underlie olfaction.
Chemical senses
Taste and smell are closely linked senses that involve different receptors but overlap in central processing. Taste is detected by taste receptor cells located in taste buds in the tongue, soft palate, and pharynx, which respond to five primary tastes: salty, sour, sweet, bitter, and umami. Smell is detected by olfactory receptor neurons located in the nasal cavity that transmit signals through the olfactory bulbs and to the brain. Both senses play an important role in food intake and can influence appetite.
Olfaction
Olfaction, or the sense of smell, occurs when odorant molecules bind to olfactory receptors in the nasal cavity. Humans have two olfactory systems - the main olfactory system detects airborne chemicals, while the accessory olfactory system detects pheromones. Evolution has led to changes in vertebrate olfaction, including the development of nasal turbinates in mammals which increase surface area for smell. Diseases and disorders can impair olfaction through conductive issues like nasal obstruction or central issues like viral infection of olfactory neurons.
Classification of Sensory receptor 1
This power point gives a brief introduction on the classification of sensory receptor based on their structures
Taste pathway
The document discusses the human sense of taste. It describes the five primary tastes detected by taste buds located on papillae on the tongue. Taste buds contain specialized cells that detect tastes and transmit signals through cranial nerves to the brainstem, thalamus, and gustatory cortex. Factors that influence taste include saliva, medications, disease, and aging. Disorders of taste include loss of taste and distortions or phantom tastes.
physiology of smell
The document summarizes the anatomy and physiology of the olfactory system. It describes the main parts including the olfactory epithelium containing olfactory receptor cells that detect odors, as well as supporting and basal cells. It explains how odors bind to receptors and trigger signals to the olfactory bulb and various parts of the brain involved in smell perception and response, like the limbic system and orbitofrontal cortex. The olfactory system is divided into very old, less old, and newer parts associated with more primitive and learned odor responses.
Physiology of olfaction
The sense of smell is the least understood of the human senses. It is mediated by olfactory receptor cells in the nasal cavity that detect odors and transmit signals along the olfactory nerve to the olfactory bulb and various areas of the brain involved in smell perception. While humans have a poorly developed sense of smell compared to many animals, smell plays an important role in pleasure, taste perception, and danger detection. The sense of smell provides insights into sexual function and can strongly trigger memories.
Special sense of hearing
The document discusses the anatomy and physiology of the human ear and hearing process. It describes how sound waves are captured by the outer ear and transmitted through the middle ear bones to vibrate the cochlea's basilar membrane. This triggers nerve impulses that travel to the brain. The cochlea analyzes sound frequencies using the traveling wave theory. Hearing loss can occur due to conductive issues or damage to cochlear hair cells and nerves. Diagnostic tools include audiometry for testing hearing thresholds and otoscopy for ear exams.
Sensory organs
The document discusses the human sensory systems. It describes the different sensory systems including vision, hearing, taste, smell, and somatic senses. It provides classifications of sensory receptors by function, location, and structure. It also provides details on specific sensory systems such as the eye, ear, and skin receptors. The eye is described in terms of its layers, internal structures, visual pathway, and role in vision. The ear is described as having three main regions for hearing and balance.
Anatomy & Physiology Of Olfactory System
This document discusses the physiology and anatomy of olfaction. It describes the olfactory mucous membrane containing receptor cells that detect odors. It explains how stimulation of these cells leads to action potentials that travel to the olfactory bulbs and higher brain centers. The document also discusses theories of olfaction and abnormalities in smell perception as well as quantitative tests and imaging studies used to evaluate the sense of smell.
Special senses olfaction
This document discusses the senses of smell (olfaction) and taste. It notes that smell and taste have a cooperative relationship, with odor contributing approximately 80% of what we perceive as flavor. The main points covered include:
- Smell and taste are classified as special senses along with sight, hearing, and balance
- The olfactory system includes receptors in the nose, olfactory bulbs, and pathways to the brain regions involved in emotion and behavior
- Pheromones influence behaviors through a vomeronasal system present in many animals
- Humans have a less developed sense of smell compared to most animals
- The olfactory epithelium regenerates sensory neurons throughout life but this capacity declines with age
Gustaation
The document summarizes the anatomy and physiology of gustation, or the sense of taste. It discusses that taste buds contain receptor cells that detect five basic tastes - sweet, sour, salty, bitter, and umami. Taste buds are located within papillae on the tongue and soft palate. Gustatory signals travel along cranial nerves to the brainstem and thalamus, where conscious taste perception occurs. Taste sensitivity depends on concentrations, and can adapt and decrease with continuous stimulation over minutes.
Chemical senses - smell and taste
The document discusses various topics related to chemical senses including taste and smell. It provides an overview of the anatomy and physiology of taste buds and olfactory receptors. It discusses how smells and tastes are processed in the brain and coded neurally. Cultural and individual differences in taste and smell perception are also covered.
The limbic system and the hypothalamus
The document summarizes the structure and function of the reticular formation and limbic system. It discusses how the reticular formation activates the cerebrum through direct stimulation and neurohormonal systems. It describes various neurohormonal systems like the locus ceruleus-norepinephrine system and raphe nuclei-serotonin system. It then discusses the limbic system, including the hypothalamus, and their roles in emotional behavior, motivational drives, and regulating internal body functions. Key limbic structures and their functions in aggression, fear, feeding, reward, and punishment are also outlined.
Synapse
This document provides information about synapses and synaptic transmission in the central nervous system (CNS). It defines a synapse as the junction between two neurons and discusses the key anatomical structures involved, including the presynaptic terminal, synaptic cleft, and postsynaptic membrane. It describes how an action potential in the presynaptic neuron leads to calcium ion influx and neurotransmitter release into the synaptic cleft. The neurotransmitters then bind to receptors on the postsynaptic membrane, which can result in excitation via EPSPs or inhibition via IPSPs depending on the specific neurotransmitter and receptor type involved. Higher-level functions such as learning and memory emerge from the complex integration of signals at numerous synapses throughout the CNS neural circuits.
Anatomy of olfactory system
The olfactory system contains three main cell types in the olfactory epithelium: basal, supporting, and olfactory receptor cells. Basal cells act as stem cells that generate olfactory receptor cells, which are bipolar neurons that detect smells. The olfactory receptors send signals along the olfactory nerve to the olfactory bulb and tract in the brain. Loss of smell, or olfactory dysfunction, can be conductive due to blockage or sensorineural involving receptor or central nervous system damage. Common causes include upper respiratory infections, head trauma, nasal/sinus issues, and sometimes idiopathic causes. Evaluation involves smell identification tests to assess the ability to perceive and identify odors.
Auditory pathway
The auditory pathway begins with hair cells in the inner ear that transmit signals through the vestibulocochlear nerve to the cochlear nuclei in the brainstem. These signals then travel to the superior olivary nuclei, lateral lemniscus nuclei, and medial geniculate bodies of the thalamus. Finally, auditory radiation fibers carry the signals to the temporal lobes of the cerebral cortex where sounds are perceived and analyzed in areas 41, 42, and Wernicke's area.
Chemical Senses
This document discusses the chemical senses of taste and smell in humans. It describes the different types of chemoreceptors in the body and focuses on those related to taste and smell. It provides details on the organs, cells, neural pathways and mechanisms of taste and smell transduction. It also compares taste and smell systems between humans and other animals.
Hearing
The document describes the mechanism of hearing. Sound is detected by the ear and transmitted through the outer, middle and inner ear. In the inner ear, hair cells in the organ of Corti detect sound waves and transduce them into electrical signals that travel along the auditory nerve to the brain. The basilar membrane provides frequency discrimination as different regions resonate to different frequencies. The auditory pathway projects from the cochlear nuclei to the midbrain, thalamus and auditory cortex where sound is perceived and interpreted.
Taste Receptor
1) Taste is mediated by taste receptors located in taste buds in the oral cavity and throat. Taste receptors respond to different ions and molecules to produce the sensations of sweet, salty, sour, bitter and umami.
2) Taste buds contain 50-75 taste receptor cells that sample substances in the mouth and transmit signals through nerves to the brainstem and thalamus, which process taste and initiate behavioral responses.
3) The tongue is the major organ of taste, containing fungiform, foliate and vallate papillae that house taste buds. Taste signals are conveyed to the brain via the facial, glossopharyngeal and vagus nerves.
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Similar to Olfactory sensation
Olfaction mbbs
1. The sense of smell occurs in the olfactory epithelium located in the upper part of the nasal cavity. Olfactory sensory neurons here detect odorant molecules and transmit signals to the olfactory bulb.
2. When an odorant molecule binds to an olfactory receptor, it triggers a signal transduction pathway involving cAMP that leads to an action potential. This signal is transmitted via the olfactory nerve to the olfactory bulb.
3. The olfactory pathway projects from the olfactory bulb to areas involved in perception and emotion processing like the piriform cortex, amygdala and orbitofrontal cortex. Factors like concentration, adaptation and injury can influence olfactory function.
The sense of smell
The sense of smell occurs through olfactory receptor cells located in the olfactory mucous membrane in the roof of the nasal cavity. Each olfactory receptor cell has multiple cilia exposed to inhaled air and mucus produced by Bowman's glands. When an odorant binds to a receptor, it triggers a signaling cascade that creates an action potential transmitted along the olfactory nerve to the olfactory bulbs. The olfactory bulbs contain synapses that transmit signals to other areas of the brain involved in processing smells. The sense of smell allows for detection of odorants at extremely low concentrations and discrimination of thousands of smells.
Smell & Taste theory updated on 2021 BY PANDIAN M.
10.13 & 10.14 Describe and discuss perception of smell and taste sensation
At the end of the session, the first phase MBBS student should be able to
1] Describe the location, structure, and afferent pathways of taste receptors.
2]Describe the location, structure, and afferent pathways of smell receptors.
3]Name the basic taste sensations, identify the five distinct gustatory modalities.
4] describe the cells of a taste bud.
5] explain how taste receptors are activated and explain the mechanism of taste transduction for each taste quality.
6] explain how olfactory receptors are activated and explain the mechanism of olfactory transduction.
7] identify the three cranial nerves that transmit taste information to the cerebral cortex.
Smell and taste by Pandian M. Dept of Physiology, DYPMCKOP,MH
Describe the basic features of the neural elements in the olfactory epithelium and olfactory bulb.
Describe signal transduction in odorant receptors.
Outline the pathway by which impulses generated in the olfactory epithelium reach the olfactory cortex.
Describe the location and cellular composition of taste buds.
Name the five major taste receptors and signal transduction mechanisms in these receptors.
Outline the pathways by which impulses generated in taste receptors reach the insular cortex.
olfactory.pptx
This document summarizes the physiology of smell (olfaction). It describes the key components of the olfactory system including olfactory receptor cells in the nose, olfactory bulb, and olfactory cortex. It explains how odorant molecules bind to receptors on olfactory cells, triggering a signaling cascade that leads to nerve impulses being transmitted along the olfactory nerve to the olfactory bulb and cortex. The glomeruli in the olfactory bulb are where olfactory receptor neurons synapse with mitral cells to transmit smell information to the brain.
The sense of smell (1)
The olfactory mucous membrane is located in the roof of the nasal cavity near the septum, covering an area of about 5cm2. It contains 10-20 million olfactory receptor cells, each with cilia that project into the mucus on the surface. When an odorant molecule binds to a receptor, it triggers a signaling cascade that creates an action potential transmitted by the receptor cell's axon to the olfactory bulbs. The bulbs contain synapses that transmit signals to other areas of the brain involved in processing smell. While humans can distinguish over 10,000 odors, intensity perception is poor. Abnormalities of smell include anosmia, hyposmia, and dysosmia.
Dpt smell & taste
The document discusses the senses of olfaction and gustation. It provides details on:
- The anatomy and function of the olfactory epithelium, olfactory bulb, and pathways involved in smell perception.
- The five primary olfactory sensations and how odors trigger memory.
- The anatomy of taste buds and tongue papillae.
- The five basic taste sensations and associated receptor cells.
- The pathways involved in taste sensation transmission from the tongue to the brain.
Physiology of smell
This document summarizes the anatomy and physiology of the human sense of smell. It discusses:
- The olfactory epithelium containing olfactory receptor cells that detect odors and transmit signals to the brain.
- Supporting cells and basal stem cells that provide structure and regenerate receptors.
- Odor molecules binding to receptors and activating G proteins and cAMP to trigger nerve impulses.
- The olfactory bulb and pathways that carry signals to parts of the limbic system and brain involved in emotion and conscious perception.
Sensation of smell converted
Olfactory receptors are located in the olfactory mucosa in the upper part of the nostrils. The mucosa contains 10-20 million olfactory receptor cells that detect odors and send signals to the brain. The vomeronasal organ is an accessory olfactory organ found in many animals that detects pheromones and sends signals to the amygdala and hypothalamus. In humans, the vomeronasal organ is reduced to pits that detect human pheromones. Odor molecules bind to receptors which trigger a signal transduction pathway producing an action potential that travels along the olfactory nerve to the olfactory bulb and olfactory cortex.
Olfaction
The document discusses the sense of smell (olfaction) and the olfactory system. It describes the olfactory epithelium as the area in the roof of the nasal cavity containing olfactory receptor cells. Each receptor cell has cilia that project into the mucus and detect odorant molecules. When stimulated, the receptor cells send signals along their axons to the olfactory bulbs. The bulbs contain synapses that transmit smell information to the brain. Humans can detect an incredibly wide range of odor concentrations and identify thousands of smells, though determining odor intensity is poor. Damage or aging can lead to abnormalities like anosmia or hyposmia.
Physiology of Smell.pptx
1. The olfactory membrane lies in the superior part of each nostril and contains olfactory cells that are receptor cells for smell. These cells have cilia that project into nasal mucus and react to odors in the air.
2. When an odorant binds to receptor proteins in the cilia, it stimulates the olfactory cells. This causes sodium ions to enter the cells, generating an electrical signal that is transmitted to the olfactory cortex via the olfactory bulb and tract.
3. The olfactory system adapts rapidly to smells. It has a high sensitivity, detecting some odors in concentrations of trillionths of grams. Pathways transmit smell signals to areas involved in basic behaviors and conscious
The Olfactory System Smell
The document summarizes key aspects of the human olfactory system. It describes the main components of the nose involved in smell including the olfactory epithelium containing sensory neurons that interact with odorants. It notes unique properties of olfactory receptor cells, including making direct contact with the brain without a protective barrier. It also discusses the two main parts of the olfactory system - the main olfactory system for odor detection and the accessory olfactory system for pheromone detection.
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The document summarizes the physiology of smell (olfaction). It describes how odorant molecules bind to olfactory receptors in the nose, triggering neural impulses that travel to the olfactory bulb and various regions of the brain involved in smell perception, emotion, and memory. It also discusses adaptation to smells over time, individual variation in smell sensitivity, and conditions that can impair smell such as anosmia and hyposmia.
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testing and smelling are chemical that we sense and help as to escape from bad odor and to satisfy or percipe for tasing of different foods.
The taste
The chemical senses of olfaction and gustation are involved in detecting chemicals in the environment and food. Odor and taste receptors generate signals upon binding chemicals and signal the presence of nutrients to seek or toxins to avoid. The olfactory system involves odorant receptors in the nose binding smells and sending signals through the olfactory bulb and tract to areas of the brain involved in perception and behavior. Olfaction provides important functions but can also exhibit abnormalities in conditions affecting the olfactory system.
Olfaction.pptx
This document discusses the physiology and theories of olfaction (the sense of smell). It begins by describing the anatomy of the olfactory membrane and olfactory cells, which are the receptor cells for smell located in the nose. It explains how odor molecules activate these cells and cause nerve impulses. The pathways that transmit smell signals to the brain are then outlined, including both primitive and newer pathways. Several theories on the mechanisms of olfaction are briefly described. The document concludes by listing some common clinical tests used to evaluate a person's sense of smell.
TASTE & SMELL
This document discusses taste and smell (gustation and olfaction). It describes the anatomy and physiology of taste buds and the taste pathway from receptors to the cerebral cortex. The primary taste sensations are sweet, salty, sour, bitter and umami. For smell, it outlines the olfactory mucosa, pathway from receptors to olfactory cortex, and transduction process. Disorders of taste include ageusia, hypogeusia and dysgeusia. Anosmia, hyposmia and hyperosmia are abnormalities of smell sensation.
Mechanism of odour perception
The document discusses the mechanism of odor perception. It begins by defining key terms like olfaction, odorants, and odor thresholds. It then describes how odors are detected by volatile molecules binding to odor receptors in the nose. The pathway involves odorant receptors on olfactory neurons transmitting signals to the olfactory bulb and brain. Factors like age, gender, chemicals and emotions can impact odor perception. The ability to detect thousands of odors comes from each neuron expressing a single odor receptor protein out of hundreds of possible types.
Lecture 9 /2022 , Special senses- Smell
Organ of smell - different types of cell
Nerve supply
Olfactory pathway
Mechanism at cellular level
Abnormalities and testing
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Regulation of respiration during exercise
This document discusses how pulmonary ventilation changes during exercise. It notes that during light exercise, ventilation increases primarily by deeper breathing (higher tidal volume). During intense exercise, ventilation increases mainly by faster breathing frequency. At steady state exercise, ventilation rises through both deeper breathing and faster frequency. Ventilation is regulated centrally and also responds to chemical signals like increased blood carbon dioxide, hydrogen ions, and other factors. Training improves ventilation efficiency during exercise by allowing higher tidal volumes and lower breathing frequencies at a given workload.
Mechanics of respiration
The document summarizes the mechanics of respiration. It describes how respiration occurs in 5 steps through the contraction and relaxation of muscles like the diaphragm, ribs, and abdomen. This causes the volume of the thoracic cavity and lungs to increase and decrease, creating pressure differences that drive air into and out of the lungs. Inspiration is an active process requiring muscle contraction, while expiration is usually passive. Pulmonary ventilation depends on tidal volume and breathing rate. Various pressures including atmospheric, intra-alveolar, and intrapleural pressure drive lung inflation and deflation.
Hypoxia and hypercapnia
This document discusses hypoxia and hypercapnia. It defines hypoxia as reduced oxygen for tissue respiration and describes various types including hypoxic, anemic, stagnant, and histotoxic hypoxia. It outlines the direct effects of acute hypoxia such as cyanosis, confusion, and myocardial depression. It also discusses chronic hypoxia, cyanosis, degrees of arterial oxygen saturation, and treatments for hypoxia including oxygen administration and hyperbaric oxygen therapy. The document also defines hypercapnia as excess carbon dioxide in the body and notes it is associated with hypoxia and hypoventilation. It provides blood levels of carbon dioxide that can cause effects like air hunger, lethargy, and death.
Physical principles of gas exchange
The document discusses the physical principles of gas exchange in the lungs and between the lungs and blood. It covers key concepts such as:
1) Partial pressure - the pressure exerted by each gas in a mixture. Gas diffusion is directly proportional to partial pressure.
2) Solubility - the concentration of a gas dissolved in a liquid, determined by its partial pressure and solubility coefficient based on Henry's Law.
3) Net gas diffusion occurs from areas of high partial pressure to low partial pressure across membranes, allowing oxygen to diffuse into the blood and carbon dioxide out.
Effect of high altitude
High altitudes above 10,000 feet can cause hypoxia and physiological responses in the body. There are two responses - acute accommodation responses that occur immediately like hyperventilation and increased heart rate, and longer term acclimatization over days and weeks including increased red blood cell count and lung capacity. Rapid ascents can cause dangerous conditions like high altitude pulmonary edema while more gradual acclimatization reduces risks.
Deep sea physiology
This document discusses the physiological effects of nitrogen and oxygen on deep sea divers. It explains that nitrogen dissolved in tissues can cause nitrogen narcosis or decompression sickness if a diver ascends too quickly. Decompression sickness occurs when nitrogen bubbles form in tissues and block blood vessels, causing pain and other symptoms. The document discusses prevention methods like slow ascension and tank decompression. It also covers saturation diving using helium mixtures and oxygen toxicity risks for deep dives. SCUBA and hyperbaric oxygen therapy techniques are also summarized.
Chemical control of respiration
This document discusses the chemical control of respiration through two main sets of chemoreceptors - central chemoreceptors located in the medulla that are sensitive to increased carbon dioxide, and peripheral chemoreceptors located in the carotid bodies and aortic bodies that are sensitive to decreased oxygen, increased carbon dioxide, and increased hydrogen ions. It also describes the locations and functions of the central and peripheral chemoreceptors and how they stimulate respiration in response to changes in blood gases.
Aviation and space physiology
1) The document discusses the physiological effects of acceleratory and deceleratory forces experienced during aviation and space travel. It describes the forces induced by linear acceleration, centrifugal acceleration, and positive and negative G-forces during flight maneuvers.
2) Measurement of acceleratory forces is described in terms of "G", with 1 G equal to normal gravity. Positive G forces blood to pool in the lower extremities, while negative G forces cause hyperemia in the head.
3) The challenges of weightlessness, or microgravity, in space are outlined, including fluid shifts that cause muscles and bones to shrink without gravity. Prolonged space travel can decrease blood volume, cardiac output, and bone density
Abnormal breathing pattern
This document discusses abnormal breathing patterns, defining parameters used to assess breathing such as rate, depth, rhythm, and character. It then describes several specific abnormal patterns including apnea, tachypnea, bradypnea, hyperventilation, Kussmaul breathing, Cheyne-Stokes breathing, and obstructed breathing. For each abnormality, the document provides the defining characteristics and potential underlying causes.
Abnormal breathing pattern
This document discusses abnormal breathing patterns, defining parameters used to assess breathing such as rate, depth, rhythm, and character. It then describes several specific abnormal patterns including apnea, tachypnea, bradypnea, hyperventilation, Kussmaul breathing, Cheyne-Stokes breathing, and obstructed breathing. For each abnormality, the document provides the defining characteristics and potential underlying causes.
Neonatal physiology
The fetus grows rapidly in the third trimester, reaching weights of 3 pounds at 2 months before birth and 7 pounds at birth. While the major organ systems begin developing early in pregnancy, the nervous system, kidneys, and liver are not fully mature at birth. After birth, the newborn must adjust to breathing air and circulating blood independently of the mother. Important adjustments include opening the lungs and initiating breathing, closing the foramen ovale and ductus arteriosus, and ramping up cardiac output and blood pressure to support the systemic circulation. Premature infants face additional challenges with immature respiratory, digestive, and immune systems.
Parturition & Lactation
Parturition refers to birth and involves hormonal and mechanical factors that lead to the onset of labor and its stages. Lactation involves the production and release of milk, stimulated by hormones like prolactin and oxytocin. Oxytocin causes the "let-down" reflex during suckling. Breastfeeding provides benefits to both infant and mother - the infant gains immunity and nutrients critical for development while the mother experiences postpartum benefits like faster weight loss and reduced cancer risk.
Pregnancy
This document summarizes changes that occur during pregnancy due to hormones. It discusses how human chorionic gonadotropin is secreted by the embryo and maintains the corpus luteum until the placenta forms. It also describes how estrogen and progesterone help prepare the mother's body for pregnancy by enlarging the uterus and breasts and inhibiting contractions. The document outlines how human chorionic somatomammotropin alters the mother's metabolism and mobilizes fatty acids. Finally, it summarizes endocrine, metabolic, circulatory, respiratory, and weight changes that occur in the mother during pregnancy.
Hormonal interplay, puberty, menopause
The document discusses several topics related to the female reproductive system including anovulatory cycles, puberty and menarche, menopause, female fertility, and female sterility. Specifically, it notes that anovulatory cycles occur if the LH surge is insufficient to cause ovulation. It describes puberty as the onset of adult sexual life and menarche as the beginning of menstruation between ages 11-16. Menopause is when the female sex hormones diminish causing symptoms like hot flashes and loss of bone strength. The window of female fertility is short, around 4-5 days each month, while sterility can result from issues like anovulation, endometriosis, or fallopian tube inflammation.
Hormonal effect on female reproduction
The document summarizes the female menstrual cycle and the hormonal effects of estrogen and progesterone on reproduction. It describes the three phases of the menstrual cycle: the proliferative phase, secretary phase, and menstrual phase. It then provides details on the physiological functions and metabolic effects of estrogen, including development of female sex organs and secondary sex characteristics, stimulation of the endometrium, and maintenance of bone density. The document concludes by outlining progesterone's role in pregnancy maintenance and inhibition of ovulation.
Ovarian cycle
This document summarizes the female ovarian cycle. It describes the three phases of the ovarian cycle: the follicular phase, where follicles in the ovaries develop under the influence of hormones; the ovulatory phase, where a surge of LH causes ovulation; and the luteal phase, where the corpus luteum forms and secretes progesterone. It also discusses the hormonal control of the cycle by the hypothalamus, pituitary gland, and ovaries. Key events include the monthly development and selection of a single dominant follicle to ovulate while others undergo atresia, as well as the formation and breakdown of the corpus luteum over a typical 28 day cycle.
Fertillization & function of placenta
1) Fertilization involves several sperm penetrating the corona radiata and zona pellucida to fuse with the egg nucleus to form a zygote, preventing additional sperm from entering.
2) The fertilized egg travels through the fallopian tubes to the uterus within 3-5 days, propelled by cilia and fluid currents.
3) The blastocyst implants in the uterine endometrium through enzymes secreted by trophoblast cells, forming the placenta which facilitates nutrient/gas exchange between mother and fetus and produces important hormones.
Processing of glomerular filterate
The kidney regulates the composition of the blood by determining what is retained and what is excreted in the urine. Substances pass through the renal tubules via passive or active transport. Sodium ions are actively transported out of tubule cells by the sodium-potassium pump, providing the means for reabsorbing other substances like nutrients, water, and ions. Water is reabsorbed by osmosis according to the osmotic gradient created by the reabsorption of solutes. There is a limit, called the transport maximum, to how fast certain substances can be actively transported before they begin to appear in the urine.
Micturation reflex
The urinary bladder is a hollow muscular organ that acts as a reservoir to store urine. During the filling phase, stretch receptors in the bladder wall signal the micturition reflex as the bladder fills past 250-400 ml. This initiates urination by contracting the detrusor muscle to void the bladder while relaxing the internal urethral sphincter. Higher brain centers can facilitate or inhibit the micturition reflex. Normal urination requires coordination between the micturition reflex and relaxation of the external urethral sphincter. Disorders of micturition can be non-neurogenic due to anatomical issues or neurogenic due to lesions affecting the central or peripheral nervous system that disrupt
Glomerular filtration rate (GFR)
This document discusses glomerular filtration and the glomerular filtration rate (GFR). It defines glomerular filtration as the process where plasma filters through the glomerular capillaries into Bowman's capsule, the first step in urine formation. The GFR is the rate at which plasma is filtered and is an important measurement of kidney function. Normal GFR is about 125 mL/min. The kidneys filter the plasma around 60 times per day. Renal blood flow to the kidneys is high at around 1200 mL/min and is regulated by the afferent and efferent arterioles. Glomerular filtration is governed by the filtration coefficient and Starling forces of hydrostatic and oncotic pressures
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2. Describe the nervous control of inspiration and respiratory rhythm
3. Describe the functions of the dorsal and respiratory groups of neurons
4. Describe the influences of the Pneumotaxic and Apneustic centers
5. Explain the role of Hering-Breur inflation reflex in regulation of inspiration
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Olfactory sensation
- 1. Olfactory Sensation Dr. Sara Sadiq (MBBS, M.Phil)
- 3. Smell Sensation 100 Primary smell sensation 1. Camphoraceous 2. Musky 3. Floral 4. Pepperminty 5. Ethereal 6. Pungent 7. Putrid
- 4. Threshold for Smell • The minute quantity of stimulating agent in the air can elicit a smell sensation. • Methylmercaptan can be smelled when only one 25 trillionth of a gram is present in each milliliter of air. • Because of this very low threshold Mixed with natural gas
- 12. Olfactory Bulb • Grey matter on cribriform plate which receives neurons • Point to point representation of olfactory mucosa on bulb • Cells – 3 types 1. Mitral cells 2. Tufted cells 3. Granule cells (Interneurons Inhibitory) • Axons of olfactory neurons terminate on dendrites of mitral cells & tufted cells to form olfactory Glomeruli • Axons of mitral & tufted cells leave olfactory bulb & run in olfactory tract
- 23. Role of Pain Fibers in the Nose • Many trigeminal pain fibers are found in olfactory membrane • They are stimulated by irritating substances • Are responsible for initiating sneezing, lacrimation and other reflex responses.
- 24. Clinical Abnormalities • Anosmia Absence of sense of smell • Hyposmia Diminished olfactory sensitivity • Hyperosmia Increased olfactory sensitivity
- 25. Thank You